REPORT OF PROJECT

IN
“DESING AND FABRICATION OF ONION SEED SOWING
MACHINE”
By

DNYANDEV PANDURANG NAVPUTE (BTMA_59)

GOVIND PRAKASH AWALE (BTMA74_)

GOPINATH DNYANDEV AGHAV (BTMA_73)

Submitted in Partial fulfilment of the requirement for

Degree of Bachelor of Technology (Mechanical Engineering)
Of
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University
Aurangabad.
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Maharashtra Institute of Technology,
Aurangabad
2021-2022

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Report

Submitted by

DNYANDEV PANDURANG NAVPUTE

(BTMA_59)
GOVIND PRAKASH AWALE
(BTMA74_)
GOPINATH DNYANDEV AGHAV
(BTMA_73)

Is completed as per requirement of the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar

Marathwada University, Aurangabad in partial fulfilment of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology (Mechanical Engineering)

For the academic year 2021-2022

Dr.J.M.Kshirsagar Dr. A. J. Keche Dr.S.P.Bhosle

Guide Head of Department Principal
Mechanical Engineering MIT(T),Aurangabad

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of this Major Project would
be in complete without the mention of the people who made it possible, without whose
constant guidance and encouragement without which our efforts would have efforts gone
in vain. I consider myself the completion of this Major Project.
I convey thanks to my Major Project guide Dr.J.M.Kshirsagar of Mechanical
Engineering Department for providing encouragement, constant support and guidance
which was of a great help to complete this Major Project successfully.
I am grateful to Dr.A.J.Keche, Head of the Mechanical Engineering Department for
giving the support and encouragement that was necessary for the completion of this
Major Project.
I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr.S.P.Bhosle, Principal, Maharashtra
Institute of Technology, Aurangabad for providing us congenial environment to work on
Major Project.

GROUP MEMBER:
DNYANDEV PANDURANG NAVPUTE
(BTMA_59)
GOVIND PRAKASH AWALE
(BTMA74_)
GOPINATH DNYANDEV AGHAV
(BTMA_73)

3
 ABSTRACT
Today’s era is marching towards the rapid growth of agricultural as well as industrial sector.
To achieve the goal of the future food demands, the farmers have to implement new
techniques which will increase the overall crop production rate. This project deals with the
sowing methods used for onion seed sowing. The comparison between the traditional
sowing method and the new proposed machine which can perform operations and has a
number of advantages. The main focus behind this machine is to reduce the human effort as
well as the cost of work. Generally, this machine reduces the cost of labor and effort. The
seed sewing machine is a key component of the agriculture field. The performance of seed
sowing devices has a remarkable influence on the cost and yield of agriculture products.
Presently there are many approaches to detect the Performance of seed-sowing devices.
The depth of seed sowing is affected the crop yield, therefore, to adjust the depth of seed
sowing, resulting in uniform seeds distribution along the travel path, in seed Spacing. This
technique results in improvement in yield: by proper operation in the field, we are increase
the productivity of seed through 5% to 10%. Plant to plant distance: We are maintaining the
plant to plant distance by providing several holes on cylindrical pipe thus result in proper
distancing in the seed.

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 INDEX

CHAPTERS NAMES PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 WORING PRINCIPLE
1.2 INTRODUCTION OF LDR

2. LITETRATURE REVIEW

3. OBJECTIVES

4. PROBLEM STATEMENT

5. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SOLAR TRACKER

5.1 EXPLANATION OF THE BLOCK DIAGRAM

6. PROGRAMMING CODE
6.1 DESCRIPTION OF SOFTWARE PROGRAM

7. METHODOLOGY
7.1 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

8. READING AND CALCULATIONS

8.1 TORQUE CALCULATION
8.2 RESULT

9. DISCUSSION
9.1 CONCLUSIONS

10. REFRENCES

5
 TABLE OF FIGURE

Sr. No FIGURES PAGE NO.

1 LDR circuit
2 LDR
3 Block diagram of solar
tracker
4
5

6
 INDEX FOR PHOTOGRAPH

Sr. no. Photograph Page no.

1 System development

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 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In developing countries like India mechanization of agriculture was
started on the use of improved hand tools and bullock drawn improvements. Farm
mechanization aims at higher production rate reduction in human effort. India’s achievements
have been increasing tremendously, but not in mechanization. One of the barriers achieving
complete mechanization is the land holdings and its fragmentation. Due to small land holding
is not possible to mechanize all the farming operations. Large machines cannot be operated
these small farms. Also, our farmers cannot afford to buy large costly machines. Seed sowing
machine is a device which helps in the sowing of seeds in a desired position hence assisting
the farmers in saving time and money. The basic objective of sowing operation is to put the
seed in rows at desired depth and seed to seed spacing, cover the seeds with soil and provide
proper compaction over the seed. The paper discusses different aspects of seed sowing
machine which will be helpful for the agriculture industry to Move towards mechanization.
The agricultural industry has always been the backbone of India’s sustained growth. As the
population of India continues to grow, the demand for Produce grows as well. Hence, there is
a greater need for multiple cropping on the farms and this in turn requires efficient and high-
capacity machines. Mechanization of the Agricultural Industry in India is still in a stage of
infancy due to the lack of knowledge and the unavailability of advanced tools and machinery.
In traditional methods seed sowing is done by broadcasting manually, opening furrows by a
plough and dropping seeds by hand. Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian
economy and it will continue to remain so for a long time. It has to support Almost 17
percent of world population from 2.3 percent of world geographical area and 4.2 percent of
world’s water resources. The Present cropping intensity of 137 percent has registered an
increase of only 26 Percent since 1950-51. The net sown area is 142 MHz the basic objective
of sowing operation is to put the seed in rows at desired depth and spacing, cover the seeds
with soil and provide proper compaction over the seed. The recommended row to row
spacing, seed rate, seed to seed Spacing and depth of seed placement vary From crop to crop
and for different Agricultural and climatic conditions to achieve optimum yields and an
efficient Sowing machine should attempt to fulfil these requirements. In addition, saving in
Cost of operation time, labor and energy are other advantages to be derived from use of
improved machinery for such operations. A traditional method of seed sowing has many
disadvantages. This project is about the seed sowing in the soil.

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1.2 TYPES OF SOWING

The following are the three different types of seed sowing: -

1.2.1 Broadcasting: -
A field is initially prepared with a plough to a series of linear cuts known
as furrows. The field is then seeded by throwing the seeds over the field, a method known as
manual broadcasting. The result was a field planted roughly in rows, but having a large
number of plants. When the seeds are scattered randomly with the help of hand on the soil,
the method is called broadcasting.

Figure
No.1.2.1: Broadcasting

1.2.2 Dribbling: -

Drill sowing
and dribbling (making
small holes in the ground for
seeds) are better method of
sowing the seeds. Once the
seeds are put in the holes,
they are then covered with
the soil. This saves time
and labor and prevents the damage of seeds by birds.

Figure
No.1.2.2:
Dribbling
1.2.3.
Animal Drawn
Three Row
Seed Sowing:
-
9
 Another method of sowing the seeds is with
the help of a simple device consisting of bamboo tube with a funnel on it attached to a
plough. As the plough moves over the field the tube attached to it leaves the seeds kept in the
funnel at proper spacing and depth. The plough keeps making furrows in the soil in which the
seeds are dropped by the seed drill. The above sowing methods have the some disadvantages

Figure No. 1.1.3: Animal Drawn

Three Row Seed Sowing Above sowing methods have the some
disadvantages, which are as follows: -
a) No control over the depth of seed placement.
b) No uniformity in the distribution of seed placement.
c) Loss of seeds.
d) No proper germination of seeds
e) More labor requirement
f) Time required for sowing is more

During sheriff sowing, Placement of seeds at uneven depth may result

in poor emergence because subsequent rains bring additional soil cover over the seed and
affect plant emergence.
Limitations of Conventional Sowing Methods: -
The following are the limitations of Existing Machine: -
1. The Weight of the Machine is more.
2. Available for Tractors drive.
3. The cost of machine is more.
4.It require more skill full labour.
An effective sowing method can yield good results for crops. An effective
sowing method should maintain the proper row spacing, plant density, seed rate, plant
population etc. When these parameters are controlled, there is increase in the yield of crops.
Some of the parameters which affect the yield of plant population, plant density, row spacing,
plant spacing seed rate etc.

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1.3 FUNCTIONS OF SEED SOWING MACHINE: -
Improved seed drills are provided on cylindrical periphery for spreading the seed uniformly
in equal form.To achieve the best performance from a seed drill the important factors Are
to be optimized by proper design and selection of the components required on the Machine
to suit the needs of the crops. The seed drill can play an important role in manipulating the
physical environment. We can use different type of seed drill for different type of seed.
FUNCTIONAL COMPONENT OF MACHINE
By eliminating limitation of component of seed sowing machine we
design new component and provide special arrangement for sowing of small seed such as
onion seed. There are eleven functional components of seed sowing machine.

 Main Frame
 Seed Box
 Seed Pipe
 Seed Rotor Shaft
 Seed Rotor
 Seed Rotor Gaudier
 Seed Rotor Cleaner
 Seed Covering Unit
1.3.1 Main Frame:
The main frame consists of seed pipe unit which is use to connect a seed box to seed rotor.
Seed pipe unit consist of three point linkage two pipe and one support attachment. It consists of MS
strips pipe of 1 inch in size. Upper end of seed pipe is attached to the seed box and lower is attached
to the seed rotor one supporting pipe are attached at the middle to give the support and welded at
rear end of main frame. two pipe are welded together with the help of pipe and one handle are use
pull the machine .Main Frame is shown in figure 1.3.1

Figure No.1.3.1: Main Frame

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1.3.2 Seed Box:
It is made up of 4mm thick metal sheet. There is one seed box are provided . The seed
box capacity is 1.5 kg of onion seed. The overall length and width of seed box 250mm and 100 mm
respectively. The box is mounted on main frame with the help of support. The seed box is shown in
figure.1.3.2

Figure No.1.3.2: Seed Box

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 1. THE OBJECTIVES OF PRESENT
WORK

To design and fabricate a dual axis PV system that track the sun path.

To study different solar parameters and method of harvesting solar

energy.

To understand the working mechanism of PV module and tracking

system.

To absorbs the maximum power output with enlarging movements

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 2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
The main goal is to keep solar PV panel perpendicular to the sun
throughout the day in order to increase the energy generation.

Dual axis solar tracking system can be an effective way to increase

the efficiency of solar cells.

The devastating problem on both biotic and abiotic components of

our home (i.e, pollution) can be reduced by using solar energy as the
major source of power generation.

The natural gift like fossil fuels ,Woods, etc. which are limited in
amount can be saved from crisis and extinction.

For people, due to its more efficiency and less harmful impacts dual
axis solar tracking system might be good decision for the
intermediate future

So, this project can practically demonstrate effect of this variation to

people

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5. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SOLAR TRACKER

15
 5.1 EXPLANATION OF THE BLOCK DIAGRAM
As we see in the block diagram, there are three Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs)
which are placed on a common plate with solar panel. Light from a source strikes on
them by different amounts. Due to their inherent property of decreasing resistance
with increasing incident light intensity, i.e. photoconductivity, the value of
resistances of all the LDRs is not always same.

Each LDR sends equivalent signal of their respective resistance value to the
Microcontroller which is configured by required programming logic. The values are
compared with each other by considering a particular LDR value as reference.

One of the two dc servo motors is mechanically attached with the driving axle of the
other one so that the former will move with rotation of the axle of latter one. The
axle of the former servo motor is used to drive a solar panel. These two-servo
motors are arranged in such a way that the solar panel can move along X-axis as well
as Y-axis

The microcontroller sends appropriate signals to the servo motors based on the
input signals received from the LDRs. One servo motor is used for tracking along x-
axis and the other is for y-axis tracking

In this way the solar tracking system is designed

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 6. PROGRAMMING CODE:

#include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo;
Servo ourservo;
int posx = 90; // initial position is top
int posy = 90;
int sens1 = A0; // (x,0) LDR
int sens2 = A1; // (0,0) LDR
int sens3 = A2; // (0,y) LDR
int tolerance = 2;
void setup()

myservo.attach(9); // pin9
ourservo.attach(10); // pin10
pinMode(sens1, INPUT);
pinMode(sens2, INPUT);
pinMode(sens3, INPUT);
myservo.write(posx);
delay(1000); // buffer delay
ourservo.write(posy);
delay(1000);

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void loop()
{
//For First Axis
int val1 = analogRead(sens1); // read sensor 1
int val2 = analogRead(sens2); // read sensor 2
if((abs(val1 - val2) <= tolerance) || (abs(val2 - val1) <= tolerance))
{
//do nothing
}
else {
if(val1 > val2)
{
posx = --posx;
}
if(val1 < val2)
{
posx = ++posx;
}
}
myservo.write(posx); // write the position to servo
delay(50);
int val3 = analogRead(sens3);//read sensor 3
val2 = analogRead(sens2); // read sensor 2
val3 = analogRead(sens3); // read sensor 3

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//For Second Axis
if((abs(val2 - val3) <= tolerance) || (abs(val3 - val2) <= tolerance))
{
//do nothing
}
else {
if(val2 > val3)
{
posy = ++posy;
}
if(val2 < val3)
{
posy = --posy;
}
}
if(posy > 150) { posy = 150; }
if(posy < 30) { posy = 30; }
ourservo.write(posy);
delay(50);
}

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 6.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE SOFTWARE PROGRAM
STEPS:
First of all, both the servos are declared and object is created to control the servo
motors.

The variables posx and posy are used to store the reference servo positions.

The ADC input pins for LDRs are selected for dual direction movement and one
for reference.

A tolerance or a constant value is selected to establish the working of the motors.

The servos are attached on digital pins to the servo object.

The required analog pins are selected as input using pinMode(pin , mode)

The servos are sets to mid-point or original position with a 1000ms or 1sec delay
to catch up with the user.

Three variables are chosen to read the analog values and map it into integers
value between 0 and 1023.

If the difference between the two variables is less than the tolerance value then
it will stays to its or original location else it shows movement towards the
direction of maximum intensity of light by incrementing or decrementing the
values of posx and posy.

The position is then written to servo and the loop repeats till it encounter any
changes in the values of input greater than the minimum tolerance.

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 7. METHODOLOGY

In this solar tracking system, LDRs (Light Dependent Resistor) as known as

Photo resistors plays a major role

These are sensitive to light, so these are used in Light or Dark

detector circuit.

Two LDRs are installed and the stepper motor used to move towards solar
power.

The stepper motor moves towards the LDR, which the resistance to be high i.e.
towards the LDR on which the light is falling, and will continue to obey the sun.

If both the LDRs had the same amount of light falling, the stepper would not
rotate.

This method is done by using Arduino microcontroller to interface with other

components

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7.1 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

22
8.READING AND CALCULATION

23
 8.1 Torque calculation

Length: 41.5 cm
Breadth: 19.3 cm

Height: 0.6 cm

Total length or radius to be lifted by the motor = Length/2 = 41.5/2 = 20.75 cm

i.e. r = 220 mm

Weight of frame =0.343kg

Weight of motor = 0.051 kg
Weight of panel = 0.988 kg

Weight of remaining accessories = 0.01 kgHence, total weights to be considered, F=

(0.343+0.051+0.988+0.01) x 9.8 = 13.641 N

Torque Required = F × r = 13.641 N x (20.75/100) m = 2.83 N m

Speed of motor (N) = 20 rpm

Power require to drive the

system(p)=2*3.14*N*T/60=2*3.14*50*2.83/60=5.93WATT

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 8.2 RESULT

The solar panel moves in the direction of LDR sensed light and travels in various
Intensities of light in both horizontal and vertical plane with different angles
with different times.

25
 9. DISCUSSION
The above comparison shows that the Automatic Solar Tracker Systems are
more beneficial and low-cost system while comparing with the Fixed Solar
System.

There are many other applications that are improvised with the help of
Arduino microcontroller by controlling stepper motors.
For example, the time taken to change in position of stepper motor is seen in
serial monitor.

In the place of Arduino microcontroller, we could improvise with IoT based

setup, which data will be stored in cloud for up to date information.

Tracker setup is done with the accurate location so that the direction of the Sun
and the tracker movement will be same.

In the proposed system can be made as low cost when it is setup with IoT based
techniques.

26
 9.1 CONCLUSIONS

The invention of Solar tracking System helps us improve performance of PV solar system in a
simple way.
Used relative method of sunlight strength.
Established a model of automatic tracking system to keep vertical contact between solar
panels and sunlight.
Improved the utilization rate of solar energy and efficiency of photovoltaic power
generation system

27
 10. REFRENCES

WWW.Studymore.Com

WWW.Wikipedia.Com

solar cell - Solar panel design | Britannica

SOLAR PV SYSTEM DESIGN

Step 14- Solar Home System Design in just 10 Mins - YouTube

Solar Power System Design Calculations - YouTube

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