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Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Duration: 1 hrs
Outline:
1. Sampling CT signals
2. Spectrum of sampled signals
3. Aliasing
Sampling CT signals
x(t )
→ xs (t )
sampling
∞ ∞
xs (t ) = ∑ x(t )δ (t − nT ) = ∑ x(nT )δ (t − nT )
n = −∞ n = −∞
1 ∞
X s (ω ) = X (ω ) * ∑ ω sδ (ω − nω s )
2π n = −∞
ωs ∞
1 ∞
=
2π
∑
n = −∞
X (ω − nω s ) = ∑ X (ω − nω s )
T n = −∞
The effect of sampling is an infinite sum of scaled, shifted
copies of the continuous time signal's Fourier Transform
Aliasing
0 ωb ωs
Aliasing
Avoid
aliasing:
sampling faster
than twice the
highest
frequency
component –
The Nyquist-
Shannon
sampling
theorem
Lecture #9
DTFT and the inverse of DTFT
Duration: 2 hrs
Outline:
1. From CTFT to DTFT
2. From ZT to DTFT
3. The inverse of DTFT
4. Properties of DTFT
From continuous-time Fourier transform
(CTFT) to discrete-time Fourier
transform (DTFT)
Take a CT signal x(t) and sample it:
∞
x(t ) sampling
→ xs (t ) = ∑ x(nT )δ (t − nT )
n = −∞
The CTFT of the sampled signal is:
∞
FT{x s ( t )} = ∑ x (nT)FT{δ(t − nT)}
n = −∞
∞ ∞
= ∑
n = −∞
x (nT) ∫ δ( t − nT)e − jωt dt
−∞
∞ T =1 ∞
= ∑ x (
n = −∞
nT ) e − jωnT
=
ωT = Ω
∑ x (
n = −∞
n ) e − jΩn
= X (Ω )
DTFT formula
∞
X(Ω) = DTFT{x[n ]} = ∑ x[n ] e − jΩ n
n = −∞
∑ x[n ]e
n = −∞
− jΩn
≤ ∑ x[n ]e
n = −∞
− jΩn
∞
≤ ∑ x[n ] e
n = −∞
− jΩn
∞
≤ ∑ x[n ]
n = −∞
DTFT exists when:
∞
∑ x[n ] < ∞
n = −∞
Examples of calculating DTFT
If |a| < 1:
∞ ∞ jΩ
1 e
X )=∑
(ΩDTFT a ewhen:= ∑ (ae
exists n − jΩn
) =
− jΩ n
= jΩ
n =0 n =0 1 − ae − jΩ
e −a
Examples of calculating DTFT
If |a| > 1:
0 ∞
1 −a
Y (Ω ) = ∑a e
n = −∞
n − jΩn
= ∑ (a e ) =
n =0
−1 jΩ n
1− a e
−1 jΩ
= jΩ
e −a
Examples of calculating DTFT
e − jΩN / 2
e −e
jΩN / 2 − jΩN / 2 Ω
− j ( N −1) sin(ΩN / 2)
P ( Ω ) = − jΩ / 2 . jΩ / 2 − jΩ / 2 = e 2
e e −e sin(Ω / 2)
Phase: -Ω(N-1)/2 linear in phase
Examples of calculating DTFT
4) Find DTFT of h(n) where h[n] = δ [n] + 2δ [n − 1] + 2δ [n − 2] + δ [n − 3]
Show that this DTFT has a linear phase term
3
H(Ω) = ∑ h[n ]e − jΩn
= 1 + 2e − jΩ
+ 2e − j2 Ω
+e − j3 Ω
n =0
Recall ZT of x(t):
∞
X(z) = ∑x[n]z
n =−∞
−n
Evaluating X(z) on the unit circle (if the unit circle is in the
ROC of X(z)
∞
X(z)
z =e j Ω
= ∑ x[n ]e
n = −∞
− jΩ n
= X (Ω)
From ZT to DTFT
X (Ω ) = X ( z )
z =e j Ω
If the ROC of the ZT contains the unit circle, we can get the
DTFT from the ZT by substitution z = ejΩ
The inverse of DTFT
∞
X(Ω) = ∑ x[n
n =−∞
] e − jΩ n
π π ∞
1 1 − jΩ n jΩ l
∫
2π − π
jΩ l
X (Ω)e dΩ = ∫ ∑
2π − π n = −∞
x[n ]e
e dΩ
∞ 1 π jΩ ( l − n )
= ∑ x[ n ] ∫ e dΩ = x[l]
n = −∞ 2π − π
π
1
∫
jΩ n
x[n ] = X(Ω) e dΩ
2π − π
Examples of calculating the
inverse DTFT
1, Ω ≤ Ω c
1. Find x(n) from its DTFT X(Ω): X(Ω) =
0, Ω c < Ω < π
1 Ωc
1 jΩn Ω c sin Ωc n
x[n ] = ∫ 1.e dΩ =
jΩn
.e Ωc
−Ωc
=
2π − Ωc
2πjn π Ωc n
Examples of calculating the
inverse DTFT
2
e + e 1 j2Ω 1 1 − j2Ω
jΩ − jΩ
X (Ω) = = e + + e
2 4 2 4
1 1 1
⇒ x[n ] = δ[n + 2] + δ[n ] + δ[n − 2]
4 2 4
Examples of calculating of
the inverse of DTFT
e jΩ
3. Find x(n) from its DTFT X(Ω): X (Ω) =
e jΩ − 2
z
X(z) = | z |< 2
z−2
⇒ x[n ] = −2 u[−n − 1]
n
DTFT properties
1. Linearity
2. Time shifting
3. Frequency shifting and modulation
4. Convolution in time domain
5. Convolution in frequency domain
Linearity
DTFT
ax[n ] + by[n ] ↔ aX(Ω) + bY(Ω)
DTFT
x[n − n 0 ] ↔ e − jΩ n 0
X (Ω)
Proof: infer from the shifting property of ZT
ZT
−n 0
x[n − n 0 ] ↔ z X(z)
DTFT ∞ ∞
e jΩ 0 n
x[n ] ↔ ∑ (e
n = −∞
jΩ 0 n
x[n ])e − j Ωn
= ∑ x[ n
n = −∞
]e − j( Ω −Ω ) n
0
= X (Ω − Ω 0 )
DTFT
x 1[ n ] ∗ x 2 [ n ] ↔ X1 (Ω).X 2 (Ω)
Multiplication ∞
1
in time = ∑ ∫ X ( λ ) e jλ n
dλ 2
x [ n ]e − jΩn
n = −∞ 2π 2 π
1
∞
1 x [n ] e − j( Ω−λ ) n dλ
= ∫ X ( λ )∑ 2
2π 2 π n = −∞
1
1
= ∫ X ( λ ) X ( Ω − λ ) dλ Convolution in
2π 2 π
1 2
frequency
HW
{
a ) x[n ] = − 2 , − 1 , 0 , 1 , 2
↑
}
2 − ( 12 )n | n |≤ 4
b) y[n ] =
0 | n |> 4
c) v[n ] = 2 u[−n ]
n
−π π
HW
{
x[n ] = − 1 , 2 , − 3 , 2 , − 1
↑
}
with DTFT X(Ω). Compute the following quantities without
explicitly computing X(Ω)
π
(a ) X(0) (b) ∠X(Ω) (c) ∫−π X(Ω)dΩ (d) X(π)
HW
( a ) x[n ] ∗ x[n − 1]
(b) x[n ] cos(0.3π n )
jπn / 2
(c) e x[n + 2]
Lecture #10
DTFT applications
Duration: 2 hr
Outline:
1. Frequency spectrum analysis
2. System analysis in frequency-domain
Frequency spectrum
jθ(Ω)
X(Ω) = X(Ω) e
Amplitude spectrum Phase spectrum
∞ ∞
X (Ω) = ∑ x[n ]e
n = −∞
− jΩn
; X ( −Ω) = ∑ x[n]e
n = −∞
jΩn
⇒ X (Ω ) = X ( − Ω )
*
− j 4Ω
3
1− e
X (Ω) = ∑ e − jΩn
= − jΩ
n =0 1 − e
sin(2Ω) − j 3Ω / 2
= e
sin(Ω / 2)
Using Matlab to plot amplitude
spectrum and phase spectrum
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-2
-4
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Phase spectrum
Energy spectral density
(ESD)
π
∞ ∞ ∞ 1
E = ∑ | x[n] | = ∑ x[n]x [n] = ∑ x[n]
2 *
∫π X
*
(Ω )e − jΩn
dΩ
n = −∞ n = −∞ n = −∞ 2π −
π ∞ π
1 − jΩn 1
∫ X (Ω) ∑ x[n ]e ∫
2
E= *
dΩ = X(Ω) dΩ
2π − π n = −∞ 2π − π
Energy spectral density
Example of finding ESD
1
=
(1 − a cos Ω) + (a sin Ω)
2 2
1
=
1 + a 2 − 2a cos Ω
Example of finding ESD
3
2.5
mat do pho nang luong
E
1.5
S
D
1
0.5
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
tan so omega
Frequency response
1 − 0.3e − jΩ
H (Ω ) =
1 + 0.1e − jΩ + 0.85e − j 2 Ω
Examples of determine amplitude
and phase responses
1
H (Ω ) =
1 − 0.4e − jΩ
1 1
| H(Ω) |= =
| 1 − 0.4e | | 1 − 0.4 cos Ω + j0.4 sin Ω |
− jΩ
1
=
(1 − 0.4 cos Ω) 2 + (0.4 sin Ω) 2
1
=
1.16 − 0.8 cos Ω
0.4 sin Ω
∠H (Ω) = 0 − ∠(1 − 0.4e − jΩ
) = −arctg
1 − 0.4 cos Ω
Examples of determine amplitude
and phase responses
1
H (Ω) =
1 − 0.4e − jΩ
2
1.5
0.5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0.5
-0.5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Response to complex exponential
signals
jΩ 0 n
x[n ] = Ae , −∞ < n < ∞
∞
y[n ] = ∑ h[k ] x[n − k ]
k = −∞
∞
y[n] = ∑ h[ k ] Ae(jΩ 0 ( n − k )
)
k = −∞
∞ − jΩ 0 k jΩ 0 n
= A ∑ h[k ] e ( e)
k = −∞
= ( Ae jΩ0 n ) H (Ω 0 ) = x[n]H (Ω 0 )
Example of determining response
to complex exponential signals
Determine the output signal of system h[ n ] = (1 / 2) n
u[n ]
to the input signal below
π
j n
x[n ] = Ae 2
, −∞ < n < ∞
π 1 2 − j26.60
H = = e
2 1+ j 2
1
5
π
π π
2 − j26.6 2A
j n j n − 26.6 0
y[n ] = x[n ]H = Ae . e =
0
2
2
e
2 5 5
Response to sinusoidal signals
A jΩ n A − jΩ n
x[n ] = A cos(Ω 0 n ) = e + e 0
, −∞<n <∞ 0
2 2
A jΩ 0 n A − jΩ 0 n
y[n ] = e H (Ω 0 ) + e H ( −Ω 0 )
2 2
A jΩ 0 n j∠H ( Ω 0 ) A − jΩ 0 n
= e | H (Ω 0 ) | e + e | H ( Ω 0 ) | e − j ∠H ( Ω 0 )
2 2
= A | H (Ω 0 ) | cos(Ω 0 n + ∠H (Ω 0 ) )
Example of determining response
to sinusoidal signals
Determine the response of the system h[n ] = (1 / 2) n u[n ]
to the input signal
π
x[n ] = 10 − 5 sin n + 20 cos πn , − ∞ < n < ∞
2
1 π 2 − j26.6 1 2
H(0) = = 2 ; H = ; H(π) = =
0
e
1 − 0.5 2 5 1 + 0.5 3
π π
y[n ] = 10 | H(0) | −5 H sin n + ∠H( π2 )
2 2
+ 20 | H(π) | cos(πn )
π 0 40
= 20 − 2 5 sin n − 26.6 + cos(πn )
2 3
Steady-state and transient
response to sinusoidal signals
The system response consists of 2 terms:
y[n ] = yss [n ] + y tr [n ]
yss[n]: steady-state response
.
n +1 − jΩ ( n +1)
Aa e A
y[n ] = a y[−1] −
n +1
e jΩn
+ e jΩn
1 − ae − jΩ
1 − ae − jΩ
M M
x[n ] = ∑ A k z n
k
⇒ yss [n ] = ∑ A k H(z k )z n
k
k =1 k =1
HW
π
x[n ] = 5 + 3 cos n + 600 − ∞ < n < ∞
2
HW
such that:
(a) It rejects completely a frequency component at Ω 0 = 2π / 3
(b) Its frequency response is normalized so that H(0) = 1
(c) Compute and sketch the magnitude and phase response of
the filter to check if it satisfies the requirements