Q628263 Inglês Interpretação de Texto - Reading Comprehension

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61 Q628263 Inglês > Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension
Ano: 2016 Banca: FGV Órgão: IBGE Provas: FGV - 2016 - IBGE - Analista - Processos Administrativos e Disciplinares
...
TEXT II
The backlash against big data
[…]
Big data refers to the idea that society can do things with a large body of data that weren’t possible when working
with smaller amounts. The term was originally applied a decade ago to massive datasets from astrophysics,
genomics and internet search engines, and to machine-learning systems (for voice-recognition and translation, for
example) that work well only when given lots of data to chew on. Now it refers to the application of data-analysis
and statistics in new areas, from retailing to human resources. The backlash began in mid-March, prompted by an
article in Science by David Lazer and others at Harvard and Northeastern University. It showed that a big-data
poster-child—Google Flu Trends, a 2009 project which identi�ed �u outbreaks from search queries alone—had
overestimated the number of cases for four years running, compared with reported data from the Centres for
Disease Control (CDC). This led to a wider attack on the idea of big data.
The criticisms fall into three areas that are not intrinsic to big data per se, but endemic to data analysis, and have
some merit. First, there are biases inherent to data that must not be ignored. That is undeniably the case. Second,
some proponents of big data have claimed that theory (ie, generalisable models about how the world works) is
obsolete. In fact, subject-area knowledge remains necessary even when dealing with large data sets. Third, the risk
of spurious correlations—associations that are statistically robust but happen only by chance—increases with more
data. Although there are new statistical techniques to identify and banish spurious correlations, such as running
many tests against subsets of the data, this will always be a problem.
There is some merit to the naysayers' case, in other words. But these criticisms do not mean that big-data analysis
has no merit whatsoever. Even the Harvard researchers who decried big data "hubris" admitted in Science that
melding Google Flu Trends analysis with CDC’s data improved the overall forecast—showing that big data can in
fact be a useful tool. And research published in PLOS Computational Biology on April 17th shows it is possible to
estimate the prevalence of the �u based on visits to Wikipedia articles related to the illness. Behind the big data
backlash is the classic hype cycle, in which a technology’s early proponents make overly grandiose claims, people
sling arrows when those promises fall �at, but the technology eventually transforms the world, though not
necessarily in ways the pundits expected. It happened with the web, and television, radio, motion pictures and the
telegraph before it. Now it is simply big data’s turn to face the grumblers.
(From http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist explains/201 4/04/economist-explains-10)
When Text II mentions “grumblers” in “to face the grumblers”, it refers to:
A scientists who use many tests;
B people who murmur complaints;
C those who support large data sets;
D statisticians who promise solid results;
E researchers who work with the internet.
62 Q628262 Inglês > Verbos | Verbs , Passado simples | Simple past
...
The base form, past tense and past participle of the verb “fall” in “The criticisms fall into three areas” are,
respectively:
A fall-fell-fell;
B fall-fall-fallen;
C fall-fell-fallen;
D fall-falled-fell;
E fall-felled-falling.
...
The three main arguments against big data raised by Text II in the second paragraph are:
A large numbers; old theories; consistent relations;
B intrinsic partiality; outdated concepts; casual links;
C clear views; updated assumptions; weak associations;
D objective approaches; dated models; genuine connections;
E scienti�c impartiality; unfounded theories; strong relations.
64 Q628260 Inglês > Vocabulário | Vocabulary , Sinônimos | Synonyms
...
The use of the phrase “the backlash” in the title of Text II means the:
A backing of;
B support for;
C decision for;
D resistance to;
E overpowering of.
65 Q628259 Inglês > Aspectos linguísticos | Linguistic aspects
...
TEXT I
Will computers ever truly understand what we’re saying?
Date: January 11, 2016

Source University of California - Berkeley
Summary:
If you think computers are quickly approaching true human communication, think again. Computers like Siri often
get confused because they judge meaning by looking at a word’s statistical regularity. This is unlike humans, for
whom context is more important than the word or signal, according to a researcher who invented a
communication game allowing only nonverbal cues, and used it to pinpoint regions of the brain where mutual
understanding takes place.
From Apple’s Siri to Honda’s robot Asimo, machines seem to be getting better and better at communicating with
humans. But some neuroscientists caution that today’s computers will never truly understand what we’re saying
because they do not take into account the context of a conversation the way people do.
Speci�cally, say University of California, Berkeley, postdoctoral fellow Arjen Stolk and his Dutch colleagues,
machines don’t develop a shared understanding of the people, place and situation - often including a long social
history - that is key to human communication. Without such common ground, a computer cannot help but be
confused.
“People tend to think of communication as an exchange of linguistic signs or gestures, forgetting that much of
communication is about the social context, about who you are communicating with,” Stolk said.
The word “bank,” for example, would be interpreted one way if you’re holding a credit card but a di�erent way if
you’re holding a �shing pole. Without context, making a “V” with two �ngers could mean victory, the number two,
or “these are the two �ngers I broke.”
“All these subtleties are quite crucial to understanding one another,” Stolk said, perhaps more so than the words
and signals that computers and many neuroscientists focus on as the key to communication. “In fact, we can
understand one another without language, without words and signs that already have a shared meaning.”
(Adapted from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/01/1 60111135231.htm)
The word “so” in “perhaps more so than the words and signals” is used to refer to something already stated in Text
I. In this context, it refers to:
A key;
B crucial;
C subtleties;
D understanding;
E communication.
...
If you are holding a �shing pole, the word “bank” means a:
A safe;
B seat;
C boat;
D building;
E coastline.
...
According to the researchers from the University of California, Berkeley:
A words tend to have a single meaning;
B computers can understand people’s social history;
C it is easy to understand words even out of context;
D people can communicate without using actual words;
E social context tends to create problems in communication.
...
Based on the summary provided for Text I, mark the statements below as TRUE (T) or FALSE (F).
( ) Contextual clues are still not accounted for by computers.
( ) Computers are unreliable because they focus on language patterns.
( ) A game has been invented based on the words people use.
The statements are, respectively:
A F – T – T;
B T – F – T;
C F – F – T;
D F – T – F;
E T – T – F.
...
The title of Text I reveals that the author of this text is:
A unsure;
B trustful;
C careless;
D annoyed;
E con�dent.
70 Q603165 Inglês > Pronomes | Pronouns
Ano: 2016 Banca: FGV Órgão: MRE Prova: FGV - 2016 - MRE - O�cial de Chancelaria
TEXT III
Use of language in diplomacy
What language should one use when speaking to diplomats, or what language should diplomats use? Or, to be
more precise, what language/languages should a (young) diplomat try to learn to be more successful in his
profession?
The term "language in diplomacy" obviously can be interpreted in several ways. First, as tongue ("mother" tongue
or an acquired one), the speech "used by one nation, tribe, or other similar large group of people"; in this sense we
can say, for example, that French used to be the predominant diplomatic language in the �rst half of the 20th
century. Second, as a special way of expressing the subtle needs of the diplomatic profession; in this way it can be
said, for example, that the delegate of such-andsuch a country spoke of the given subject in totally nondiplomatic
language. Also, the term can refer to the particular form, style, manner or tone of expression; such as the minister
formulated his conditions in unusually strong language. It may mean as well the verbal or non-verbal expression of
thoughts or feelings: sending the gunships is a language that everybody understands.
All of these meanings - and probably several others - can be utilised in both oral and written practice. In any of
these senses, the use of language in diplomacy is of major importance, since language is not a simple tool, vehicle
for transmission of thoughts, or instrument of communication, but very often the very essence of the diplomatic
vocation, and that has been so from the early beginnings of our profession. That is why from early times the �rst
envoys of the Egyptian pharaohs, Roman legates, mediaeval Dubrovnik consuls, etc., had to be educated and
trained people, well-spoken and polyglots.
Let us �rst look into di�erent aspects of diplomatic language in its basic meaning - that of a tongue. Obviously, the
�rst problem to solve is �nding a common tongue. Diplomats only exceptionally �nd themselves in the situation to
be able to communicate in one language, common to all participants. This may be done between, for example,
Germans and Austrians, or Portuguese and Brazilians, or representatives of di�erent Arab countries, or British and
Americans, etc. Not only are such occasions rare, but very often there is a serious di�erence between the same
language used in one country and another.
There are several ways to overcome the problem of communication between people who speak di�erent mother
tongues. None of these ways is ideal. One solution, obviously, is that one of the interlocutors speaks the language
of the other. Problems may arise: the knowledge of the language may not be adequate, one side is making a
concession and the other has an immediate and signi�cant advantage, there are possible political implications, it
may be di�cult to apply in multilateral diplomacy, etc. A second possibility is that both sides use a third, neutral,
language. A potential problem may be that neither side possesses full linguistic knowledge and control, leading to
possible bad misunderstandings. Nevertheless, this method is frequently applied in international practice because
of its political advantages. A third formula, using interpreters, is also very widely used, particularly in multilateral
diplomacy or for negotiations at a very high political level - not only for reasons of equity, but because politicians
and statesmen often do not speak foreign languages. This method also has disadvantages: it is time consuming,
costly, and sometimes inadequate or straightforwardly incorrect. […] Finally, there is the possibility of using one
international synthetic, arti�cial language, such as Esperanto; this solution would have many advantages, but
unfortunately is not likely to be implemented soon, mostly because of the opposition of factors that dominate in
the international political - and therefore also cultural and linguistic - scene.
So, which language is the diplomatic one? The answer is not simple at all […].
Words are bricks from which sentences are made. Each sentence should be a wound-up thought. If one wants to
be clear, and particularly when using a language which he does not master perfectly, it is better to use short,
simple sentences. On the contrary, if one wishes to camou�age his thoughts or even not say anything speci�c, it
can be well achieved by using a more complicated style, complex sentences, digressions, interrupting one's own
�ow of thought and introducing new topics. One may leave the impression of being a little confused, but the basic
purpose of withholding the real answer can be accomplished.
(adapted from http://www.diplomacy.edu/books/language_and_ diplomacy/texts/pdf/nick.PDF)
Pronouns are words that take the place of a noun or a noun group. In the passage “The term ‘language in
diplomacy’ obviously can be interpreted in several ways. First, as tongue (‘mother’ tongue or an acquired one), the
speech ‘used by one nation, tribe, or other similar large group of people’,” the pronoun “one” is replacing:
A nation;
B mother;
C speech;
D tongue;
E diplomacy.
In the passage “Second, as a special way of expressing the subtle needs of the diplomatic profession; in this way it
can be said, for example, that the delegate of such-and-such a country spoke…” the expression “in this way” can be
replaced, without change in meaning by:
A hence;
B though;
C hereby;
D hereafter;
E thereabouts.
Inglês > Substantivos e compostos | Nouns and compounds ,

72 Q603163 Substantivos contáveis e incontáveis | Countable and uncountable ,
Plural dos substantivos | Plural of nouns
The word that forms the plural in the same way as “fora” in “The United States and Brazil are also advancing human
rights issues in bilateral and multilateral fora” is:
A agenda;
B nucleus;
C formula;
D criterion;
E paralysis.
73 Q603162 Inglês > Aspectos linguísticos | Linguistic aspects
The sentence that o�ers a suggestion is:
A “Each sentence should be a wound-up thought”;
B “One may leave the impression of being a little confused”;
C “A third formula, using interpreters, is also very widely used”;
D “The term ‘language in diplomacy’ obviously can be interpreted in several ways”;
E “it is time consuming, costly, and sometimes inadequate or straightforwardly incorrect”.
Mark the statements below as TRUE (T) or FALSE (F) according to points raised in Text III.
( ) Diplomats are often in situations where a common language is spoken. ( ) Using an interpreter as mediator is a
�awless alternative for diplomatic meetings. ( ) Despite the e�orts to do away with problems in communication, the
ideal solution has not been found yet. The correct sequence is:
A F – T – T;
B T – F – F;
C T – T – F;
D F – T – F;
E F – F – T.
In the second paragraph of Text III the author refers to di�erent meanings the term “language” can carry. When he
argues that “sending the gunships is a language that everybody understands”, he means that:
A threatening language should not be used in diplomatic exchanges;
B people understand the sentence because it is written in plain English;
C the language of diplomacy is rather complex so it is better to act �rst;
D one does not need to understand the language because this action speaks for itself;
E one must learn how to speak many languages to avoid misunderstandings and war.
76 Q603159 Inglês > Palavras conectivas | Connective words , Sinônimos | Synonyms
TEXT II
World Work Worker Workplace
Does your workplace o�er a�ordances for #wellbeing? Natural light, movement, a view, informal areas to socialize
or collaborate? 40% say no.

The logical link created by the underlined words in “91% of people say they need casual spaces to re-energize and
yet more than half (51%) have no place to go within the workplace” is the same as the one created by:
A but;
B until;
C unless;
D because;
E although.
77 Q603158 Inglês > Vocabulário | Vocabulary , Aspectos linguísticos | Linguistic aspects
In “pleasing views” the word “pleasing” is to “pleasure” as:
A “breaking” is to “broken”;
B “grieve” is to “grievance”;
C “friendly” is to “friendship”;
D “outstanding” is to “outstand”;
E “understand” is to “understandable”.
According to Text II, when workers complain that too much noise in the o�ce has been undermining their work,
they probably need:
A better views;
B louder rooms;
C more privacy;
D more co�ee breaks;
E more informal areas.
Inglês > Advérbios e conjunções | Adverbs and conjunctions ,

79 Q603156
Determinantes e quanti�cadores | Determiners and quanti�ers
According to the survey conducted in Text II, the workers who are unhappy with their working conditions are:
A few;
B little;
C a little;
D too much;
E quite a few.
80 Q603155 Inglês > Discurso direto e indireto | Reported speech
TEXT I
How music is the real language of political diplomacy
Forget guns and bombs, it is the power of melody that has changed the world
Marie Zawisza
Saturday 31 October 2015 10.00 GMT
Last modi�ed on Tuesday 10 November 201513.19 GMT

An old man plays his cello at the foot of a crumbling wall. The notes of the sarabande of Bach’s Suite No 2 rise in
the cold air, praising God for the “miracle” of the fall of the Berlin Wall, as Mstislav Rostropovich later put it. The
photograph is seen around the world. The date is 11 November 1989, and the Russian virtuoso is marching to the
beat of history.
Publicity stunt or political act? No doubt a bit of both – and proof, in any case, that music can have a political
dimension. Yo-Yo Ma showed as much in September when the cellist opened the new season of the Philharmonie
de Paris with the Boston Symphony Orchestra. As a “messenger of peace” for the United Nations, the Chinese
American is the founder of Silk Road Project, which trains young musicians from a variety of cultures to listen to
and improvise with each other and develop a common repertoire. “In this way, musicians create a dialogue and
arrive at common policies,” says analyst Frédéric Ramel, a professor at the Institut d’Études Politiques in Paris. By
having music take the place of speeches and peace talks, the hope is that it will succeed where diplomacy has
failed.[…]
Curiously, the study of the role of music in international relations is still in its infancy. “Historians must have long
seen it as something fanciful, because history has long been dominated by interpretations that stress economic,
social and political factors,” says Anaïs Fléchet, a lecturer in contemporary history at the Université de Versailles-St-
Quentin and co-editor of a book about music and globalisation.
“As for musicologists,” she adds, “until quite recently they were more interested in analysing musical scores than
the actual context in which these were produced and how they were received.” In the 1990s came a cultural shift.
Scholars were no longer interested solely in “hard power” – that is, in the balance of powers and in geopolitics – but
also in “soft power”, where political issues are resolved by mutual support rather than force. […]

Gilberto Gil sings while then UN secretary general Ko� Annan plays percussion at a September 2003 concert at the
UN headquarters honouring those killed by a bomb at a UN o�ce in Baghdad a month earlier. Photograph:
Zuma/Alamy
Since then, every embassy has a cultural attaché. The US engages in “audio diplomacy” by �nancing hip-hop
festivals in the Middle East. China promotes opera in neighbouring states to project an image of harmony. Brazil
has invested in culture to assert itself as a leader in Latin America, notably by establishing close collaboration
between its ministries of foreign a�airs and culture; musician Gilberto Gil was culture minister during Luiz Inácio
Lula da Silva᾽s presidency from 2003 to 2008. He was involved in France’s Year of Brazil. As Fléchet recalls, “the free
concert he gave on 13 July, 2005 at the Place de la Bastille was the pinnacle. That day, he sang La Marseillaise in the
presence of presidents Lula and Jacques Chirac.” Two years earlier, in September 2003, Gil sang at the UN in
honour of the victims of the 19 August bombing of the UN headquartes in Baghdad. He was delivering a message
of peace, criticising the war on Iraq by the US: “There is no point in preaching security without giving a thought to
respecting others,” he told his audience. Closing the concert, he invited then UN secretary general Ko� Annan on
stage for a surprise appearance as a percussionist. “This highly symbolic image, which highlighted the conviction
that culture can play a role in bringing people together, shows how music can become a political language,” Fléchet
says.
(adapted from http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/oct/31 /music-language-human-rights-political-diplomacy)
The correct form of reporting the sentence “‘…musicians create a dialogue and arrive at common policies,’ says
analyst Frédéric Ramel” is:
A Analyst Frédéric Ramel said that musicians created a dialogue and arrived at common policies;
B Analyst Frédéric Ramel says that musicians created a dialogue and would arrive at common policies;
C Analyst Frédéric Ramel would say that musicians created a dialogue and would arrive at common policies;
D Analyst Frédéric Ramel had said that musicians had created a dialogue and arrived at common policies;
E Analyst Frédéric Ramel has said that musicians are creating a dialogue and arriving at common policies.
Respostas
61: B 62: C 63: B 64: D 65: B 66: E 67: D 68: E 69: A 70: D 71: A
72: D 73: A 74: E 75: D 76: A 77: C 78: C 79: E 80: A
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61 Q628263 Inglês > Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

The backlash against big data

(From http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist explains/201 4/04/economist-explains-10)

A scientists who use many tests;

B people who murmur complaints;

C those who support large data sets;

D statisticians who promise solid results;

E researchers who work with the internet.

62 Q628262 Inglês > Verbos | Verbs , Passado simples | Simple past

63 Q628261 Inglês > Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

A large numbers; old theories; consistent relations;

B intrinsic partiality; outdated concepts; casual links;

C clear views; updated assumptions; weak associations;

D objective approaches; dated models; genuine connections;

E scienti�c impartiality; unfounded theories; strong relations.

64 Q628260 Inglês > Vocabulário | Vocabulary , Sinônimos | Synonyms

65 Q628259 Inglês > Aspectos linguísticos | Linguistic aspects

Will computers ever truly understand what we’re saying?

Date: January 11, 2016

(Adapted from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/01/1 60111135231.htm)

66 Q628258 Inglês > Vocabulário | Vocabulary , Sinônimos | Synonyms

If you are holding a �shing pole, the word “bank” means a:

According to the researchers from the University of California, Berkeley:

A words tend to have a single meaning;

B computers can understand people’s social history;

C it is easy to understand words even out of context;

D people can communicate without using actual words;

E social context tends to create problems in communication.

68 Q628256 Inglês > Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

( ) Contextual clues are still not accounted for by computers.

( ) Computers are unreliable because they focus on language patterns.

( ) A game has been invented based on the words people use.

The statements are, respectively:

70 Q603165 Inglês > Pronomes | Pronouns

Use of language in diplomacy

(adapted from http://www.diplomacy.edu/books/language_and_ diplomacy/texts/pdf/nick.PDF)

71 Q603164 Inglês > Vocabulário | Vocabulary , Sinônimos | Synonyms

Inglês > Substantivos e compostos | Nouns and compounds ,

73 Q603162 Inglês > Aspectos linguísticos | Linguistic aspects

The sentence that o�ers a suggestion is:

A “Each sentence should be a wound-up thought”;

B “One may leave the impression of being a little confused”;

C “A third formula, using interpreters, is also very widely used”;

D “The term ‘language in diplomacy’ obviously can be interpreted in several ways”;

E “it is time consuming, costly, and sometimes inadequate or straightforwardly incorrect”.

74 Q603161 Inglês > Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

75 Q603160 Inglês > Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

A threatening language should not be used in diplomatic exchanges;

B people understand the sentence because it is written in plain English;

C the language of diplomacy is rather complex so it is better to act �rst;

76 Q603159 Inglês > Palavras conectivas | Connective words , Sinônimos | Synonyms

World Work Worker Workplace

77 Q603158 Inglês > Vocabulário | Vocabulary , Aspectos linguísticos | Linguistic aspects

In “pleasing views” the word “pleasing” is to “pleasure” as:

78 Q603157 Inglês > Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

D more co�ee breaks;