Engineering Mechanics: Statics: Solutions Manual

Solutions Manual
Engineering Mechanics: Statics

1st Edition
Michael E. Plesha
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Gary L. Gray
The Pennsylvania State University
Francesco Costanzo
The Pennsylvania State University
With the assistance of:

Chris Punshon
Andrew J. Miller
Justin High
Chris O’Brien
Chandan Kumar
Joseph Wyne
Jonathan Fleischmann
Version: October 15, 2009
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright © 2002–2010
Michael E. Plesha, Gary L. Gray, and Francesco Costanzo
This solutions manual, in any print or electronic form, remains the property of McGraw-Hill, Inc. It
may be used and/or possessed only by permission of McGraw-Hill, and must be surrendered upon
request of McGraw-Hill. Any duplication or distribution, either in print or electronic form, without
the permission of McGraw-Hill, is prohibited.
Statics 1e 3
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4 Solutions Manual
Accuracy of Numbers in Calculations

Throughout this solutions manual, we will generally assume that the data given for problems is accurate to
3 significant digits. When calculations are performed, all intermediate numerical results are reported to 4
significant digits. Final answers are usually reported with 3 significant digits. If you verify the calculations in
this solutions manual using the rounded intermediate numerical results that are reported, you should obtain
the final answers that are reported to 3 significant digits.
152 Solutions Manual
Chapter 3 Solutions
Problem 3.1
Consider an airplane whose motion is described below. For each case, state whether or not the airplane is
in static equilibrium, with a brief explanation.
(a) The airplane flies in a straight line at a constant speed and at a constant altitude.
(b) The airplane flies in a straight line at a constant speed while climbing in altitude.
(c) The airplane flies at a constant speed and at a constant altitude while making a circular turn.
(d) After touching down on the runway during landing, the airplane rolls in a straight line at a constant
speed.
(e) After touching down on the runway during landing, the airplane rolls in a straight line while its brakes
are applied to reduce its speed.
Solution
Part (a) If the airplane flies in a straight line at constant speed, then its acceleration vector is zero; flying at
constant altitude is irrelevant. Hence, even though the airplane is moving, it is
in static equilibrium: (1)
Part (b) If the airplane flies in a straight line at constant speed, then its acceleration vector is zero; climbing
in altitude is irrelevant. Hence, even though the airplane is moving, it is
Part (c) If the airplane is making a turn, it is changing direction. Hence, even if it does so at constant speed,
its acceleration vector is not zero, and it is
not in static equilibrium: (3)
Part (d) If the airplane rolls on the runway in a straight line at constant speed, then its acceleration vector
is zero, and it is
Part (e) If the airplane rolls on the runway in a straight line with decreasing speed, then its acceleration
vector is not zero, and it is
not in static equilibrium: (5)
Statics 1e 153
Problem 3.2
In a machining setup, workpiece B, which weighs 9 kg , is supported by a fixed

V block E and a clamp at A. All contact surfaces are frictionless, and the clamp
applies a vertical force of 1 5 0 N to the workpiece. Determine the reactions at points
C and D between the V block and the workpiece.
Solution
Using the FBD at the right, summing forces in the x and y directions leads to 150 N
X
Fx D 0 W RC sin 30ı RD sin 30ı D 0 ) RC D RD ; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W 1 5 0 N 8 8 . 3N CRC cos 30 ı CRD cos 30ı D 0; (2)
such that
RC DRD D 137:58 N: (3) 9 kg (9.81 m/s2) = 88.3 N
Problem 3.3
In a machining setup, workpiece B, which weighs 9 kg , is supported by a fixed

V block E and a clamp at A. All contact surfaces are frictionless, and the clamp
applies a vertical force of 1 5 0 N to the workpiece. Determine the reactions at
points C and D between the V block and the workpiece.
Solution
Using the FBD shown at the right, summing forces in the x and y directions leads to 150 N
X
Fx D 0 W RC sin 20ı RD sin 40ı D 0; (1)
X
Fy DW 0 1 5 0 N 8 8 . 3 N C RC cos 20ı C RD cos 40ı D 0: (2)
Multiply Eq. (1) by cos 40ı and Eq. (2) by sin 40ı and add to obtain
9 kg (9.81 m/s2) = 88.3 N
.sin 40ı /238. 3N RC C .sin 20ı cos 40ı C cos 20ı sin 40ı / D 0: (3)
Equation (3) is solved for RC , and this result is substituted into either of Eqs. (1) or (2) to obtain RD , with
the following results
RC D 176:8 7N and RD D 94:1N : (4)
Statics 1e 155
Problem 3.4
A skier uses a taut tow rope to reach the top of a ski hill. The skier of mass
70 kg , the snow-covered slope is frictionless, and the tow rope is parallel to the
slope.
(a) If T2 D 900 N , determine the value of T1 to move the skier up the slope at
constant velocity and the reaction between the skier and the slope.
(b) If T1 D 900 N , determine the value of T2 to move the skier up the slope at
constant velocity and the reaction between the skier and the slope.
Solution
Since the velocity of the skier is constant, the skier is in static equilibrium.
Using the FBD shown at the right, where the skier is modeled as a particle,
we sum forces in the t and n directions
X ı
Ft D 0 W T1 T2 686.7 N sin 20 D 0; (1)
X (70kg)(9.81m/s2) = 686.7m
ı
Fn D 0 W R 686 . 7 N cos 20 D 0: (2)
Part (a) With T2 D 900 N, Eqs. (1) and (2) may be solved to obtain
T1 D T2 C 686.7Nsin 20ı D 9 00 N C 686.7Nsin 20ıD1134.87N; (3)

ı
R D 686.7Ncos 20 D 645.29N (4)
Part (b) With T1 D 900 N, Eqs. (1) and (2) may be solved to obtain
T2 D T1 686 .70 Nsin 20ıD 900N 686 .7 Nsin 20ı D665 . 1 N ; (5)
R D 686 . 7Ncos 20ı D 645
. 29 N (6)
Problem 3.5
The dimension h is to be determined so that a worker can comfortably slide

boxes of masses up to 5 0 kg up and down a frictionless incline. If the worker 50 kg
can apply a 20 0 N horizontal force to the box, what is the largest value h should
have? 1m
Solution
(50kg)(9.81m/s2) = 490.5 N.
The box is modeled as a particle with the FBD shown at the right, where angle
˛ is given by tan1 .h=1 m /. Summing the forces in the x and y directions yields
X
Fx D 0 W R sin ˛ C 2 0 0 N D 0 ) R sin ˛ D 2 0 0 N ; (1)
X 200 N
Fy D 0 W R cos ˛ 4 9 0 . 5 N D 0 ) R cos ˛ D 4 9 0 . 5 N : (2) 1m
Solving the above equations provides
sin ˛ R sin ˛ 200 N h

tan ˛ D D D D ) h D 0:41m : (3)
cos ˛ R cos ˛ 490.5 N 1m
Statics 1e 157
Problem 3.6
Blocks A and B each have 5 kg mass, and all contact surfaces are frictionless.
(a) Determine the force F needed to keep the blocks in static equilibrium and the
forces on all contact surfaces.
(b) If the value of F determined in Part (a) is applied, will the blocks move? Explain.
(c) If F is smaller than the value determined in Part (a), describe what happens.
Solution
Part (a) The two blocks A and B are modeled as particles in the FBDs shown
at the right, where RA is the reaction of the wall on A, RB is the reaction of
the wall on B, R is the contact force between the two blocks, and the weight
of each block is W D .5 kg/.9:81 m=s2 / D 49:05 N. Summing the forces on
each block gives
X
Block A: Fx D 0 W RA R sin 20ı D 0; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W 49:05 N C R cos 20ı D 0; (2)
X
Block B: Fx D 0 W F C R sin 20ı D 0; (3)
X
Fy D 0 W 49:05 N R cos 20ı C RB D 0: (4)
Solving these four equations for the four unknowns yields
F D 17:9 N; RA D 17:9 N; RB D 98:1 N; R D 52:2 N: (5)
Part (b) If F D 17:9 N is applied,
the system is in equilibrium and blocks A and B may

move with constant velocity, but they will not accelerate.
Part (c) If F is smaller than F D 17:9 N,
the system is not in equilibrium, block B will

accelerate to the right, and block A will accelerate downward.
Problem 3.7
Bead A has 1 kg mass and slides without friction on bar BC .
(a) Determine the force F needed to keep the bead in static equilibrium and
the reaction force between the bead and bar.
(b) If the value of F determined in Part (a) is applied, will the bead move?
Explain.
(c) If F is larger than the value determined in Part (a), describe what happens.
Solution
Part (a) The FBD is shown at the right where R is the reaction force between the
bead and bar. Summing forces in the n and t directions provides
X
Fn D 0 W R W cos 30ı F sin 30ı D 0; (1)
X
Ft D 0 W W sin 30ı C F cos 30ı D 0; (2)
where W D .1 kg/.9:81 m=s2 / D 9:81 N. Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) for F and R provides
F D W sin 30ı = cos 30ı D .9:81 N/ sin 30ı = cos 30ı D 5:66 N; (3)
ı ı ı ı
R D W cos 30 C F sin 30 D .9:81 N/ cos 30 C .5:664 N/ sin 30 D 11:3 N: (4)
Part (b) If F D 5:66 N is applied,
the system is in equilibrium and the bead may move

with constant velocity, but it will not accelerate.
Part (c) If F is larger than 5:66 N,
the system is not in equilibrium and the

bead will accelerate toward point C .
Statics 1e 159
Problem 3.8
A crane is used to lift a concrete pipe weighing 5 kN into place. If d D 0:25 m,

determine the tension in cables AB and AC .
Solution
The FBD is shown at the right. Summing forces in the x and y directions privides
X
Fx D 0 W TAC cos 20ı C TAB .0:25=4:008/ D 0; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W TAC sin 20ı C TAB .4=4:008/ 5 kN D 0: (2)
Multiplying Eq. (1) by sin 20ı and Eq. (2) by cos 20ı and adding these yields

0:25 sin 20ı 4 cos 20ı
TAB C D 5 kN cos 20ı ) TAB D 5:126 kN: (3)
4:008 4:008
Using Eq. (1), we then find that
TAC cos 20ı D 5:126 kN.0:25=4:008/ ) TAB D 5:13 kN; TAC D 0:340 kN. (4)
Problem 3.9
A crane is used to lift a concrete pipe weighing 5 kN into place. For precision
positioning, the worker at C can apply up to a 400 N force to cable AC .
Determine the largest distance d the concrete pipe may be moved.
Solution
From the problem statement, the worker applies a cable force TAC D 0:4 kN. From
the FBD and the geometry shown at the right, tan ˛ D d=4 m. Summing forces in
the x and y directions provides
X
Fx D 0 W 0:4 kN cos 20ı C TAB sin ˛ D 0 kN; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W 0:4 kN sin 20ı C TAB cos ˛ 5 kN D 0 kN; (2)
such that
TAB sin ˛ 0:4 kN cos 20ı d
D ) tan ˛ D 0:07317 D : (3)
TAB cos ˛ 0:4 kN sin 20ı C 5 kN 4m
Solving the above equation we obtain
d D .0:07317/.4 m/ D 0:293 m D 293 mm: (4)
Statics 1e 161
Problem 3.10
Guy wire AB is used to help support the utility pole AC . Assuming the force
supported by the utility pole is directed along the line AC , determine the force
in wire AB and pole AC if P D 800 N.
Solution
The FBD is shown at the right. Summing forces in the x and y directions
provides
X
Fx D 0 W P cos 10ı C FAB cos 60ı D 0; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W P sin 10ı FAC FAB sin 60ı D 0: (2)
Given that P D 800 N, these equations are solved to obtain
FAB D P cos 10ı = cos 60ı D 800 N cos 10ı = cos 60ı D 1576 N; (3)
ı ı ı ı
FAC D P sin 10 FAB sin 60 D 800 N sin 10 1576 N sin 60 D 1504 N: (4)
Therefore, the forces in the wire AB and the pole AC are
FAB D 1580 N; FAC D 1500 N (5)
Problem 3.11
Guy wire AB is used to help support the utility pole AC . If the guy wire AB
can support a maximum tensile force of 2 kN , and if the pole AC can support
a maximum compressive force of 3.5 kN before buckling, determine the largest
force P that can be supported.
Solution
The FBD is shown at the right. Summing forces in the x and y directions
provides
X
Fx D 0 W P cos 10ı C FAB cos 60ı D 0; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W P sin 10ı FAC FAB sin 60ı D 0: (2)
Equation (1) provides

P D FAB cos 60ı = cos 10ı : (3)
Multiplying Eq. (1) by sin 60ı = cos 60ı and adding this result to Eq. (2) provides
P sin 10ı FAC P cos 10ı sin 60ı = cos 60ı D 0; (4)
ı ı ı
) P D FAC =.sin 10 C cos 10 tan 60 /: (5)
Now the various failure criteria are applied.
If FAB D 2 kN; then Eq. (3) requires P D 1015.4N : (6)

If FAC D 3.5 kN ; then Eq. (5) requires P D 1862:3 N (7)
Only the smallest of the above values of P will satisfy both failure criteria. Hence, the largest value P may
have is
P D 1015. 4 lN : (8)
Statics 1e 163
Problem 3.12
Two schemes are shown for hanging a large number of flowerpots side by side 300 300 300
on an outdoor porch. The flowerpots are to have 600 mm spacing. Each flowerpot
weighs 175 N. 400
(a) Determine the force in wire AB.
(b) Determine the forces in wires CD and CE.
(c) Compared to the scheme using one wire, the scheme using two wires
may be more resistant to adjacent flowerpots hitting one another in high
winds. Do you believe this statement is valid? Explain. Hint: Consider the
application of a horizontal wind force P to points A and C . Then compare
the values of P needed to produce the same horizontal displacement of,
say, 100 mm.
Solution
Part (a) To determine the force in wire AB, the FBD of point A is first drawn as
shown at the right. Equilibrium of forces in the y direction provides
X
Fy D 0 W TAB 175 N D 0; (1)
which is solved to determine

TAB D 175 N: (2)
Part (b) The FBD for point C is shown at the right. Summing forces in the x
direction provides
X 3 3
Fx D 0 W TCD C TCE D 0; (3)
5 5
from which it is found that TCD D TCE . Summing forces in the y direction
provides
X 4 4
Fy D 0 W TCD C TCE 175 N D 0; (4)
5 5
therefore,
TCD D TCE D 109 N: (5)
Part (c) The statement is true. To demonstrate the statement’s validity, consider a horizontal wind force
P applied to points A and C . We then consider the value of P needed to produce a nominal horizontal
displacement of these points, say 100 mm.
100 mm
qsingle wire support scheme, the FBD for point A is shown at the right, where
For the
h D .400 m/2 .100 mm/2 D387:3 mm . Summing forces in x and y directions 400 mm
provides
X 100
Fx D 0 W TAB C P1 D 0; (6)
400
X 387:3
Fy D 0 W TAB 175 N D 0; (7)
400
which can be solved to determine that a wind force P1 D 45:18 N is required to move the flowerpot 10 0 m m
horizontally.
400 mm
For the two wire support scheme, the FBD for q point C is shown at the right,
where wire CE is assumed to be slack, and h D .500 mm/2 .400 mm/2 D 300 mm .
500 mm
Summing forces in the x and y directions provides

X 400
Fx D 0 W TCD C P2 D 0; (8)
500
X 300
Fy D 0 W TCD 175 N D 0: (9)
500
Solving these equations provides a force of P2 D 233:3 N. Thus, for the 100 mm horizontal motion considered
here, it will require about five times as large a wind force to cause the flower pots suspended by two wires
to displace the same distance as the flower pots suspended by one wire. If a different value of horizontal
displacement is considered, the wind forces that are determined will be different, but the conclusion will
reman the same.
400 mm
400 mm
Statics 1e 165
Problem 3.13
A hydraulic cylinder AB produces a 20 kN compressive force. Determine the

forces in members BD and BC .
Solution
Using the FBD of point B shown at the right, the equilibrium equations are 20 kN
X
Fn D 0 W TBD sin 70ı C TBC sin 20ı D 0; (1)
X
Ft D 0 W TBD cos 70ı C TBC cos 20ı C 2 0 k N D 0: (2)
Multiplying Eq. (1) by cos 70ı and Eq. (2) by sin 70ı and adding the results provides

TBC sin.20ı / cos.70ı / C cos.20ı / sin.70ı / C 20 kN sin .70ı / D 0: (3)
Equation (3) is solved for TBC , and then Eq. (1) is solved for TBD to obtain
TBC D 18793.9N; (4)

TBD D 6840.4N: (5)
Problem 3.14
The pulley is frictionless and all weights are negligible.
(a) Show that D ˛.
(b) By drawing an FBD of the pulley and writing and solving equilibrium
equations, determine the force F in terms of the force T and angle . Plot
the ratio F=T versus for 0 90ı .
(c) Imagine a structure has the pulley and cable arrangement shown, and you
carefully measure and ˛ and find they are not equal. Explain possible
circumstances that might cause this to occur.
Solution
Part (a) The FBD for the pulley is shown at the right. Summing forces in the n
direction provides
X
Fn D 0 W T sin T sin ˛ D 0; (1)
) sin D sin ˛; (2)
) D ˛: (3)
Part (b) Using the FBD of the pulley, equilibrium

of forces in the t direction requires
X
F t D 0 W T cos T cos ˛ C F D 0: (4)
From Part (a), D ˛, and Eq. (4) may be solved

for F=T to obtain
F
D 2 cos : (5)
T
A plot of Eq. (5) is shown at the right. Observe that as ! 90ı , F=T ! 0; thus, for a given value of F the
cable tension T becomes infinite.
Part (c)
and ˛ will generally be different if the pulley is not frictionless,

or if the weight of the pulley and/or cables is taken into account.
For example, the FBD shown at the right includes the weight of
the pulley. By summing forces in the n direction, it is clear that
equilibrium can be satisfied only if ¤ ˛.
Statics 1e 167
Problem 3.15
Due to settlement of soil, a recently planted tree has started to lean. To straighten
it, the cable system shown is used, where a turnbuckle on cable AB is periodi-
cally tightened to keep the cable taut as the tree gradually straightens. If the
force in cable AB is 450 N, determine the force in cable CBD.
Solution
The FBD of pulley B is shown atP the right. The tensile force in cable CBD is
uniform and is denoted by T . Since Fy D 0, we conclude that ˛ D 20ı . With
this value of ˛, summing forces in the x direction provides
X
Fx D 0 W T cos 20ı T cos 20ı C TAB D 0: (1)
Substituting TAB D 450 N, into Eq. (1), the equation can be solved for T to find that
T D 239 N: (2)
Problem 3.16
The symmetric cable and pulley arrangement shown is used to lift a fragile
architectural stone beam. If the only significant mass in the system is the 800 kg
mass m of the beam, determine the forces in cables ACB and CDE.
Solution
By inspection (or by drawing a FBD of the entire system, and enforcing equilibrium
of forces in the vertical direction), the cable force F is equal to the weight of the
beam
F D 800 kg 9:81 m=s2 D 7848 N: (1)
The FBDs of pulleys D and C are shown at the right. Summing forces in the y
direction for pulley D provides
X
Fy D 0 W F 2TCDE cos 30ı D 0; (2)
) TCDE D 4530 N: (3)
With the value of TCDE known, the value of TACB may be found using equilibrium
of forces in the y direction for pulley C
X
Fy D 0 W TACB cos 60ı TACB C TCDE cos 30ı D 0; (4)
) TACB D 2615 N: (5)
In summary,
TACB D 2620 N; (6)
TCDE D 4530 N: (7)
Statics 1e 169
Problem 3.17
The symmetric cable and pulley arrangement shown is used to lift a fragile
architectural stone beam. If the only significant mass in the system is the 800 kg
mass m of the beam, determine the forces in cables ACB and CDE.
Solution
of forces in the vertical direction), the cable force F is equal to the weight of the
beam
F D 800 kg 9:81 m=s2 D 7848 N: (1)
The FBDs of pulleys D and C are shown at the right. Summing forces in the y direction for pulley D
provides
X
Fy D 0 W F 2TCDE cos 60ı D 0; (2)
) TCDE D 7848 N: (3)
With the value of TCDE known, the value of TACB may be found using equilibrium
of forces in the y direction for pulley C
X
Fy D 0 W TCDE cos 60ı TACB cos 30ı TACB cos 45ı D 0; (4)
) TACB D 2494 N: (5)
With the values of TACB and TCDE given by Eqs. (5) and (3), the force Q can now
be found by satisfying equilibrium in the x direction for pulley C as
X
Fx D 0 W TACB sin 30ı C TCDE sin 60ı C TACB sin 45ı C Q D 0; (6)
) Q D 7314 N: (7)
In summary,
TACB D 2490 N; (8)
TCDE D 7850 N; (9)
Q D 7310 N: (10)
Problem 3.18
Cables ACB and FEG each can support a maximum force of 3 kN. Cable CDE
can support a maximum force of 9 kN. The spreader bar CE can support a
maximum compressive force of 5 kN. Determine the largest mass m of the
stone beam that may be lifted, assuming this is the only significant mass in the
system.
Solution
of forces in the vertical direction), the cable force F is equal to the weight W of
the beam. The FBDs of pulleys D and C are shown at the right, where F D W .
Summing forces in the y direction for pulley D provides
X
Fy D 0 W W 2TCDE cos 60ı D 0; (1)
W
) TCDE D D W: (2)
2 cos 60ı
Summing forces in the y direction for pulley C provides

X
Fy D 0 W TCDE cos 60ı TACB cos 30ı TACB cos 45ı D 0: (3)
Using Eq. (2), Eq. (3) is solved for TACB to obtain

W cos 60ı
TACB D ; (4)
cos 30ı C cos 45ı
D W .0:318/ : (5)
Summing forces in the x direction for pulley C provides
X
Fx D 0 W TACB sin 30ı C TCDE sin 60ı C TACB sin 45ı C Q D 0: (6)
Using Eqs. Eq. (2) and (5), Eq. (6) may be solved to obtain

Q D TACB sin 30ı sin 45ı TCDE sin 60ı ; (7)

D W .0:318/ sin 30ı sin 45ı W sin 60ı ; (8)
D W .0:932/ : (9)
Using Eqs. (2), (5), and (9), the various failure criteria are applied:
If TCDE D 9000 N; then W D 9000 N: (10)
If TACB D 3000 N; then W D 9433 N: (11)
If Q D 5000 N; then W D 5365 N: (12)
Only the smallest of the above values of W will satisfy all three failure criteria. Hence, the largest weight
W the beam may have is W D 5365 N, and thus the largest mass the beam may have is m D W =g D
5365 N=.9:81 m=s2 /, which provides
m D 547 kg: (13)
Statics 1e 171
Problem 3.19
Blocks A and B each of mass 50 kg and rest on frictionless surfaces. They are
connected to one another by cable AB. Determine the force P required to hold
the blocks in the equilibrium position shown and the reactions between the
blocks and surfaces.
Solution
(50 kg) (9.81m/s2 ) = 490.5 N
The FBD of block A is shown at the right. Summing forces in the x and y directions
provides
X
Fx D 0 W T sin 60ı RA sin 45ı D 0; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W T cos 60ı C RA cos 45ı 4 9 0 . 5 N D 0: (2)
Adding the above equations and noting that cos 45ı D sin 45ı results in

T sin 60ı C cos 60ı D 490.5N ; (3)
which is solved to obtain

T D 359 N : (4)
Solving Eq. (1) for RA results in
sin 60ı
RA D T D 439 :7 N : (5)
sin 45ı
Using the FBD of block B to sum forces in the x and y directions provides 490.5 N
X
Fy D 0 W T sin 30ı 4 9 0 . 5 N CRB D 0; (6)
X
Fx D 0 W T cos 30ı C P D 0; (7)
where T is known from Eq. (4). Solving Eq. (7) for P gives
P D T cos 30ı D 311 N ; (8)
and solving Eq. (6) for RB results in

RB D 6 70 N : (9)
Problem 3.20
Two weights are suspended by cable ABCD. With the geometry shown, if one
of the weights is 2000 N, determine the other weight W and the cable tensions.
Solution
Using the FBD of point C shown on the right, the equilibrium equations are
X 9 16
Fx D 0 W TCD C TCB D 0; (1)
15 20
X 12 12
Fy D 0 W TCD TCB 2000 N D 0: (2)
15 20
Using the FBD of point B shown on the right, the equilibrium equations are
X 16 12
Fx D 0 W TCB C TBA D 0; (3)
20 13
X 12 5
Fy D 0 W TCB TBA W D 0: (4)
20 13
Multiplying Eq. (1) by 12 and multiplying Eq. (2) by 16 and adding the results yields
9 12
TCD .12/ C TCD .16/ .2000 N/.16/ D 0; (5)
15 15
which can be solved for TCD to obtain
2000 N .16/
TCD D 9 12
D 5714 N: (6)
15 .12/ C 15 .16/
TCB may be found by solving Eq. (1) using the value of TCD determined above to obtain
9 20
TCB D TCD D 4286 N: (7)
15 16
TBA can be found by solving Eq. (3) using the value of TCB calculated above to obtain
16 13
TBA D TCB D 3714 N; (8)
20 12
and the weight necessary to maintain this geometry is found by solving Eq. (4) to obtain
W D 1143 N: (9)
Statics 1e 173
Problem 3.21
The system shown consists of cables AB and AC , horizontal cable CE, and vertical bar CD. If the cables
and bar have the failure strengths shown, determine the largest load P that can be supported by the system.
1 N
1 N
9 N
9 N
Solution
Using the FBD for point A at the right, the equilibrium equations are
X
Fx D 0 W TAB cos 45ı C TAC cos 30ı D 0; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W TAB sin 45ı C TAC sin 30ı P D 0: (2)
Adding the equilibrium equations, noting that cos 45ı D sin 45ı , gives

TAC cos 30ı C sin 30ı P D 0; (3)
which can be solved to find

P
TAC D ; (4)
cos 30ı
C sin 30ı
D .0:732/ P: (5)
Using Eq. (5), Eq. (1) may be solved for TAB to obtain
cos 30ı
TAB D TAC D .0:897/ P: (6)
cos 45ı
Using the FBD of point C shown at the right, the equilibrium equations are
X
Fx D 0 W TAC cos 30ı C TCE D 0; (7)
X
Fy D 0 W TAC sin 30ı TCD D 0: (8)
Using the result for TAC in Eq. (5), Eqs. (7) and (8) may be solved to obtain
TCE D .0:732/ P cos 30ı (9)

D 0:634P; (10)
ı
TCD D TAC sin 30 (11)
D .0:366/ P: (12)
Now that the force supported by each member is known in terms of the applied load P , the various failure
criteria may be applied. Using Eqs. (5), (6), (10), and (12):
If TAB D 1300 N ; then P D 1449N :

If TAC D 1300 N ; then P D 1776 N :
If TCE D 900 N ; then P D 1419 .6N :
If TCD D 900 N ; then P D 2 459N :
Only the smallest of the above values of P will satisfy all four failure criteria. Hence, the largest force P that
may be supported is
Pmax D 1419.6N : (13)
Statics 1e 175
Problem 3.22
The cable-pulley systems shown are used to support a weight W .
(a) Assuming the segments of cable between the pulleys are vertical, determine
the cable tension T in terms of W .
(b) If the segments of cable between the pulleys are not precisely vertical, will
your answer to Part (a) be affected? Explain.
Solution
Part (a) By drawing a FBD for weight W , and summing forces in the vertical direction to enforce equilib-
rium, the following relations between cable tension T and weight W are determined:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

W W W W W
T D W; T D ; T D ; T D ; T D ; T D :
2 2 3 3 4
Part (b)
If the cables are not vertical, the answers to part (a) will change.
To see that the above statement is true, consider the FBD of the pulley for case (b), shown
at the right. Equilibrium of forces in the y direction requires
X
Fy D 0 W 2T cos ˛ W D 0;
W
)T D :
2 cos ˛
Notice that T D W =2 only if ˛ D 0. For other values of ˛, T is larger.
Problem 3.23
The cable-pulley systems shown are used to support a weight W . Determine the cable
tension T in terms of W .
Solution
System (a) The FBD of the lower pulley is shown at the right. Summing forces in
the y direction and solving for the cable tension T provides
T D 2W for system (a): (1)
System (b) The FBD for the bottom pulley is shown at the right. Summing forces
in the y direction and solving for the cable tension T2 provides
T2 D 2W: (2)
Using the FBD at the right for the middle pulley, the tension T can be found in terms
of T2 as
T D 2T2 : (3)
Knowing the tension T2 from Eq. (2), we obtain
T D 4W for system (b): (4)
Statics 1e 177
Problem 3.24
The hoist shown is used in a machine shop to position heavy workpieces in a

lathe. If the cable between pulleys A and B can support a force of 1.2kN , all
other cables can support a force of 2.2 N , and bar CE can support a compressive
force of 2.6kN, determine the largest weight W that may be lifted.
Solution
The FBD of pulley A is shown at the right, and the y direction equilibrium equation is
X
Fy D 0 W 2F W D 0; (1)
W
F D : (2)
2
The FBD of pulley B is shown at the right, and the y direction equilibrium equation is
X
Fy D 0 W TBC 3F D 0: (3)
Using Eq. (2), we obtain

3W
TBC D 3F D : (4)
2
The FBD for point C is shown at the right, and the equilibrium equations are
X 12 24
Fx D 0 W C TCE
TCD D 0; (5)
13 25
X 5 7
Fy D 0 W TCD TCE TBC D 0: (6)
13 25
Multiplying Eq. (5) by 7 and Eq. (6) by 24, and adding the resulting expressions
provides
12 5
TCD 7 C 24 C TCE .0/ TBC .24/ D 0: (7)
13 13
Using TBC from Eq. (4), the above expression is solved to obtain
TCD D 2:294W (8)
Then, Eq. (5) is used to solve for TCE with the result
12 25
TCE D TCD D 2:206W: (9)
13 24
Using Eqs. (2), (4), (8), and (9), the various failure criteria may be applied:
If F D 1 . 2kN ; then W D 2.4 kN

If TBC D 2.2kN ; then W D 1.47 kN
If TCD D 2.2kN ; then W D 0.96 kN
If TCE D 2. 6kN ; then W D 1.18 kN
Only the smallest of the above values of W will satisfy all four failure criteria. Hence, the largest weight W
that may be lifted is
W D 0:96kN (10)
Statics 1e 179
Problem 3.25
The cable system shown is used to help support a water pipe that crosses a
creek. The water pipe applies forces WA and WD to the ends of cables AB and
DE, respectively, where it is known that WA C WD D 3 . 5kN. If cable BE is
horizontal and cables AB and DE are vertical, determine the tension in each
cable and the forces WA and WD .
Solution
Using the FBD of point B, the equilibrium equations are

X
Fx D 0 W TBC sin 45ı C TBE D 0; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W TBC cos 45ı WA D 0: (2)
Using the FBD of point E, the equilibrium equations are

X
Fx D 0 W TBE C TEF sin 60ı D 0; (3)
X
Fy D 0 W TEF cos 60ı WD D 0: (4)
As given in the problem statement,

WA C WD D 3.5kN : (5)
Equation (2) is solved for WA , and Eq. (4) is solved for WD , and these results are substituted into Eq. (5) to
obtain
TBC cos 45ı C TEF cos 60ı D 3.5 kN: (6)
We then solve Eq. (1) for TBC , and solve Eq. (3) for TEF , and these results are substituted into Eq. (6) to
obtain
TBE TBE
ı
cos 45ı C cos 60ı D 3.5kN : (7)
sin 45 sin 60ı
TBE may be determined from the above equation as
3.5kN
TBE D cos 45ı cos 60ı
D 2 :2 kN : (8)
sin 45ı C sin 60ı
Once TBE is known, the remaining unknowns may be determined using Eqs. (1)–(4), with the results
TBE D 2.2 kN ;
TBC D TBE = sin 45ı D 3.1kN ;
TEF D TBE = sin 60ı D 2.54kN ; (9)
WA D TBC cos 45ı D 2.2kN ;
WD D TEF cos 60ı D 1.27kN :
Problem 3.26
Compared to the cable system shown in Prob. 3.25, the system shown here may
provide for more uniform support of a water pipe that crosses a creek. The
water pipe applies forces WA , WD , and WG to the ends of cables AB, DE, and
GH , respectively, where it is known that WA C WD C WG D 3 .5 kN . If cables
AB, DE, and GH are vertical, determine the tension in each cable and the
forces WA , WD , and WG .
Solution
Using the FBD of point B, the equilibrium equations are

X
Fx D 0 W TBC sin 45ı C TBH sin 70ı D 0; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W TBC cos 45ı TBH cos 70ı WA D 0: (2)
Using the FBD of point H , the equilibrium equations are

X
Fx D 0 W TBH sin 70ı C THE sin 70ı D 0; (3)
X
Fy D 0 W TBH cos 70ı C THE cos 70ı WG D 0: (4)
Using the FBD of point E, the equilibrium equations are

X
Fx D 0 W THE sin 70ı C TEF sin 60ı D 0; (5)
X
Fy D 0 W THE cos 70ı C TEF cos 60ı WD D 0: (6)
As given in the problem statement,
WA C WD C WG D 3.5kN : (7)
Equations (1)–(7) are a system of seven equations in seven unknowns. While these may be conveniently
solved using a computer mathematics program, we present a straightforward standard solution, as follows.
Equation (3) provides TBH D THE , and with this result, Eq. (4) can be solved to obtain
2TBH cos 70ı D WG : (8)
Solving Eq. (2) for WA , Eq. (6) for WD , and using Eq. (8) for WG , Eq. (7) becomes

TBC cos 45ı TBH cos 70ı C THE cos 70ı C TEF cos 60ı C 2TBH cos 70ı D 3.5kN ; (9)
As stated above, TBH D THE . Equation (1) provides TBC D TBH sin 70ı = sin 45ı , and Eq. (5) provides
TEF D THE sin 70ı = sin 60ı . With these results, Eq. (9) becomes
sin 70ı ı ı ı sin 70ı

TBH cos 45 TBH cos 70 TBH cos 70 C TBH cos 60ı C 2TBH cos 70ı D 3.5kN ; (10)
sin 45ı sin 60ı
Statics 1e 181
which provides TBH D 2:36kN. With this result, the remaining unknowns may be determined using
Eqs. (1)–(6), with the results
TBH D 2.36kN ;
THE D 2.36kN ;
TBC D TBH sin 70ı = sin 45ı D 3.14kN ;
TEF D TBH sin 70ı = sin 60ı D 2.56kN ; (11)
WA D 1.41kN ;
WG D 1.61kN ;
WD D 0.47 kN :
Problem 3.27
The frictionless slider B has a frictionless pulley mounted to it, around which
is wrapped a cable that supports mass m D 13 kg as shown. The pulley at D
is also frictionless, and member BE is a bar.
(a) If ˛ D 20ı , determine the force in bar BE and the reaction between the W
=
m g
slider and bar AC .
(b) Determine the value of ˛ that will provide for the smallest force in bar BE,
and determine the value of this force.
Solution
Part (a) Using the FBD of collar B shown at the right, point B is in equilibrium
when
X
Fx D 0 W 2W cos 30ı C TBE cos ˛ D 0; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W R C 2W sin 30ı TBE sin ˛ D 0: (2)
W = (13kg)(9.81m/s2 ) = 127.5N
Solving Eq. (1), where ˛ D 20ı and W D 127.5N, provides
2W cos 30ı

TBE D D 235N : (3)
cos 20ı
Substituting the above result into Eq. (2) provides
R D TBE sin 20ı C127.5N 2 .127.5N / sin30ıD 80:37N: (4)
Part (b) To minimize the force TBE by Preorienting bar BE, we will con-
struct a force polygon corresponding to FE D 0, E as discussed in Sec. 2.1. 127.5N 127.5 N
In constructing this force polygon, we begin bydrawing the vertical 127.5N
cable force, then drawing the two 1 2 7.5N cable forces oriented at 30ı , and then 127.5 N
adding the reaction force R which is vertical with unknown value. Finally,
TBE , which has unknown size and direction, is added to close the polygon.
By examining the various force polygons for different R and TBE , it is clear that the smallest value of TBE
results when its direction is perpendicular to the direction of R (i.e., bar BE is horizontal), as shown at the
right. Therefore,
˛ D 0; (5)
and with this result, Eq. (1) is solved to determine
2W cos 30ı

TBE D D 220:84N: (6)
cos 0ı
Statics 1e 183
Problem 3.28
If W D 225 N, determine the tension in cable BCA and angle .
Solution
The FBD for pulley A is shown at the right, from which we can write the equations of
static equilibrium as
X
Fx D 0 W T cos C 2T cos 70ı D 0; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W T sin C 2T sin 70ı 225 N D 0: (2)
Solving Eq. (1) for yields

D cos1 2 cos 70ı D 46:8ı ; (3)
and T is then determined from Eq. (2) as
225 N
T D D 86:2 N: (4)
sin C 2 sin 70ı
Problem 3.29
Consider a configuration where D 30ı . Is this configuration possible?

Explain.
Solution
Using the FBD for pulley A shown to the right, the requirement for equilibrium of forces
in the x direction is not satisfied
X
Fx ¤ 0 W T cos 30ı C 2T cos 70ı ¤ 0; (1)
for nonzero values of T .
Thus, D 30ı will not provide static equilibrium.

If D 30ı and T ¤ 0, then a dynamic event (2)
(motion) takes place.
Statics 1e 185
Problem 3.30
Determine the weights W1 and W2 needed for the pulley-cable structure to have
the equilibrium configuration shown.
Solution
Using the FBD of pulley A, shown at right, equilibrium of forces requires

X
Fx D 0 W .W1 C W2 / cos 50ı C W2 cos 30ı D 0; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W .W1 C W2 / sin 50ı C W2 sin 30ı 50 N D 0: (2)
Multiplying Eq. (1) by sin 50ı , multiplying Eq. (2) by cos 50ı , and adding the
resulting expressions provides

W2 cos 30ı sin 50ı C sin 30ı cos 50ı D 50 N cos 50ı ; (3)
which is solved to obtain

W2 D 32:6 N: (4)
With the above result, W1 can be determined by solving Eq. (1) as
W2 cos 30ı W2 cos 50ı W2 .cos 30ı cos 50ı /

W1 D D ; (5)
cos 50ı cos 50ı
which yields
W1 D 11:3 N: (6)
Problem 3.31
Load P is supported by cables AB, AC , and AD. Cable AC is vertical. When

you solve for these cable tensions, a “problem” arises. Describe this problem
and, if possible, its physical significance.
Solution
The FBD of point A is shown at the right, and the equilibrium equations are
X
Fx D 0 W TB cos 30ı C TD cos 60ı D 0; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W TB sin 30ı C TC C TD sin 60ı P D 0: (2)
Equations (1) and (2) are two equations with three unknowns. Hence,
The two equilibrium equations are not sufficient to obtain a solution

for the three unknown cable forces. The physical significance is
that there is one extra load path (i.e., one extra cable) to support P
beyond the number needed to provide static equilibrium.
Statics 1e 187
Problem 3.32
Repeat Part (b) of Example 3.4 on p. 126, using optimization methods of calculus. Hint: Solve Eqs. (4) and
(5) in Example 3.4 for FBD as a function of ˛. Then solve for the value of ˛ that makes dFBD =d˛ D 0
(this equation is difficult to solve analytically, and you may need to solve it graphically or by other
approximate means). This problem can also be effectively solved using computer mathematics programs
such as Mathematica or Maple.
Solution
Solving Eqs. (4) and (5) in Example 3.4 for FBD as a function of ˛ (an easy way to do this is to multiply
Eq. (4) by cos 30ı , multiply Eq. (5) by sin 30ı , and add the results) provides
.22N / .cos 30ı C sin 30ı /

FBD D : (1)
cos 30ı cos ˛ sin 30ı sin ˛
Notice in Eq. (1) that the numerator is a constant while the denominator is a function of ˛. For convenience,
define a function u to be the denominator of Eq. (1)
u D cos 30ı cos ˛ sin 30ı sin ˛: (2)
Therefore,
d 1 1 ı ı

D cos 30 . sin ˛/ sin 30 cos ˛ ; (3)
d˛ u u2
and

dFBD d 22N .cos 30ı C sin 30ı /
D ; (4)
d˛ d˛ cos 30ı cos ˛ sin 30ı sin ˛
22N .cos 30ı C sin 30ı /
D 2
cos 30ı sin ˛ C sin 30ı cos ˛ : (5)
.cos 30ı cos ˛ sin 30ı sin ˛/
dFBD
Now, solve Eq. (5) for the value of ˛ that makes d˛
D 0, and this results in
˛ D 30ı ; (6)
which agrees with the results of Example 3.4 using a force polygon.
Problem 3.33
A device for tensioning recording tape in a video cassette recorder is shown.

The tape wraps around small pins at A, B, and C . The pins at A and C are fixed,
and the pin at B is supported by a spring and can undergo vertical motion in the
frictionless slot. Friction between the tape and pins is negligible. The spring
has stiffness k D 0:5 N=mm and is unstretched when h D 25 mm. Neglecting
the size of the pins, determine the tension in the tape when
(a) h D 18 mm.
(b) h D 10 mm.
Solution
Part (a) The spring displacement ı is given by ı D 25 mm h. With

h D 18 mm, the spring displacement and spring force Fs are
ı D 25 mm 18 mm D 7 mm; (1)
Fs D .0:5 N=mm/ 7 mm D 3:5 N: (2)
q length of the tape segments from A to B, and from B to C , is

The
.18 mm/2 C .24 mm/2 D 30 mm. With this information, and using the FBD shown above, the y di-
rection equilibrium equation is
X 18 mm
Fy D 0 W 2T 3:5 N; (3)
30 mm
hence
T D 2:92 N: (4)
Part (b) With h D 10 mm, the spring displacement and spring force Fs are
ı D 25 mm 10 mm D 15 mm; (5)
Fs D .0:5 N=mm/ 15 mm D 7:5 N: (6)
q
The length of the tape segments from A to B, and from B to C , is .10 mm/2 C .24 mm/2 D 26 mm. With
this information, the y direction equilibrium equation is
X 10 mm
Fy D 0 W 2T 7:5 N; (7)
26 mm
hence,
T D 9:75 N: (8)
Statics 1e 189
Problem 3.34
The brake linkage for a vehicle is actuated by pneumatic cylinder AB. 88N/mm
Cylinder AB, springs CD, EF , and GH , and the slotted tracks at A, C , 176N/mm
E, and G are all parallel. If the slotted tracks are frictionless, and cylinder
AB produces a tensile force of 53 kN, determine the deflection ı and forces 88N/mm
in members AC , AE, and AG. All springs are unstretched when ı D 0.
Solution
Free body diagrams for points A, C , E, and G are shown below. For each of these FBDs, x direction
equilibrium equations are written as follows
X
for A: Fx D 0 W 5 3 k N C TAC cos 30ı C TAE C TAG cos 45ı D 0; (1)
X
for C : Fx D 0 W TAC cos 30ı C 88N =mm : ı D 0; (2)
X
for E: Fx D 0 W TAE C 176N =mm : ı D 0; (3)
X
for G: Fx D 0 W TAG cos 45ı C 88N =mm : ı D 0: (4)
88 N/mm
53 kN 176 N/mm
88 N/mm
Solving Eqs. (2), (3), and (4) and substituting these results into Eq. (1), provides an expression where ı as the
only unknown
53 kN C .88N =mm :/ ı C .176 N =mm :/ ı C .88 N =mm :/ ı D 0: (5)
Solving the above equations for ı yields
53000 N
ıD D 150mm :;
.88 N =mm : C 176N =mm : C 88N =mm :/
and with this result, Eqs. (2), (3), and (4) provide
1
TAC D .88 N =mm :/ .150 mm :/ D 15242N ; (6)
cos 30ı
TAE D .176 N =mm :/ .150mm :/ D 26400N ; (7)
1
TAG D .88N =mm :/ .150mm:/ D 18667.6N : (8)
cos 45ı
Problem 3.35
Collar A has negligible weight and slides without friction on the vertical bar
CD. Determine the vertical force F that will produce D 30ı if 1m
(a) Spring AB is unstretched when D 0ı .
(b) Spring AB has an unstretched length of 0.6m.

300N/m
(c) Spring AB has an unstretched length of 1.2m.
Solution
Part (a) The spring’s unstretched length L0 when D 0ı , and its stretched length
L when D 30ı , are
L0 D 1m (1)
1m
LD D 1:15m : (2)
cos 30ı
Hence, the force supported by the spring is
Fs D 300 N =m .L L0 / ; (3)
D 300 N =m .1:15 m 1m / D 45N : (4)
Using the FBD for collar A shown above, equilibrium of forces in the y direction provides
X
Fy D 0 W Fs sin 30ı F D 0; (5)
which can be solved to determine the vertical force F as
F D Fs sin 30ı D 22:5N : (6)
Part (b) If the spring has an unstretched length of L0 D 0.6m, then the force supported by the spring is
Fs D 300 N =m .1:15 m 0.6m / D 165N : (7)
Equation (5) is still valid and is solved to obtain
F D Fs sin 30ı D 82 :5N : (8)
Part (c) If the spring has an unstretched length of L0 D 1.2m, then the force supported by the spring is
Fs D 300 N =m .1 :15m 1.2m / D 15N : (9)
Equation (5) is solved to obtain

F D Fs sin 30ı D 7:5N : (10)
Statics 1e 191
Problem 3.36
Point A is supported by springs BC and DE and cable segments AB and AD.

The springs and cables have negligible weight, and the springs have identical
stiffness k D 1000 N=m and 200 mm unstretched length. The structure has 12 00m m
the geometry shown when F D 225 N.
(a) Determine the lengths of cables AB and AD. 500mm 900mm
(b) Determine the coordinates of point A when F D 0.
Solution
Part (a) The FBD for point A is shown at the right where TB and TD are the
forces supported by springs BC and DE, respectively. The equilibrium equations
are
X 5 9
Fx D 0 W TB C TD D 0; (1)
13 15
X 12 12
Fy D 0 W TB C TD 225 N D 0: (2)
13 15
Multiplying Eq. (1) by 12, and Eq. (2) by 5, and adding the resulting expressions
yields
9 12
TD 12 C 5 D 5 .225 N/ : (3)
15 15
Solving the above equation yields
TD D 100:4 N; (4)
and substituting this value into Eq. (1) yields
TB D 156:7 N: (5)
For springs BC and DE, the spring stiffnesses, unstretched lengths, and the forces TB and TD supported by
them are known. Thus, the spring law written for each spring may be used to determine the stretched length
of each spring. The stiffness of both springs is the same and is denoted by k, the initial length of both springs
is the same and is denoted by L0 , and the final lengths of springs BC and DE are denoted by LBC and
LDE , respectively. Thus
spring BC spring DE
TB D k .LBC L0 / ; TD D k .LDE L0 / ;
156:7 N D 1N=mm .LBC 20 0 0 m/ ; 100:4 N D 1N=mm .LDE 200 mm/ ;
LBC D 356:7 mm, LDE D 300:4 mm:
The length of cables AB and AD can be found using
LBC C LAB D 1300 mm, LDE C LAD D 1500 m m;

LAB D 943:3 mm, LAD D 120 0 m m:
Part (b) If F D 0, then the springs will return to their unstretched lengths and the total length of line
segments AC and AE is given by
LAC D 200 mm C 943:3 mm , LAE D 200 mm C 120 0 m m;

D 1143:3 mm : D 1400 mm:
Then, using the law of cosines with triangle ACE shown at the right gives 1400 mm
L2AE D .1400 mm/2 C LAC

2
2 .1400 mm/ LAC cos ˛ (6)
.1400 mm/2D .1400 mm/2C.1143:3 mm/22 .1400 mm/ .1143:3 mm/cos ˛:
(7)
Hence,
.1143:3 mm/2
cos ˛ D ; (8)
2 .1400 mm/ .1143:3 mm/
˛ D 65:9ı : (9)
Thus, the coordinates of point A are given by
x D LAC sin ˛ D .1143:3 mm/ sin ˛ D 104 3.6mm; (10)

y D LAC cos ˛ D .1143:3 mm/ cos ˛ D 466:8 mm: (11)
Statics 1e 193
Problem 3.37
Spring AB is supported by a frictionless roller at B so that it is always vertical.

If the spring is unstretched when D 0, determine and the forces in spring 175N/m
AB and bar AC when F has the value indicated. Hint: The force supported by
bar AC is zero when < 90ı , and may be nonzero when D 90ı .
(a) F D 110N. 9 5 0 mm
(b) F D 220 N.
Solution
Part (a) Given that the spring is unstretched when D 0ı , the geometry provided
in the problem statement allows an expression for the spring stretch ı to be written as
ı D .950mm :/ sin : (1)

110N
Therefore, the force Fs supported by the spring is
Fs D kı D .175N =mm :/ .950mm :/ .sin / : (2)
The FBD of point A is shown above, and the equilibrium equations are
X
Fx D 0 W FAC cos D 0; (3)
X
Fy D 0 W FAC sin C Fs 1 1 0 N D 0: (4)
Assuming for the time being that < 90ı , then cos ¤ 0, and Eq. (3) gives FAC D 0, and Eq. (4) gives
Fs D 110N. Hence, Eq. (2) is solved for
110N
D sin1 D 41:4ı ; (5)
1 75N =m : .0 .950m :/
which verifies our assumption that < 90ı . In summary,
Fs D 110N ; FAC D 0; and D 41:4ı : (6)
166.25N
Part (b) We assume for the time being that D 90ı , in which case the spring stretch
takes its maximum possible value of ı D 950mm :, and Eq. (2) provides the spring force
Fs D 1 75N =m : .0.950mm :/ .sin 90ı / D 166.25N . The FBD of point A when D 90ı is
the right, and by inspection, the assumption that D 90ı is verified. Summing forces
shown at in the y direction provides
X 220N
Fy D 0 W FAC C Fs 2 2 0 N D 0; (7)
which may be solved for FAC D 220 N 166.25N D 53.75N. In summary,
Fs D166. 25N, FAC D 53.75N; and D 90ı: (8)
Problem 3.38
The machine shown is used for compacting powder. Collar C slides on plunger
AB and is driven by a motor (not shown in the sketch) so that it has the oscillatory
vertical motion ı D .10 mm/.sin t/ where t is time in seconds. Plunger AB
weighs 4 N and is pressed against the powder by the spring whose end is driven
by the motion of collar C . The spring has stiffness k D 0:1 N=mm and 100 mm
unstretched length. Assume there is no friction in the system (other than friction
between individual grains of powder), and assume the motion of C is slow enough
that there are no dynamic effects. Determine the largest and smallest forces the
plunger applies to the powder over a full cycle of motion of C if
(a) The powder column is at its initial height h D 110 mm.
(b) The powder column is at its compacted height h D 80 mm.
Solution
The FBDs for the plunger and spring are shown at the right, where the spring
force Fs is defined to be positive in compression. The force applied by the
plunger to the powder column is R. Let be the vertical motion of the top of
the powder column (point A), and ı.t/ be the time-dependent vertical motion of
the collar C as defined in the diagram to the right. The initial length L0 of the
spring, and the length L of the spring at time t are
L0 D 100 mm; (1)

L D 50 mm ı.t / C : (2)
The spring law, with Fs positive in compression, is
Fs D k .L0 L/ ; (3)
D .0:1 N=mm/ Œ100 mm .50 mm ı.t / C / : (4)
Since ı.t/ D .10 mm/ .sin t/, ı oscillates between ˙10 mm.
Using the FBD of the plunger and summing forces in the y direction provides
X
Fy D 0 W 4 N Fs C R D 0: (5)
Substituting for Fs in the above expression and solving for R provides
R D 4 N C .0:1 N=mm/ Œ100 mm 50 mm C ı.t / : (6)
Part (a) If the powder column is at its initial height of 110 mm, then D 0, and
R D 4 N C .0:1 N=mm/ Œ100 mm 50 mm C .˙10 mm/ 0/ ; (7)

D 10 N; 8 N: (8)
Statics 1e 195
Part (b) If the powder column is at its compacted height of 80 mm, then D 110 mm 80 mm D 30 mm,
and
R D 4 N C .0:1 N=mm/ Œ100 mm 50 mm C .˙10 mm/ 30 mm/ ; (9)
D 7 N; 5 N: (10)
Problem 3.39
A fuel pump is driven by a motor-powered flywheel. The pump behaves as a

spring with stiffness 2 N=mm that is unstretched when ˛ D ˙60ı . Neglect any
possible dynamic effects.
(a) Determine the largest tensile and compressive forces spring AB experiences
during one revolution of the flywheel, and state the positions ˛ where these
occur.
(b) Without further analysis, is it certain that the largest tensile and compressive
forces in crank arm BC occur at the same positions ˛ determined in Part
(a)? Explain.
Solution
Part (a) We first determine some dimensions, relative to the

unstretched position of the spring when ˛ D 60ı , as shown at
the right. Knowing that the distance from D to C is 20 mm,
basic trigonometry gives the 17:32 mm and 10 mm dimen-
sions shown. The Pythagorean theorem is then used to write
.60 mm/2 D d 2 C .17:32 mm/2 , from which d D 57:45 mm.
The spring elongation ı, measured from the unstretched position, is also defined in the figure shown at the
right. Note that a positive value of ı means the spring becomes longer relative to its unstretched length.
Full compression of the spring occurs when ˛ D 0, and for this case the spring elongation is called
ıc . This elongation is determined by taking the difference of the distance between points B and D when
˛ D 60ı , as shown above, with the distance between these points when ˛ D 0. Thus,
ıc D .57:45 mm C 10 mm/ .60 mm C 20 mm/ D 12:56 mm: (1)
Note that the negative value for ıc indicates that the spring has been compressed. The force produced by the
spring is given by
Fc D kıc D 2 N=mm.12:56 mm/ D 25:1 N: (2)
Full extension of the spring occurs when ˛ D 180ı , and for this case the spring elongation is called
ı t . This elongation is determined by taking the difference of the distance between points B and D when
˛ D 60ı with the distance between these points when ˛ D 180ı . Thus,
ıt D .57:45 mm C 10 mm/ .60 mm 20 mm/ D 27:45 mm: (3)
Note that the positive value for ı t indicates that the spring has become longer. The force produced by the
spring is given by
F t D kı t D 2 N=mm.27:45 mm/ D 54:9 N: (4)
Part (b) It is not certain that the maximum tensile and compressive forces in crank arm BC occur at
˛ D 180ı or 0ı , respectively. The reason is that force in member BC is also a function of geometry, or
orientation of BC . When BC is not horizontal, the force it supports will increase such that it still has the
correct horizontal component of force to provide equilibrium.
Statics 1e 197
Problem 3.40
The suspension for the landing gear of an aircraft is shown. The wheel is attached
to bar BC , which slides vertically without friction in housing A, which is fixed to
the frame of the aircraft. The spring is precompressed so that it does not undergo
additional deflection until the force supported by the landing gear is sufficiently large.
Further, if the force supported by the landing gear exceeds a limit, the suspension
“bottoms out” and deflects no more. Specify the spring stiffness and initial length if
h D 4 5 0 m m : for F 2 2 0 0 N and h D 3 0 0 m m : for F 6 6 00 N .
Solution
The FBD of point B is shown at the right where Fs is the force supported by the spring,
with positive values corresponding to compression. Equilibrium in the y direction requires
X
Fy D 0 W Fs C F D 0; ) Fs D F: (1)
The spring force is given by

Fs D k .L L0 / ; (2)
where L0 is the initial, unstretched length of the spring. From the problem statement, we are given h D 450mm :
for F 2200 N , and h D 300mm : forF 66 00 N. Therefore, Eq. (2) written for both of these conditions,
noting that Fs D F , provides
2 2 0 0 N D k .4 5 0 m m : L0 / ; (3)
6600 N D k .300mm : L0 / : (4)
This system of two equations can be solved simultaneously for unknowns k and L0 by subtracting Eq. (4)
from Eq. (3) and solving for k to obtain
4400 N
kD D 29:33N =mm : (5)
150mm
Solving Eq. (3) for L0 then provides the initial length of the spring as
.450 mm :/ k C 2200 N
L0 D D 525mm: (6)
k
Problem 3.41
A hanger is made of cord-reinforced rubber. It is used as a spring support 75 mm

0N 0 mm
with limited travel for a wide variety of applications. If prototype samples 450 N 12.5 mm
1350 N 25 mm
are available, an effective means to characterize its nonlinear stiffness is by 100 mm
testing in a laboratory, where forces of known magnitude are applied and the
deflections that result are measured. Imagine this produces the load-deflection
data provided in the table of Fig. P3.41.
(a) Determine the constants a, b, and c that will fit the general quadratic
equation F D a C bı C cı 2 to the load-deflection data for this hanger.
(b) Plot the load-deflection relation determined in Part (a).
(c) Speculate on the range of values for F for which the relation obtained in
Part (a) will be reasonably accurate.
Solution
Part (a) The equation
F D a C bı C cı 2 ; (1)
can be fit to the data by first applying the condition that at F D 0 when ı D 0. This condition requires a D 0
so that no deflection is present when no load is applied. Writing Eq. (1) for the remaining two data points
results in the equations
450N D b .12:5 mm :/ C c .12:5 ;mm :/2 (2)

1350 N D b .25mm :/ C c .25mm
: :/2 (3)
Solving the above system of simultaneous equations by multiplying Eq. (2) by 2 and summing with Eq. (3)
results in
4 5 0 N D c 312:5 mm2: , (4)
therefore,
c D 1.44N =mm2: (5)
Using Eq. (2) with the value of c obtained above, we obtain

4 5 0 N c 12:5 mm 2:
bD D .18N =mm :/: (6)
12:5 mm :
Part (b) The with the constants a, b, and c determined in Part (a), the load-deflection relation is

F D .18 N =mm :/ ı C 1.44 lb=mm2: ı 2: (7)
Equation (7) is plotted below.
Statics 1e 199
1400
1200
1000
800
F(N)
600
400
200
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Delta (mm)
Part (c) The equation is probably very accurate for loads between 0 and 1350 N , and possibly could be used
for loads as high as perhaps 18 00 N . For loads less than zero, the hanger would be in compression, and it is
probably not capable of supporting compressive loads. For loads higher than 1350 N , more laboratory data is
desirable.
Problem 3.42
In Prob. 3.41, imagine that the load-deflection data for the hanger is such that
F D .18N=mm:/ ıC.1.44N=mm2:/ ı2 and that three hangers are used to support 12.5 mm
a straight rigid pipe from an uneven ceiling as shown. Assume the pipe may
undergo vertical motion only. Hanger 2 displaces by 12.5mm. more than hangers
1 and 3. Because of symmetry, equal forces are supported by hangers 1 and 3.
Further, the sum of the forces supported by all three hangers equals the weight
of the pipe and its contents, which is 2 65 0 N . Determine the deflection of the
pipe and the forces supported by each of the three hangers.
Solution
Using the FBD at the right, where F1 D F3 as instructed in the problem

statement, equilibrium of forces in the vertical direction provides
X
Fy D 0 W 2F1 C F2 2 65 0 N D 0: (1)
The forces F1 and F2 are described by the load-deflection relation for the
2650N
hangers, which are

F1 D .18 N =mm :/ ıC 1.44N =mm :2 ı 2; (2)

F2 D .18N =mm :/ .ı C 12:5 mm:/C 1.44N =mm:2 .ı C 12:5mm:/2 (3)
Using Eqs. (2) and (3), Eq. (1) becomes

2 .18 N =mm :/ ı C 1.44N =mm :2 ı 2 C .18 N =mm :/ .ı C 12:5 mm :/ C

1.44N=mm:2 .ı C 12:5 mm:/2 D 2650 N ; (4)
which simplifies to yield

4.32N=mm2 : ı 2 C .90 N =mm :/ ı 2200 N D 0: (5)
Solving the above quadratic equation provides two solutions for ı as
ı D 14:44mm :; 35:2 7mm : (6)
The negative solution in Eq. (6) means the hangers become shorter in length, and this is not physically
possible because the 2650 N weight of the pipe will obviously cause the hangers to become longer. Thus, the
remaining solution is the physically correct solution, and the deflection of the pipe is
ı D 14:44mm : (7)
The force exerted by each hanger can now be determined by substituting ı D 14:44mm : into Eqs. (2) and (3)
to obtain
F1 D F3 D 560.2N ; (8)
F2 D 1529.6N : (9)
Statics 1e 201
Problem 3.43
If k D 5 N=mm and W D 100 N, determine ı. Springs are unstretched when

ı D 0.
Solution
To determine the displacement ı of the box, equilibrium in only the t direction

needs to be considered. Using the FBD shown at the right, forces in the t
direction are summed to obtain
X
Ft D 0 W Fs C W sin 20ı D 0: (1)
With W D 100 N, solving for the spring force Fs yields
Fs D 100 N sin 20ı D 34:20 N: (2)
Using Fs D kı,
Fs 34:20 N
ıD D D 3:42 mm: (3)
k 2 .5 N=mm/
Problem 3.44
If k D 5 N=mm and W D 100 N, determine ı. Springs are unstretched when

ı D 0.
Solution
To determine the displacement ı of the box, equilibrium in only the t direction

needs to be considered. Using the FBD shown at the right, forces in the t
direction are summed to obtain
X
Ft D 0 W Fs1 C Fs2 C W sin 20ı D 0: (1)
Notice that this system is statically indeterminate; there are two unknowns,
Fs1 and Fs2 , and only one equilibrium equation. By writing the spring law for
each spring, two additional equations are obtained, along with the displacement ı as an additional unknown.
For spring 1, positive values of Fs1 in the FBD correspond to tension and positive values of ı cause spring 1
to become longer. For spring 2, positive values of Fs2 in the FBD correspond to tension and positive values
of ı cause spring 2 to become shorter. Hence,
Fs1 D kı; (2)

Fs2 D k .ı/ : (3)
Substituting Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (1) provides
kı C k .ı/ C .100 N/ sin 20ı D 0: (4)
Using k D 5 N=mm, Eq. (4) is solved for
.100 N/ sin 20ı

ıD D 3:42 mm: (5)
2 .5 N=mm/
Statics 1e 203
Problem 3.45
A fragile item A, with weight W , is to be shipped within a box B using the

vertical spring suspension shown. Springs 1 and 2 have stiffnesses k1 and k2 ,
respectively, and unstretched lengths L1 and L2 , respectively. The springs are
installed by stretching them to the same length h and then attaching them to A.
The vertical deflection ı is measured such that ı D 0 is the position where A is
in the middle of box B.
W k1 .h L1 / C k2 .h L2 /
(a) Show that W and ı are related by ı D .
k1 C k2
(b) Explain why ı ¤ 0 when W D 0.
(c) Suggest some mathematical tests you can perform to verify the accuracy of
the expression in Part (a). For example, if ı D 0 and k2 D 0, show that W
has the expected value.
Solution
Part (a) Using the FBD shown at the right, forces in the vertical direction are summed to
obtain X
Fy D 0 W Fs1 Fs2 W D 0: (1)
Notice that this system is statically indeterminate; there are two unknowns, Fs1 and Fs2 , and
only one equilibrium equation. By writing the spring law for each spring, two additional
equations are obtained, along with the displacement ı as an additional unknown. For both
springs 1 and 2, positive values of Fs1 and Fs2 in the FBD correspond to tension. Hence,
Fs1 D k1 .L1,final L1 /
D k1 .h C ı L1 / ; (2)
Fs2 D k2 .L2,final L2 /
D k2 .h ı L2 / ; (3)
where L1 and L2 are the unstretched lengths of springs 1 and 2, respectively. Combining Eqs. (1)–(3)
provides
k1 .h C ı L1 / k2 .h ı L2 / D W; (4)
.k1 C k2 / ı D W k1 .h L1 / C k2 .h L2 / ; (5)
Solving Eq. (5) for ı gives
W k1 .h L1 / C k2 .h L2 /
ıD : (6)
k1 C k2
Part (b)
When W D 0, forces will still develop in the two springs, and item
A will move so that the forces in the two springs will be equal, as (7)
required by Eq. (1).
Part (c) Some tests can be conducted where one of the springs is removed and the displacement ı is zero,
as follows
if ı D 0 & k2 D 0; then W D k1 .h L1 / ;
if ı D 0 & k1 D 0; then W D k2 .h L2 / :
The above expressions show that, if one spring is removed, then the weight W of object A has the expected
result, namely it is equal to the spring force.
Additional tests can be conducted where one of the springs is removed and the weight W is zero, as
follows
if W D 0 & k2 D 0; then ı D .h L1 / D L1 h < 0;
if W D 0 & k1 D 0; then ı D hL2 > 0:
The above expressions show that, if one spring is removed, then the deflection ı of object A has the expected
result. Further, the first equation above shows that if spring 2 is removed, then ı < 0, meaning the box moves
upward. The second equation above shows that if spring 1 is removed, then ı > 0, meaning the box moves
downward.
Statics 1e 205
Problem 3.46
A model for the suspension of a truck is shown. Block A represents the chassis
of the truck, and it may undergo vertical motion only with no rotation. Force
F represents the portion of the truck’s weight and payload that is supported
by this suspension. Due to F , block A deflects by amount ı. When F D 0,
both springs are undeformed and there is a gap h between the second spring
and the chassis. When ı is less than h, only one spring supports F ; and when ı
exceeds h, the second spring engages and helps support F . If k1D 21 0N =mm. ,
k2 D 105N =mm., and h D 32:5mm :,
(a) Determine ı when F D 6250 N.
(b) Determine ı when F D 12500N .
Solution
For a given value of F , it is necessary to determine if only spring 1 is engaged, or if both springs 1 and 2 are
engaged. The load required to cause spring 1 to displace by distance ı D h D 32:5mm :, and hence the load
required to cause the gap h to be closed, is
F D k1 ı D 210N =mm : .32:5mm :/ D 682 5N : (1)
Part (a) When F D 6250 N, only spring 1 is engaged, and the displacement is given by
F 6250 N
ıD D D 29:76mm : (2)
k1 210 N=mm:
12500N
Part (b) When F D 12500 N , both springs are engaged, and the FBD of block
A is shown at the right where forces in only the vertical direction are shown.
Summing forces in the vertical direction provides
X
Fy D 0 W Fs1 C Fs2 1 25 00 N D 0: (3)
The force-displacement relations for the two springs are
Fs1 D k1 ı; (4)
Fs2 D k2 .ı h/ : (5)
In writing Eq. (5), the compression of spring 2 is less than that of spring 1 by the amount h. Substituting
Eqs. (4) and (5) into Eq. (3) gives
k1 ı C k2 .ı h/ 1 25 00 N D 0: (6)
Solving the above for ı results in
12500 N C k2 h 12500 N C 105N =mm: .32:5 mm:/

ıD D
k1 C k2 210 N =mm : C 105N =mm : (7)
D 50:52mm :
Problem 3.47
A model for a push button or key, such as on a calculator or computer keyboard,

is shown. The model has the feature that if F is sufficiently large, point A
snaps through to give the user positive tactile feedback that the keystroke was
properly entered. Both springs have stiffness 2 N=mm, and when F D 0, the
structure has the geometry shown and all springs are unstretched.
(a) Derive an expression that gives F as a function of ı.
(b) Plot F versus ı for 0 ı 5 mm.
(c) Determine the approximate largest value that F has for 0 ı 2 mm.
(d) What deficiency does this model display for representing a push button?
Solution
P
Part (a) The FBD of point A is shown at the right, where Fx D 0 requires the
two spring forces to be equal. The y direction equilibrium equation is
X
Fy D 0 W 2Fs sin ˛ F D 0: (1)
The force Fs in each spring is given by the spring law as
Fs D k .L L0 / ; (2)
where the unstretched spring length L0 and the final spring length L are
q p
L0 D .5 mm/2 C .2 mm/2 D 29mm; (3)
q
L D .5 mm/2 C .2 mm ı/2 : (4)
Using the triangular geometry shown next to the FBD, the angle ˛ is related to the displacement ı by
2 mm ı
sin ˛ D : (5)
L
Using Eqs. (2) and (5), Eq. (1) becomes
2 mm ı
F D 2k .L L0 / : (6)
L
Using Eqs. (3) and (4) to substitute for L0 and L, Eq. (6) becomes
q p
.5 mm/2 C .2 mm ı/2 29mm
F D 2k q .2 mm ı/ : (7)
2 2
.5 mm/ C .2 mm ı/
Statics 1e 207
Part (b) The plot of Eq. (7) is shown below over the range 0 ı 5 mm.
Part (c) The largest value of F over the range 0 ı 2 mm occurs at the snap through point shown in
the above plot. Thus,
the largest value of F is about 0:228 N,
and this occurs at a displacement of approximately ı D 0:9 mm.
Part (d) A deficiency of this model is that once snap through occurs, point A does not return to its original
position when the force F is removed.
Problem 3.48
The model of Prob. 3.47 is revised to include a third spring. Springs AB and
AC have stiffness 2 N=mm; and spring AD has stiffness 0:3 N=mm. When
F D 0, the structure has the geometry shown and all springs are unstretched.
(a) Derive an expression that gives F as a function of ı.
(b) Plot F versus ı for 0 ı 5 mm.
(c) Determine the approximate largest value that F has for 0 ı 2 mm.
(d) Does spring AD serve a useful purpose in this model? Explain.
Solution
P
Part (a) The FBD of point A is shown at the right, where Fx D 0 requires
the force in springs AB and AC to be equal, and this force is denoted by Fs . The
force in spring AD is denoted by P , and the y direction equilibrium equation is
X
Fy D 0 W 2Fs sin ˛ F C P D 0: (1)
Denote the stiffness of springs AB and AC by k1 , and the stiffness of spring AD

by k2 . The force Fs is given by
Fs D k1 .L L0 / ; (2)
where the unstretched length L0 and the final length L of springs AB and AC are
q p
L0 D .5 mm/2 C .2 mm/2 D 29mm; (3)
q
L D .5 mm/2 C .2 mm ı/2 : (4)
The force in the vertical spring AD is simply
P D k2 ı: (5)
Using the triangular geometry shown next to the FBD, the angle ˛ is related to the displacement ı by
2 mm ı
sin ˛ D : (6)
L
Using Eqs. (2), (5), and (6), Eq. (1) becomes
2 mm ı
F D 2k1 .L L0 / C k2 ı: (7)
L
Using Eqs. (3) and (4) to substitute for L0 and L, Eq. (7) becomes
q p
.5 mm/2 C .2 mm ı/2 29mm
F D 2k1 q .2 mm ı/ C k2 ı: (8)
.5 mm/2 C .2 mm ı/2
Statics 1e 209
Part (b) The plot of Eq. (8) is shown below over the range 0 ı 5 mm. In the region of the curve near
ı D 2 mm, the displacement of the key increases substantially with very little increase of force, thus allowing
the user to feel a “snap” as point A moves down.
Part (c)
The largest value of F is about 0:6 N,
and this occurs at a displacement of approximately ı D 1:8 mm.
Part (d) Spring AD serves a useful purpose in this model. It allows point A to return to its initial position
when the force F is removed.
Problem 3.49
The object at D is supported by boom AO and by cables AB, AC , and AD,

which are parallel to the x, y, and ´ axes, respectively. If the mass of object D
is mD D 100 kg, determine the forces supported by the boom and three cables.
Solution
The weight of the object at D is W D mD g D .100 kg/.9:81 m=s2 / D
981 N. By inspection, or by drawing a FBD of D and summing forces
in the vertical direction, the force supported by cable AD is
FAD D W D 981 N: (1)
The FBD of point A is shown at the right where

rEAO 2 {O 0:9 |O 1:2 kO
FEAO D FAO D FAO ; (2)
rAO 2:5
FEAB D FAB .O{ /; (3)
FEAC D FAC .|O/; (4)
WE D W k;O (5)
In the FBD, the forces in members AO, AB and AC are defined to be positive in tension. The equilibrium
equations are
X
FE D 0E W FEAO C FEAB C FEAC C WE D 0E (6)
2 0:9 1:2
FAO FAB {O C FAO FAC |O C FAO W kO D 0:
E (7)
2:5 2:5 2:5
In Eq. (7), the term multiplying kO must be zero, hence
2:5
FAO D W D .2:083/W
1:2
D 2043 N 2040 N: (8)
In Eq. (7), the term multiplying {O must be zero, hence
2 2:5 2 2
FAB D FAO D W DW D .1:667/W
2:5 1:2 2:5 1:2
D 1635 N 1640 N: (9)
In Eq. (7), the term multiplying |O must be zero, hence
0:9 2:5 0:9 0:9

FAC D FAO D W DW D .0:7500/W
2:5 1:2 2:5 1:2
D 735:8 N 736 N: (10)
Statics 1e 211
Problem 3.50
In Prob. 3.49, if the cables and boom have the failure strengths given below,
determine the largest mass mD that can be supported.
Member Strength
AO 2000 N compression
AB 1500 N
AC 1000 N
AD 2000 N
Solution
The weight of the object at D is W D mD g. By inspection, or by

drawing a FBD of D and summing forces in the vertical direction, the
force supported by cable AD is
FAD D W: (1)
The FBD of point A is shown at the right where
rEAO 2 {O 0:9 |O 1:2 kO

FEAO D FAO D FAO ; (2)
rAO 2:5
FEAB D FAB .O{ /; (3)
FEAC D FAC .|O/; (4)
WE D W k;O (5)
In the FBD, the forces in members AO, AB and AC are defined to be positive in tension. The equilibrium
equations are
X
FE D 0E W FEAO C FEAB C FEAC C WE D 0E (6)
2 0:9 1:2
FAO FAB {O C FAO FAC |O C FAO W kO D 0:E (7)
2:5 2:5 2:5
In Eq. (7), the term multiplying kO must be zero, hence
2:5
FAO D W D .2:083/W: (8)
1:2
In Eq. (7), the term multiplying {O must be zero, hence
2 2:5 2
FAB D FAO D W
2:5 1:2 2:5
2
DW D .1:667/W: (9)
1:2
In Eq. (7), the term multiplying |O must be zero, hence
0:9 2:5 0:9
FAC D FAO D W
2:5 1:2 2:5
0:9
DW D .0:7500/W: (10)
1:2
Using Eq. (1) and Eqs. (8)–(10), the various failure criteria may be applied:
if FAO D 2000 N; then W D 960 N; (11)

if FAB D 1500 N; then W D 900 N; (12)
if FAC D 1000 N; then W D 1333 N; (13)
if FAD D 2000 N; then W D 2000 N: (14)
Only the smallest of the above values of W will satisfy all four failure criteria. Hence, the largest value W
that can be supported by the structure is
Wmax D 900 N; (15)
and the largest mass that may be supported is
Wmax
mD D D 91:7 kg: (16)
9:81 m=s2
Statics 1e 213
Problem 3.51
A weight W is supported at A by bars AB and AD and by cable AC . Bars

AB and AD are parallel to the y and x axes, respectively. If W D 1000 N,
determine the forces in each bar and the cable.
Solution
The FBD for point A is shown at the right and the following vector
expressions may be written
O
WE D 1000 N.k/ (1)
FEB D FB .|O/ (2)
FED D FD .O{ / (3)
2O{ 6|O C 3kO
FEC D FC (4)
7
Using the FBD shown above, the equilibrium equations for point A are
X
FE D 0E W FEB C FEC C FED C WE D 0E

2 6 3
FD FC {O C FB FC |O C FC 1000 N kO D 0:
E (5)
7 7 7
Each of the {O, |O, and kO terms in Eq. (5) must be zero. Solving for FC using the kO term, followed by solving
for FD and FB using the remaining terms provides
FC D 2330 N; (6)
FD D 667 N; (7)
FB D 2000 N: (8)
Problem 3.52
In Prob. 3.51, if the cable can support a maximum force of 2 kN, and bars
AB and AD can support maximum compressive forces of 1 kN and 3 kN,
respectively, determine the largest weight W that may be supported.
Solution
The FBD for point A is shown at the right and the following vector
expressions may be written
O
WE D W .k/ (1)
FEB D FB .|O/ (2)
FED D FD .O{ / (3)
2O{ 6|O C 3kO
FEC D FC (4)
7
X
FE D 0E W FEB C FEC C FED C WE D 0E

2 6 3
FD FC {O C FB FC |O C FC W kO D 0:
E (5)
7 7 7
Each of the {O, |O, and kO terms in Eq. (5) must be zero. Solving for FC in terms of W using the kO term,
followed by solving for FD and FB using the remaining terms provides
2 7
FD D W; FB D 2W; FC D W: (6)
3 3
Using Eq. (6), the various failure criteria may be applied:
3
if FC D 2000 N; then W D FC D 857 NI (7)
7
1
if FB D 1000 N; then W D FB D 500 NI (8)
2
3
if FC D 3000 N; then W D FD D 4500 N: (9)
2
Only the smallest of the above values of W will satisfy all three failure criteria. Hence, the largest value W
may have is
Wmax D 500 N: (10)
Statics 1e 215
Problem 3.53
When in equilibrium, plate BCD is horizontal. If the plate weighs 1:6 kN,
determine the forces in cables AB, AC , and AD.
Solution
The FBD of point A is shown at the right, where by inspection (or by

drawing a FBD of the entire system, and enforcing equilibrium of forces
in the vertical direction), P D 1:6 kN. The following vector expressions
may be written
O
PE D 1:6 kN k; (1)
0 {O 0:9 |O 1:2 kO
FEAB D FAB ; (2)
1:5
0:8 {O C 0:9 |O 1:2 kO
FEAC D FAC ; (3)
1:7
0:8 {O C 0:9 |O 1:2 kO
FEAD D FAD : (4)
1:7
X
FE D 0E W FEAB C FEAC C FEAD C PE D 0E

0:8 0:8 0:9 0:9 0:9
FAC FAD {O C FAB C FAC C FAD |O
1:7 1:7 1:5 1:7 1:7

1:2 1:2 1:2
C FAB FAC FAD C 1:6 kN kO D 0:
E (5)
1:5 1:7 1:7
The {O term in Eq. (5) shows that FAC D FAD , which then leaves two equations in two unknown to be solved.
Hence, the solutions to Eq. (5) are
FAB D 1 kN; (6)
FAC D 0:567 kN; (7)
FAD D 0:567 kN: (8)
Problem 3.54
A circular ring with weight W and inside radius r is supported by three identical
springs having stiffness k and which that unstretched when d D 0. When in
equilibrium, the ring is horizontal.
(a) Derive an expression that relates the weight W to d and r.
(b) If W D 1350 N , k D 4.4N =mm :, and r D 500 mm :, determine d (an

accurate approximate solution is acceptable).
Solution
Part (a) Since the ring is horizontal when it is in equilibrium, all springs stretch by the same amount and
equilibrium in only the vertical direction needs to be considered. The FBD is shown at the right, where by
inspection (or by drawing a FBD of the entire system, and enforcing equilibrium of forces in the vertical
direction), F is equal to the weight W of the ring.
The force supported by each spring is given by
Fs D k .L L0 / ; (1)
where the final length and unstretched length of the springs, L and L0 ,
respectively, are
p
L D r 2 C d 2; (2)
L0 D r: (3)
Therefore, p
Fs D k r2 C d 2 r : (4)
Using the triangular geometry shown next to the FBD,
d
sin ˛ D p : (5)
r2 C d2
Using the FBD shown above, the vertical direction equilibrium equation is
X
F´ D 0 W W 3Fs sin ˛ D 0: (6)
Combining Eqs. (4) through (6) gives

p d
W 3k r2 C d 2 r p D 0; (7)
r2 C d 2
which may be solved for

r
W D 3k 1 p d: (8)
r2 C d 2
Statics 1e 217
Part (b) With the values W D 1350 N k, D 4.4N =mm :, and r D 500 mm : given in the problem statement,
Eq. (8) contains one unknown, namely d . Two strategies for determining the value of d that satisfies Eq. (8)
are described.
A simple, but effective solution, is to use a graphical or trial-and-error approach, as follows. We define a
new variable R to be
r
R D W 3k 1 p d: (9)
r2 C d 2
This equation is easily evaluated for various values of d until we find a value that is sufficiently close to
providing R D 0. Alternatively, we plot R versus d to determine the value of d that gives R D 0. This
results in
d D 427mm : (10)
Another strategy is to use computer algebra software such as Mathematica or Maple. This results in three
solutions for d ; two of these are complex conjugates and the third solution, which is real, is the same as that
reported above.
15
10
5
0
R(N)
–5
–10
–15
–20
–25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
d (mm)
15
10
5
–5
R(N)
–10
–15
–20
–25
425 425.5 426 426.5 427 427.5 428 428.5 429 429.5 430
d (mm)
Zoom view at R = 0
Problem 3.55
In the cable system shown, point D lies in the y´ plane and force P is parallel
to the ´ axis. If P D 2200 N, determine the force in cables AB, AC , AD, and
3.6 m
AE.
2.4 m
2.7 m
1.8 m
1.8 m
Solution
The FBD for point A is shown at the right, where by inspection,

FAE D P D 2200 N . The following vector expressions may be
written 3.6 m
PE D 2200 N .Ok/; (1)

2.4 m
1.8{O 2.4|O C 0 kO
FEAB D FAB ; (2) 2.7 m
3 1.8 m
1.8{O 2.4|O C 0 kO
FEAC D FAC ; (3) 1.8 m
3
0 {O C 2.7|O C 3.6 kO
FEAD D FAD : (4)
4.5
X

1.8 1.8 2.4 2.4 2.7
FAB C FAC {O C FAB C FAC C FAD |O
3 3 3 10 4.5

3.6
C FAD 2200N kO D 0:
E (5)
4 .5
Solving the above system of equations provides
FAD D 2750N ; (6)

FAB D 1031N ; (7)
FAC D 1031N ; (8)
and the force in cable AE is

FAE D P D 2200 N : (9)
Statics 1e 219
Problem 3.56
In the cable system shown, point D lies in the y´ plane and force P is parallel
to the ´ axis. If cables AB and AC have 2200 N breaking strength, and cables 3.6 m
AD and AE have 4400 N breaking strength, and if all cables are to have a
2.4 m
factor of safety of 1:5 against failure, determine the largest force P that may be
supported. 1.8 m
2.7 m
1.8 m
Solution

FAE D P . The following vector expressions may be written
3.6 m
O
PE D P .k/; (1)
1.8{O 2.4|O C 0 kO 2.4 m
FEAB D FAB ; (2)
3
2.7 m
1.8{O 2.4|O C 0 kO 1.8 m
FEAC D FAC ; (3)
3 1.8 m
0 {O C 2.7|O C 3.6 kO
FEAD D FAD : (4)
4.5
X

1.8 1.8 2.4 2.4 2.7
FAB C FAC {O C FAB C FAC C FAD |O
3 3 3 3 4.5

3.6
C FAD P Ok DE 0: (5)
4.5
Solving the above system of equations provides the following solutions for the cable forces in terms of the
applied load P
4.5
FAD D P; 1.25P (6)
3.6
2.7 F 1 3 D 0.375FAD
FAB D AD
4.5 2 2.4
(7)
D 0.375 1.25P = 0.47 P
FAC D 0.47P (8)

FAE D P: (9)
Using Eqs. (6)–(9), and noting that the factor of safety for all cables is 1:5 , the various failure criteria may be
applied:
2200 N
if FAB D ; then P D 146 6.7N I (10)
1:5
2200 N then P D 3120.6N

if FAC D ; (11)
1:5
4400 N
if FAD D ; then P D 2346.7N (12)
1:5
4400 N
if FAE D ; then P D 2933.3N : (13)
1:5
(14)
Only the smallest of the above values of P will satisfy all four failure criteria. Hence, the largest value P
P D 2346 . 7 N : (15)
Statics 1e 221
Problem 3.57
Repeat Prob. 3.55 with point A having coordinates A.0 .3; 2.4/ m.
Solution

FAE D P D 22 00 N . The following vector expressions may be
written 3.6 m
O
PE D 2200 N .k/; (1)
2.4 m
O
2. 1 {O 2. 4 |O C 0 k
FEAB D FAB p ; (2) 0.3 m
10.17 1.8 m
1. 5 {O 2.4|O C 0 kO
FEAC D FAC p ; (3) 1.8 m
8.01
0.3{O C 2.7|O C 3.6 kO
FEAD D FAD p : (4)
20.34
X

2.1 1.5 0.3 2.4 2.4 2.7
FABp CFAC p CFAD p {O C FAB p CFAC p CFAD p |O
10.17 8.01 20.34 10.17 8.01 20. 34

12
C FADp 2200 N kO D 0: E (5)
20.34
FAD D 2756.1N (6)

FAB D 751.2N ; (7)
FAC D 1279.2 N ; (8)
and the force in cable AE is

FAE D P D 2200 N : (9)
Problem 3.58
Repeat Prob. 3.56 with point A having coordinates A..0 . 3 ; 2 . 4; 0/ m.
Solution

FAE D P . The following vector expressions may be written
O
PE D P .k/; (1) 3.6 m
2.1{O 2.4|O C 0 kO
FEAB D FAB p ; (2) 2.4 m
10.17
1.5 {O 2.4|O C 0 kO 0.3 m
FEAC D FAC p ; (3) 1.8 m
8.01
1.8 m
0.3{O C 2.7|O C 3.6 kO :
FEAD D FAD p (4)
20. 34
X

2.1 1.5 0.3 2.4 2.4 2.7
FABp CFAC p CFAD p {O C FAB p CFAC p CFAD p |O
10.17 8.01 20.34 10.17 8.01 20. 34

3.6
C FAD p P kO D 0:E (5)
20.34
Solving the above system of equations provides the following solutions for the cable forces in terms of the
applied load P as
FAD D 1:253P; FAB D 0:3414P; FAC D 0:5814P; FAE D P: (6)
Using Eq. (6), and noting that the factor of safety for all cables is 1:5 , the various failure criteria may be
applied:
2200 N
if FAB D ; then P D 4296N (7)
1:5
2200 N
if FAC D ; then P D 2522.6 N (8)
1:5
4400 N
if FAD D ; then P D 2341N (9)
1:5
4400 N
if FAE D ; then P D 2933.3 N (10)
1:5
(11)
Only the smallest of the above values of P will satisfy all four failure criteria. Hence, the largest value P
P D 2341N : (12)
Statics 1e 223
Problem 3.59
Force P is supported by two cables and a bar. Point A lies in the y´ plane,
and points B and C lie in the x´ plane. If P D 13 .5kN, determine the forces 1.2 m
supported by the cables and bar. 1.2 m
3.6 m
1.8 m 1.5 m
3.6 m
Solution
The FBD for point A is shown at the right and the following vector expressions may
be written
1. 5 |O 3.6 kO
PE D 13.5kN ; (1)
3.9
3.6 |O 3.6 kO
FEAO D FAO p ; (2)
5.1
1.2{O 3.6 |O 1.8kO
FEAB D FAB ; (3)
4.2
1.2{O 3.6 |O 1.8kO
FEAC D FAC : (4)
4.2
X
FE D 0E W FEAO C FEAB C FEAC C PE D 0E

1.2 1.2 3.6 3.6 3.6 1.5
FAB FAC {O C FAO p FAB FAC 13.5kN |O
4.2 4.2 5.1 4.2 4.2 3.9

3.6 1.8 1.8 3.6 O E
C FAO p FAB FAC 13 . 5 kN k D 0: (5)
5.1 4. 2 4.2 3.9
FAO D 27952 N ; (6)

FAB D 8480 .8N ; (7)
FAC D 84 80 .8N : (8)
Problem 3.60
Force P is supported by two cables and a bar. Point A lies in the y´ plane, and
points B and C lie in the x´ plane. The compressive load that causes the bar to 1.2 m
buckle and the breaking strength of each cable are specified below. If factors of 1.2 m
safety against failure (see the footnote of Prob. 3.56) of 1:7 and 2:0 are to be
used for cables and bars, respectively, determine the allowable force P that can
3.6 m
be supported.
1.8 m 1.5 m
Member Strength
3.6 m
AO 13500 N compression
AB 27000 N
AC 22500 N
Solution
The FBD for point A is shown at the right and the following vector expressions may
be written
1. 5 |O 3.6 kO
PE D 13.5kN ; (1)
3.9
3.6 |O 3.6 kO
FEAO D FAO p ; (2)
25.92
1.2{O 3.6 |O 1.8kO
FEAB D FAB ; (3)
4.2
1.2{O 3.6 |O 1.8 kO
FEAC D FAC : (4)
4.2
X
FE D 0E W FEAO C FEAB C FEAC C PE D 0E

1.2 1.2 3.6 3.6 3.6 1.5
FAB FAC {O C FAO p FAB FAC 13.5kN |O
4.2 4.2 25.92 4.2 4.2 3.9

3.6 1.8 1.8 3.6 O E
C FAO p FAB FAC 13 . 5 kN k D 0: (5)
25.92 4. 2 4.2 3.9
Solving the above system of equations provides the member forces in terms of the applied force P as
FAO D 2:067P; (6)

FAB D 0:6282P; (7)
FAC D 0:6282P: (8)
Using Eqs. (6) – (8), the various failure cariteria may be applied:
if FAO D 13500 N then P D 6531:2N (9)
if FAB D 27000 N then P D 42980N (10)
if FAC D 25500 N then P D 35816.6N : (11)
Statics 1e 225
(12)
Only the smallest of the above values of P will satisfy all three failure criteria. Hence, the largest value P
P D 6531.2N : (13)
Problem 3.61
Member OA buckles when the compressive force it supports reaches 400 N.

Cables AC and AD each have 300 N breaking strength. Assuming the cabling
between A and B is sufficiently strong, determine the force T that will cause
the structure to fail. Assume the pulleys are frictionless with diameters that are
small enough so that all cables between A and B are parallel to line AB.
Solution
The FBD for point A is shown at the right where FAO is defined to
be positive in compression. The following vector expressions may
be written
8 |O 6 kO
TE D T ; (1)
10
FEAO D FAO k;O (2)
2 {O C 3 |O 6 kO
FEAC D FAC ; (3)
7
2 {O C 3 |O 6 kO
FEAD D FAD : (4)
7
X
FE D 0E W FEAO C FEAC C FEAD C 3TE D 0E

2 2 3 3 8
FAC C FAD {O C FAC C FAD C 3T |O
7 7 7 7 10

6 6 6 O E
C FAO .1/ C FAC C FAD C 3T k D 0: (5)
7 7 10
Solving the above system of equations provides the following solutions for the member forces in terms of the
cable force T as
33 14 14
FAO D T; FAC D T; FAD D T: (6)
5 5 5
if FAO D 400 N; then T D 60:6 NI (7)

if FAC D 300 N; then T D 107:1 NI (8)
if FAD D 300 N; then T D 107:1 N: (9)
Only the smallest of the above values of T will satisfy all three failure criteria. Hence, the largest value that
T may have is
Tmax D 60:6 N: (10)
Statics 1e 227
Problem 3.62
A portable tripod hoist for moving objects in and out of a manhole is shown.
The hoist consists of identical-length bars AB, AC , and AD that are connected
2.1 m
by a socket at A and are supported by equal 2.4m length cables BC , BD, and
CD to prevent ends B, C , and D of the bars from slipping. Cable FAE passes
2.4 m
around a frictionless pulley at A and terminates at winch E, which is fixed to
bar AB. Idealize points A and E to be particles where all bar and cable forces 2.4 m
pass through these points. If the tripod is erected on level ground and is 2.3 m 2.4 m
high, and the object being lifted in the manhole is of mass 135 kg ,
(a) Determine the forces in bars AC and AD and in portion AE of bar AB.
(b) Determine the force in portion EB of bar AB.
Hint: Define an xy´ coordinate system where the x and y directions lie in the
plane defined by points B, C, and D, and where the x or y direction coincides
with one of cables BC , BD, or CD. Then determine the coordinates of points
B, C , and D. The x and y coordinates of point A are then the averages of the
coordinates of points B, C , and D.
Solution
Part (a) Following the hint, a plan view of the hoist’s supports is drawn in order
to facilitate the determination of the coordinates of points A, B, C , and D. Using 2.4 m 2.4 m
the coordinate system shown, point B is at .0; 0; 0/, point C is at .2 .4m ; 0; 0/, and
point D is at .2.4 m cos 60ı , 2.4 m sin 60ı ; 0/. In accordance with the hint,
point A is located at the average of the x and y coordinates of B, C , and D, where
2.4 m
.0 C 2 . 4 m C 2 . 4 m cos 60ı /
xA D D 1.2m; (1)
3
.0 C 0 C 2 . 4 m sin 60ı/
yA D D 0:69m ; (2)
3
Á D 2 . 1 m ; (3)
so that point A is located at .1.2m ; 2.4m ; 2.1m /.

The FBD of point A is shown at the right and the following
vector expressions may be written
1.2{O 0:69|O 2.1kO

rEAB D ; (4)
2:52
1.2{O 0:69|O 2.1 kO ;
FEAE D FAE (5)
2:52
1.2{ O 0:69| O 2.1 kO
FEAC D FAC ; (6)
2:52
0{O C 1:38|O 2.1kO
FEAD D FAD ; (7)
2:52
1.2{O 0:69|O 2.1kO
TE1 D T ; (8)
2:52

TE2 D T kO : (9)
Using the FBD of point A, and noting that T D .135 kg)(9.81m/s 2 ) D 324.4N the equilibrium equations
are
X
FE D 0E W FEAE C FEAC C FEAD C TE1 C TE2 D 0E

1.2 1.2 1.2
FAE C FAC C FAD .0/ C 1324.4N {O
2:52 2:52 2:52

0:69 0:69 1:38 0:69
C FAE C FAC C FAD C 1 324.4N |O
2:52 2:52 2:52 2:52

2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1
C FAE C FAC CFAD C 300 lb 1324 .4N kO D 0:
E (10)
2:52 2:52 2:52 2:52
Solving the above system of equations (the use of a programable calculator or a computer algebra system is
helpful) provides
FAE D 1854.2N, FAC D 529.8N FAD D 529.8N : (11)
Part (b) To determine the force in section EB of bar AB, a

FBD of point E is drawn, as shown at the right, and the equation
of static equilibrium is written for forces parallel to line AB.
Thus, with T1 D T D 1324N,
X
F D 0 W FAE C T FEB : (12)
Solving for FEB , using the value of FAE from Part (a), we obtain
FEB D 529.8N : (13)
Statics 1e 229
Problem 3.63
A worker standing on a truck uses rope AB to slowly lower object B down a

chute. The object of mass 45kg and fits loosely against the walls of the chute
and slides with no friction. In the position shown, the center of object B is
halfway down the chute. The person’s hand A lies in the xy plane, and the
1.2m
chute lies in a plane parallel to the y´ plane.
0.9m
(a) Determine the tension in rope AB and the reactions between the object and
0.9m
the chute.
(b) If the worker wishes to slowly pull the object up the chute, explain how 1.2m
your answers to Part (a) change.
Solution
Part (a) The FBD of object B is shown at the right where R1 1.2m
and R2 are the reactions between the chute and object B. R1 is the
reaction between the side of the chute and the object, and it acts
0.9m
in the x direction. R2 is the reaction between the floor of the chute
and the object, and it acts perpendicular to the floor of the chute. 0.9m
Using the sketch s hown at the right of the side of the chute (this
is a view looking down the x axis), the unit normal vector to the
floor of the chute can be written by inspection as 1.2m
1 . 2 |O C O0 . 9 k
nO D : (1)
1.5
Vector expressions for the various forces may be written as
1.2{O C 1:35 |O 0.6kO

FEBA D FBA ; (2)
1:9 1.2m
WE D 441N .|O / ; (3)
RE1 D R1 {O; (4) 1.2m
1 . 2 |O C 0 . 9 kO
RE2 D R2 nO D R2 : (5)
1.5
Using the FBD shown above, the equilibrium equations for object B are
X
FE D 0E W FEBA C RE1 C RE2 C WE D 0E

1.2 1:35 1.2
FBA C R1 .1/ C R2 .0/ {O C FBA C R1 .0/ C R2 441N |O
1:9 1:9 1.5

0.6 0.9 O
C FBA C R1 .0/ C R2 k D 0: (6)
1:9 1.5
As an alternative, the normal direction can also be obtained by evaluating nE D rEDC {O, and forming the unit vector nO D nE =n.
Solving the above equations yields

FBA D 389:7N ; (7)
R1 D 246:1N ; (8)
R2 D 205 :1N : (9)
Part (b) If the object is being pulled up the ramp, even if it moves quickly, as long as it moves with uniform
velocity, and presuming the orientation of rope AB remains the same (specifically, the direction angles for
rope AB’s orientation must be the same), then the acceleration of B is zero, all force vectors have directions
that do not change with time, and the answers from Part (a) are still applicable. Similarly, if the object is
being pulled slowly, we may assume that its acceleration is negligible, and hence if the orientation of rope
AB remains the same (specifically, the direction angles for rope AB’s orientation must be the same), then the
answers from Part (a) are still applicable.
Statics 1e 231
Problem 3.64
Due to a poorly designed foundation, the statue at point A slowly slides down
a grass-covered slope. To prevent further slip, a cable is attached from the
statue to point B, and another cable is attached from the statue to point C . The
3.6 m
statue of mass 450 kg , and idealize the surface on which the statue rests to be
frictionless. Determine the minimum tensile strength each cable must have, and 0.9 m
3.6 m
0.9 m
the magnitude of the reaction between the statue and the slope. 1.2 m 1.2 m
Solution
The forces supported by cables AB and AC are given by
3 . 6 {O 1 . 2 |O C 0 . 9 kO
FEAB D FAB ; (1)
3.9 1.8 m
O
FEAC D FAC 3 . 6 {O 1 . 2 |O C 0 . 9 k I (2)
3.9 2.4m
and the weight of the statue is

O
W D 450 9.81 kO D – 4414.5 k
E (3)
Because the statue rests on a surface that is assumed to be frictionless, there is only one reaction force and it
acts normal to the surface of the grass slope. The direction for this reaction may be constructed using the
similar triangles shown at the right (this is a view looking down the x axis), or by determining the normal
direction by evaluating the cross product rEAC rEAB . By either approach, the reaction vector is
1 . 8 |O C 2 . 4 kO
RE D R nO D R : (4)
3
Using the FBD of point A shown at the right, the equations for static
equilibrium are
X
FE D 0E W FEAB C FEAC C RE C WE D 0E

3.6 3.6
FAB C FAC C R.0/ {O
3.9 3.9

1.2 1.2 6
C FAB C FAC CR |O
3.9 3.9 10

0.9 0.9 8
C FAB C FAC C R 4414 . 5 kO D 0: E (5)
3.9 3.9 10
Solving these equations provides
R D 3531.6N;
FAB D FAC D 3443 . 3 N
Problem 3.65
Channel AB is fixed in space, and its centerline lies in the xy plane. The plane
containing edges AC and AD of the channel is parallel to the x´ plane. If the
surfaces of the channel are frictionless and the sphere E has 2 kg mass, determine
the force supported by cord EF , and the reactions RC and RD between the
sphere and sides C and D, respectively, of the channel.
Solution
The FBD for sphere E is shown at the right, where RE1 is the reaction between E
and side C of the channel (right-hand side) and RE2 is the reaction between E and
side D of the channel (left-hand side). These reactions act in directions that are
normal to their respective sides of the channel. Our strategy to construct vector
expressions for these reactions will be to use the cross product to determine the
normal directions nO C and nO D to each side of the channel, and using these it will be
straightforward to write expressions for RE1 and RE2 . Using the information given
in the problem statement, the following unit vectors may be written
rOAB D sin 30ı {O cos 30ı |O; (1)

O
rOAC D sin 30ı {O C cos 30ı k; (2)
O
rOAD D sin 30ı {O cos 30ı k: (3)
Therefore, the normal vector to side C of the channel (right-hand side) is

ˇ ˇ
ˇ {O |O kO ˇˇ
ˇ
nE C D rOAC rOAB D ˇˇ0:5 0 0:8660ˇˇ
ˇ0:5 0:8660 0 ˇ
O
D 0:7500 {O C 0:4330 |O 0:4330 k: (4)
Simmilarly, the normal vector to side D of the channel (left-hand side) is

ˇ ˇ
ˇ {O |O kO ˇ
ˇ ˇ
ˇ
nED D rOAB rOAD D ˇ0:5 0:8660 0 ˇˇ
ˇ0:5 0 0:8660ˇ
D 0:7500 {O C 0:4330 |O C 0:4330 k:O (5)
Note that even though rOAB , rOAC , and rOAD are unit vectors, the normal vectors nE C and nED are not unit vectors.
Statics 1e 233
Vector expressions for the forces appearing in the FBD may be written as

WE D 2 kg 9:81 m=s2 .O{ / ; (6)

FEEF D FEF cos 20ı {O sin 20ı |O ; (7)
nE C 0:7500 {O C 0:4330 |O 0:4330 kO
REC D RC D RC ; (8)
nC 0:9682
nED 0:7500 {O C 0:4330 {O C 0:4330 kO
RED D RC D RD : (9)
nD 0:9682
Using the FBD, the equilibrium equations are
X
FE D 0E W FEEF C REC C RED C WE D 0E

0:7500 0:7500
FEF .0:9397/ C RC C RD 2.9:81/ N {O
0:9682 0:9682

0:4330 0:4330
C FEF .0:3420/ C RC C RD |O
0:9682 0:9682

0:4330 0:4330 O E
C FEF .0/ C RC C RD k D 0: (10)
0:9682 0:9682
Solving the above equations, we obtain
FEF D 12:8 N; (11)

RC D 4:90 N; (12)
RD D 4:90 N: (13)
Problem 3.66
Follow the suggestions made in the footnote of Example 3.8 on p. 154 to write vector
P expressions for RE1
E E
and R2 . Then determine the magnitude of these, and weight W , by applying F D 0. E E Show that the
magnitude of WE and the vector sum RE1 C RE2 agree with the results reported in Example 3.8.
Solution
Using the FBD from Example 3.8, shown again at the right, the force FECD
applied by the spring to collar C and the weight can be expresses as
40 {O 220 |O C 200 kO
FECD D 300 N ; (1)
300
WE D W kO : (2)
As suggested in the footnote of Example 3.8, a vector rE1 that is normal to

bar AB and spring CD can be determined by evaluating the cross product
between vectors in the directions of bar AB and spring CD as
rE1 D rOBA rOCD

! !
120 {O 240 |O C 240 kO 40 {O 220 |O C 200 kO
D
360 300
ˇ ˇ
ˇ {O |O kO ˇˇ
ˇ 1
D ˇˇ120 240 240ˇˇ
ˇ 40 360 300
220 200ˇ
h i h i
D .240/.200/ .240/.220/ {O .120/.200/ .240/.40/ |O
h i 1
C .120/.220/ .240/.40/ kO
360 300
D 0:0444 {O C 0:3111 |O C 0:3333 k: O (3)
Note that even though the vectors rOBA and rOCD used in the above cross product are unit vectors, the normal
direction rE1 that results is not a unit vector because rOBA and rOCD are not orthogonal.
The remaining reaction is perpendicular to both rE1 and bar AB, and has the direction rE2 given by
rE2 D rOBA rE1

!
120 {O 240 |O C 240 kO
D 0:0444 {O C 0:3111 |O C 0:3333 kO
360
ˇ ˇ
ˇ {O |O kO ˇˇ 1
ˇ
D ˇˇ 120 240 240 ˇˇ
ˇ0:0444 0:3111 0:3333ˇ 360
h i h i
D .240/.0:3333/ .240/.0:3111/ {O .120/.0:3333/ .240/.0:0444/ |O
h i 1
C .120/.0:3111/ .240/.0:0444/ kO
360
Statics 1e 235
O
D 0:4296 {O C 0:1407 |O 0:0741 k: (4)
Thus, the reactions between the collar and bar are
rE1 0:0444 {O C 0:3111 |O C 0:3333 kO

RE1 D R1 D R1 ; (5)
r1 0:4581
rE2 0:4296 {O C 0:1407 |O 0:0741 kO
RE2 D R2 D R2 (6)
r2 0:4581
where r1 and r2 denote the magnitudes of vectors rE1 and rE2 , respectively.
Using the FBD for collar C , the equilibrium equations are
X
FE D 0E W FECD C RE1 C RE2 C WE D 0E
" ! ! !#
40 0:0444 0:4296
.300 N/ C R1 C R2 {O
300 0:4581 0:4581
" ! ! !#
220 0:3111 0:1407
C .300 N/ C R1 C R2 |O
300 0:4581 0:4581
" ! ! ! #
200 0:3333 0:0741
C .300 N/ C R1 C R2 C W .1/ kO D 0:
E (7)
300 0:4581 0:4581
Equation (7) may be easily solved by multiply the {O term by 0.1407 and the |O term by 0.4296 and adding the
results to obtain R1 D 291 N, and then substituting this result into the equilibrium equations to obtain the
remaining unknowns (alternatively, the use of a computer algebra system is convenient). Thus, the solutions
to Eq. (7) are
W D 400 N; (8)
R1 D 291 N; (9)
R2 D 72:8 N; hence (10)
q
R D R12 C R22 D 300 N: (11)
Also, from Eqs. (5) and (6),
O N;
RE1 D .28:2 {O C 198 |O C 212 k/ (12)
O N:
RE2 D .68:3 {O C 22:3 |O 11:8 k/ (13)
It may also be show that

RE D RE1 C RE2 ; (14)
which agrees with the results for RE given in Example 3.8.
Problem 3.67
Rod AB is fixed in space. Spring CD has stiffness 1:5 N=mm and an un-
stretched length of 400 mm. If there is no friction between the collar and rod,
determine the weight of the collar W that produces the equilibrium configura-
tion shown, and the reaction between the collar and rod AB.
Solution
Various position vectors are needed as follows

rEAB D 400 {O C 400 |O 700 kO mm; (1)
400 {O C 400 |O 700 kO

rEAC D 600 mm
900 (2)
2
D 400 {O C 400 |O 700 kO mm;
3
rECD D rECA C rEAD (3)
D ErAC C rEAD (4)
2
D 400 {O C 400 |O 700 kO mm C 400 mm |O
3 (5)
D 267 {O C 133 |O C 467 kO mm:
The lengths of bar AB and spring CD are rAB D 900 mm and rCD D 554 mm, respectively.
Since the final length and the unstretched length of the spring are known, the force supported by the
spring is
FCD D k .L L0 /
D 1:5 N=mm .554 mm 400 mm/
D 231 N: (6)
Thus, the vector expression for the spring force is
rECD 267 {O C 133 |O C 467 kO

FECD D FCD D 231 N : (7)
rCD 554
Statics 1e 237
The FBD for collar C is shown at the right where the reaction RE is perpen-
dicular to rod AB. The equilibrium equations are
X
FE D 0E W FECD C WE C RE D 0: (8)
Taking the dot product of Eq. (8) with rOAB gives
0 D FECD rOAB C WE rOAB C RE rOAB (9)

" #
267 {O C 133 |O C 467 kO 400 {O C 400 |O 700 kO
D 231 N
554 900
" #
h i 400 {O C 400 |O 700 kO
C W kO C0 (10)
900
D 231 N .0:7631/ C W .0:7778/ : (11)
E rOAB D
Note that when writing Eq. (10), we have used inspection to obtain R
0, since these two vectors are orthogonal, as shown in the FBD. Thus,
solving Eq. (11) for the weight required to provide equilibrium yields
0:7631
W D 231 N D 227 N: (12)
0:7778
E we use Eq. (8), where FECD and WE are known, to obtain

To determine R,
RE D FECD WE
!
267 {O C 133 |O C 467 kO
D 231 N 227 N kO (13)
554

D 111 {O 55:5 |O C 32:2 kO N:
Problem 3.68
In Prob. 2.81 on p. 89, the elastic cord CD has stiffness k D 2 N=mm and 100 mm unstretched length.
Bead C has negligible weight and is subjected to a force of magnitude P that lies in the xy plane and is
tangent to the curved rod AB in the position shown. Determine the value of P needed for equilibrium and
the reaction between the bead and curved rod AB.
Solution
Utilizing the diagram shown at the right (this is a view looking down the ´ axis), the
directions normal and tangent to the rod are
4 {O 3 |O 3 {O C 4 |O
tO D ; nO D : (1)
5 5
The force supported by the elastic cord CD acts in the direction

rECD D 60 {O 120 |O C 120 kO mm; rCD D 180 mm: (2)
Since the final length and the initial length of the cord are know, the magnitude of the force it supports is
given by
FCD D k .L L0 /
D 2 N=mm .180 mm 100 mm/ (3)
D 160 N:
Therefore, the spring force can be expressed as the vector
rECD 60 {O 120 |O C 120 kO

FECD D FCD D 160 N : (4)
rCD 180
The FBD for bead C os shown at the right, where the reaction RE is
perpendicular to tO and the tangential force PE has unknown magnitude but
has a direction opposite to that of tE. Hence,
4 {O C 3 |O
PE D P tO D P : (5)
5
The equilibrium equations for bead C are
X
FE D 0E W FECD C PE C RE D 0:
E (6)
We then take the dot product of Eq. (6) with tO to obtain
0 D FECD tO C PE tO C RE tO (7)
60 {O 120 |O C 120 kO 4 {O 3 |O
D 160 N
180 5
4 {O C 3 |O 4 {O 3 |O
CP C0 (8)
5 5
D 160 N .0:6667/ P: (9)
Statics 1e 239
Note that when writing Eq. (8), we have used inspection to obtain RE tO D 0, since these two vectors are
orthogonal, as shown in the FBD. Thus, solving Eq. (9) for P yields
P D 107 N: (10)
E use Eq. (6), where FECD and PE are known, to obtain

To determine R,
RE D FECD PE
60 {O 120 |O C 120 kO 4 {O C 3 |O
D 160 N 106:7 N
180 5 (11)

D 32:0 {O C 42:6 |O 107 kO N.
Problem 3.69
In Prob. 2.82 on p. 89, elastic cord BD has spring constant k D 3 N=mm and 20 mm unstretched length,
and bead B has a force of magnitude P in direction BC applied to it. Determine the value of P needed
for equilibrium in the position shown, and the reaction between bead B and rod AC .
Solution
The orientation of rod AC is given by

rEAC D 120 {O C 60 |O C 40 kO mm; rAC D 140 mm: (1)
As provided in the problem statement, point B is positioned halfway

between points A and C , hence the distance between points A and B is
70 mm and the position vector from point A to point B is
rEAC 120 {O C 60 |O C 40kO

rEAB D rAB D 70 mm : (2)
rAC 140
The orientation of the elastic cord BD is

rEBD D rEBA C rEAD ;
D ErAB C rEAD ;
120 {O C 60 |O C 40 kO (3)
D 70 mm C 60 {O C 60 kO mm;
140

D 0 {O 30 |O C 40 kO mm;
and rBD D 50 mm. Knowing that the unstretched length of the elastic cord is 20 mm, and the final length is
the magnitude of rEBD , the force supported by the cord is
FBD D k .L L0 / ;
D 3 N=mm .50 mm 20 mm/ ;
D 90 N: (4)
Using the FBD shown above, the equilibrium equations are

X
FE D 0E W FEBD C PE C RE D 0;
E (5)
where the reaction RE is perpendicular to bar AC , and the force PE is
rEAC 120 {O C 60 |O C 40 kO
PE D P DP : (6)
rAC 140
Statics 1e 241
Taking the dot product of Eq. (5) with rOAC gives
0 D FEBD rOAC C PE rOAC C RE rOAC (7)

30 |O C 40 kO 120 {O C 60 |O C 40 kO
D 90 N
50 140
120 {O C 60 |O C 40 kO 120 {O C 60 |O C 40 kO
CP C0 (8)
140 140
D 90 N .0:0286/ C P: (9)
Note that when writing Eq. (8), we have used inspection to obtain RE rOAC D 0, since these two vectors are
orthogonal, as shown in the FBD. Thus, solving Eq. (9) for P yields
P D 2:57 N: (10)
E we use Eq. (5), where FEBD and PE are known, to obtain

To determine R,
RE D FEBD PE
30 |O C 40 kO 120 {O C 60 |O C 40 kO
D 90 N 2:57 N
50 140 (11)

D 2:20 {O C 52:9 |O 72:7 kO N.
Problem 3.70
Two identical traffic lights each of mass 54 kg are to be suspended by cables

over an intersection. For points E and F to have the coordinates shown, it
0,0 7.2 m
is necessary to add an additional weight to one of the lights. Determine the 9, 0.6, 7.2 m
9, 4.2, 7.2 m
0, 8.1, 7.2 m
additional weight needed, the light to which it should be added, and forces in 2.4, 2.4, 6 m
5.4, 2.4, 1.8 m
each cable. Remark: The system of equations can be solved manually, but
solution by calculator or computer is recommended.
Solution
Expressing the various cable tensions as vectors gives
rEEA 2 . 4 {O 2 . 4 |O C 1 . 2 kO
FEEA D FEA D FEA ; (1)
rEA 3.6
rEED 2 . 4 {O C 5. 7|O C 1 . 2 kO
FEED D FED D FED ; (2)
rED 6.3
FEEF D FEF {O; (3)
FEFE D FEEF D FEF {O; (4)
rEFB 3 . 6 {O 1 . 8 |O C 1 . 2 kO
FEFB D FFB D FFB ; (5)
rFB 4.2
rEF C 3 . 6 {O C 1 . 8 |O C 1 . 2 kO
FEF C D FF C D FF C ; (6)
rF C 4.2
WEE D WE .k/;O (7)
O
WEF D WF .k/: (8)
We will assume that the weight is to be added to the traffic light at F , hence WE D (54kg)(9.81m/s2 )
D 530 N and WF D 530 N CW where W is the weight to be added. If our solution results in a positive value
for W then our assumption is correct, while if a negative value results, then the assumption is incorrect and the
weight should be added to the traffic light at E. Using the FBD shown above, the equilibrium equations for
point E are
X (9)
FEE D 0E W FEEA C FEED C FEEF C WEE D 0; E

! !
2.4 2.4
FEA C FED C FEF .1/ {O
3.6 6.3

! !
2.4 5.7 (10)
C FEA C FED C FEF .0/ |O
3.6 6.3

! !
1.2 1.2
C FEA C FED C FEF .0/ 530 N kO D 0; E
3.6 6.3
and the equilibrium equations for point F are
X (11)
FEF D 0E W FEFB C FEF C C FEFE C WEF D 0;
E
Statics 1e 243

! !
3.6 3.6
FEF .1/ C FFB C FF C {O
4.2 4.2

! !
1.8 1.8
C FEF .0/ C FFB C FF C |O (12)
4.2 4.2

! !
1.2 1.2
C FEF .0/ C FFB C FF C 5 3 0 N W kO D 0:
E
4.2 4.2
The equilibrium equations for points E and F constitute six equations with six unknowns. Solving these
with the aid of a computer algebra system provides
W D 176.7N; FED D 824:4N;

FEF D 1060N; FFB D 618.3N ; (13)
FEA D 1118:9N; FF C D 618.3N :
The negative value of the result W D 176.7N indicates that our original assumption was incorrect. Thus, we
repeat our analysis with the weight W added to the light at E. The equilibrium equations are rewritten using
WE D 5 3 0 N C W , and WF D 530 N . Solving the revised set of six equilibrium equations with the aid of a
computer yields
W D 265N, FED D 1236.7N
FEF D 1590N, FFB D 927.5 N ; (14)
FEA D 1678.3N; FF C D 927.5 N :
Thus, an additional weight of 265 N must be added to the light at point E to achieve static
(15)
equilibrium with the geometry shown.
Problem 3.71
Consider
P a problem involving cables and bars only. For the conditions listed below, is the solution obtained
from FE D 0E using geometry of the structure before loads are applied approximate or exact? Explain.
(a) Cables are modeled as inextensible, and bars are modeled as rigid.
(b) Cables and bars are modeled as linear elastic springs.
Solution
Part (a)
P
If the cables and bars are modeled as inextensible, the solution to FE D 0E is the exact solution
to the mathematical model for the forces and reactions. However, the mathematical model only
approximates the real life problem.
Part (b)
P
If the cables and bars are springs, the solution to FE D 0E is an approximate solution to the
mathematical problem, because imprecise geometry will be used in the equilibrium equations.
However, the mathematical model better approximates the real life problem.
Statics 1e 245
Problem 3.72
The frictionless pulley A weighs 20 N and supports a box B weighing 60 N.

When you solve for the force in cable CD, a “problem” arises. Describe this
problem and its physical significance.
Solution
The FBD for the pulley is shown at right and the equilibrium equations are
X 3 4
Fx D 0 W C T D 0;
T (1)
5 5
X 4 3
Fy D 0 W T C T 80 N D 0: (2)
5 5
For Eq. (1), the only solution that provides equilibrium is T D 0, and this solution does not satisfy Eq. (2).
For this problem, no value of T will satisfy both equations of static equilibrium. Therefore, the
geometry shown is not an equilibrium configuration. If the structure is released from the position
P P
shown, FE ¤ 0E and FE D mE a can be used to determine the forces supported by the cables and
the motion that occurs.
Problem 3.73
To produce a force P D 40 N in horizontal member CD of a machine, a worker

applies a force F to the handle B. Determine the smallest value of F that can
be used and the angle ˛ it should be applied at.
Solution
The FBDs for points B and C are shown at the right. Using the
FBD for point C ,
X
Fx D 0 W 40 N C FBC cos 30ı D 0: (1)
Therefore, FBC D 46:2 N.
With FBC known, the FBD for point B contains three unknowns (FBA , F , and
˛), plus we have the requirement that F should be as small as possible. An effective
approach to determine the angle ˛ that will provide
P the minimum value of F is to
construct the force polygon corresponding to FE D 0E for the FBD of point B, as
shown at the right. Observe that the smallest value of F occurs when its direction is
perpendicular to the direction of FBA , as shown. Hence,
˛ D 30ı : (2)
With ˛ D 30ı , the FBD for point B now contains only two unknowns and these may be determined by writing
the equilibrium equations (using FBC D 46:2 N)
X
Fx D 0 W 46:2 N cos 30ı C FBA cos 60ı C F cos 30ı D 0; (3)
X
Fy D 0 W 46:2 N sin 30ı C FBA sin 60ı F sin 30ı D 0: (4)
This system can be solved by multiplying Eq. (3) by sin 60ı and Eq. (4) by cos 60ı and adding the results
to obtain
h i h i
46:2 N cos 30ı sin 60ı sin 30ı cos 60ı F cos 30ı sin 60ı C sin 30ı cos 60ı D 0; (5)
whereupon solving for F yields

h i
46:2 N .cos 30ı / . sin 60ı / C .sin 30ı / .cos 60ı /
F D : (6)
.cos 30ı / . sin 60ı / .sin 30ı / .cos 60ı /
Simplifying the above provides
F D 23:1 N : (7)
Statics 1e 247
Problem 3.74
The structure shown consists of five cables. Cable ABCD supports a drum having
mass m D 90 kg . Cable DF is horizontal, and cable segments AB and
CD are vertical. If contact between the drum and cable ABCD is frictionless,
determine the force in each cable.
Solution
The FBDs for points A and D are shown at the right, where by inspection (or
by drawing a FBD of the drum and enforcing equilibrium in the vertical direction)
the tension in cable ABCD is
TABCD D W =2 D 100 lb: (1)
Using the FBD for point A, the equilibrium equations are

X 5 3
Fx D 0 W TAD C TAE D 0; (2)
13 5
X 12 4 W
Fy D 0 W TAD C TAE D 0: (3)
13 5 2
Multiplying Eq. (2) by 12 and Eq. (3) by 5, and adding the results provides

12 4 W
0 D TAE 3 C 5 5 : (4)
5 5 2
With W D 883N , the above equation may be solved to obtain TAE and this may be substituted into either of
Eqs. (2) or (3) to obtain TAD . Hence,
5
2W 25
TAE D W D 197N ;
D (5)
3 12
5 C
4 112
39 39
TAD D TAE D W D 307:5N : (6)
25 112
Using the FBD for point D, the equilibrium equations are

X 4 5
Fx D 0 W TDG C TDF C TAD D 0; (7)
5 13
X 3 12 W
Fy D 0 W TDG TAD D 0: (8)
5 13 2

5 12 W
0 D TDF .3/ C TAD 3 4 4: (9)
13 13 2
Using the value of TAD from Eq. (6), the above expression is solved for TDF to obtain

1 39 33 323
TDF D 2W W DW D 848.8N : (10)
3 112 13 336
Substituting TDF into Eq. (8) to find TDG yields

5 W 12
TDG D C TAD ; (11)
3 2 13
which simplifies to
460
TDG D W D 1209N : (12)
336
Statics 1e 249
Problem 3.75
In Prob. 3.74, if cable ABCD has 2700 N breaking strength and all other cables
have 90 0 N breaking strength, determine the largest value W may have.
Solution
The FBDs for points A and D are shown at the right, where by inspection (or
by drawing a FBD of the drum and enforcing equilibrium in the vertical direction)
the tension in cable ABCD is
TABCD D W =2: (1)
Using the FBD for point A, the equilibrium equations are

X 5 3
Fx D 0 W TAD C TAE D 0; (2)
13 5
X 12 4 W
Fy D 0 W TAD C TAE D 0: (3)
13 5 2

12 4 W
0 D TAE 3 C 5 5 : (4)
5 5 2
Solving the above equation for TAE in terms of W and substituting this into Eq. (2) to find TAD yields
5
2W 25
TAE D 12
W; D (5)
35 C4 112
39 39
TAD D TAE D W: (6)
25 112
Using the FBD for point D, the equilibrium equations are

X 4 5
Fx D 0 W TDG C TDF C TAD D 0; (7)
5 13
X 3 12 W
Fy D 0 W TDG TAD D 0: (8)
5 13 2

5 12 W
0 D TDF .3/ C TAD 3 4 4: (9)
13 13 2
Solving the above equation for TDF using the result for TAD from Eq. (6), yields

1 39 33 323
TDF D 2W W DW : (10)
3 112 13 336
Substituting TDF into Eq. (7) to determine TDG yields

115
TDG D W : (11)
84
Using Eqs. (1), (5), (6), (10), and (11), the various failure criteria may be applied:
if TABCD D 2700N ; then W D 5400 N I (12)

if TAE D 900 N ; then W D 4032N I (13)
if TAD D 900 N ; then W D 2584.6N I (14)
if TDF D 900 N ; then W D 936.2N I (15)
if TDG D 9 00 N ; then W D 657.4N : (16)
Only the smallest of the above values of W will satisfy all five failure criteria. Hence, the largest value of W
Wmax D 6 57.4N : (17)
Statics 1e 251
Problem 3.76
Two frictionless pulleys connected by a weightless bar AB support the 200

and 300 N forces shown. The pulleys rest on a wedge that is fixed in space.
Determine the angle when the system is in equilibrium and the force in bar
AB.
Solution
The FBDs for points A and B are shown at the right. For point A, the equilibrium
equations are
X
Fx D 0 W RA sin 30ı C TAB cos D 0; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W RA cos 30ı TAB sin 200 N D 0; (2)
and for point B, the equilibrium equations are

X
Fx D 0 W RB sin 30ı TAB cos D 0; (3)
X
Fy D 0 W RB cos 30ı C TAB sin 300 N D 0: (4)
Adding Eqs. (1) and (3) results in RA D RB . Then, adding Eqs. (2) and (4) gives
RA cos 30ı C RB cos 30ı 500 N D 0: (5)
With RA D RB , the above expression provides

500 N
RA D RB D D 288:7 N: (6)
2 cos 30ı
To determine , Eqs. (2) and (1), respectively, are rearranged as
TAB sin D 200 N C RA cos 30ı ; (7)

ı
TAB cos D RA sin 30 : (8)
Dividing the left-hand side of Eq. (7) by TAB cos and dividing the right hand side by RA sin 30ı provides
200 N C 288:7 N cos 30ı

tan D ; (9)
288:7 N sin 30ı
which provides
D 19:1ı : (10)
Knowing , TAB can be determined from Eq. (1) to be
RA sin 30ı
TAB D D 153 N: (11)
cos
Problem 3.77
To glue a strip of laminate to the edge of a circular table, n clamps are evenly
spaced around the perimeter of the table (the figure shows n D 8). Each clamp
has a small pulley, and around all pulleys a cable is wrapped. A turnbuckle is
used to tighten the cable, producing a force T . Assuming the diameter of each
pulley is small, show that the force R each clamp applies to the edge of the
table is given by R D 2T cosŒ.n 2/180ı =.2n/. Does this expression give
expected values when n D 2 and n D 1? Explain. Hint: The sum of the
interior angles of a polygon with m corners is .m 2/180ı .
Solution
A sketch of the cable surrounding the table is shown at the right, showing n D 8 as
an example, where point C is the center of the table. By inspection, the angle for
an arbitrary number of clamps (pulleys) n is 360ı =n. Using the hint in the problem
statement, noting that each pulley is the corner of a polygon, the sum of the interior
angles (n˛) is equal to .n 2/180ı . Hence
360ı .n 2/180ı
D ; ˛D : (1)
n n
The FBD of a pulley is shown at the right. The pulleys are assumed to be
frictionless so the force in the cable is uniform with value T . Noting that
the sum of the interior angles for a triangle is 180ı , we may write
˛
C C ˇ D 180ı : (2)
2
Using Eq. (1), Eq. (2) becomes
˛
ˇ D 180ı (3)
2
ı 1 .n 2/180ı 360ı
D 180 (4)
2 n n

ı n2

D 180 : (5)
2n
Using the FBD, the equilibrium equation in the y direction is
X
Fy D 0 W R 2T cos ˇ D 0: (6)
Combining Eqs. (5) and (6) provides
R D 2T cos ˇ (7)
h n 2i
D 2T cos 180ı (8)
2n
Investigating the limiting conditions of Eq. (8) when the number of pulleys, n, is large or small shows
if n ! 1; then; R ! 0; (9)
2T p
if n ! 2; then; R D p 1 cos 180ı D 2T: (10)
2
Statics 1e 253
Problem 3.78
Spring AC is unstretched when D 0. Force F is always perpendicular to bar

AB. Determine the value of F needed for equilibrium when D 45ı .
Solution
The position of points A, B, and C when D 0 is shown in the uppermost

triangle at the right, and using the Pythagorean theorem, the unstretched
length of the spring L0 is
q
L0 D .100 mm/2 C .80 mm/2 D 128:1 mm: (1)
The position of points A, B, and C when D 45ı is shown in the lower
triangle at the right, and the angle ˇ is found to be
h
tan ˇ D ; (2)
100 mm cos
where h D 80 mm 100 mm sin D 9:29 mm; (3)
ı
) ˇ D 7:48 : (4)
Consequently, the final length of the spring, L, when D 45ı is
q
L D .h/2 C .100 mm cos /2 D 71:3 mm: (5)
The force supplied by spring AC is given by
FAC D k .L L0 / ; (6)
D 2 N=mm Œ71:3 mm 128:1 mm ; (7)
D 113:6 N; (8)
where the negative sign indicates compression.
The FBD for point A is shown at the right and the equilibrium equations are
X
Fx D 0 W FAB cos 45ı FAC cos ˇ F sin 45ı D 0; (9)
X
Fy D 0 W FAB sin 45ı FAC sin ˇ F cos 45ı D 0: (10)
Adding Eqs. (9) and (10) results in

FAC .cos ˇ C sin ˇ/ F sin 45ı C cos 45ı D 0; (11)
which, with FAC D 113:6 N and ˇ D 7:48ı , is solved to obtain
FAC .cos ˇ C sin ˇ/

F D D 90:1 N: (12)
sin 45ı C cos 45ı
Problem 3.79
If W D 100 N and k D 5 N=mm, determine ı1 and ı2 . Springs are unstretched

when ı1 D ı2 D 0.
Solution
The FBDs for blocks 1 and 2 are shown at the right. Using the spring law,
the forces supported by the springs are
T1 D k.ı1 ı2 /; (1)
T2 D kı2 : (2)
Using the FBD for block 1, the t direction equilibrium equation is

X
Ft D 0 W T1 100 N sin 30ı D 0: (3)
k .ı1 ı2 / 100 N sin 30ı D 0: (4)

X
Ft D 0 W T1 C T2 100 N sin 30ı D 0; (5)
k .ı1 ı2 / C kı2 100 N sin 30ı D 0: (6)
Adding Eqs. (4) and (6) provides
100 N sin 30ı C kı2 100 N sin 30ı D 0; (7)
so that
200 N sin 30ı
ı2 D D 20 mm: (8)
5 N=mm
Substituting ı2 into Eq. (4) gives
100 N sin 30ı

ı1 D C ı2 D 30 mm: (9)
k
Alternative solution Equations (3) and (5) may be solved to determine T1 and T2 , and then the spring laws
may be used to determine ı1 and ı2 .
Statics 1e 255
Problem 3.80
If W D 100 N and k D 5 N=mm, determine ı1 and ı2 . Springs are unstretched

when ı1 D ı2 D 0.
Solution
The FBDs for blocks 1 and 2 are shown at the right. Using the spring
law, the forces supported by the springs are
T1 D k.ı1 ı2 /; (1)
T2 D kı2 ; (2)
T3 D kı1 : (3)

X
Ft D 0 W T3 C T1 100 N sin 30ı D 0; (4)
kı1 C k .ı1 ı2 / 100 N sin 30ı D 0: (5)

X
Ft D 0 W T1 C T2 100 N sin 30ı D 0: (6)
ı
k .ı1 ı2 / C kı2 100 N sin 30 D 0: (7)
Multiplying Eq. (5) by 2 and adding this to Eq. (7) yields
3kı1 D 300 N sin 30ı : (8)
Solving for ı1 yields

300 N sin 30ı
ı1 D D 10 mm: (9)
3k
Substituting ı1 into Eq. (5) gives
2kı1 100 N sin 30ı

ı2 D D 10 mm: (10)
k
Remarks:
Surprisingly, the middle spring does not stretch!
This problem is statically indeterminate and it is not possible to determine T1 , T2 , and T3 using only
the equilibrium equations, Eqs. (4) and (6). Thus, it is necessary to also use the spring law for each
spring so that a sufficient number of equations is available.
Problem 3.81
Frictionless sliders B and C have frictionless pulleys mounted to them, and

are connected by a spring with stiffness k D 12 N=mm. Around the pulleys is
wrapped a cable that supports a weight W D 100 N. Member CE is a bar.
(a) If ˛ D 30ı , determine the force in bar CE and the motion ı of slider B.
(b) Determine the value of ˛ that will provide for the smallest force in bar CE,
and determine this force.
Solution
Part (a) The FBDs for points B and C are shown at the right. Using
the FBD for point B, the equilibrium equations are
X
Fx D 0 W W FBC D 0; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W RB W D 0: (2)
Thus,
FBC D W D 100 N; (3)

RB D W D 100 N: (4)
Using the FBD for point C , equilibrium equations are

X
Fx D 0 W FBC W C W cos 30ı C FCE cos 30ı D 0; (5)
X
Fy D 0 W RC W sin 30ı C FCE sin 30ı D 0: (6)
Solving Eq. (5) for FCE yields
.FBC C W W cos 30ı /

FCE D ; (7)
cos 30ı
D 100 N: (8)
Using the spring law FBC D kı, the displacement ı is found to be
FBC 100 N
ıD D D 8:33 mm: (9)
k 12 N=mm
Statics 1e 257
Part (b) Noting from Eq. (3) that FBC D W D 100 N is true regardless of the
value of ˛, we use the FBD for point C , with the direction of cablePsegment CF
unknown, to construct a force polygon. This force polygon enforces FE D 0, E and
facilitates visualization of the relationship between the angle ˛ and the magnitude
of FCE . We construct this force polygon, shown at the right, by first adding the
horizontal force W to the left, followed by the horizontal force FBC (which is equal
to W ) to the right, followed by the vertical reaction RC , and so on. Examination of
this force polygon shows that if ˛ D 90ı , then FCE D 0. Hence,
if ˛ D 90ı ; FCE D 0: (10)
Problem 3.82
A weight W is supported by four cables. Points B and C lie in the y´ plane. If

W D 8 kN, determine the force supported by each cable.
Solution
The FBD for point A is shown at the right and expressions for the
various forces are
rEAB 6 {O C 3 |O C 2 kO
TEAB D TAB D TAB ; (1)
rAB 7
rEAC 6 {O C 3 |O 2 kO
TEAC D TAC D TAC ; (2)
rAC 7
TEAD D TAD .O{ / ; (3)
TEAE D TAE .|O/ : (4)

X
FE D 0E W TEAB C TEAC C TEAD C TEAE D 0E

6 6
TAB C TAC C TAD {O
7 7

(5)
3 3
C TAB C TAC TAE .1/ |O
7 7

2 2 O E
C TAB C TAC k D 0:
7 7
By inspection (or by drawing the FBD of E and summing forces in the vertical direction), TAE D W . Using
this, and noting that W D 8 kN, the solutions to the equilibrium equations are
7
TAB D W D 9:33 kN; (6)
6
7
TAC D W D 9:33 kN; (7)
6
TAD D 2W D 16 kN; (8)
TAE D W D 8 kN: (9)
Statics 1e 259
Problem 3.83
A weight W is suspended by four cables. Points B and C lie in the y´ plane. If

the allowable strength of each cable is as specified below, determine the largest
allowable weight W that can be supported.
Cable Strength
AB 12 kN
AC 10 kN
AD 5 kN
AE 15 kN
Solution
The FBD for point A is shown at the right and expressions for the
various forces are
TEAB D TAB D TAB ; (1)
rAB 7
TEAC D TAC D TAC ; (2)
rAC 7
TEAD D TAD .O{ / ; (3)

X

6 6
TAB C TAC C TAD {O
7 7

(5)
3 3
C TAB C TAC TAE .1/ |O
7 7

2 2 O E
C TAB C TAC k D 0:
7 7
this, the solutions to the equilibrium equations are
7 7
TAB D W; TAC D W; TAD D 2W; TAE D W: (6)
6 6
if TAB D 12 kN; then W D 10:29 kN;

if TAC D 10 kN; then W D 8:57 kN;
(7)
if TAD D 5 kN; then W D 2:5 kN;
if TAE D 15 kN; then W D 15 kN:
Wmax D 2:5 kN: (8)
Statics 1e 261
Problem 3.84
Repeat Prob. 3.82 with points B and C having coordinates B.0; 6; 3/ m and
C.0; 6; 7/ m.
Solution
The FBD for point A is shown at the right, where points B and C
have the coordinates described in the problem statement. Expressions
for the various forces are
TEAB D TAB D TAB I (1)
rAB 9
TEAC D TAC D TAC I (2)
rAC 11
TEAD D TAD .O{ / I (3)

X

6 6
TAB C TAC C TAD .1/ C TAE .0/ {O
9 11

(5)
6 6
C TAB C TAC C TAD .0/ TAE .1/ |O
9 11

3 7
C TAB C TAC C TAD .0/ C TAE .0/ kO D 0:
E
9 11
this, and noting that W D 8 kN, the solutions to the equilibrium equations are
21
TAB D W D 8:40 kN; (6)
20
11
TAC D W D 4:40 kN; (7)
20
TAD D W D 8 kN; (8)
TAE D W D 8 kN: (9)
Problem 3.85
Repeat Prob. 3.83 with points B and C having coordinates B.0; 6; 3/ m and
C.0; 6; 7/ m.
Solution
The FBD for point A is shown at the right, where points B and C
have the coordinates described in the problem statement. Expressions
for the various forces are
TEAB D TAB D TAB I (1)
rAB 9
TEAC D TAC D TAC I (2)
rAC 11
TEAD D TAD .O{ / I (3)

X

6 6
TAB C TAC C TAD .1/ C TAE .0/ {O
9 11

(5)
6 6
C TAB C TAC C TAD .0/ TAE .1/ |O
9 11

3 7
C TAB C TAC C TAD .0/ C TAE .0/ kO D 0:
E
9 11
this, the solutions to the equilibrium equations are
21 11
TAB D W; TAC D W; TAD D W; TAE D W: (6)
20 20
if TAB D 12 kN; then W D 11:4 kN;

if TAC D 10 kN; then W D 18:2 kN;
(7)
if TAD D 5 kN; then W D 5 kN;
if TAE D 15 kN; then W D 15 kN:
Wmax D 5 kN: (8)
Statics 1e 263
Problem 3.86
Bead C has 1kg mass and slides without friction on straight bar AB. The
tensile forces in elastic cords CD and CE are 2 .2 N and 6 :6N , respectively. If
the bead is released from the position shown with no initial velocity, will it slide 400 mm
toward point A or B or will it remain stationary?
375 mm
300 mm
Solution
The FBD for bead C is shown at the right where the reaction R is perpendicular
to bar AB. Expressions for various position and force vectors may be written
as

rEAB D 3 0 0 {O 4 0 0 |O C 3 7 5 kO mm.; rAB D 625 mm :; (1)
WE D 9 . 8 N .|/;
O (2)
rECD 3 {O C 12 |O 4 kO
TECD D TCD D 2:2N ; (3)
rCD 13
rECE 9 {O C 12 |O C 8 kO
TECE D TCE D 6:6N : (4)
rCE 17
Our strategy will be to sum forces in the AB direction. If this sum is zero, then the bead is in static equilibrium,
while if the sum is nonzero, the bead is not in static equilibrium, and it will undergo acceleration. Thus, using
the FBD, we sum forces in the AB direction using
X rE
AB
FAB D WE C TECE C TECD C RE ; (5)
rAB
3 0 0 {O 4 0 0 |O C 3 7 5 kO
D WE C TECE C TECD C RE ; (6)

625
400 .9/.300/ C .12/.400/ C .8/.375/
D 9.8N .1/ C 6:6N
625 .17/.625/

.3/.300/ C .12/.400/ C .4/.375/ (7)
C 2:2N
.13/.625/
D 2 :01N :
Since
P the sum of forces in the AB direction is not zero (i.e.,
FAB ¤ 0), the bead is not in static equilibrium. Further, since
the resultant force in the AB direction is positive, the bead will
slide in the direction of rEAB , hence it will slide toward point B.
Problem 3.87
Bead C has 1kg mass and slides without friction on straight bar AB, and
the tensile force in elastic cord CE is 4 N. Determine the force needed in
cord CD for the bead to be in equilibrium, and the magnitude of the reaction 400 mm
between the bead and bar AB.
375 mm
300 mm
Solution
The FBD for bead C is shown at the right where the reaction R is perpendicular
to bar AB. Expressions for various position and force vectors may be written
as

rEAB D 3 0 0 {O 4 0 0 |O C 375 kO mm. ; rAB D 625 mm :; (1)
WE D 9 . 8 N.|O/ ; (2)
rECD 3 {O C 12 |O 4 kO
TECD D TCD D TCD ; (3)
rCD 13
rECE 9 {O C 12 |O C 8 kO
TECE D TCE D 4N : (4)
rCE 17

X
FE D 0E W WE C TECD C TECE C RE D 0;
E (5)
To sum forces in the AB direction, we taking the dot product of Eq. (5) with a unit vector in the AB direction
to write
X rE
AB
FAB D 0 W 0 D WE C TECE C TECD C RE (6)
rAB
3 0 0 {O 4 0 0 |O C 3 7 5 kO
D WE C TECE C TECD C RE ; (7)

625
400 .9/.300/ C .12/.400/ C .8/.375/
D 9.8N .1/ C 4N
625 .17/.625/

.3/.300/ C .12/.400/ C .4/.375/
C TCD (8)
.13/.625/
D 4:58N C TCD .0:665/ : (9)
Solving the above provides

TCD D 6 :89N : (10)
Statics 1e 265
To determine the reaction between the bead and bar, Eq. (5) is solved for RE using the value of TCD from
Eq. (10) to obtain
RE D WE TECE TECD ;

9 {O C 12 |O C 8kO 3O{ C 12|O 4kO
D 9.8N .|O/ 4N 6:89N (11)
17 13
O
D 0:5276{O C 0:616|O 0:2376k N :
Problem 3.88
A hoist for lifting objects onto and off a truck is shown. All cables lie in the xy
plane, cable segment AB is horizontal, and the plane formed by bars CE and
CF is parallel to the y´ plane. Pulleys are frictionless and force P is vertical.
If the object is being slowly lifted and mass m D 27 0kg , determine the force
P and forces supported by all cables and bars.
Solution
The FBD for point B is shown at the right, where all forces lie in the xy plane.
By inspection (or by drawing a FBD of G and summing forces in the vertical
direction),
TBG D W D (270 kg) (9. 81m/s2 ) = 2649 N (1)
X
Fx D 0 W TAC C TAC cos 20ı C TBC cos 20ı D 0; (2)
X
Fy D 0 W TAC sin 20ı C TBC sin 20ı W D 0: (3)
Multiplying Eq. (2) by sin 20ı and Eq. (3) by . cos 20ı / and summing the resulting expressions provides
h i
TAC 1 C cos 20ı sin 20ı sin 20ı cos 20ı D W cos 20ı ; (4)
from which it is determined that

TAC D .2:747/W: (5)
Using Eq. (2), TBC can be determined as
TAC TAC cos 20ı

TBC D
cos 20
TAC .1 cos 20ı /
D
cos 20ı
D .0:1763/W: (6)
The FBD of point C is shown at the right and vector

expressions for the various forces are

TECB D TBC cos 20ı {O sin 20ı |O ; (7)

TECA D TAC cos 20ı {O sin 20ı |O ; (8)

TECD D TCD cos 45ı {O sin 45ı |O ; (9)

4 3
FECE D FCE |O C kO ; (10)
5 5

E 4 3 O
FCF D FCF |O k ; (11)
5 5
PE D TBC |O: (12)
Statics 1e 267
The equilibrium equations for point C are

X
FE D 0E W TECB C TECA C TECD C FECE C FECF C PE D 0E (13)

TBC cos 20ı TAC cos 20ı C TCD cos 45ı {O

ı
ı ı 4 4
C TBC sin 20 TAC sin 20 TCD sin 45 C FCE C FCF TBC |O
5 5

3 3 O E
C FCE C FCF k D 0: (14)
5 5
Using Eqs. (5) and (6), and noting that the force applied to cable BC is P , hence TBC D P , the above
equations may be solved to obtain
P D 0:1763W; TCD D 3:886W; FCE D 2:452W; FCF D 2:452W: (15)
Since W D 2649N, the forces in each member are
TAC D7276.8N; TBC D467N;

TCD D10294N, FCE D6204N;
FCF D6204N, TBG D2649N;
P D467N:
Problem 3.89
For Problem 3.88, determine the largest mass m that may be lifted if forces
supported by cables may not exceed 9000N and compressive forces supported
by bars may not exceed 1 26 00 N .
Solution
The FBD for point B is shown at the right, where all forces lie in the xy plane.
By inspection (or by drawing a FBD of G and summing forces in the vertical
direction),
TBG D W: (1)
X
Fx D 0 W TAC C TAC cos 20ı C TBC cos 20ı D 0; (2)
X
Fy D 0 W TAC sin 20ı C TBC sin 20ı W D 0: (3)
Multiplying Eq. (2) by sin 20ı and Eq. (3) by . cos 20ı / and summing the resulting expressions provides
h i
TAC 1 C cos 20ı sin 20ı sin 20ı cos 20ı D W cos 20ı ; (4)
from which it is determined that

TAC D .2:747/W: (5)
Using Eq. (2), TBC can be determined as
TAC TAC cos 20ı

TBC D
cos 20
TAC .1 cos 20ı /
D
cos 20ı
D .0:1763/W: (6)
The FBD of point C is shown at the right and vector

expressions for the various forces are

TECB D TBC cos 20ı {O sin 20ı |O ; (7)

TECA D TAC cos 20ı {O sin 20ı |O ; (8)

TECD D TCD cos 45ı {O sin 45ı |O ; (9)

4 3
FECE D FCE |O C kO ; (10)
5 5

4 3
FECF D FCF |O kO ; (11)
5 5
PE D TBC |O: (12)
Statics 1e 269
The equilibrium equations for point C are

X
FE D 0E W TECB C TECA C TECD C FECE C FECF C PE D 0E (13)

TBC cos 20ı TAC cos 20ı C TCD cos 45ı {O

ı
ı ı 4 4
C TBC sin 20 TAC sin 20 TCD sin 45 C FCE C FCF TBC |O
5 5

3 3 O E
C FCE C FCF k D 0: (14)
5 5
Using Eqs. (5) and (6), and noting that the force applied to cable BC is P , hence TBC D P , the above
equations may be solved to obtain
TBC D P D 0:1763W; TCD D 3:886W; FCE D 2:452W; FCF D 2:452W: (15)
Using Eqs. (1), (5), (6), and (15), the various failure criteria may be applied:
if TCD D 9000 N ; then W D 2316 N ;

if TBG D 9 000 N ; then W D 9000 N ;
if TBC D 9000 N ; then W D 51049N ;
if TAC D 9000 N ; then W D 3276N ;
if FCE D 12600 N ; then W D 5380N ;
if FCF D 12600 N ; then W D 5380N :
Only the smallest of the above values of W will satisfy all failure criteria. Hence, the largest value W that
can be supported by the structure is
Wmax D 2316N:

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics

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Version: October 15, 2009

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Accuracy of Numbers in Calculations

in static equilibrium: (1)

in static equilibrium: (2)

not in static equilibrium: (3)

In a machining setup, workpiece B, which weighs 9 kg , is supported by a ﬁxed

In a machining setup, workpiece B, which weighs 9 kg , is supported by a ﬁxed

T1 D T2 C 686.7Nsin 20ı D 9 00 N C 686.7Nsin 20ıD1134.87N; (3)

The dimension h is to be determined so that a worker can comfortably slide

Solving the above equations provides

sin ˛ R sin ˛ 200 N h

Solving these four equations for the four unknowns yields

F D 17:9 N; RA D 17:9 N; RB D 98:1 N; R D 52:2 N: (5)

Part (b) If F D 17:9 N is applied,

the system is in equilibrium and blocks A and B may

Part (c) If F is smaller than F D 17:9 N,

the system is not in equilibrium, block B will

Bead A has 1 kg mass and slides without friction on bar BC .

Part (b) If F D 5:66 N is applied,

the system is in equilibrium and the bead may move

Part (c) If F is larger than 5:66 N,

the system is not in equilibrium and the

A crane is used to lift a concrete pipe weighing 5 kN into place. If d D 0:25 m,

Using Eq. (1), we then ﬁnd that

d D .0:07317/.4 m/ D 0:293 m D 293 mm: (4)

Given that P D 800 N, these equations are solved to obtain

Therefore, the forces in the wire AB and the pole AC are

FAB D 1580 N; FAC D 1500 N (5)

Equation (1) provides

Now the various failure criteria are applied.

If FAB D 2 kN; then Eq. (3) requires P D 1015.4N : (6)

(a) Determine the force in wire AB.

(b) Determine the forces in wires CD and CE.

which is solved to determine

Summing forces in the x and y directions provides

A hydraulic cylinder AB produces a 20 kN compressive force. Determine the

TBC D 18793.9N; (4)

The pulley is frictionless and all weights are negligible.

(a) Show that D ˛.

Part (b) Using the FBD of the pulley, equilibrium

From Part (a), D ˛, and Eq. (4) may be solved

and ˛ will generally be different if the pulley is not frictionless,

Summing forces in the y direction for pulley C provides

Using Eq. (2), Eq. (3) is solved for TACB to obtain

which is solved to obtain

Solving Eq. (1) for RA results in

P D T cos 30ı D 311 N ; (8)

and solving Eq. (6) for RB results in

which can be solved to ﬁnd

TCE D .0:732/ P cos 30ı (9)

If TAB D 1300 N ; then P D 1449N :

The cable-pulley systems shown are used to support a weight W .

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

T D 2W for system (a): (1)

T D 4W for system (b): (4)

R D 4 N C .0:1 N=mm/ Œ100 mm 50 mm C ı.t / : (6)

R D 4 N C .0:1 N=mm/ Œ100 mm 50 mm C .˙10 mm/ 0/ ; (7)