Practical Research 2 Module 3

Senior
High
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Practical Research 2 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Kinds of Variable and Their Uses
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
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over them.
Published by the Department of Education, Division of Palawan

School Division Superintendent:
Natividad P. Bayubay, CESO VI
Assistant Schools Division Superintendents:
Loida P. Olavario, Ph.D.
Felix M. Famaran
Development Team of the Module

Writers: Corazon A. Quintos
Language Editor: Kristine Hemor
Illustrators: Christian Charles Lester D. Doblados
Management Team: Aurelia B. Marquez
Rodgie S. Demalinao
Rosalyn C. Gadiano
Printed in the Philippines, by ________________________
Department of Education – MIMAROPA Region – Division of Palawan
Office Address: PEO Road, Barangay Bancao-Bancao, Puerto Princesa City

Telephone: (048) 433-6392
E-mail Address: palawan@deped.gov.ph
Website: www.depedpalawan.com
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Senior High School
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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Practical Research 2 Modular Distance Learning

(MDL) Module on the Kinds of Variables and Their Uses!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher,
or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st-century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box
in the body of the module:
Notes to the Teacher

In view to the new normal world we are facing, this
module was created to answer that education
should not stop for our learners.
This Practical Research 2 Module for Quarter
3 is all about the Kinds of Variables and Their
Uses. With this we are trying to allow our learners
to work independently in discovering through simple
and enjoyable activities/ experimentation that are
aligned to the competencies that they should learn.
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use

this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
iv
For the learner:
Welcome to the Practical Research 2 Modular Distance Learning

(MDL) Module on the Kinds of Variables and Their Uses!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while
being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to Know
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
This part includes an activity that aims to
What I Know
check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
What’s In
the current lesson with the previous one.
In this portion, the new lesson will be

What’s New
introduced to you in various ways; a story, a
song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity
or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It
lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent
What’s More
practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the answers
to the exercises using the Answer Key at the
end of the module.
This includes questions or blank
What I Have Learned
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will
What I Can Do
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
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In this portion, another activity will be given
Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.
Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.
At the end of this module you will also find:
References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,
do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain a deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!
vi
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master the nature and inquiry of research. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module deals with the kinds of variables and their uses.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Differentiate the kinds of variables and their uses
What I Know
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read the following questions carefully. Choose the letter of the
best answer. Encircle the letter of your choice.
1. What kind of variable is measured using 2 different values?

a. Binary b. Dichotomous c. Binomial d. All of these
2. "Students taught first aid by programmed instruction will achieve at a

higher level than those taught first aid by the traditional method." The
independent variable in this hypothesis is:
a. Students c. programmed instruction
b. level of achievement d. method of instruction
3. In the example in question 2, the dependent variable is:

a. Students c. programmed instruction
4. A cross-sectional study is carried out to examine whether Navy personnel

of a higher rank have more positive coping skills than those of a lower
rank. Which of the following statement is true of this study?
1
a. The independent variable is coping and the dependent variable is low
rank.
b. The independent variable is rank and the dependent variable is coping
skills.
c. Neither variable is dependent as the researcher cannot manipulate
them.
d. The independent variable is coping and the dependent variable is high
rank.
5. In an experimental design, the dependent variable is:

a. The one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are
observed
b. The one that is manipulated to observe any effects on the other
c. A measure of the extent to which personal values affect research
d. An ambiguous concept whose meaning depends on how it is defined
6. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called:

a. intervening variable c. dependent variable
b. independent variable d. numerical variable
7. What sort of data are zip code?

a. Nominal b. Interval c. ratio d. ordinal
8. What sort of data is socio-economic status?

a. Ratio b. ordinal c. interval d. nominal
9. In a study, “Effectiveness of Exposing Students in classical Music in

Reading”, Exposing students in Classical music is _________.
a. dependent b. confounding c. intervening d. independent
10. What sort of variable is dress size?

a. Nominal b. Interval c. ratio d. ordinal
11. A mediator or intervening variable is:

a. responsible for the relationship between two other variables.
b. another name for the dependent variable.
c. another name for the independent variable.
d. All of the above
12. A research study on the teacher’s performance-related salary increases

motivation which in turn leads to an increase in job satisfaction. What
kind of variable is ‘motivation”’ in this study?
a. Dependent c. Confounding
b. Intervening d. Control
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13. Which of the following can be described as a nominal variable?
a. Annual income c. Annual sale
b. Age d. Geographical location
14. The key defining characteristic of experimental research is that:

a. The independent variable is manipulated
b. Hypothesis are proved
c. A positive correlation exists
d. Samples are large
15. In an experiment, the group that does not receive the intervention is
called:
a. The experiment group c. The participant group
b. The control group d. The treatment group
What’s In
It Varies!
Directions: Study the following research cases. Identify the independent and
dependent variables for each of the following research cases by writing your
answers on the table provided for:
Case 1:
To determine whether a diet of blueberries have an effect on aging, an
experiment involving 19-month-old rats was undertaken. In this study, one
group of rats was fed with their standard diet while the other three groups were
fed with a diet supplemented with blueberry, strawberry, or spinach powder,
respectively. After eight weeks, the rats were given a memory test and motor
skills test.
Case 2:
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), if given in mega doses, is known to reduce the
occurrences of cancer cells. To test this hypothesis, patients with known
cancers were given megadoses of vitamin C for 12 weeks. After twelve weeks,
screening tests were done to determine the decrease of cancer cells.
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Case 3:
Lucy is an owner of a fusion accessories store. She surveyed her
customers on their preferences for accessories on a headband. Thus, Lucy
would stock up on ribbons because this will determine the number of
headbands with ribbons that she can sell.
Case No. Independent Variable Dependent Variable
What’s New
Vocabulary Intensifier!
Below is a spider. At the center of the spider’s body is a word that you
are going to describe. Write your description in each leg of the spider, then
write a sentence using the word being described.
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_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
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What is It
Kinds of Variables and Their Uses
A variable is a characteristic of an individual or organization that can

be observed and measure, and it can vary among people or organizations
being studied (Creswell, 2002). It comes from the root word “vary” or simply
“can change”.
Bernard (1994) defines variables as something that can take more than
one value, and values can be words or numbers. The most common variables
in social research are are age, sex, gender, education, income, marital status,
and education.
Other experts define a variable as any entity that can take on different
values. Simply stated, anything that can vary can be considered a variable.
An attribute, on the other hand, is a specific value on a variable.
For instance:
- the variable sex has two attributes: male and female.
- The variable income has an attribute of 5,000 per month, 10,000 per
month, 15,000 per month, and so on.
-
Remember!
Variables should have at least 2 attributes otherwise it is constant.
Four Types of Variable

1. NOMINAL VARIABLE – represent categories that cannot be ordered in any
particular way.
Examples:
- Biological Sex (Male/Female) - Political Affiliation
- Blood Type - Zip code
- Race - Eye Color
- Political Party - Religion
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2. ORDINAL VARIABLE – represent categories that can be ordered from

greatest to smallest.
EXAMPLES:
- Grade level - Socio-economic status
- Satisfaction rating - Rank
3. INTERVAL VARIABLE – have values that lie along an evenly dispersed

range of numbers.
EXAMPLES:
- Employee’s net worth - Body Temperature
- pH level - SAT score (200-500)
4. RATIO VARIABLE – have variables that lie along the evenly dispersed
range of numbers when there is an absolute zero. It possesses the
properties of the interval variable and has a clear definition of zero.
EXAMPLES:
- dose amount - reaction rate, flow rate
- concentration - pulse rate
- weight - length
- distance
KINDS OF VARIABLES
1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES – those that probably cause, influence, or
affect outcomes. They are invariably called treatment, manipulated,
antecedent, or predictor variables.
Examples
A study on the relationship of parental support and academic performance

of Senior High School students in Narra National High School.
PARENTAL SUPPORT is the independent variable because it influenced
the outcome or the performance of the students.
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2. DEPENDENT VARIABLES – those that depend on the independent
variables; they are the outcomes or results on the influence of the
independent variable.
3. INTERVENING VARIABLE OR MEDIATING VARIABLE – “stand

between” the independent and dependent variables, and they show the
effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Examples:
A teacher-researcher is studying the effect of cooperative learning

activities (i.e., structure group work) toward the academic achievement in
science.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Cooperative Academic
Learning Achievement of
Students in Science
Intervening Variables
Student Trait:
Extrovert
Introvert
- Students who are extrovert enjoyed working in groups and tends to

participate in cooperative learning more than introvert students.
- The student’s trait like being introvert and extrovert is the intervening
variables because it mediates the effects of cooperative learning
activities and academic performance in science
From the given example above, Academic Performance of the SHS student in
NNHS is the Dependent Variable because it is depending on the kind of
parental support showed which makes their performance high or low.
4. CONTROL VARIABLE – special types of independent variables that are

measured in a study because they potentially influence the dependent
variable. Researchers use statistical procedures (e.g. analysis of
covariance) to control these variables. They may be demographic or
personal variables that need to be “controlled” so that the true influence of
the independent variable on the dependent can be determined. In an
experiment, it is the variable that is held constant.
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Examples: CONFOUNDING VARIABLES – those

that are not measured or observed in a
In a study, “Determining the Effects of Exposure to Different Colored Lights on the
study. They exist but their influence
Growth of the Plant”, the control variables are the type of plant, the amount of soil, and
the amount of water given to the plants. These cannot be directly
variables detected
are controlled in athe
so that study.
plant growth can be attributed with certainty to exposure to different colored lights.
What’s More
Directions: Answer the following questions below:

1. Distinguish independent from dependent variables in a complete sentence.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Explain the term “control variable” in your own words in a complete

sentence.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain “confounding variable” in your own words in a complete sentence.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Which of the two is an independent variable?

A. Students undergo blended learning in English subject.
B. Students who undergo blended learning have improved grades in an
English subject.
Explain your answer in a complete sentence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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5. Which of the two is the dependent variable?
A. A considerable number of consumers use the twin pack in a 3 in 1
coffee product.
B. A leading coffee manufacturer introduces a twin pack in a 3 in 1
coffee product.
Explain your answer in a complete sentence.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
What I Have Learned
Directions: Identify the level of measurement involved in the following

research situations. Use the following codes:
A – Nominal B – Ordinal C – Interval D – Ratio
___________1. The Top 10 songs for the week.

___________2. A fashion designer shares the top 10 most famous fashion
statement for the year.
__________3. Mrs. Gabayeron, STEM 11 adviser surveys her students’ health
status whether it is normal, overweight, obese, wasted, or severely wasted.
__________4. Ms. Rea, the Doctor’s secretary determines the weight of the baby
being brought to the clinic for treatment.
__________5. A student wants to determine the average of the correct answers
that he got from the last practical research 2 quiz.
__________6. A researcher wants to find out the number of hours that the
Senior High School TVL students spent in using social media.
__________7. A veterinary assistant records the breeds of dogs that are being
brought for treatment in the veterinary clinic.
__________8. You would like to find out the number of minutes it takes for
each member of the class from their respective house to the school
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_________9. A teacher asks the class on the degree of difficulty (easy,
moderate, or difficult) they experienced in their last periodic examination in
mathematics.
_________10. A geoscientist from the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical,
and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) determines the daily
temperature for June.
What I Can Do
Directions: Do a reflection essay (maximum of 250 words) on the kinds of

variables and their uses. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Assessment
Directions: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of the
best answer. Write your answer on the space provided:
________1. Students taught first aid by programmed instruction will achieve

at a higher level than those taught first aid by the traditional
method." The independent variable in this hypothesis is:
a. students c. programmed instruction
________2. In the example in question 1, the dependent variable is:

a. students c. programmed instruction
________3. A research report states that Group A was exposed to a new
teaching method and Group B was exposed to a traditional
method. At the end of four months, each group was given the same
achievement test. Group A had a mean score that was higher than
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the mean score for Group B. The dependent variable in this study
was the ______________________
a. achievement scores of the students
b. motivation of the students
c. type of teaching
d. length of the period of instruction
_________4. It is called dependent variable because the __________________

a. scores on this variable are hypothesized to depend on, and vary
with, the value of the independent variable
b. the outcome of an experiment is hypothesized to depend on the
effect that this variable has on the independent variable
c. scores on this variable can be expected not to vary in an
experiment
d. scores on this variable depending on how they are manipulated
by the researcher
_________5. The characteristics of persons or things that can assume different

values.
a. Distribution c. data
b. observations d. variables
_________6. A manipulated variable is one that __________________

a. Uses equipment
b. requires subjects to arrange materials
c. is arranged by the researcher
d. makes a study hard to interpret
________7. A moderator or intervening variable is one that:

a. Makes a relationship meaningless
b. qualifies the application of a relationship
c. weakens the strength of the relationship
d. provides an alternative explanation for a relationship
For questions number 8 – 15, write A – for Nominal, B – for Ordinal, C – for
Interval and D – for ratio on the given statements below:
_________8. Teaching position _________12. Grade Level
_________9. Birthplace _________13. Mood for the day
_________10. Birth order _________14. Mode of transportation
from house to school
_________11. Favorite food _________15. Proximity of house to
school
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Additional Activities
Directions: Draft your research title focusing your field of interest. Identify
the different kinds of variables that can be found in your proposed study.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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Assessment What I have Learned What I Know
1. D 1. B 1. B
2. B 2. B 2. C
3. A 3. A 3. B
4. A 4. D 4. B
5. D 5. D 5. A
6. B 6. D 6. B
7. D 7. A 7. A
8. B 8. D 8. B
9. A 9. B 9. D
10. B 10. D 10. A
11. A 11. A
12. B 12. B
13. A 13. D
14. A 14. A
15. D 15. B
Answer Key
References
Baroceros, Esther L. 2016. Practical Research 2; First Edition. First Edition.
Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Books Store.
Fataldo, Ruben E., Medardo B. Bombita, Helen B. Boholano, and Angeline M.
Pogoy. 2016. Practical Research 2: Quantitative Research. Quezon City:
Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
Maria Lourdes F. Melegrito, and Diana J. Mendoza. 2016. Applied Research: An
Introduction to Quantitative Methods and Report Writing. Quezon City:
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Morales-Ramos, Ana Cherylle, Maureen B. Sabit, Joshua Evan M. Bajao, and John
Donnie A. Ramos. 2017. Exploring Life Through Science Series: Capstone
Research Project. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Prieto, Nilda G., Victoria C. Naval, and Teresita G. Carey. 2017. Practical Research
for Senior High School 2: Quantitative. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
Pulmones, Richard. 2016. You and the Natural World: Quantitative Research.
Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Yap-Patron, Ida. 2018. Quantitative Research for Senior High School. Quezon City:
Great Books Trading.
15
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – SDO Palawan
Curriculum Implementation Division Office

2nd Floor Deped Palawan Building
Telephone no. (048) 433-3292
Learning Resources Management Section

LRMS Building, PEO Compound
Telephone No. (048) 434-0099
16

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Senior

  

Published by the Department of Education, Division of Palawan

Development Team of the Module

Printed in the Philippines, by ________________________

Department of Education – MIMAROPA Region – Division of Palawan

Office Address: PEO Road, Barangay Bancao-Bancao, Puerto Princesa City

Senior High School

  

Welcome to the Practical Research 2 Modular Distance Learning

This module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed by

Notes to the Teacher

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use

Welcome to the Practical Research 2 Modular Distance Learning

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

In this portion, the new lesson will be

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

What I Need to Know

1. What kind of variable is measured using 2 different values?

2. "Students taught first aid by programmed instruction will achieve at a

3. In the example in question 2, the dependent variable is:

4. A cross-sectional study is carried out to examine whether Navy personnel

5. In an experimental design, the dependent variable is:

6. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called:

7. What sort of data are zip code?

8. What sort of data is socio-economic status?

9. In a study, “Effectiveness of Exposing Students in classical Music in

10. What sort of variable is dress size?

11. A mediator or intervening variable is:

12. A research study on the teacher’s performance-related salary increases

14. The key defining characteristic of experimental research is that:

Case No. Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Kinds of Variables and Their Uses

A variable is a characteristic of an individual or organization that can

Variables should have at least 2 attributes otherwise it is constant.

Four Types of Variable

2. ORDINAL VARIABLE – represent categories that can be ordered from

3. INTERVAL VARIABLE – have values that lie along an evenly dispersed

A study on the relationship of parental support and academic performance

3. INTERVENING VARIABLE OR MEDIATING VARIABLE – “stand

A teacher-researcher is studying the effect of cooperative learning

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

- Students who are extrovert enjoyed working in groups and tends to

4. CONTROL VARIABLE – special types of independent variables that are

Examples: CONFOUNDING VARIABLES – those

Directions: Answer the following questions below:

2. Explain the term “control variable” in your own words in a complete

3. Explain “confounding variable” in your own words in a complete sentence.

4. Which of the two is an independent variable?

What I Have Learned

Directions: Identify the level of measurement involved in the following

A – Nominal B – Ordinal C – Interval D – Ratio

___________1. The Top 10 songs for the week.

Directions: Do a reflection essay (maximum of 250 words) on the kinds of

________1. Students taught first aid by programmed instruction will achieve

________2. In the example in question 1, the dependent variable is:

_________4. It is called dependent variable because the __________________

_________5. The characteristics of persons or things that can assume different

_________6. A manipulated variable is one that __________________

_4. It is called dependent variable because the __________

_6. A manipulated variable is one that __________