Bangladesh University of Professionals

ICE4109
Cellular and Mobile Communication (3.0 Cr)

Course Teacher

ZARIN TASNIM
Lecturer
Dept. of Information and Communication Technology
Faculty of Science and Technology

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 Lecture 01
Syllabus
Cellular concepts: frequency reuse, handoff strategies, interference and system capacity, grade of
service, improving capacity and coverage, call blocking probability.
Introduction to Mobile Communication: history and evolution of mobile radio systems, types of
mobile wireless services/systems - cellular, WLL, paging, satellite systems, standards, and future trends
in personal wireless systems. Cellular concepts and system design fundamentals/frequency management
and channel Assignment: Cellular concept and frequency reuse, Multiple Access Schemes, fixed
Channel assignment, non-fixed channel assignment and handoff. Interference and system capacity,
Trunking and Erlang capacity calculations. Mobile radio propagation Radio wave propagation issues in
personal wireless systems, Propagation models, Multipath fading and base band impulse response
models, Parameters of mobile multipath channels, Antenna systems in mobile radio.
Modulations and signal processing: Analog and digital modulation techniques, Performance of
various modulation techniques - Spectral efficiency, Error-rate, Power Amplification, Equalization Rake
receiver concepts, Diversity and space-time processing, Speech coding and channel coding. System
examples and design issues: Multiple Access Techniques – FDMA, TDMA and CDMA systems,
Operational systems, Wireless networking, security in wireless networks, Design issues in personal
wireless systems.
Recommended Book(s):
1. "Mobile Cellular Telecommunications: Analog and Digital Systems"- Lee W.C.Y- McGraw-Hill
2. "Mobile Communications Engineering: Theory and Applications"- Lee W.C.Y- McGraw-Hill
3. "Mobile Communications"-J. Schiller- Pearson Education Asia Ltd.

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Learning Objectives:

The objectives of this course are to:

• Develop knowledge on cellular concepts
• Get idea on different wireless techniques
• Develop knowledge on different types of wireless service
• Understand the frequency reuse scheme
• To learn the channel assignment and handoff techniques
• Understand analog and digital modulation techniques
• Know the basics of multiple access techniques

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Lecture 01
How this course will be conducted…
 Lecture Materials: Recommended books
 Class Lectures: 28 (Max.)
and Slides
 Presentation/Viva-voce: 1 Lecture
 Your Attendance is Must
 Exam System
→ 4 Class tests
Remarks Distribution
→ Midterm
Final Exam 50%
→ Final exam
Midterm 20%
→ Term paper Class Test 10%
→ Assignments Assignments/Term Paper 10%
Attendance 10%

 Try to develop your level of knowledge……

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Class Attendance
Attendance Marks
90% and Above 10.0
85% to < 90% 9.0
80% to < 85% 8.0
76% to < 80% 7.0
75% 6.0
Less Than 75% 0.0
Grading

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Lecture Plan

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Lecture Plan

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Lecture Plan

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Lecture Plan

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Lecture Plan

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Introduction
• What will computers look like in ten years?
No one can make a wholly accurate prediction. Now as a general feature, most
computers are portable.
• How will users access networks with the help of computers or other communication
devices?
An ever-increasing number without any wires, i.e., wireless.
• How will people spend much of their time at work, during vacation?
Many people will be mobile– already one of the key characteristics of today’s society.
• Basically there are three different concepts:
– Wireless transmissions
– Mobility
– Portability

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 Lecture 01
Introduction
• User mobility refers to a user who has access to the same or similar telecommunication
services at different places, i.e., the user can be mobile, and the services will follow him or
her.
Example: simple call-forwarding solutions known from the telephone or computer
desktops supporting roaming.
• With device portability, the communication device moves (with or without a user).
Many mechanisms in the network and inside the device have to make sure that
communication is still possible while the device is moving.
• A typical example for systems supporting device portability is the mobile phone system,
where the system itself hands the device from one radio transmitter to the next if the signal
becomes too weak.

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Introduction
• With regard to devices, the term wireless is used. This only describes the way of
accessing a network or other communication partners, i.e., without a wire.
• A communication device can thus exhibit one of the following characteristics:
Fixed and wired: This configuration describes the typical desktop computer in an
office. Neither weight nor power consumption of the devices allow for mobile usage.
Mobile and wired: Many of today’s laptops fall into this category.
Fixed and wireless: This mode is used for installing networks, e.g., in historical
buildings to avoid damage by installing wires.
Mobile and wireless: No cable restricts the user, who can roam between different
wireless networks.

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Applications

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Applications
• In Vehicles

• Today’s cars already comprise some, but tomorrow’s cars will comprise many wireless
communication systems and mobility aware applications.
• Music, news, road conditions, weather reports, and other broadcast information are
received via digital audio broadcasting (DAB) with 1.5 Mbit/s.
• For personal communication, a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS)
phone might be available offering voice and data connectivity with 384 kbit/s.
• For remote areas, satellite communication can be used, while the current position of
the car is determined via the global positioning system (GPS).

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Applications
• Cars driving in the same area build a local ad-hoc network for the fast exchange of
information in emergency situations or to help each other keep a safe distance.
• In case of an accident, not only will the airbag be triggered, but the police and ambulance
service will be informed via an emergency call to a service provider.
• In the future, cars will also inform other cars about accidents via the ad-hoc network to
help them slow down in time, even before a driver can recognize an accident.
• Buses, trucks, and trains are already transmitting maintenance and logistic information to
their home base, which helps to improve organization (fleet management), and saves time
and money.

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Applications
• Emergencies
• Just imagine the possibilities of an ambulance with a high-quality wireless connection to
a hospital. Vital information about injured persons can be sent to the hospital from the
scene of the accident. All the necessary steps for this particular type of accident can be
prepared and specialists can be consulted for an early diagnosis.
• Wireless networks are the only means of communication in the case of natural disasters
such as hurricanes or earthquakes.
• In the worst cases, only decentralized, wireless ad-hoc networks survive.

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Applications
• Business
• A travelling salesman today needs instant access to the company’s database: to ensure
that files on his or her laptop reflect the current situation, to enable the company to keep
track of all activities of their travelling employees, to keep databases consistent etc. With
wireless access, the laptop can be turned into a true mobile office, but efficient and
powerful synchronization mechanisms are needed to ensure data consistency.

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Applications
• Replacement of wired networks :

In some cases, wireless networks can also be used to replace wired networks, e.g.,
remote sensors, for tradeshows, or in historic buildings.

– Due to economic reasons, it is often impossible to use wired remote sensors for
weather forecasts, earthquake detection, or to provide environmental information.
Wireless connections, e.g., via satellite, can help in this situation.

– Tradeshows need a highly dynamic infrastructure, but cabling takes a long time and
frequently proves to be too inflexible.

– Other cases for wireless networks are computers, sensors, or information displays in
historical buildings, where excess cabling may destroy valuable walls or floors.
Wireless access points in a corner of the room can represent a solution.

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Applications
• Infotainment and more
(Broadcast material that is intended both to entertain and to inform)
• Internet everywhere? Not without wireless networks! Imagine a travel guide for a city.
Static information might be loaded via Pen drive, DVD, or even at home via the Internet.
• But wireless networks can provide up-to-date information at any appropriate location.
The travel guide might tell you something about the history of a building downloading
information about a concert in the building at the same evening via a local wireless
network.
• Another growing field of wireless network applications lies in entertainment and games
to enable, e.g., ad-hoc gaming networks as soon as people meet to play together.

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Applications
• Location dependent services
• Location aware services
• what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the local environment.
• Follow-on services
• automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to the current
location.
• Information services
• push: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket.
• pull: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cherry Cake?
• Support services
• caches, intermediate results, state information etc. follow the mobile device
through the fixed network.
• Privacy
• who should gain knowledge about the location 21
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Applications
• Mobile and wireless devices

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Applications
• Effects of device portability

• Power consumption
• limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due to limited battery
capacity.
• Loss of data
• higher probability, has to be included in advance into the design.
• Limited user interfaces
• compromise between size of fingers and portability.
• integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols.
• Limited memory
• limited value of mass memories with moving parts.
• flash-memory.

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Applications
• Wireless networks in comparison to fixed networks :
• Higher loss-rates due to interference
• emissions of, e.g., engines, lightning.
• Restrictive regulations of frequencies
• frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all occupied.
• Low transmission rates
• local some Mbit/s, regional currently 9.6 kbit/s with GSM.
• Higher delays, higher jitter
• connection setup time with GSM in the second range, several hundred milliseconds
for other wireless systems.
• Lower security, simpler active attacking
• radio interface accessible for everyone, base station can be simulated, thus attracting
calls from mobile phones
•Always shared medium: secure access mechanisms important 24