OPEN AND CASED HOLE DATA EVALUATION

GSG 731: PETROPHYSICS

Uniben COE

Biodun Laoye ‟ Senior Petrophysicist

21-Aug-13 1
Ground Rules

 Encourage interaction:

 discussion, exercises, syndicate work

 Challenge the obvious - there are no silly questions

 Ask questions as we go

 Contribute

 One person speaking, avoid side discussions

 Turn cell phones off!!

 No web surfing, no e-mail!!

 Return from breaks on time

 Have fun

21-Aug-13 2
COURSE OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course the participants should be able to:

 Explain the basic physics of reservoir properties: net reservoir, porosity, permeability and saturation.

Explain how these properties determine hydrocarbons in place and hydrocarbon recovery.

Explain how the basic reservoir properties can be quantified from mud log, log and core data

Describe the principles of measurement and interpretation of the following data gathering types:

 Electrical Resistivity logs

 Caliper, GR, Density and Neutron logs
 Sonic logs
Describe uncertainties associated with these measurement and interpretation techniques, as a result of:

 Borehole environment and borehole conditions, including mud type

 Measurement uncertainty
 Alternative interpretations

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COURSE OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course the participants should be able to:

 Understand basics of data acquisition tool physics
 Conveyance options for various well types

 Carry out Quick Look interpretation of a log dataset - in terms of net reservoir, porosity, permeability and fluid distribution

 Describe techniques for Cased Hole integrity Logging , the main applications and limitations

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WHAT DO PETROPHYSICISTS DO ALL DAY?

Petrophysicists study rock and fluid properties in the vicinity of the wellbore using downhole
measurements.

Petrophysics plays an important role in the identification and quantification of hydrocarbon resources in
the subsurface and provides an evaluation of the nature of formation fluids and rock properties.

This is achieved by acquisition and interpretation of downhole "logging" measurements of the physical
properties of the subsurface, and in most cases, in combination with analyses of drill cuttings, sidewall
samples and/or core samples along with formation fluid samples.

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 WHY WELL SITE DATA ACQUISITION?

Data Collection
Subsurface Operations Data use
Well & Reservoir Data Interpretation
Cuttings & Cores
Mudlog & Wireline Log
Regional Geology & Seismic
Testing

3D Subsurface Model (Mores)

Data Value
Interpretation
Structural geology
Decision Making Analogues
Well proposal Comparison
Well Programme Hydrocarbon Distribution
Field Development
Bidding Strategy
Relinquishment

Model Building
Model Use

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WHAT DO WE NEED TO KNOW………. ?C

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WELL DATA REQUIREMENTS
Formation Information
 depth Fluid Information
 gross thickness y type
y distribution
 net reservoir
y saturation
 porosity y pressure
 permeability y temperature
y viscosity
 lithology
y density
 mechanical properties ‟ strength y contaminants
 chemical stability

 wettability

 density

 acoustic velocity

 formation dip
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DATA GATHERING & THE BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT

Open and Cased Hole Data Evaluation

GSG 731: Petrophysics

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 DATA AVAILABILITY REVIEW AND QC
 Data collection and collation

 date,

 log types
 Tool types and generation
 well conditions and status,
 length (confirm coverage of objective intervals)
 Quality Control

 Splicing,

 Despiking and gap filling

 Ensure response is within bounds
 Depth matching
 Normalisation

Month 2010 11
 THE BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT

• Hot, dark, high pressure.

What is the borehole environment?
• Borehole may enlarge
• Borehole may have a mudcake build up.
• Borehole walls may develop fractures.
• This will vary in magnitude and may vary along the length of the well.
• These will influence the response of the logging tools.

• The rocks forming the borehole wall are altered by drilling activity.
• Most commonly there is invasion of the borehole wall by mud filtrate.
• Invasion may influence the response of the logging tools.
• The depth of invasion varies with rock and mud properties.

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THE BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT

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SAME HOLE, DIFFERENT CALIPERS

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 DATA SOURCES
Drilling data
Mudlog (cuttings, chromatograph)
Core

Log data (while drilling or after)

Resistivity
Nuclear
Acoustic
Logs Seismic
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Borehole
Sampling geophysics
Other ”high-tech” tools
Logs
Well tests
Cores

Borehole Seismic
SEM

 cm m 10-100m > 100m

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LINK OF VARIOUS ROCK PROPERTIES TO LOG TYPES

Electrofacies Comparative Links to Facies Recognition (after Bigelow, 1985)

Log Measurements Log Measurements

Strongly Affected Somewhat Influenced
Spontaneous Potential
Gamma Ray
Neutron Hydrogen Index
Spectral Gamma Ray
Acoustic Transit Time
Bulk Density
Rock Composition Dielectric Propagation
Photoelectric Capture
Dielectric Attenuation
Inelastic Gamma Ray
Pulsed Neutron Capture
Caliper
Microresistivity
Spontaneous Potential
Neutron Hydrogen Index
Acoustic Attenuation
Acoustic Transit Time
Bulk Density
Texture Resistivity
Pulsed Neutron Capture
Caliper
Inelastic Gamma Ray
Dielectric Propagation
Microresistivity
Resistivity
Spontaneous Potential
Internal Structure Microresistivity
Dielectric Propagation
Acoustic Attentuation
Resistivity
Neutron Hydrogen Index
Bulk Density
Spontaneous Potential
Pulsed Neutron Capture
Fluid Acoustic Transit Time
Inelastic Gamma Ray
Acoustic Attenuation
Dielectric Propagation
Dielectric Attenuation Month 2010 16
Temperature
DATA AQUISITION

Ideally, we would like to view directly the rocks in our well…......

Introducing the 2-
armed dipmeter
with neural
network

21-Aug-13 17
DEPTH

 This is the most basic measurement the service company sells us.

 It is so basic that it is sometimes taken for granted.

 Without confidence in depth control all other measurements are

meaningless.

 There are well defined procedures which should be followed if a high

level of accuracy is to be obtained.

21-Aug-13 18
 DRILLERS DEPTH VS. LOGGERS DEPTH

Drillers Depth

 Cumulative addition of all pipe / BHA etc

 Usually measured vertically in the derrick or pipe rack

 Rarely if ever corrected for tension

Loggers Depth

 Logging units have very accurate wheels that measure the cable length as it passes through

 They also measure the tension on the cable

 Using this information a stretch correction is done

21-Aug-13 19
 DEPTH REFERENCING SYSTEMS

Relative depth (MD)

 Position in relation to some local or nearby reference (e.g below derrick

floor)

 Essential for correlation / tie in of e.g perforating guns

 Relatively easy

Absolute depth (e.g. TVDSS)

 Distance from some well defined master reference level

 Essential for fixing fluid contacts in multiple well fields

 Important for fixing structures

 Can be very important for geological mapping

21-Aug-13 20
 MUDLOG DATA
Cuttings descriptions and show info (stain, odor,
A Mudlog from the Wellsite
fluorescence, cut flu. )

Mudlogging: its value in Drilling rate

evaluation should not be metre / hour

underestimated
ROP
Gas chromatograph:
C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7,

Virtual
Microscope

„ planned vs. actual

„ planning of operations
„ lithology & pore fill
„ overpressures
„ unusual minerals
„ etc.

Shell Learning
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APPLICATIONS OF MUDLOGGING
Monitoring of bit performance
Determination of Lithology
Early indication of wells position within the predicted stratigrapgy
 Casing setting depth

 Total depth

 Coring depth

Indication of hydrocarbon type

Indication of the pressure conditions using the “d-exponent”
ROP = RPM(WOB/D)^d
 ROP: Rate of penetration
 RPM: Revolutionper Minute
 WOB: Weight on bit
 D: bit diameter
 d: d exponent

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LIMITATIONS OF MUDLOGGING

Limited depth accuracy (+/- 5m) subject to mud flow rate and carring capacity:
 Annular volume
 Circulation rate
 Hole deviation

Mixing of fragments from various depths

Contamination by caving from unstable shales higher in wellbore

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WHOLE CORING

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INFORMATION FROM CONVENTIONAL CORES

Petrophysics Geology
•Basic rock properties (Porosity, Permeability, grain •Facies analysis
density) •Mineral Identification
•Saturation from capillary pressure •Diagenesis and clay typing
•Effect of stress and production compaction. •Deposition information
•Electrical properties (m,n) •Formation age
•Cation Exchange capacity •Microscopic and X-ray analyses
•Acoustic properties
Reservoir Engineering Production Engineering
•Relative Permeability •Well injectivity/Productivity
•Capillary pressure curves •Sand control parameters
•Critical gas saturation •Rock mechanical data
•Pore volume compressibility •Mineralogy for acid stimulation
•Flooding tests

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SIDEWALL CORING

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 CONVEYANCE - OVERVIEW
Open Hole:

 Wireline

 Pipe conveyed (TLC)

 Logging while drilling

Cased Hole:

 Wireline / Slickline (memory)

 Tractors

 Coiled Tubing (memory)

Niche applications:

 Through drillpipe ‟ shuttle / wireline

Picture from Schlumberger Oilfield Review Summer 2011

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WIRELINE LOGGING - TOOL STRINGS

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DRILLPIPE CONVEYED LOGGING
TOUGH LOGGING SYSTEM (TLC)

TRIP TO TOTAL DEPTH

1. Clamp cable at side entry sub and pump slug
(optional).
2. Rig up snatch block and pull base tension on
wireline.
3. Proceed to total depth or deepest depth to be logged
on segment.
4. Winch is in neutral, operator monitors tension on
wireline to keep up with progress of drill pipe.
5. Logging engineer monitors compression while
tripping in, TLC specialist is on drill floor. Radio
communication maintained with TLC specialist,
operator and logging engineer.
6. Log down and log up.

21-Aug-13 30
DATA ACQUISITION WHILE DRILLING

21-Aug-13 31
NICHE APPLICATIONS ‟THROUGH PIPE / CARRIER CONVEYED
Slim hole tools

 Deployed on/within drillpipe

 memory logging (“shuttle”)

 Difficult hole conditions (washout, stickiness),

high angle

Weatherford Schlumberger

Compact Suite (quad combo + pressures)

Multiexpress (no laterolog / pressures)

21-Aug-13 32
 DEPLOYMENT ‟ DECISION CRITERIA

 Well objectives

 What stage ‟ exploration ‟ appraisal ‟ development?

 What type of data; open hole / cased hole?

 What accuracy?

 Deviation

 Operational Circumstances

 Local experience in deployment

 Cost

 Availability of Equipment

21-Aug-13 33