INNOVATIONS .

4 IN BUSINESS - AN
ENVIRONMENTAL
PERSPECTIVE

Non- Conventional Energy Sources - Wind, Bio-fuel, Solar,

• Tidal a11d Nuclear E1tergtJ
Inn o v ative Business Models : Eco-Touris1n, Green
• Mark eting, Orga11ic Fa~ing, Eco-Fr_iendly Packaging,
Waste Management Pro;ects for Profits, Other Business
Projects for G.reener Future

N ON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES

Wi th in crea s ing d e n1a nd for e n ergy and with fast depleting

conven tion a l s o urces of ener gy s uch as coal, petroleum, n a tural gas,
e tc. the non-conventional sources o f energy s u ch as energy from
s un, vvind , bio n1a ss, tidal e n e rgy, gee-the rmal e n e rgy and even
e n ergy fro m was te ma terial a r e gaining importance. This en ergy is
a bun da nt, renewable, pollution f ree a nd eco-frie nd] y. Energy
g ene ra te d by us ing wind, tides, s olar , geothe rmal h eat, and biomass
including fa rm a nd a n imal was te as w e ll as human excreta is known
a s non-convention a l e nerg y . All these sources are r en ewable or
inexhau s tible a nd do not cause en v ironmenta l pollution. Moreover
th ey d o not r equi re h eavy e x penditure. It ca n b e more conveniently
s u p plie d to urban, ru ra l and even r e m o te a r eas. T hus itis capable of
 • 11 ;,, Bus iness - A11 Env iro17111 (' 111t1I p <'r...pectu.,e
-,flft O
79.>
111
1,,, ' the twi n pro ble m s of enc
y sup ply in a dec entralit.,ed
.0JviJ1g "'nd h e lping in s us ta inin grglean er e
er " c ·
· n\·1ronn1 ent. I t ic; the
~1:JflJ1 of the futu re.
~11e(gY
WJ ND EN ER G Y
J• . ano the r imp orta n t sou rce of no .
. d is . n-co nven tion al, ener gy. Win d
tlifl sed by hug e con vec tion curr ents in th
jS c~tl by h eat e nergy from the Sun Th·
e Eart h a tmos phe re,
5

driven ther e wiJJ be win d . The m ov i~g an ~s (m~a ns as long as the s un

·pes , d t-: can be tran sfe wdind) has hug e an,o unts
sill tic en.e rgy , a n tuis .
1 en e rgy
of ~iJ1 ~u:, d turb ine s. The win d turn s the ~~= d~;t : e!ec tric~
t1S~i
i\lfiJC
con nec ts to a gen erat or a nd mak es elec trici h1ch s pin
hro ug h tran smi ss ion and d. tr'b .
a s l:1 ~ft,
. ty. The e lectnc1ty
n
. sent t b . -- is 1 u non Imes to a s ubs tatio
iS on to homes, u srne ss a nd edu. cati ona l ins titut·ions. rge w ind,
La .
tJlell con s is . o f h un d red s o f indi . vidu al win d t ur b.mes whi.ch a re
t h .
{arm s 1 ork . Win d
conn ecte d t o t e e ~ctr 1c po_wer tran smi ssio n netw
. es are u s u a lly s ited on hig h hills and ·m oun tam · •d ges to ta k e
turbJll h ilin n
g win ds. A_n ave rage win d spee d o f 14
advan tage of t . e pre va
elec trici ty.
iru1es per hou r 1s n eed ed to con vert w1nd ener gy into
arou nd for
Just like a win dm ill, win d en ergy turb ines h~ve been
ted S tate s,
over 100 0 year s. Fro m old H o llan d to fa rms m the Uni
grai n The
win dmi lls h ave bee n u sed f~r p~m pin g water or grin ding
gen erat ion
cost inp uts are o nly at the m1h al s tage and the pow er
ion s tarts ,
starts imm edi atel y afte r com mis sion ing. Onc e the gen erat
ther e is no
cost-free pow er is ava ilab le for abo ut 20 year s beca use
sett ing up a
recu rrin g cos t on fuel . Win d pow er is harn esse d by
gra in and
win dmi ll wh ich is use d for pum pin g wat er, grin ding
rnore than
gene ra ting e lect rici ty. As of 2013, Den mar k is gen erating
nd the wor ld
a third of its e lect rici ty from win d and 83 cou ntri es a rou
are using win d pow er to s upp ly the elec trici ty
grid . Win d pow er
4, and win q
capacity h as exp and ed rap idly to 336 GW in June 201
ide e lect rici ty
ener gy pro duc tion was aro und 4 % of tp tal wor ldw
usag e, and gro win g rap idly .
 196 en f (5. Y. B.M.s.: S£A~17
E11viro11111eutnl Mrmngem ' ·11,
ed Elec'-·l('J.ty 1
Advant ages and Disadvantagt!s o f Wind-Generat l[

Advantages:
gy is a fr ee, renewable resour
• A Renewable : W in d en er
ed to da y, ther e will still be the :e, So
no matter how muc h is us
~
supply in the futu re .
e: W in d en er gy is al ~o a source of cle~n
• Non-Polluting Resourc nl ike co nventwnal power plants'
elec tr ic ity . U
non-polluting, ta nts or greenhouse gases. '
no ai r po llu
wind plants emits
Wind
e: A ft er th e in itial cost of setting up the
Cost Effec tiv
• ug hl y 80 % of . the cos~ is the ~1achinery, WitJi
farm wherein ro on an d m stallahon, however •
pr ep ar aa
the balance being site or e co st effe ctive because there~~n
is m
the long run wind power op er at
.
in g expenses.
se an d m in im al
no fuel to purcha

Disadvantages:
s:
• Environmental Concern
d po w er pl an ts ha ve relatively Little impact 00
J. Although w in
m pa re d to fo ssil fuel power plants, there is
the environment co od uc ed by the rotor blades.
e no is e pr
some concern over th
ally
th e opinio n th at w in d farms are not aesthetic
2. Many are of si gh t an d thus aHects the natural
plea sa nt
(visually) a very
beauty of a region.
g
ha ving be en ki lle d (a vianjbat mortality) by flyin
3. .Birds and bats
mto the rotors.
Issues:
• Supply and Transport
ng e to us in g w in d as a source of power is that
1. .r~e ~ajor ~alle al w ay s blow when electricity is
It do es no t
it 1s mternuttent
needed.
2. ed (a lth ou gh w ind- generated electricity can
Wind cannot be stor us ed ), an d no t all winds can be
es ar e
be stored, if batteri of electricity demands.
to m eet th e tim in g
harnessed
 nlnl Pers pectw e , ., ,
. 11 in Business -A n En vir onme ,
. .
11
,ovaflO ..
, go od wm d sit es are often loc at ed in remote locations
/1 f urth er
ea s of electr ic po we r dem an d (such as cities).
~- far {ram ar
so ur ce de ve lo pm en t m ay co m pete with other
fiJtally, wind re
fo r the lan d, an d tho se alter na tive uses may be more highly
4. uses
va lu ed than electricity generatio
n.

untries by Nam eplate W ind Power Capacity

Top 10 Co
(2013 year-end)

Wind Power % World

Country New 2013 Total
Capacity Total Capacity
(MW) (MW)
,.,,- 91,412 28.7
16,088
Ch_ ina
,__ 19.2
1,084 61,091
United States 10.8
~
3,238 34,250
Germany
-
Spa in
,_
175
1,729
22,959
20,150
7.2
6.3
India 3.3
- 1,883 10,531
UK 2.7
-Italy 444 8,552
8,254 2.6
France 631
7,803 2.5
Canada 1,599
4,772 1.5
Denmark 657
48,332 15.2
Rest of World 7,761
3,18,105 MW 100%
World Total 35,289 MW

Countries by W ind Powe r Electricity Production

Top 10
(2012 Totals)

Wind Power Production %World

Country Total
(1Wh)
140.9 26.4
United States
118.1 22.1
China
49.1 9.2
Spain
46.0 8.6
Germany
 198 Environmental Management (S. Y.B.M.S.: SEM
·I//J
India 30.0 5.6
UK 19.6
France 14.9
Ital 13.4
Canada 11.8
Denmark 10.3
Rest of World 80.2

World Total 534.3TWh

India has vast wind potential and wind-farm s have emerged

f . d hn
O wm tee .ology in th
asa
viable option with the advancem ent
country. Estimates by the Ministry ~f Non-convenho~al Ener~
Sources (MNES) place the ultimate w~d energy potential in India
at 45,600 MW. Areas with constantly high s~eed ~referably above
20 km per hour are well-suited for ha~essmg ~md energy. The
first wind farms in India were installed m 1986 m coastal areas.
Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra and O~issa. ~me excellent sit:
for wind farms are at the coastal areas m Gu1arat, Tamil Nadu
Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal as well as vast areas of
Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan are in a much better
~ position with respect to wind power resources.

, 2. BIOFUELS
Biofuels are energy sources made from living things, or the waste
that living things produce. A biofuel is, any hydrocarbon fuel that
is produced from organic matter Oiving or once living material) ina
short period of time (days, weeks, or even months). This contrasts
with fossil fuels, which take millions of years to form and with other
types of fuel which are not based on hydrocarbons (nuclear fission,
for instance). Supporters of biofuels argue tliat their use could
significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions; while burning the
fuels produces carbon dioxide, growing the plants or biomass
removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Detractors claim that
biofuel production poses a major threat to global food systems and
the natural environment.
Biofuels can come &om a wide variety of sources and can be roughly
divided into four categories or" generations:"

t
 . in Business -An Environmental Perspective 199
~h~ .
1/J) 1 • t generation biofuels are made from sugars, starches, 011,
1111

, fir~ anima l fats that are converted into fuel using alread y-
:n own processes or technologies. These fuels includ e biodiesel
( n renew able fuel made from seed oils (canola, sunflo wer,
s~ybean, etc., reclaimed vegetable or animal fats, or algae.),
bioalcohols, ethanol (an alcohol made from feed stock such_as
corn, sugar cane, or cellulosic material), and biogas ses, hke
rnethane captured from landfill decomposition.

Second generation biofuels are made from non-food crops or

' agricu ltural waste, especially ligno-cellulosic biomass like
switch-grass, willow, or wood chips.
a
e Third generation biofuels are made from algae or other quickly
t ' growing biomass sources.

, Fourth generation biofuels are made from specially engine ered

plants or biomass that may have higher energy yields or lower
barriers to cellulosic breakdown or are able to be grown on non-
agricultural land or bodies of water. ·

'[here are several factors that decide the balance betwe en biofuel
and fossil fuel use aroun d the world . Those factor s are cost,
availability, and food supply.
All three factors listed above are actually interrelated. To begin, the
availability of fossil fuels has been of concern almos t from day one
of their discovery. Pump ing fuel from the groun d is a difficult and
expensive process, which adds greatly to the cost of these fuels.
Additionally, fossil fuels are not renewable, which means they will
run out at some point. As our ability to pump fossil fuels from the
ground diminishes, the available supply will decrease, which will
inevitably lead to an increase in price.

It was originally thoug ht that biofuels could be produ ced in almos t

limitless quantity because they are renew able. Unfor tunate ly, our
energy needs far out-pace our ability to grown bioma ss to make
biofu~ls for one.s~ple reason, land area. There is only so much
land fit for farmmg m the world and growi ng biofuels necess arily
detracts from the process of growi ng food. As the popul ation grows
our deman ds for both energy and food grow. At this point, wed~
 2 00 Env iro111nent al Man age,n ent (S. Y.B M
not hav e eno ugh land to grow both eno ugh biof uel. a.$. S£
·· A1,,,,J
food to mee t both nee ds. The resu lt of this limi t h nd en ,,
. as an
uel and the cost of food . For wea lth· 1.tnPa ct\,(8h
0
both the cos t of b1of
the cost of food is less of an iss ue. How eve r for po ier count-..: on
. ,
u se of land for b1of uels , which driv es up the co s t o f foodnar10 ns,' 11th'
orer es
tre men dou s imp act. ' can have:
The bala nce betw een food and biof ue l is wha t keep th
sim ple pro cess of gro win g and mak ing biof ue~ f e
relatively
s ubst anti ally che ape r than foss il fuel . Wh en this fact : .roll\
. h an incr
. bein!)
wit ease d a b 1·11ty
· ( t h ank s to adv ance r
s in tech
18 comb· 0
Lneq
extr act oil from the gro und , the price of foss il fuel is actu 0
n~~ gy) to
than that of biof uel for the mos t part .
a Y lower
Ene rgy from Biom ass:

Bio mas s refe r s to all plan t mat eria l and anim al excr
et
con side r e d a s an ene rgy s ourc e. S01n e imp orta nt kind s
of~ when
are infe rior woo d, urb an was te, bag ass e, farm anim al and
homass
was te. Gas ific atio n of the biom ass by deco mpo sitio n
of orurna_n
m a tter in the abse nce of oxy gen res ults into the form atio n
of Biganic
Bio gas mai nly com pris es of gase s like met han e (55%) and
ca~~·
dio xide (45 % ) whi ch can be used as a sour ce of ener gy. This

I is pipe d for use as coo ~$ and ligh ting fuel in s peci ally
stov es and lam ps resp ecti vely . It can als o be used for repla
oil in dua l fuel eng ines for gen e rati on of mot ive pow
ener n
desig n~
cing diesel
er and
elec trici ty. The left- over dige sted s lurr y s erve s as enri ched
manure.
Biog as tech nolo gy is taki ng dee p root s in rura l Indi a beca
use of
cert ain inhe rent adv anta ges .
The mai n adv anta ges of bio gasi fic atio n are:
1. It is clea n and s afe m e thod of was te dis pos~ l.
2. The re is no nee d to stor e the gas as it can be cont inuo
usly
s upp lied to the hou seho ld .
3. It d oes not nee d a ny maj or inve s tme nt in the form of
raw
mat e ria ls, tech nolo gy and spa ce.
4. The le ft o ver s ludg e is ric h i n nitra tes and can be ext~emely
fe rtil e o r gan ic man ure whi ch c an be u s ed back 10 th
e
agricult ura l fie lds .

.i.
 .!U J
. -11 Bu sin es s - An Enviro1
1111en tnl Perspectiv e .
va n on 1
ht fu tu re in In di a. It h as be en es t1 m a t~ d
111110 te ch no lo gy h as a br ig is av ai la bl e p e r a nn un 1 1n
es of w as te du ng
o;oga 1 5 m iJl io n to nn
5
tity is u se d to pr od uc e bi og as.,
1 of th is qu an
tJ,9t t~ tr y. If tw o -th ird bi og as w hic h co ul d sa ve
c m e tre of
tJ,e c~~ y ie ld 22,4 25 m ilJ io n cu bi
ly., it sa ve s a bo ut 70 la kh
g
jtc 4 m ill io n lit
0
9
re s o f k e ro se
al ly .
n e. C ur re nt

~, 5 of fu el w oo d an nu
toJ11le
a nu re eq ui va le nt to 14 m ill io n to nn es of
the r., it co ul d y ie ld m
n to nn es o f ph os ph at e a nd 0. 9 m ill io n to nn e s of
f~ og en ., 13 m iJl io lo gy h as br o u g ht a bo ut a so rt
111 ta sh . Th e s u cc es s of bi og as te ch no
~f Br ow n R ev ol ut io n in ru ra
l In dia .

SO LA R EN ER G Y
n e rg y o n th e ea rt h. It is m os t ab un d an t.,
sun is the so urce of al l e
un iv e rs a l s ou rc e of en er gy . A ll ot he r so urce s of
in ex ha us tib le an d th e s un . Se ve ra l so la r th e rm al
gt h fr om
en e rg y dr aw th ei r s tr en fo r co n vert ing s ol ar en er gy to
be en de ve lo pe d
techn ol og ie s ha ve la r w at er h ea te rs., so la r co ok ers.,
in cl ud e so
th er m al en er gy . Th es e
n sy st em s., e tc.
so la r he at ers., sola r di sti lla tio
ch no lo gy fo r lo w te m pe ra tu re ra ng e is m ai n ly
So la r W ate r he at ing te ch a bs or b so la r ra di at io n an d r ai se
s., w hi
ba se d on fla t pl at e co lle ct or °C . Th is ho t w at er ca n be u se d fo r
w at er up to 80
th e te m pe ra tu re of h o te ls. , ho s te ls., re st au ra nt s an d
in ho m es .,
va rio us ap pl ic at io ns pe ra tu re is u s ed in a nu m be r of
is te m
ho sp ita ls. H ot w ate r a t th e m s (s ol ar ge ys er s ) of ca pa ci tie s
la r w at e r sy st
ind us tri es al so . So pe r da y ar e s ui te d fo r do m es t ic
00 lit re s
ra ng in g fr om 10 0 to 3 om hu nd re ds to th ou sa nd s of lit re s
s fr
ap pl ic at io ns . La rg er sy st em s tri a l es ta bl is hm en ts . The u se of
er ci al an d in du
ar e us ed in co m m ty an d co nt ri bu tes to a re duc tio n
s e lec tri ci
sola r w at er he at er s save
in pe ak lo ad de m an d.
s an d dr ye rs ca n co nv en ie nt ly be u se d b o th in
So la r a ir he at er
in du str y an d ag ric ul tu re .
vi ce w hi ch co ok s fo od w ith the he lp of
Sola r co ok er is a s im ple de
v~ s _co nv en tio na l fu e ls to a s ig ni fic an t ex te nt .
sola r e n e rg y an d sa
IS p os si bl e t o co ok bo th n oo n a nd e ve ni ng
On clea r. s un ny da ys., It ce . D iff e re nt ty pe s of s o la r co o ke rs
g de vi
me als w ith a so la r co ok in
have been - ·-~.. .,........ ........ ... o . . . ,,

developed w hich include box sola r cooker, steam cook

so l ar me al maker w' ith heat s torage and co ncen t ra t ·1ng tyer'
community cooker. P~
Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) techn ology enables d irect co nversion 0f
sunl'igh t into
· electricity withou t an y n, ov ·in g parts a nd Wtthout
·
jl
causing pollution . Pho tovolta ic systen1 s an ~ power plants hav
l' t on s such as r h . e 11
emerged as viable power so urces for ap p ica 1 . . ig hng, ~
water pumping and telecommunica tion and ar~ being mcreasing1l' C
used for meeting the electrical energy need s in .rem ote vi llages 0
hamlets and hospitals, besides hou seholds in the hilly, foreS l, dese~
and is land.
I
C
Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy: (

Advantages: '
~
t
• Solar energy is an u biqu itou s reso urce en e r gy is lauded as an
e
inexhaustible fu el sou rce.
~
• Solar Energy is pollu tion a nd often noise free.
C
The technology is a lso versatile, can be u sed a nywhere on the I
• earth and can be stored. f
f
Disa dvantages: ~
~
• Solar energy doesn' t work a t nig ht w itho ut a sto rage device
1
such as a ba ttery. (

• Cloudy vvea ther can make the techno logy unrelia ble during the
dil\.

• Solar technologies are also very exp e n s ive a nd require a lot of

la nd area to coHect the s un's e ner gy a t ·ra tes u seful to lots of
people.
De~pi te the drawbacks, solar en ergy use h as surged a t about 20
percen~ a y_earo:~r the past 15 years, tha nks to ra pidly falling prices
an~ ga ins in efficiency. Japan, Germa ny, a nd th e U nited States are
~1a1or n1arkets fo~ sola: ce!ls. With tax incentives, solar electricity
\.:an often pay for itself 1n five to ten yea rs.
 , 111• • ~ , . . - - . --~
110
·s bfesse d wt. t h P Ienty of solar en er ov beca u se m os t o a rts of
11
l •
c11a • . b . h b ., ,..
Jt' untrY receive n g t s unshine throughou t the y ear excef1t a
e co . d I d. ·
tl1. f r11 on soon p e n o · n ia rece1ves solar energy eq uivale nt to over
~r•e Otrillion kWh p er year w hich is fa r more than the total e n er g}
,,oo urnptio n of the country. The daily average of s o la r e ne rg~v
,o ·dent over I n d.ia van.es fr om 4 to 7 kWh/ m 2 dependin g u pon the.,
(IS

~:tio!l-Sola r_water hea~ers, solar refrigeration, solar dry ing, s treet

I_ J,ting, cooking, pumping, power gen era tio n , photo-volta ic solar
~;i]s, sola r ponds, etc. are becoming very popular in diffe re nt parts
the country.
0f .
(thoug h solar energy can be gainfully u sed in any part of the
~ontrYexcept some hig her areas in the Hima layan ra n ges, the Thar
~esert of Rajas~han holds great promis e in this directio n . Parts of
tathiawar p enins ula. M aharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh ,
~adhya Pradesh ~ West Bengal, Jharkhand, Biha r, Uttar Prad esh,
f!a.ryana and Pun1ab als o hold great p oss ibilities of h arnessing solar
energy .
~esearch a nd development in the field of solar thermal energy is
continuously being pursued in the country for over three decades.
f\S a result, several products have been developed indigenously. To
promote these products, a s ubsidy-based therma l ex te n s ion
programme was launched in 1984 and continued upto 1993. This
jnitiative had resulted in disseminating the solar thermal products
iJl different parts of the country . The main objectives of the Solar
Thermal Energy Programme, being implemented by the Minis try
of Non- conventional Energy Source (MNES), are commercializatio n
and utilization of solar thermal systems for the fulfilment of h eat
energy r e quirements of different applications in domes tic,
institutional and industrial sectors. It has five components viz. Solar
Thermal Extension Programme, Solar Cooker Programme, Solar
Buildings Pro g ramme, R esea r ch and Developme nt (R&D)
Programme and Aditya Solar Shops.

4. TIDAL ENERGY
Sea water keeps on rising and falling alternatively nvice a day under
the influ e nce of gravitational pull of m oo n a nd s un . T hi s
phen o m e n o n is known a s tides . Tidal energy is a form of
hydropower that converts the energy of the tides into electricity
204
or th
~
Enviro11111entnl Ma11nge111e11t (S. Y.B.M.S.: Sf
o er useful f . ~-,,11
forms of orms of power. Tidal Energy 1s one of the
British energy used by humans used on the Span ish, Fren ~1deii
stora ecoa sts, dating back to 787 A.O .. Tide _mills consist~ ~
g pond, filled by the incoming (flood) tide through a 01~
and tiemPtied durin
The . . slu-1
g the outgoing (ebb) tide throu~h a water¼ih c~
. de~turned waterwheels, producing mechanical power to ~-
grain. Tidal energy is produced through the use of tidal en ll\ill
g~nerators. These large underwater turbines are placed in areas er~,
high tidal movements, and are designed to capture the kinetic m~1~
of the ebbing and surging of ocean ti~es in order to pro~!~
electnc1ty. Tidal power has great potential for future power e
electricity generation because of the mass ive size of the oceans.
Energy can be naturally generated w~ere t.he tidal range .
T:
sufficiently high. Tidal Range is the ~ertical d_1fference in heig~~
between the high tide and the succeeding low tide.

' .
•
.. .
,.
t
~ ,.

TIDE COMING IN
h ~ t, tJol elect.ncrty generat:40n wort~ a,
~he t-iGte come, in and •in when it ~oe~
out . .,.he turt,ine9 are driven by th~ power
of the ~ 1n both dlrectioM.

TIDE GOING OUT

 205
. ; 11 Bu siness -An En vironmental Perspecliz1e
oz1t1 f1011
y be constructed to ca pture
1111' • • ·al tid al barrages or lagoo ns ma
c i Turbines in the ba rri er or lag oo n ge nerate electricity1as the
d
;,rtJ~' d re eas e
e. s retain ed can then be
t11e fl ods into the reservoir; water thu
ti

tjde goh turbines, again generating

electricity once the tide ou tside
,hrOLl .
IJ'' barrier ha s receded
1J1e
ys:
fid,il energy can be exploited in two wa
s across estuaries with a
By building semi permeable barrage
1. high range.

By harnessing offshore tidal streams.

2.
ry via slu ices and to empty
arrages allow tidal waters to fill an estura
8 be ha rnessed us ing off sh ore
through turbines. Tidal str eam s can
tur bin es.
tJJlderwater devices similar to wi nd
al ran ge ma y va ry ov er a wi de ,ra ng e (4.5-12.4 m) fro m sit e to
fid
ran ge of at lea st 7 mi s req uir ed for economical op era tio n
site. A tidal
tur bin es Mo st mo de rn tidal
and for sufficient head of wa ter for the
cep ts em plo y a da m ap pro ac h wi th hy dr au lic tur bin es. A
con
of tid al po we r is its low cap aci ty factor, an d it mi sse s
drawback
.5 hr cycle of the tides. Th e tot al
peak de ma nd times because of 12
ha s been est im ate d at 64, 000
world potential for ocean tidal po we r
ft tid al va ria tio ns of Pa ssa ma qu od dy Bay (Bay of
M½7e. Th e 25- 30
een 800 to 14, 000 MWe.
fundy) have the potential of be tw
ly alt ho ug h the tec hn olo gy req uir ed to ha rne ss tidal en erg y
Current
abl ish ed, tid al po we r is ex pe nsi ve, an d the re is on ly on e
is well est
era tio n. Th is is a 240 me ga wa tt
major tidal generating station in op
tts ) at the mo uth of the La Ra nc e
(1me ga wa tt= 1 MW = 1 million wa
of France (a lar ge coal or nu cle ar
river est ua ry on the no rth ern co ast
power pla nt generates ab ou t 1,000
MW of electricity). The La Rance
tin g sta tio n ha s be en in op era tio n since 1966 an d ha s be en a
gepera
le sou rce ~f ele ctrici ty for Fra nc e. La Rance wa s su pp os ed
very reliab
ts in France, un til the ir nu cle ar
to be one of ma ny tidal po we r·p lan
the late 1960' s.
program was greatly ex pa nd ed in
206 Environme11tnl Ma11age111e11t (5. Y.B .M.S.: Sf->.,,
A ·~-¼
dvantages and Disadva ntages of Tidal Energy: '

Advantages:

• Tidal energy is a renewab le source of e lectricity·

• It does not result in the emissio n ~f ga~es resp_o ns ible for glo~ 1
warmin g or acid rain associat ed with fosS tl fuel generated
. .
e Iec tr1c1ty.

• Use of tidal energy could also decre~s e the need for nucle
power, with its associat ed radiatio n risks. ilr

Disadvantages:
t
• Changin g tidal flows by dammin g a bay or_ eS uary could
. and shorelit.'
howeve r, res ult in negativ e impacts don aquatic ...,e
ecosyste ms, as well as navigat ion an recreati on.

• As there are two high and two low tides each day, electricat
is characte rized by period
g eneratio n from tidal power plants 'h s
of maxim um generati on every ™:'elve hours, wit no electricity
gen eration at the six hour mark m between .
It is estimate d that India possess~s 8000-9000 _M W of tid~l energy
potential. The Gulf of Khambha t is the best suited area with about
7000 MW potentia l of tidal energy. This is followe d by Gulf of
Kachchh (1000 MW) and Sunderb ans (100 MW). A 900 MW tidal
power plant is propose d to be set up in the Gulf of Kachchh at the
cost of~ 4,000 crore.

5. GEO-TH ERMAL ENERG Y

Geo-the rmal energy is the heat of the earth's interior. This energy is
manifes ted in the hot springs. Large reservo irs within the ground
contain hea ted water from internal heat in the earth. This heated
water can create steam, thereby produ cing geother mal energy. Only
certain regions of the earth have these geother mal hotspots, usually
in tectonical1y active areas or volcanic areas, such as Hawaii and
Iceland. Yellows tone Nationa l Park would be a very good resource
for geothermal energy. Artificially geother mal energy can be created
by identify ing the regions where there are how rocks and hot belts
 20,....
. ; B11c; i11ess - /\11 F11v1 ro11111e11tnl Perspcct1i'e
1 11
,,,(l l tCJI
up to the
11111 ' the ear th .The n by dril ling a hol e into the ear th
1 s tea m g us h o ut of the
i,e11e"~~s a nd ins tiJling a pip e in it le t the hot
,,ot•tliroand rota te the turb ines w hich a re s tra teg icall.,y loca ted ove r
et1J .
11e pl Pe.
ibil itiec; of
not ver y rich in this sou rce. The re are vas t p oss
1
• js
Ind ia. Abo ut 340
Jf'ld :iop ing a nd exp loit ing geo the rm al e ne rgy in
of the m hzi ve
dev spr in g loca litie s hav e bee n iden tifie d; ma ny
urv eys are be ing
i,ot per atu re nea ring boil ing poi nt. Ext ens ive s
tet11ducted to dev elop geo ther mal ene rgy for dire
ct hea t and pov vc r
cofl .
,,er atio n.
ge
c ted s ites in
sess me nt o f Geo the rma l ene rgy potenti al of sele
cha l, Jha rkh a nd
~m u and Kas hm ir, Him ach al Pra des h, Utta ran
e n. A five kW
nd Ch ha ttis gar h has bee n/i s bei ng und e rtak
ed a t Ma nik ara n
aeoth ermal pilo t pow er plan t has bee n com mis sion
~ J(ul lu dist rict of Him ach al Pra des h.
n esti ma ted in
A potenti a l of 4-5 MW . geo -the rma l p ower has · bee
this pot ent ial has
puga Valley of Lad akh in J&K. Pla n to exp loit
rma l power pla nt
t,een fina lise d. San ctio n for ins talla tion of a geo the
bee n gra nte d. A
at Tat tapa ni geo ther mal fields in Chh atti sga rh has
y farm ing u s in g
pro ject on mu shr oom c ulti v atio n and p o ultr
io na l Res ear ch
geot her mal pow er is und er imp lem enta tion a t Reg
Labo rato ry, Jam mu .

6. NU CLE AR ENE RG Y
typ e of the rma l
Nuclear or atom ic p owe r is theo reti call y a spe cial
to gen era te s team .
energy as the pro cess crea tes hea t whi ch is use d
rma l pow er pla nt.
Then onw ard s it has the sam e tech niq ue as the the
In nuc lear ene rgy cha nge s are mad e in the stru
ctu re of the nuc lei of
ns. The en erg y
atoms. The se cha nge s a re call ed nuc lear rea ctio
en erg y or ato mic
created in a nuc lear reac tion is call ed nuc lear
energy.
niq ues of Nuc lear
Nuclear ene rgy is gen erated by usin g the tech
nuc lei of a tom s
Fusion and Nuc lear Fiss ion. In Nuc lear Fus ion, the
diti ons . Th e s un,
are join ed toge ther or fus ed und er very hot con
Nuc lear Fu s ion. In
like all oth er stars crea tes hea t and ligh t thro ugh
Hy dro ge n bom b,
the sun, hyd rog en nu~lei fuse to mak e Hel ium. The
LlJlj
Enviro11111e11tnl M,111nge111c11t (~.Y.H.M.S.: srM,111
1
hum ·t ' most .
powerful and destructive weapon works on th
ant Ys
~echnology of Fusion. The heat required to start the fu sion reacti ~
ts so ~reat that an atomic bomb is used to provide it. Hydrog~~
nuclei fu se to fo rm Helium and in the process release huge amount
of energy thus producing a huge explosio n. s

In Nuclear Fiss ion the nuclei of at01ns are split causing energy t
' k . o
be released. The atomic bomb and nuclear reactors war by Fission.
The element Uranium is the main fuel used to undergo nuclear
fission to produce energy since it has 1nany tavorable properties. In
this technology artificiall y the nuclei of a single atom ?f Uranium J.
235 is split causing multiple neutrons to be relea~ed which are used
to split other uranium nuclei. This phenomenon 15 known as a chain
reaction.
0
1.
O ~\,.
Fission
fragment

/ / ~e/4111'
- '/~ /
~ ---....A Free 2.
·..,,1 - - -+ Nucleu - - - ------,,,-V neutrons
Neutron """-,;..,., , ~ ,

''""'
's~, '•
',-x
/;\Fiss ion
\i,;11 fragment 3.

Fig. 4.1 : Fission of Uranium

4
A 11e11tro11 strikes tire 11ra11i11m 235 1wcleus, producing fission fragments a11d free
ueutrons aud releasiug heat. Tl1e released 11eutro11s may then each strike anotl,er
uranium 235 a tom, releasing more 11e11tro11s, fissio11 fragments, and e11ergy. As tire
process co11ti,wes a clrain reaction develops.

The process of atomic fusion and fission (breaking) creates enormous

heat which has to be controlled carefully. This heat is used to heat
the water to convert into steam.
 a Ru.;i11r.;c; -A n l:11 v 1ro11111e11ta/ Pa~pecln•c 209
·•ti I ll)11111
,,,,,
/1
1 tages of Nuclear energy:
0vafl
: ~ ,he Earth hat, l.i mited s upplies of coa l and oil. Nuclea r po\i, er
I• pJants could still produce electric ity after coal and oil becon1es
scarce on earth.

rJuclea r power plants need less fuel than ones which burn fossil
Z. fuels . One ton of Uraniu n1 produc es more energy than is
produc ed by several million tons of coa l or severa J miIJion

I barrels of oil.

Coal and oil burnin g plants pollute the air. Well operat ed
J. nuclea r power plants do not release contan 1inant s in the
environn1ent.

ojsadvantages of Nuclear Energy:

now have n1ore than enoug h nuclea r
1. The nations of the world logy can
bombs to kill all living organis ms on earth. The techno
be used destructively by nations resulti ng in nuclear war which
would have devast ating effects. Moreo ver there is also the fear
of this techno logy being wrongf ully used by terroris t as well.

2. Nuclea r explos ions produc e radiati ons which harms the cells
of the body and can make people sick or even kill them. Illness
than strike people even years after their exposu re to nuclea r
radiati ons. E.g. Victims of Hirosh ima and Nagas aki atomic
bombi ng during II world war.
type
3. There is high chances of nuclea r accide nts. One possib le
of reactor disaste r is known as a meltdo wn. In such an accide nt
the fission reactio n goes out of contro l leading to a nuclea r
explos ion and the emissi on of great an,oun ts of radiati on.

4. Nuclea r reactors also have waste dispos al proble ms. Reacto rs

produ ce nuclea r was te produ cts which emit dange rous
radia tions which could kill people who touch them. The nuclea r
waste cannot be thrown away as ordina ry waste or garbag e
and needs special care. Curren tly many countr ies store their
nuclea r waste in special cooling pools at the nuclea r reactor
site itself.
 r::. 11 u I1u1111I t fl11H , vu.,, ..6 - --- -

5. Nuclear reactors only last for about forty to fifty year.

,
Examples of Nuclear Disasters are:
• In 1979, the cooling system failed at the Three Mi_le Island
Nuclear reactor near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA.
Radiation leaked, forcing tens oft thousands of people to
flee. The problem was solved minutes before a total
tneltdown would have occurred. Fortuna tely there were
no deaths reported.

CHERNOBYL - EXPLOSION IN THE ATOMIC REACTOR

(26TH APRIL, 1986)

Those were the days of April end in the year 1986. The
scientists from Sweden noticed that there was an increasing
proportion of radiation in the surrounding environment. They
thought, probably their own atomic reactor ma y be
experiencing some leakage. However, they could not find any
fault with their own plant even after repeated check-ups Later
on, there were news received from neighbouring Norway,
Denmark, Finland about the increasing level of radiation . The
flows were observed blowing from the Baltic Sea towards
north-west. Immediately, the Scientists suspected that there
could be somewhere, either an explosion in an atom bomb or
a collapse of an atomic reactor; but where?
Michie} Garbaschev had just introduced his 'Glasnost' with '
i
'freedom of speech and thought'. Even then, as usuat the
Russian Government kept silent. Lastly the expected news I

appeared o~ the Russian T.V. There was an explosion of one

~f the atomK reactors located at Chernobyl in Ukraine. The
time of explosion wa.s 1.24 a.m. on Saturday, the 26th April,
1986, as per the Russian standard time.
~ussian~ had built a group of four atomic plants at Chernobyl
in l)kra1ne state. These were of 'Wa ter-cooled-gra phite
moderated' -type plants. This means that the core of the atomic
I
 ntio11 i11 Business -An Enviromncntnl Perspective
I1111ov 211

reactor was kept

. cooled with water and to redu ce the speed of
eutron partic1es produced due to the atomic fiss ion was
~011trolled usin g graphitic cove r. This group of four
plants at
Chern oby l_accou~ted .for 17% of the total electric energy
prod~ced in Russ ia.. Similarly~ as much as 2000 tonnes of
atonuc fuel was being used 1n these plants. Russia had
posse_ssed suffi cien t quantity of plutonium necessary for
atomic weapons. But there were many fault left with
Chernobyl reactors.
The explosion at Chernobyl atomic plant is a typical example
of unsuitable, uncapable and useless human tendency. It was
a result of very wrong decisions taken by an inexperienced
officer. In order to check the minimum capacity of the working
plant at Chernobyl, these officers forced the technicians to
follow their orders and made in all six blunders! The experts
said, 'even if, any one of these mistakes were avoided, they
coul d have saved the plant from explosion.
After explosion, the Chernobyl plant was burning for about
12 days. It was exactly like an explosion of an atomic bomb.
31 people died on the spot and in all 1 lakh 35 thou sand
Russians were to be displaced elsewhere. The agricultural land
upto the radius of 50 kms. around Chernobyl was affected by
radiation and had become useless. The area lying upto
Northern Europe was influenced and food grain, milk,
vegetables and meat worth crores of dollars had to be
destroyed. By 1995, the number of death due to Chernobyl
explosion went to 1.25 lakhs. Many of the newly born kids
were physically handicapped and the land around Chernobyl
would remain non-cultivable for about next 100 years. The
loss for Russia due to this accident was very heavy -358 billions
of clollars. This is the 'Memorial' of Chernob yl Atomic
Explosion!!
Ll L c11VI ron111en tnt JVJf,4/U◄ c, ..... · · - .,' )
r------------------.._
N.B.:
(1) Germa n governme nt has recently decided to completely
close the atornic power s ta tiorts 0 11e by one !
Sh o uld the n e wly d eve loping countries tu~n for their
(2) . d tl11·s alternative (atom 1·c
energy requ1re m en t to war s
en e r gy)?
What lesson s h o uld India learn from C h e rno by l accident?
(3)
... .....
EUROPE
b /
/ - ... .... ' ' '
/ '
I 4001<11, ' \
- ~ oscow ,
200 '
/ -,; ' \
I " -. \ \
\ '\
•- Che
J nfobyl I
'
-- /

Cloud of Radioactive Diffusion during Chernobyl Explosion

• On June 6, 2011 Japan's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear plant

experienced a full meltdown in the ~ake of a11 earthquake
whic h struck the region on March 2011 followed by a
ts unami.
 . - - I
. 1 ill Bus11tes~ - l'H L L..l 1V i, v,. , .. .. . ....

1,,,,OvattO'

Fu ku sh im a Po we r Pl an t 20 11

fu s io n a nd fis sio n (b r ea ki ng ) cr ea te s e n o rm o u s
'[he proc es s of atom ic . Th i s h ea t is u se d to h ea t
be co nt ro lle d ca r ef ul ly
he at w hi ch h as to o nly m a jo r dra w ba ck o f th
is
co nv er t in to s tea m . T he
the w a te r to cr ea s in g ly in th e d ev el o p e_d
er n an d us ed in
po w e r, thou g h m o d e r a dio ac tiv ity o f th e a to m ic
S.A ., U. K. , Fr an ce , is th
coun tri es like U. n ge ro us r a di a tio n in to th e
to sp r ea d d a
mi ne r al s w hich i s lik ely tic at e d te ch no lo gy is u se d in
th o u g h th e so ph is
en vi ro nmen t. Ev en l pr ob le m s to the s ur ro un di ng
tes s u ch en vi ro nm e n ta
this ca se, it cr ea bi l (in R us si a) it h a d ca u se d
ts lik e C h e rn o
are as . In ca se of ac cid en f prec au tio n a ry m ea su re s
Eu ro p e in th e p as t. Lo t o
ha vo c th ro u g h o ut o n th e u se of thes e m ine r al
s
na l co nt ro l is n ec es sa ry
an d in te rnat io ic p ow er p la nt lik e T a r a pu r in
o pm e nt o f a to m
and in th e d ev el
M ah ar as ht ra .
cu lti es , t he r e ar e pl an s in In di a to incr ea se th e
In s pi te of s uc h di ffi uc h area s w he r e the r ai nf al
l
ge n e ra tio n es p ec ia lly in s
nu cle ar p ow er pl ac es . (R ef er to the m a p ) So
bl e a t d is ta nt
is les s a n d coal is av ai la du e to hi g h e r tra n sp or t cos t
al pl a nt s ar e co stl y
tha t no rm al th er m a nd u nr el ia ble r ai n . A re as
is n o t po ss ib le du e to le ss
an d H .E .P . a r e id ea l. A cco rd in gl y th e
11e y co al fie ld s
aw ay fro m D am od a r va ka m ; N ar oa; Ko ta ; K ak ra pa ra
os en : (f ar ap ur , K aJ pa
~~ j'er s ite s ar e ch
 l..ll lVI/ Vlll /ll,1 111
11 '" " ' ' "o ••
--- - - - --.a,, /J JI
---------

INDIA
ATOMIC POWER t
PLANTS !
'

• • .. 0
•,.••
,. ' '•

b
A ATOMIC POWER PLANTS
(1/jj)> COAL - FIELDS

Fig. 4.2: Atomic Pl an ts in In di a

r,,,,,,,, .
•1(1 {1 (1 /
I JI/ F /J

E BUS
l'

INE
ll

SS
lf

M
''
ODELS
- A ll F11V1ro//1111!
1111111 i , ., .. . .
..

INNOVATIV

o T O V R IS M
:
v e l to n a tu r a l a re a s that
eC rism is defin ed as " res ponsible vtreas th e well-being o f local
u e nt a n d impro
e e n v ir o n m
eco t~rves th .
1990 ).
c 1 . " (TIES'
0115
e ) d e fi n e s E c o tou ri s m a s
peoP n Union (IUC
N to
World C o n s e r v a ti o
n a tu r a l a re as, in o r de r
n ta ll y . r e s p o n sible travel to in g c u lt u r a l fea~u~ es,
: ; : v irorun e nd accompan
y
a p p r e c ia te n a tu re (a
a ti o n , h a v e a low v1s1to r
n·o y and t) th a t p romote conserv io - e c o n o n1ic
e pa in s t a n d p
p
r
r
e
o
s
v
e n
id e fo r beneficiall y a c ti v e s o c
.: p a c t a n d
e m e n t o f lo c a l peoples." u ri s m a s
~volv fi n e s e c o - to
a l E c o -t o u r is m Socie ty de th e e n v iro n m en t
r n a ti o n s e r v e s
fhe J n te
v e l to n a tu ra l areas tha t con
"responsible tra ll -b e in g o f loc al people."
the we r v a ti o n,
a!ld improves as is o n c o n s e
ti n g u is h e d by its e m p h v e c o mmunity
is d is d a c ti
eco tourism e rs ' r e s p o n s ib il ity a n a n d s u s ta in in g
n , tr a v e ll r e s e r v in g
ed ucatio u ri s m is focussed o n p n v ir o n m e n ts .
It
a tio n . E c o -t o c u lt u ra l e
particip
o f th e w o r ld 's natural a n d a y th a t is minimalJy
t],e di versit y w
n d e n te r ta in s visitors in a u s ta in s & s u p p o r ts
d a te s a t a n d s
acco mmo
tr u c ti v e to th e e n v ir o n m e n n g in . R e s p o nsi bility
s
ifltTu sive o r d e th e lo c a ti o ns it is o p e r a ti in e m e a n in g for
u lt u r e s in e g e n u
the na ti ve c
a n d s e rv ic e p rov id e r s is th
rs
of both travelle
eco-tourism. d s u p p o r t th e d iver s ity
n
e n d e a v o u r s to encourage a r e la te d in c o m e is
s m a ls o r is m -
Eco-touri
m ie s f o r w h ic h th e to u v ic e s a n d p roducers
econ o r
J of local p o r t fr o m to urists, local se lo c a l families c a n
it h s u p s a n d
important. W la r g e r, fo reign c o m p a n
ie
p roduced from
p e te w it h e r e v e n u e
can com
s e lv e s . B e s id es all these, th to f u n d c o n s e r v a ti o n
support them n c o u r a g e s g o v e r n m e n ts p r o v id e m u c h -
s a n d e m c a n
tourism help g p r o g r a m s . E c o to u r is a r k s a n d o th er
n d tr a in in a ti o n a l p
projects a r th e p r o te c ti o n o f
n
b le f r o m o th e r
u e s fo v a il a
needed reven n u e s th a t m ig h t n o t be a
natural areas
- reve
sources.
 se s I -·····-· ····· .. ·-······o -...-.. .
E co -t o u ri sm fo cu e ss ad v en tu r,\
al cu lt u re s, w il d e rn . \,; s,
te er in g o n oc . s to hv e
V o lu n , p er so n al g. ro w th a n d le ar n in g n e w w a y 0
o u r v u ln er ab l 1 d ef in ed as tr av el to d es ti na nns
tio
W h er e th fl oe ra P an et . It 1s ty pd ic al ly . ta ge a re th e p ru. n ar
at tr ac ti o
e R ' fa u i:1-a, a n c u lt u ra l h er 1
-t o u ri sm in c lu d e s p ro g ra m s thft
b le E c o
m in i . n s. es p o n s1 fe ct s o f tr ad it io n al to u ri sm o n th eI natura l
. m iz e th e ad v erse ef ·
in te g ri· ty o f I oc a peopl
e n v ir o n m en t, a n d en h an ce th e c u lt u ra l a n d cu lt ur :j
Th g e n v ir o ru n e n ta l
to e v a lu a ti n
f er ef o~ e,_ ~ ad d it io n o sp it al it y p ro v id e rs to p ~ o m o te recycling,
h
ac to rs , m 1t ia ti ve s b y , a n d th e c~ ea h o n o f ec on on ,i c
w a te r re u se g ra l p ar t of Eco-
en er g y ef fi ci en cy , n it ie s a re a n in te
ca l c o m m u
o p p o rt u ru ti es fo r lo
to u. ri sm .
cu I tu ra l c o n se rv a ~ io n, p re se rv at ion,
al a n d os el y related
H is to ri ca l, b io lo g ic m e o f th e fi el d s cl
m en t et c. a re so fa st es t gr ow in g
s u s ta in ab le d ev el o p c o n si ~ e re d th e
-t o u ri sm is sm
to E co -T o u ri sm . E co in d us tr y, a c c o rd in g to th e W o rl d Touri
sm rl d w id e and
m ar k et in th e to u ri th ra te o
_ f 5 % w o
a n a n n u a l g ro w u ct , 11 .4 % of all
O rg an iz at io n w it h ss d o m e st ic p ro d
th e w o rl d g ro
re p re se n ti n g 6 % o f t a m a rk e t to b e ta k e n li g h tl y .
- n o
con s u m e r s p e n d in g
o n a w id e sp re a d ar ea s in th e nearby
E co -t o u ri sm h a s p
ro sp e re d ce ss fr o m M um ba i, the
a n d ac
p . T h e n e a rn e ss f K o n k an and the
K o n k an co as ta l st ri la n d le ss p e o p le o
la n d , th e , h av e al l gi ve n rise
li m it ed ag ri cu lt u ra l e n af te r g ra d u a ti o n
y m en t e v a n d 'Coastal
g ro w in g n o n -e m p lo s o f 'H il l re so rt s'
h sp ec ia l ty p e to th e tourists
to ' E co -t o u ri sm ' w it n t ru ra l ex p er ie n ce
iv es a d if fe re rt p la ce s. Dahanu,
re so rts' . T h is ty p e g ti m e in su c h re so
a sh o rt il ls h av e developed
w h e n th e y li v e fo r e S a h y a d ri a n fo o th
as a n d th
P al g h ar, V as ai ta lu k .
su ch ty p e o f to u ri sm
E co to u ri sm :
C h ar ac te ri st ic s o f
s, lo w -i m p ac t v is it o r' b eh av io r.
• C o n sc ie n ti o u
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• S en si ti v it y to w a rd s,
b io d iv er si ty .
rt fo r lo ca l c o n se rv a ti o n ef fo rt s.
• Suppo
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• S u st ai
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/

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·ou, co1111nun 1fle
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c o to UT his m ea n s tha t th ose wh o im ple me nt a n pa r tic ipa te in
,:,C
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trPv e ·ur i s m ac tiv i ti es s h ou ld fo
co t o
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pfl
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, l aw are n ess a n d res pe ct.
il d en v iro nm en ta l an d c ult ura
, Bu
th v is ito rs a n d h os ts.
, pr ov ide p osi tiv e ex p erie n ces fo r bo
d ire ct fin a n cia l be n e fits fo r co n ser va tio n .
, Pr ov ide
o w e rm e nt fo r loc a l pe op le.
, Pro vid e fin a n cia l ben efi ts an d e mp
p o litica l, en viro nm e nta l, a nd
, R a ise sen s itiv ity to h ost co un tries'
so cia l cli ma te.
sic do 's an d do n't s of eco -to ur ism are lis ted be low :
som e ba

oo 's
r s u c h as e mp ty b o ttle s, tins,
C arry b ack all n o n -d e gra d a ble litte
• pla sti c ba gs e tc. Th ese mu s t n o t litte r the e n v iro nm e nt o r b e
ey mu s t be dis po sed in mu nic ipa l dus tbi ns o nly .
bu rie d . Th
ve the san cti ty of h o ly s ite s, te mp les an d loc a l c ult ure s .
• O b ser
a lo ud r a d ios , t a p e rec orders
e p o llu tio n . D o n o t bla re
• C ut n
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ois
r e lec tro nic e nte r tai nm e nt eq u ipm e nt in n a tu re r es or ts,
s anc tua rie s an d wi ldl ife p ark s.
t - up n ea r ca m ps i tes , af ter
• In ca se tem por a r y t o ile ts a r e se
nd . M a k e s ure tha t the sp ot is
de fec atio n , co ve r w ith mu d o r .sa
w a te r so urce .
a t lea st 30 me te rs aw ay fr om the
hil e tak in g p h o tog rap h s. As k for
• Re_s p ec t p e? p~e ' s pr iva cy w
p h o togr a ph .
p rio r p e rm 1ss1o n befor e ta kin g a
 LIOOTEnal 1 i g t n

Don'ts
tings, seed,
Do not take away flora and fauna in the forms ofcuttin Sseeds
or roots. It is illegal, especially in the Himala
environment is really
alayas.
delicate in this region and the bin
The
Th

at all costs,
bio-
versity of the region has to be protected
streams or sprine
Do not use pollutants such as detergent,
in
prings
while washing and bathing
food at the campsite. Do ny
wood as fuel to cook
not use
DO make open
fires in the torests.
Cave cigarettes butts or

D o not consume aerated drinks, alcohol,

arugs orany other
the wild.
ntoxicant and throw bottles in

especially children by ofteringthem

Do not tempt the locals, traditions.
foodstuff or sweets. Respect local
are non
biodegradable and unhealthv
Polythene and plastics and littered.
and must not be used
environment
for the

GREEN MARKETING3
of seling products and/or
refers to the process
Green marketing Such a product or
their environmental benefits.
services based on
friendly in itself or produced and/
service may be environmentally
in an environmentaly
friendiy way.
oreen
Marketing
packaged on environmental
and services based
reters to marketing products
awareness. Green marketing
companies seekto goabove
factors or
core
and beyond traditional marketing by promoting environmental
associate these values with
values in the hope that c o n s u m e r s will
sustainable activities
their company or Engaging in these
brand.
line that caters to a new target
can lead to creating a new product
market.
is that potential
The obvious assumption of green marketing
as a benefit
or service's "greenness"
consumers will view a product
The not-so-obvious
and base their buying decision accordingly.
is that consumers will bewillingto
assumption of green marketing
than they would for a less-green
pay more tor green products
that, in my opinion
comparable alternative product-an assumption
has not been proven conclusively.
 jon in Busines5 - 1/l Clolronmental Perspective
Busile

nnoanth
of
oreen marketing growing greatly as increasing numbers
is

Dack their environmental consciousnesses

While

to
mers are wmg
consume
it Can
De dangerous. The public tends to be
their
wit dolars,
w

,al ofg
otical
i

of green claims to begin with and companies can seriously

t h

to
a m a g et h e
ge their brands and their sales if a green claim is discovered
oractices.
lee or contradicted by company's other products or
a
d a n

b et a l s e o r

product a when it's not is called

or
service as green
scenting
g r e e nw a s h

ng
i n g

odel green marketing mix contains four "P's":

A

Product: A producer should offer ecological products which

must not contaminate the environment but should
not only
orotect it and even liquidate existing environmental damages.
P
for such products may be a little higher than
Price: Prices
conventional alternatives. But target groups like for example
LOHAS are willing to pay extra for green products.

distribution logistics is of crucial importance; main

Place: A
focus is on ecological packaging. Marketing local and seasonal
products eg. vegetadies from regional farms is more easy to be
marketed "green" than products imported.

Promotion: A communication with the market should put stress

on environmental aspects, for example that the company
be
DOSsesses a CP certificate or is IS0 14000 certified. This may
to improve a firm's image. Furthermore, the fact that
publicized
a company spenas expenditures on environmental protection
should be advertised. Third, sponsoring the natural
environment is also very important. And last but not least,
ecologicalproducts will probably require special sales
promotions.
Green marketing can be a very powerful marketing strategy though
when it's done right.

ORGANIC FARMING:

Organic farming system is a method of farming system which

primarily aimed at cultivating the land and raising crops in such a
way, as to keep the soil alive and in good health by use of organic
 220

wastes Environmental Management

biological(crop, animal
materials along
and farm (S.Y.B.M.S.: SEMJ
to
release nutrients ong with wastes, aquatic wastes) and
an eco beneficial
crops for increased microbes (bioferti other
to cro
friendly pollution free erti
sustainable productionliz ers)
As per the
definition environment. on in
(USDA) study team on United States
of the
which avoids
or
largely
organic
ors
farming Department
"organic of Agriculture
arming is
as
fertilizers, excludes the use of a

maximum extent synthetic inputssystem

pesticides, hormones, feed additives
animal feasible rely upon crop etc) and to(such
manures, off-farm rotations, crop the
additives and organic waste, mineral grade residues,
protection". biological system of nutrient mobilization rock
and plant

GREEN LEAF
VERMICOMPOST MANURES
CROP ROTATION

ORGANIC
FARMING

MANURES

BIOLOGICAL
MANAGEMENT

BIOFERTILIZERS ANIMAL
HUSBANDRY

In simple words, Organic farming is a process in which a farmer is

not using pesticides and genetically modified organisms along with
fertilizers plus antibiotics to grow his vegetables and fruits. The main
goal of Organic farming is to produce environment and human
 227
Business -

An Environmental Perspective
01ation in and earth
which can benefit the humans
Griendly agro-ecosystem,
in general. Some of the
main purposes of the Organic
vironment degradation, optimize
biological
farming are minimize soil maintain soil
materials, decrease pollution,
oroductivity, recycle maintain vital qualities
of
the health of livestock,
fertility, promotes is a viable and profitable
alternative
the products. Organicallfarming
the farmers, but with many
challenges..
farming method for Cultivation,
methods of Organic farming includes,
Different and biological pest
rotation, green manure, compost
fertilizers, crop the productivity of
Which is there to e n s u r e and enhance
control.
without the use kind of chemical materials.
of any
the crops,

Need of Organic Farming

would be not only
With the increase in population o u r compulsion
to stabilize agricultural production
but to increase it further in
sustainable manner. The scientists have realized that the 'Green
Revolution' with high input use has reached a plateau and is n o w

sustained with diminishing return of falling dividends. Thus, a

natural balance needs to be maintained at all cost for existence of
life and property. There is aneed for world food production to
increase but at the same time environmental care and health issues
are also on the forefront of the planners. Non-organic foods have
numerous toxic pesticides which is linked to cancer and other life
threatening diseases. Changing over to organic farming may be the
solution in the long term but it also has to be understood that with
organic farming the food production may reduce and food may
actually get to become more expensive.

The general principles of organic production

Protecting the long term fertility of soils by maintaining organic
matter levels,
encouraging soil biological activity, and careful
mechanical intervention.
Protect the environment, minimize soil
erosion, decrease pollution, degradation and
and promote a sound state ofoptimize
health.
biological productivity
Maintain long-term soil fertility by
biological activity within the soil.
optimizing conditions for
LLL

Environmental Management (S. Y.B.M.S.:

Nitrogen self-sufficiency SEM-I1)
biological nitrogen fixation,through well
the us gumes and
organic materials including as as
erte
crop residues and
recycling of
manures. livestock
aintain
biological diversity within the system.
Recycle materials and resources to the greatest extent possible
within the enterprise.
rovide attentive care that promotes the health and meets the
behavioral needs of livestock.
repare organic products, emphasizing careful processing, and
handling methods in order to maintain the organic integrity
and vital qualities of the products at all stages of
production.
Weed, disease and pest control relying primarily on crop
rotations, natural predators, diversity, organic manuring.
resistant varieties and limited (preferably minimal) thermal.
biological and chemical intervention.

Methods of Organic Farming:

Instead of chemicals, organic farming uses a lot of organic
matter to give crops the nutrients that they need to
grow. Clover, for example, has a lot of nitrogen in it and farmers
use it to make the soil better.

Manure from animals and compost are also used to enrich the
soil. These fertilizers also help conserve the soil, not
after a few years.
destroy it
Organic farmers also use crop rotation to preserve the good
qualities of soils and avoid
monoculture.
Chemical pesticides destroy or weaken many of the natural
enemies of pests, like birds o r
frogs. They also can kill
those insects that control a great number of pests.
Organic farming creates new living areas for wasps, bugs,
beetles and flies by giving them water and food.
 Business
-

An Environmental Perspective
ation in straw
are
controlled by using special machines. Hay,
Weeds between the rows of plants to
are put
and wood chips
stop weeding.

a n organic way.
products c a n be produced in
Maty agricultural that a r e fed
and eggs c o m e from animals
Meat, dairy products live in conditions that
organically and can They
graze outdoors.
in pastures and
natural to them. Cows, for example, a r e kept
are
fruit a r e also produced with organic
fields. Vegetables and
methods.

and Disadvantages
Organic Farming Advantages

Advantages
of Organic Farming:
costs because they do not
Farmers can reduce their production
and fertilizers.
need to buy expensive chemicals
Healthier farm workers.

farms save energy and protect

In the long term, organic
the environment.It c a n slow down global warming.
Fewer residues in food.
in natural
More animals and plants c a n live in the same place a

way. This is called biodiversity.

Pollution of ground water is stopped.

Disadvantages of Organic Farming:

food is m o r e expensive because farmers do not get
as
Organic
much out of their land as conventional farmers do. Organic

products may cost up to 40% more.

workers.
Production costs are higher because farmers need more

Marketing and distribution is not efficient because organic food

is produced in smaller amounts.

Food illnesses may happen more often.

 Environnmental Management 1.B.M.S.: .S.: SEM
(>. SEM-II)
224 oduce enough food that the
farming
cannot prodi
uld lead to
This coul world's
Organic
population
needs

produce
to s u r v i v e .
enough food today.
tarvation
in
countries that
can be a alternative
viablealt productiónrmethod
alternative productión
farming
Organic challenges.
. there a r e many
farmers, but
for
ECO FRIENDLY PACKAGING:

material which is used

to

is defined any
as
Items like glassi ontain,
Packaging
protect, handle,
deliver and present goods.
wrappers, timber
od
food ottles,
containers,
aluminium cans,
waste can
allets
plastic
a r e all
classified as packaging. Packaging arise
and drums supermark.rkets, retail outle
wide range of s o u r c e s including
from a
manufacturing industries, households, Is, hotels, hospitals, restaura
and transport companies.

relatively short life,

it soon becomes a waste
waste has a
Packaging off.
treated or disposed
that must be
different methods are used to manage packaging wasth
A number of thermal treatmentand
included reuse, recycling, composting,
These
landfill.

waste can have a number of impactson

Packaging and packaging can be associated
with the
environment. Some of impacts
these
the
materials used for manufacturing the packagine
extraction of the raw
with the manufacturing processes, the
itself, impacts associated
waste and its subsequent treatment or
collection of packaging
s o m e critical substances
In addition packaging may contain
disposal. a risk the to
PVC and heavy metals which may pose
e.g.,
environment.

Due to the accelerated increase of waste generation, many

environmental
organizations have made it their goal to promote
awareness. Manufacturing plants have
also started doing their share
for the preservation of the environment and many have opted
to

for their products.

implementenvironmentally friendly packaging
Environmentally friendly packaging isn't an optional item. It's
increasingly a mandate, due to corporate standards, consumer tastes,
and/or government policies. Green packaging, sustainable
to
packaging, eco-triendly packaging are just a few of the names
e1Ovation tn Business - An Environmental Perspective 225

fer to
packaging that has been manufactured with consideration
the environment. More companies are now utilizing green
gackagiu order to minimize the waste materials that pile up in
ndfills. Some of these manufacturing companies have turnea
biodegradable packaging as well which can break down under
mal environmental conditions.
sour Key Factors in Environmentally Friendly Packaging:
Toughness: Stronger, stiffer materials support down
They allow
converters to cut material use while gauging:
reducing
product damage and waste and deliver
smaller, more
convenient and
optimized packages without
protection. compromising
Lightness: Lighter packaging makes
efficient. With millions transportation
and
distribution more
of tons of
materials used each year, the packaging
weight reduction can impact of just a few grams of
and the bottom line. quickly
add up for both the environment
Renewability and Recyclability: Advanced sealants and
application development support can allow converters to
achieve high-quality packaging by using material that was
renewably sourced and can be recycled. In addition, full lifee
cycle management can build efficient
production process, reducing overall costs recycling
into the
and environmental
impacts simultaneously.
Processability: Materials that enable better output and more
efficient processing can cut down on waste and energy use
while increasing
productivity and reducing labor and materials
costs.

Some of the types of Eco Friendly Packaging are:

Biodegradable Plastics: Some products that require the use of

plastics tor packaging now use biodegradable plastics that are
such as potatoes, corn and wheat.
made from natural sources
These plastics are also known as bioplastics, which were
engineered to break down easily when exposed to decomposing
226
Environmental Management (S.Y.B.M.S.: SEM-II)
gents.Cho0sing products with biodegradable packaging will
Surely help reduce landfill waste.
Recycled Packaging: A manufacturer may use preconsumer
post-consumer recycled materials or both. Pre-consumer
recycled packaging means that the packaging materials contain
Some recycled content. These materials may include corrugated
cartons, glass, steel, paperboard or some plastics.Post-consumer
recycle the
recycled content means that the consumer may in quality, the
packaging after use. Due to the improvements are now
and the cost advantage, many companies
availability
with post-consumer recycled
using paperboard packaging
over 50% of supermarket
packaging contains
content. Today
recycled paperboard.
coconut husks are an alternative
Natural Packaging: Today and
packaging. The husk is strong
used for has a
material to be
These composites are used for
low water absorption rate.
restaurant to-go boxes and other packaging materials. In fact,
coconut based packing materials are stronger when compared
These do not use chemical binders
to conventional packaging.
and other additives, making them good compostable materials.

By reducing their environmental footprint, companies can

increase differentiation and brand loyalty with consumers and

actually move form and function forwards. At the same time,

there is a chance to improve the business profile of packaging
by reducing raw material costs and, in some cases, avoiding
non-compliance fees while meeting - or anticipating -|

compliance requirements.

WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS:

The waste management hierarchy - reduce, reuse, recycle - actually
expresses the order of importance of these ideas:

Reduce neèdless consumption and the generation of waste.

Reuse any item that can be reused or give it to a person or charity

that can reuse it.
 gnovno

Recycle whatever discards remain if you can and only dispose

what you must.

eds to be kept in mind that recycling is the least preferred option.

aoducing the generation of waste so there is no waste left to recycle
Redu

l d be the ideal. It also needs to be understood the difference

ween the concept of "cycle" in the term "recycle". For there to be
hetwe

a
complete cycie, the things which is send to be recycled must come
Com

k.So, as a Green Consumer one should look out for recycled

ntent
on
products whenever he buys, otherwise he is not truly
recycuing

Waste Management would therefore include the following steps to

he actually effective:

Prevention and Minimisation

Re-use

Recycling
Energy Recovery
Landfill

Prevention and Minimisation:

Prevention means eliminating or reducing the quantity of waste
which is produced in the first place, thus reducing the quantity of
waste which must be managed. Prevention can take the form of
reducing the quantities of materials used in a
process or
reducing
the quantity of harmful materials which may be contained in a
product. Prevention can also include the reuse of products.
Prevention is the most desirable waste management option as it
eliminates the need for handling, transporting,
waste.
recycling or disposal
of It provides the highest level of environmental protection
by optimising the use of resources and
by removing
of
a
potential
source pollution.
Minimisation includes any process or
activity
that avoids, reduces or eliminates waste at its source or results in
re-use or
recycling. It can be difficult to draw a clear distinction
between the terms
"Preventionand "Minimisation". Waste
prevention
in the
and minimisation measures can be
applied at all
stages
life-cycle of a product including the production process, the
 Environmental Management (S. Y.I
Y.B.M.S.:
SEM-I
228
M-II)
product at the end-of life stage. By examining
each discarding
marketing, distribution, or tilisation stages, up to discardino.
in #the
stage the
cycle of a product, it may be possible that the quantities of fe
waste
at each stage can be reduced. During the design stage of a
produced
product, consideration can be given to the types of materials to
used, the quantity of materials and the recyclability of the Droa.e
once it reaches its end of life. The use of efficient processes in uct
of
energy and material requirements duringthe manufactureof a
product are other important considerations. Consideration can also
be given to minimising the packaging for the product.

Re-use:

Re-use means the use of a product on more than one

for the same purpose or for a different
occasion, either
purpose, without the need
for reprocessing. Re-use avoids
discarding a material to a waste
stream when its initial use has concluded. It is
preferable
product be re-used in the same state e.g, returnable plastic that a
using an empty glass jar for storing items and using secondpallets,
clothes. Reuse is normally hand
preferable to
recycling as there isn't the
same
requirement for the material to have gone through a detailed
treatment process thus
helping to save on energy and material
usage.
Recycling
Recycling is processing of used materials
to prevent waste of (waste) into new products
potentially useful materials, reduce the
consumption
air pollution
of fresh raw
materials, reduce energy usage, reduce
(from incineration) and water
landfilling) by reducing the need for "conventional"pollution
waste
(trom
and lower
greenhouse gas emissions as disposal,
production. In simpler terms compared Virgin
to
Recycling
reprocessing of a discarded waste involves the
material to make ittreatment toror
suitable
subsequent re-use either for its
It includes original
recycling of organic wastes
form or for other
purposE
but excludes
Recycling benefits the environment energy recovE
materials. Many different by reducing the use of vig
can either be materials can by recycled. Waste mate
recycled for use in
use
(e.g, paper recycling) or can beproducts similar to their
different that the recycled ona
into a product whicn
original use (e-g., recycling
jackets or using construction and demolition plastic bottles in
leece

waste as road o e.
ag8re
Innovation in Business An Environmental Perspective 229
Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the
third component of the "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle"
waste hierarchy.
There are some ISO standards relating to recycling such as ISO
15270:2008 for plastics waste and ISO 14001:2004 for environmental
management control ot recycling practice.
Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal,
plastic, textiles, and electronics. Materials to be recycled are either
brought to a collection center or picked up from the curbside, then
sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into new materials bound for
manufacturing.
In the strictest sense, recycling of a material would a fresh
supply of the same material-for example, used office produce
paper would
be converted into new office
paper, or used foamed polystyrene
into new polystyrene. However, this is often difficult or too
expensive (compared with producing the same product from raw
materials or other sources), so "recycling" of
many products or
materials involves their reuse in producing different materials
(e.g.,
paperboard) instead. Another form of recycling is the salvage of
certain materials from complex
products, either due to their intrinsic
value (e.g., lead from car batteries, or
gold
fromcomputer
components), or due to their hazardous nature (e.g., removal and
reuseof mercury from various items). Critics
economic and
dispute the net
environmental benetits of recycling over its costs, and
suggest that proponents of recycling often make matters worse and
suffer from confirmation bias. Specifically, critics
argue that the costs
and energ8y used in
collection and
transportation detract from (and
outweigh) the costs and energy saved in the production
process;
also that the jobs produced by the recycling
industry can be a poor
trade for the jobs lost in logging mining and other industries
associated with virgin production; and that materials such as paper
pulp can only be recycled a few times before material degradation
prevents further recycling. Proponents of recycling dispute each of
these claims, and the validity of arguments from both sides has led
to enduring controversy.
 Environmental Management (S.Y.B.M SEM-I
230
MSW Eco-co-combustion Process

GrendondCenmont
Waste Collection

Municipal
Solid Waste

Sorting
Recyclable Non-Recyclable

Production : Processing9:
1. Cement Raw Remove materials and
Cement Material chemical compounds
that can form dioxin
2. Energy

Other Business Projects for Greener Future

GREEN BUSINESS AND GREEN CONSUMPTION

The word "Green" has become symbol of eco friendly policies,
a

practices or products. Accordingly the business which takes into

account the environment concern becomes a Green business, Green
business, is an enterprise that has no negative impact on the global
or local environment, community, society, or economy -a business
that strives to meet the economic needs of a nation. In
general,
business is described as green if it matches the following four
criterias:

1. It incorporates principles of
business decisions.
sustainability into each ot its

2 It supplies environmentally friendly products or services that

replaces demand for non green products and/or services.
3 It is greener than traditional practices or products or services
novation in Business-An Environmental Perspective 231
It has made an enduring commitment to environmental
principles in its business operations.

Green business is any organization that participates in an

environmentally friendly manner in the process of production or
oreen activities to ensure that all processes, products, and
activities adequately address current environmental
manufacturing
m

concerns while maintaining a profit. In other words, it is a business

that "meets the needs of the present world without compromising
the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs." lt is
the process of assessing how to design products that will take
advantage of the current environmental situation and how wella
company' s products perform with renewable resources.

Some of the ways by which Green business can be attained are:

Building Greener Buildings

For a lot of businesses, a major part of their environmental impact

can be found in the very building that their business takes place in.
A green building is not only potentially cheaper to operate, it can
and customer loyalty. At
pay big dividends in brand appearance
the very least the cost of a new building may be lesser than the

expense of a less than efficient building design incurring increased

cost. That is, you may find that it is cheaper to be green than not.

Open Green Practices

The business soon must responsibly measure and report their
environmental impact to a given standard. They must build the
places of business to a green standard. They will need to reach out
and connect to their customers on green matters, to the advantage
of both. And finally, they will need to develop and refine openly
green practices that tie together the sense of a green community.

Government Policies
A responsible Government would encourage Green Business by
providing tax benefits and subsidies so that more and more
enterprises are encouraged to become Green. This will go a long
way in making an economy prosperous and have Sustainable
Development.
 Environnental Iurugemttt (o.I.D.il.D.. EM-II)

Success Stories or Case Studies of Green Business are

1. Chicago paper company GPA, which has devised a way
to
produce paper without trees or water. Instead, it uses calcium
carbonate and mineral
limestone-derived powders
to make
paper, which it then binds with resin and polyethylene. Dubbed
the
Ultra Green paper, the product is cheaper than synthetic
more weatherproof, doesn't yellow, and is even
paper,
antimicrobjal
Despite this plastic-like durability, GPA claims the paper is as
printable as that made from trees. Energy savings and favorable
features make Ultra Green a product to watch out for.

McDonald, a world renown fast food company has successfully

changed it's packaging to limit environmental impacts and
received publicity for it's efforts from organizations such
as
the Audubon Society, Conservation
International, Keep
America Beautiful, the National
Recycling Coalition and the
EPA
Today's business is all about being green. More and more businesses
and industries are
joining in the green movement, either out of a
real interest in saving the
planet or a desire to capitalize on the
growing consumer demand for greener ways. For example, Wal-
Mart anticipates savings to the tune of billions of dollars
by reducing
packaging across the supply chain and Wells Fargo issues carbon
credits to offset its customers' credit card
purchascs. irst up,
businesses will find it harder to do business under the "Green"
herald unless they hold themselves accountable to their own
caroo
footprint. A company's net carbon footprint may be as important to
its success as its bottom line, since no doubt one could drive the
6ther. The act of being green is
really building
a responsibie
community on a global scale.

Environmental Green consumerism is the practice

o
using environmentally friendly products that do not cause risK TO
human health and do not threaten the function of
diversity to natura
ecosystems. Green consumerism comes from the desire to tect
pruflife.
resources for future
Green
generations and to increase our quality o
consumption is the regular practice of
consumption of
environmentally friendly products that do not cause any dal age
to human health and do not threaten the functions and
worsu
Innovation in Business - An Environmental Perspective
233
any natural ecosystem. Specialists of environmental protection have
agreed upon a definition of green consumption as the five "Rs":
Reduce, Revaluate, Reuse, Recycle, and Rescue
It refers to recycling purchasing and using eco-friendly products
that minimize damage to the environment. This involves decisions
Such as using Energy Star apphiances that consumne less power,
buying hybrid cars that emit less carbon dioxide, using solar and
wind power to generate electricity and buying locally grown
vegetables and fruits.

Green consumerism creates a balance between the expectations of

consumer behaviour and businesses' profit motives. A consumer
has to realize that he/she not just buys 'a' product, but everything
that went into its production, and everything that will happen in
the future as a result of that product. All products have an
environmental impact, however small. The is reduce it to
idea
to
the minimum.Green Consumerism creates a balance bewtween the
expectations of consumer behaviour and business profit motives
within the orbit of environmental protection. It increasingly calls
upon the consumer to look at the entire life cycle ofa consumers
purchases, because a consumer does notjust buy a product but also
everything that went into its production and everything that will
happen in the future as a result of that product. It is essential for all
of us to realise that all products have an environmental impact,
however small or big it may be.

The term "green consumption" covers a full range of activities in

both production and consumption fields, including green products
the recycling of materials, the efficient use of energy, the protection
of the environment, and the preservation of species. Friend's of the
Earth' (FOE), 'Green Peace', 'The World Wild Life' (WWF) are some
of the world famous international organisations working towards
promoting greater environmental awareness amongst the
consumers. These organisations also encourage productions ot
products which are eco friendly. 'Natural Farming' is one such
attempt and the farm produce are consumed by those who believe
in this concCept and are Green Consumers. It has been tound that tne
products from organic farming are more tasty, more nutritious,
234 Environmental Management (S. Y.B.M.S.: SEM-Jn
cheaper and locally available. Ecolabellin networks that moni
and evaluate green products have been developed in O
countries. These networks have done life cycle analyses
understand the impact of products.Green Consumerism has:
become the symbol for the future world system. And as peo thus
realise the importance there
of these
eco friendly Products
increasing response to the 'Green Movement' globally.
willbe
Environmentally friendly and pollution free, green products inflt.
less harm to the environment and are good for public
Mean hile, they are easy to recover and treat after use. nealth.

ples of Green Consumeris

Products freon-free refrigerators and environmentally
friendly
aerosol insecticides, degradable plastics, phosphorus.fr
washing powders, mercury-free cells, and other green products
free
can effectively cut down the pollution to local
surroundings.
2. Products that be recovered and recycled:
can
Reusing waste
can save resources and cut down pollution by a
large margin
In comparison to raw materials, waste is also more
energy-
efficient For example the
and
can cause less pollution.
papermaking industry, with recycled paper and recycled
plastics.
3. Products that can enhance the efficiency of resources and
energies lt reters to recycling, purchasing and using eco-friendly
products that minimize damage to the environment. This
involves decisions such as using Energy Star appliances that
consume less power, Energy-saving computers and
energy
saving lights,buying hybrid cars that emit less carbon dioxide,
using solar and wind power to generate electricity,washing
machines with low noise and compound floorboards with low
formaldehyde content are representatives of such products.
4 Products that is good for human health like
consuming buying locally grown vegetables and fruits, ar
buying and
consuming only organic fruits, vegetables and food grains
far100ation in Business An
Environmental Perspective
-

235
The steps towards creating a
consumers would be:
greater awareness amongst the

Encourage the people to choose green products that are

unpolluted or
good for public health,
Wastes are to be treated under
pollution, and
special surveillance to avoid

Public understanding of
raise
consumption is to be changed so as to
people awareness of healthy.Hfestyle, environmental
s a

protection, and cngyconservation in their pursuit of a

comfortable lite.

How to Start Green Consumption program

Role of Government

Roleof Industry/ Business

Role of NGOS

Role of General Public

of Green Consumerism is to achieve sustainable

The ultimate goal
Besides the demands for consumption,
consumption on the earth.
also be made aware to consider
safety, and people
health,future should
of descendants into consideration.
the needs
our
 Environmental Management (S.Y.B.M.S.,: SEM
236
Extracts from Article on Technologies for a Green Future

Business 2.0 Magaris.

Saheli Datta and Todd Woody,
By
March 72007: 3:00 PM EST
The planet's pressing environmental problems
most
global
warming, energy shortages,
over fishing, pollution may see
-

just too big to be solved

with
today s technology. But do
minds are working on futuristic projesects
despair: A lot of bright world greener while makine
that promise to make the ing
entrepreneurs some green..

Toxin-eating trees

Plant a forest, clean up a Superfund site. 1hat s the idea behind

phytoremediation, a technology that uses vegetation to absorb
hazardous waste from industrial plants and other polluters.

The technique has been around for years but hasn't proven very
effective. Now there's a new twist that promises to make toxic

dumping grounds green in more ways than one.

Researchers at York University in Britain have identified bacteria
living in the roots of poplar trees that produce an enzyme that
zaps residue from RDX, a chemical compound used by the
military and industry. The scientists are working on ways to
genetically engineer the enzyme to boost the tree's ability to suck
up toxic waste. So don't be surprised if you start seeing forests
sprouting on old military bases.
Meanwhile, a team from the University of Georgia has
transplanted a gene from bacteria that helps neutralize mercury
contamination into a common flower. The result: a solar-powered
bioremediation system that smells nice too.
Autonomous ocean robots
The world's seas are in an ocean of trouble: climate change,
vanishing fish, coral bleaching. Just keeping tabs on an airless
environment that covers three-quarters of the earth's surface is
11noouLO

distant planet. Which means it's best to

a bit like exploring a

send in the robots.

and
Unfortunately, today most oceangoing robots are big, dumb,
expensive. They need to be tethered to boats and operated by
Under
humans who collect paychecks. But not the Starbug.
development in Australia, the 4-foot-long yellow robot operates
to its
autonomously and is highly manoeuvrable, thanks
innovative thruster technology and robotic vision.

According to the roboe's designer, scientist Matthew Dunbabin

of CSIRO, the starbug will monitor water quality, map i5h
habitats, and survey threatened coral reefs. It could also be
deployed to detect drops in fish populations, as well as being
dispatched to help with underwater gas and oil exploration.

Rather than relying on costly sonar, the Starbug "sees" its

surroundings. Its cameras and the onboard Linux operating
system let the robot identify and count, for instance, marine pests
that are killing off parts of the Great Barrier Reef, a 135,000-
square-mile ecological cash cow that generates $8.3 billion
annually in tourism revenue.
With the roboe's initial cost at an estimated $24,000, Dunbabin
envisions fleets of Starbugs launched from shore or small boats.
His team is now building the next-generation Starbug, which
should start rolling off the assembly line late this year.

Endangered-species tracker

Old: Savethewhales! New: Web 2.0 those whales, and then clone
'em! There are more than 16,000 known threatened animal and
plant species; their plights worsen each year as deforestatiorn,
development, and climate change take their toll.

Conservationists are looking to tag endangered animals like the

Amazon's piglike white-lipped peccary with radio frequency ID
tags and GPS sensors, and then use Web 2.0 mashup techniques
to overlay their locations and map details of their habitats and
habits with other landscape features. The plan is to identify and
 (S. Y.B.M.S.:
238
Environmental Management SEM-
to ensure vival of
tnesurvival of spec.
species
design better wildlife preserves
edging toward extinction.

of oblívion, brave-new-World stepsa

For animals on the brink
In 2003, scientists cloned an endano
are
being contemplated.
banteng cow, and XY Inc. of Fort Collins, Colo., has loped
that day
could one for be used
sperm-sorting technology
to boost captive breedi
selection in endangered species
a laboratory
meanwhile, is setting up to
programs. India,
cryopreserve the sperm and
DNA of rare Bengal tigers andotha
ther
cloned.
animals so they can eventually be
Source:
money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2007
7/
02/01/8398988/(Business 2.0 Magazine)

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1 Discuss on the significance of using Non renewable Energy sources,

2. Elaborate on the future of Solar Energy in India.
3. Wind Energy has advantages and disadvantages. Explain.
4. What is bio gas? What are its advantages and disadvantages?
5. What are bio fuels? What is its significance in today's world?
6. What is nuclear energy? Discuss its two types.
7. Write a brief note on Tidal Energy.
8. Explain how the heat inside the earth can be used for generation of
energy
9. Elaborate on the concept of Eco tourism and its prospects for
development in India.
10. What is Green Business and Green Consumerism.
11. Write a short note on Organic farming
12. Identify the
significance of Green Marketing
13. Discuss the
importance of waste management projects. Cite a few
examples
14 Elucidate the role of eco friendly
packaging in waste management.
Innovation in Business- An Environmental Perspective 239

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
A Choose the correct/ most
statements: appropriate option for the following
1. What should you consider while buying an
product? environmentally friendly
(a) Use of minimal
packaging
(b) Product can be easily disassembled
( Products that offer take back
offers
(d) All of the above
2 Decomposing yard waste and fruits and vegetable
can be broken down by bacteria, which trimmings which
is called as reduces the need for fertilizers
(a) Chemical fertilizer
(c) Animal dung
(6) Composting
3. The predominant source of
(d) None of the above
energy on earth is
(a) Electricity
(6) Natural Gas
)The Sun (d) Plants
4. What is the most common
material used in making solar cells?
(a) Silver
(b) Iron
5.
Aluminium (d) Silicon
Which ofthe
wind power?
following states in India ranks first in the installation of
(a) Gujarat
(b) Andhra Pradesh
Maharashtra (d) Tamil Nadu
6. What kind of
energy does a wind
turbine use?
a) Kinetic energy
b) Potential energy
7.
()Chemical
A
Energy (d) Thermal energy
place
where many wind turbines are installed
electricity is called a together to produce
(a) Wind farm
(b) Propeller collection
(C)Windstation
Solar photovoltaic cell converts (d)
8. Wind turbine station
solar energy
(a) Mechanical energy directly into
(b) Electricity
Heat energy
9. An anemometer is an (d) Transportation
instrument used for measurement of
(a) Solar radiation
(b) Wind speed
) Temperature gradient (d) Depth in ocean
 EnvironmentaliuntugEen (.1.6,M.S.: SEM7
240 Which source of renewable energ is caused by uneven heating of A-II)
10.
earth's surface?
(6) Wind
(a) Solar
(d) Biomass
Geothermal

major
share in biogas?
11. Which gas has a
(b) CH4
(a) Na (d) H
)CO cteria digest organic
when anaerobic
12. Biogas is produced matters in
The process is called
absence of oxygen.
(a) Anaerobic reduction b) Anaerobic digestion
() Anaerobic oxidation (d) Anaerobic drying
as fuel through
13. Biomass can be used
(a) Combustion () Fermentation
(d) All of the above
() Digestion
14. The tidal waves are caused by the periodic rise and fall of ans.
Itis
associated with the position of
(a) Moon (b) Sun
(c) Earth (d) Sea
15. Energy derived from hot spots beneath the earth is called
(a) Bio energy (b) Geothermal energy
(c)Nuclearenergy (d) Hydrogen energy
16. What are the benefits of organic farming?
(a) Ithelps in maintaining environment health by reducing the level
of of pollution
(b) It reduces human and animal health hazards by reducing the
level of residues in the product
(c) It helps in keeping agricultural production at a higher level and
makes it sustainable
d) All the above
17. The limitations of marketing philosophy is
accepted by acknowledging
the need to impose regulatory constraints on the market
particularly
the impact of marketing activity on the environment due to the
of
concept
(a) Sustainable marketing (b) Relationship marketing
() Green marketing (d) Ethics in marketing
18. The material used for the
containment, protection, handling delivery
and preserntation of
goods refers to
(a) Packaging (b) A box
(c)Material handling (d) Containerization
 Innovation in Business - An Evironmental Perspective 241
19. Which ofthe following is not an environmental friendly packaging
strategy that firms might adopt?
(a) Reduce the amount of packing material used
(b) Use more environmentally friendly packaging materials
() Use reusable containers
(d) All the above
20 Which typeas of electricity-generating power plant releases radioactive
materials well as toxic metals such lead and arsenic under normal
as
operating conditions?
(a) Nuclear (b) Hydroelectric
) Solar (d) Coal-burning
21. Which of the following is not a practice associated with sustainable
agriculture?
(a) Fallowing of land b) Croprotation
()Biological control of pests (d) Perennial polyculture
Ans: (1)-(d), (2) - (b), (3) - (c), (4) - (d), (5) - (d), (6)- (a), (7) - (a), (8) - (b),
(9)-(b), (10) - (b), (11) -(b), (12) - (b), (13) - (b), (14) (a), (15) (b),
(16)-(d), (17)- (c), (18) - (a), (19) - (d), (20)- (a), (21)- ()

B. Explain the Concepts/Terms in one or two lines only:

1. Non conventional sources of Energy
2 2. Wind Energy
3 Bio Fuels
4. Solar Ener8y
5. Geo Thermal Energy
6. Biogas
7. Tidal Energy
8. Tidal Range
9. Composting
10. Eco Tourism
11. Green Marketing
12. Green Business
13. Green Consumerism
14. Organic Farming
15. Eco friendly Packaging
16. Waste Management
 Environmental Nlanugenet (o. I-D.M.S.: SEM.
242
1-II)
UNIVERSITY PAPER SOLUTIONS

NOVEMBER 2017

Time: 2% Hours Marks: 75

N.B. All questions are compulsory carrying 15 marks each.

Q.1 (A) Multiple Choice Questions (any 8): (8)

1 Vermicomposting is done by

(a) Fungus b) Worms

()Bacteria (d) Birds

2 Biotic Environment includes

(a) Producers (b) Consumers

(c) Decomposers (d) All of the above

3. Which of the
following are problems associated with landfills?
(a) Loss of soil fertility
(b) Methane production
(c) Contamination of ground wasters
(d) All of the above
4. Burning of which gas at landfills is
responsible for Global
Warming
(a) Ozone (b) Oxygen
(c) Methane (d) Propane
5. The Wildlife Protection Act was enacted in year
(a) 1986 (b) 1994
(c)1974 (d) 1972
University Paper Solutions 243
6. ISO-14000 standards deal with
(a) Pollution management
(b) Risk management
(c) Environmental management
(d) None of the above
7. One carbon credit is
equivalent to
(a) 100 tons of carbon reduction
(b) 10 tons of carbon reduction
(c) None of the above
(d) 1 tons of carbon reduction
8. The predominant source of energy on earth is

(a) Electricity (b) Sun

( Natural Gas (d) Plants
9. Energy derived from hot spots beneath the earth is called
(a) Bio energy (6) Nuclear energy
(c) Geothermal energy(d) Hydrogen energy
10. Which of the following is not a form of Non-conventional
energy?
a) Tidal (b) Wind
(c) Geothermal (d) Hydel
Ans. (1) - (b), (2) - (d), (3) (d), (4) - (c), (5) (d), (6) - (©), (7)- (d),
(8) - (b), (9)- (©), (10)-(d)

Q.1 (B) True or False (any 7): (

1. Flow of energy in the ecosystem takes place through food chain.

2. CFL and LED are examples of soft technology.

3. The water (prevention and control of pollution) was enacted in

1981.
4 Smog is the combination of smoke, fog and sulphur dioxide.
 Environmental Managenment (S. Y.B.M.S. SEAM
244
5.
Geothermal is the non-conventional source of energy
y
SEM-II)
6. Natural resources are evenly distributed on earth.
6.
Over ninety seven percent of the earth's water is in the
7.
8. Many integrated food chains interweave together to
oceans.
8. her to form
complex food webs.

9. Composting of waste is an anaerobic process of decom

solid wastes. decomposing
10. Bhopal gas tragedy took place in year 1984.

Ans. True:1,2,4,5,6, 7,8, 10; False: 3,9

Q.2 What are Biogeochemical cycles ? Explain the Wor
mechanism of water cycle along with its king
diagrammatie
1atica
representation.
(15)
Ans. Refer Chapter 1, Pgs. 21-22 and 24-25

OR

Q.2 What do you mean by Ecosystem ? What its

Explain the Energy Flow Pyramid in brief.
are
features ?
(15)
Ans. Refer Chapter 1, Pgs. 26 to 31
Q.3 Define water pollution. Discuss the causes, effect and
solution
to control water pollution. (15)
Ans. Refer Chapter 2, Pgs. 97 to 103
OR

Q.3 Discuss the phenomena of Global

and effects on the
warming, What are its causes
living and non-living things? (15)
Ans. Refer
Chapter 2, Pgs. 114 to 117
Q4 Write a detailed note on Air
(Prevention and
Pollution) Act, 1981. Contro
(15)
Ans. Refer
Chapter 3, Pgs. 165-166
 OK

o4 Discuss the Process

followed in India.
of Environmental Impact Assessment
(15)
AMs.Refer Chapter 3, Pgs. 152 to 155
Q.5 Write short notes on:(any 3) (15)
(a)SolarEnergy
b) Organic Farming
c) ISO 14001

d) Noise Pollution
eSolid Waste Management Techniques

Ans. (a) Refer Chapter 4, Pgs. 201 to 203

(b) Refer Chapter 4, Pgs. 219 to 224
(c) Refer Chapter 3, Pgs. 158 to 162
(d) Refer Chapter 2, Pgs. 111 to 114
(e) Refer Chapter 2, Pg. 134

OR

Q.5 (a) Discuss the importance of Waste Management Project. Cite

a few examples. 8)

|Ans. Refer Chapter 2, Pgs. 129 to 133

(b) Write the note on Green Marketing.

Ans. Refer Chapter 4, Pgs. 218-219

246
Environnmental Ma71agemen
EM-II)
MARCH-2018 (ATKT)

Time: 2% Hours Marks:75

15 marks each.
N.B. All questions are compulsory carrying
Q.1 (A) Multiple Choice Questions (any 8)
:
8)
The organism which breaks down the parts or dead plants and
1. and
animals is called
(b) Reducer
(a) Producer
(d) Consumers
(c) Carnivores
2. Its an attempt to control human impact on and interaction with
the environment in order to preserve natural resources

(a) Materials management

(b) Resource management

(c)Environmentalmanagement
(d) Natural resource management
3. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in
the year
(a) 1994 (b) 1974
(c) 1981 (d) 2002
ISO 14001 standard deals with

(a) Risk management (6) Disaster management

(c) Pollution management (d) Environment management
5. One of the best solutions to get rid of biodegradable waste is
(a) Land filling
(b) Composting
()Disposing in water bodies
(d) Recycling
University Paper Solutions 247
6. Which of the following is the cleanest source of
energy
(a) Fossil fuel (b) Nuclear energy
() Hydro power (d) Wind power
7. While buying an environmentally friendly product which of
the following should you consider?
(a) Use of minimal packaging
(b) Less carbon footprint
Product that can be recycled
(d) All of the above
8. Energy derived from hot spots beneath the earth is called
(a) Bio energy (b) Hydro energy
(c) Geothermal energy (d) Nuclear energy
9. Which of the following is a carbon negative country ?
(a) China (b) USA
)India (d) Bhutan
0. Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 11th December, 1997 in

(a) China (b) Bhutan

() Japan (d) Morocco
Ans. (1) (b), (2) - (c), 3) - (c), (4) - (d), (5) - (b), (6) - (d), (7) (d),
(8)- (e, (9)- (d), (10) - ()
Q.1 (B) True or False (any 7): (7)
1. Flow of energy in the ecosystem takes place through food chain.

2 The sun is not the main source of energy on earth.

3 Disaster management systems are predesigned plans of action.

Global warming could lead to a rise in sea levels worldwide.

5. One carbon credit is equivalent to 10 ton of carbon reduction.

of the
. Mechanical energy produced from the tides and waves

ocean is called wind energy.

 urgc
Environnental iva t (o. I.B.M.

248
7.
Environmental
protection
is one of the fundamenta
S:Sduties
EM-AI)
the Indian citizen. of
of setro
A food web consist ofthe interlocking ood chains.
8 nr
specific remedial
cutting is
a
9. Selective
conservation ot forests.
for the
are non-conventional l sources of
sources
10. Coal and petroleum energy.
False:2,5, 6, 10
Ans. True:1,3,4,7,8,9;
02 (a) Explain food chain and food web with diagram
(8)
31 to 38
Ans. Refer Chapter 1, Pgs.
(b) Explain the abiotic components ot the environment
)
6 to 10
Ans. Refer Chapter 1, Pgs.

OR

Q2 Explain the meaning of the term resource. Give a classification

of natural resources with example on suitable basis. Explain
the relationship between economic development and
exploitation of resources.
(15)
Ans. Refer Chapter 1, Pgs. 39 to 46

Q.3 Global warming is global warning - Elaborate with describing

the causes and effects of global warming. (15)
Ans. Refer Chapter 2, Pgs. 114 to 117

OR

Q3 (a) "Different waste requires a different waste manage and

treatment" explain
-

with the examples of E-waste

biomedical waste treatments and methods of managig
them. (8)
Ans. Refer Chapter 2, Pgs. 134 to 139
 niversity Paper Solutions 249
(b) Explain Disaster management cycle with the help of a
diagram. (7)
Ans. Refer Chapter 2, Pgs. 126 to 128
o4 (a) Discuss the following environmental issues in India. (8)
() Chipko Movement
() Bhopal Gas Tragedy
Ans. i). Refer Chapter 3, Pgs. 168-169
(ii) Refer Chapter 3, Pgs. 180-181
(b) What is carbon bank? How does it function? Explain the
carbon trading with example. (7)
Ans. Refer Chapter 3, Pgs. 183 to 187

OR

04 (a) Define Sustainable Development. What are the dimensions

of sustainable development? (8)
Ans. Refer Chapter 3, Pgs. 147 to 152
(b) Write a brief note on the need and importance of ElA. (7)

Ans. Refer Chapter 3, Pgs. 152 to 155

Q.5 Write short note on: (any 3) (15)
(a) Water Pollution

(b) Ecotourism

) Non-conventional Energy Sources

d) Green Marketing
e) Tsunami
to 103
Ans. (a) Refer Chapter 2, Pgs. 97
to 218
(b) Refer Chapter 4, Pgs. 215
 Environmental Management (S. Y.B.M.s.
250
) Refer Chapter
1, Pgs.
49 to 53 SEM-)
218-219
4, Pgs.
(4) Refer Chapter
122-123
2, Pg.
(e) Refer Chapter
OR

solar energy:
the advantages using
of
Q.5 (a) What are and wind
energy? 8)
195 to 198 and 201 to 203
Ans. Refer Chapter 4, Pgs.
is the need of the day." Elabo
(b) "Eco-friendly packaging
and also describe how its use leads to reduced carbon fo
print?
224-226
Ans. Refer Chapter 4, Pgs.
NOVEMBER 2018

Time: 2% Hours Marks: 75

N.B. All questions are compulsory carrying 15 marks each.

Q.1 (A) Match the following (any 8) (8)

Column A Column II
1. Stratosphere (a) Geothermal
2. Non-Conventional (b) Sikkim
Source of Energy (c) Microbial Environment
3. Sustainable (d) 1972
Development (e) Solid Waste
4 Carbon Credit
Management
5 Organic Farming () Certified Emission
Kyoto Protocol Reduction
Wildlife Protection Act (g) Resource Conservation
8. Green House Effect (h) 1997
9.
Decomposers i) Atmosphere
10. Incineration
) Global Warming
university Paper Solutions
251
AMS. (1)- (i), (2) - (a), 3)- (g, (4) - (), (5) - (6), (6) - (h), (7)- (d),

(8)-9, (9)-(), (10) - (e)

0.1 (B) True or False (any 7):
(7)
Only 10 percent of net energy production is passed from one
trophic level to another.

The practice of cultivating

crops in alternative strips to prevent
water movement is called Contour
farming.
Methane gas destroys the ozone layer of earth.
Pitcher plant is one of the endangered species of
plant.
Environment Impact Assessment enables local authorities to
evaluate the environmental impacts of the projects.
Energy flow is the flow of chemical elements and compounds
between living organisms and the physical environment.

Eco-tourism works on the principle of minimising the adverse

impact on environment, local culture and heritage.

8. Natural gas is used to produce nuclear energy.

9. Vermiculture is one of the practice followed in waste
management.
10. Many inter-connected food chains form the food web.
Ans. True: 1,4,5,6, 7,9,10; False:2,3,8
0.2 (a) What do you understand by the term Environment?
Discuss brietly about the abiotic components of the
environment. (8)
Ans. Refer Chapter 1, Pgs. 1 to2 and 6to 10
(b) Explain the mechanism of Water Cycle. (7
Ans. Refer Chapter 1, Pgs. 22 to 26
OR
 .5.: SEM-II)
arious trophic.:SEM-evds
M-I)I
Environmeniul
252 Discuss various
term bcosystem.
Define the
Q.2 (a)
of an ecosystem.

to 31
Chapter 1, Pgs. 26
Ans.
Ans. Refer
is said to lack sustainability
»
,
"Modern society
(b) into a
sustainable society? can
we change
it

Pgs. 49 to 53
Ans. Refer Chapter 1,
related with Environ.
the issues
Q.3 (a) Discuss ntal
Degradation.
60 to 63
Ans. Refer Chapter 2, Pgs.
E-waste in today's time ? Discu
(b) How can we manage
134 to 136
Ans. Refer Chapter 2, Pgs.
OR

?
Q.3 What do you mean by Disaster Management Explain tho
Disaster Management Cycle with reterence to an earthquake.

(15)
120 and 126 to 129
Ans. Refer Chapter 2, Pgs. 119 to
Q.4 of Central and State Pollution Control Boards
Discuss the role
under Water Act, 1974. (15)
Ans. Refer Chapter 3, Pgs. 162 to 165
OR

Q4 (a) Describe the salient features of ISO 14001. (8)

Ans. Refer Chapter 3, Pgs. 158 to 162
(b) Write a brief note on Environmental Audit. (7)
Ans. Refer Chapter 3, Pgs. 155 to 158
 LIniversity Paper Solutions 253
O.5 Write short notes on
(any 3) (15)
(a) Green Marketing

(b) Solar Energy

(c) Carbon Bank

d) Global Warming
(e) Food Chain and Food Web
Ans. (a) Refer Chapter 4, Pgs. 218-219
(b) Refer Chapter 4, Pgs. 201 to 203
(c) Refer Chapter 3, Pgs. 183 to 187
(d) Refer Chapter 2, Pgs. 114 to 119
(e) Refer Chapter 1, Pgs. 31 to 38

MARCH 2019 (ATKT)

Time:2% Hours Marks: 75

N.B. All questions are compulsory carrying 15 marks each.

Q.1 (A) Multiple Choice Questions (any 8): (8)
1. A study of relationship between man and nature
(a) Environment Studies (b) History
(c) Food Chain (d) Anthropology
Process through which plants reproduce
2.
(b) Evaporation
(a) Eating
c) Pollination (d) Transpiration

3. Which of the following is not biodegradable?

(b) Earthworm
(a) Vegetables
(d) Aluminium Foil
c) Fruits
 (5. I,.B.M.S.

254
Environmental
Managemen

ies the highest percents

tne highest
SEM-II)
4. Which of the
occupies
following8as earth centage of
on
atmosphere
current
the
(b) Oxygen
(a) CO% (d) Ozone
() Nitrogen
5. Noise is
(b) Constant sound
(a) Loud sound
(d) Slow sound
Unwanted sound
Act was enacted.
and Control of Pollution) in
6. Air (Prevention
the year.
b) 1974
(a) 1981
(d) 2004
() 1994
conducted
7. The ElIA should be
commencement of project
(a) Before
(6) During the project
of the project
(After completion
(d) At any time before or after the project

8. ISO 14000 standards deal with

(a) Pollution management
(6) Environmental management
(c) Risk management

(d) All the above

9 What kind ofenergy a wind turbine use?
(a) Potential energy b) Kinetic energy
(c) Thermal energy (d) Chemical energy
10. The material use for the containment,
protection, handing.
delivery and presentation of goods refers to
(a) Packaging (b) A box
c) Material handling
(d) Containerization
University Paper Solutions 255
Ans. (1)-(a), (2) -(c), (3) - (d), (4) - (c), (5) - (c), (6) - (a), (7) - (a),
(8) - (b), (9)- (b), (10) - ()

Q.1 (B) True or False (any 7):

7)
1. In the ecosystem the
energy transfer gets to become more
efticient as we go up in the food chain.

2. A food web consists of interlocking food chains.

3. Mitigation means minimizing the effect of disaster.

4. Global warming could lead to a rise in sea levels worldwide.

5. One carbon credit is equivalent to 1 ton of carbon reduction.
6. Environmental protection is not among the
of the citizens of India. fundamental duties
7. A solar cell is an electronic device which
into electricity.
directly converts wind
8. Geothermal energy is the heat from the earth it is clean and
sustainable.
9. Sustainable development means meeting present needs without
compromising on future needs.

10. The ozone layer enables the ultraviolet radiation of the sun to
enter the earth.

Ans. True:2, 3,4, 5, 8,9 False: 1,6, 7, 10

Q.2 Define environment and explain the composition of
environment.
(15)
Ans.Refer Chapter1, Pgs. 1 to 2 and 6 to15
OR

0.2 (a) Explain the biogeochemical cycles 7)

Ans. Refer Chapter 1, Pgs. 21 to 26
 S.: SEA.
Environmental Management (S. Y.B.M.S.: SEM-I)
256 flow pyramid.
Explain the energy
(b)
1, Pgs. 27 to 31
Ans. Refer Chapter

Q.3 (a) Explain

the meaning
degradation.
ana causes of
ironmental
environment

60 to 62 and 65 to 70
Ans. Refer Chapter 2, Pgs.
(b) Explain the cause and remedies of degradation of land. (8

70 to 74
Ans. Refer Chapter 2, Pgs.
OR

Q.3 What is global warming ? What are its causes and effects ? (15)

Ans. Refer Chapter 2, Pgs. 114 to 117

04 Define sustainability. Explain the process of Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA). (15)
Ans. Refer Chapter 3, Pgs. 148 to 152 and 152 to 155

OR

Q4 (a) What are thesalientfeatures of Water Act, 1974? (7)

Ans. Refer Chapter 3, Pgs. 162 to 165
(b) Explain how carbon bank and Kyoto Protocol would lead
to reducing the carbon foot print in the world. (8)
Ans. Refer Chapter 3, Pgs. 183 to 187
Q.5 Write short notes on: (any 3) (15)
(a) Ecotourism
(b) E-waste

(c) Disaster Management

(d) Food Web

(e Organic Farming
University Paper Solutions 257
Ans. (a) Refer Chapter 4, Pgs. 215 to 218
(b) Refer Chapter 2, Pgs. 134 to 136
(c) Refer Chapter 2, Pgs. 119 to 120 and 126 to 129
(a) Refer Chapter 1, Pgs. 30 to 34
(e) Refer Chapter 4, Pgs. 219 to 224
OR

Q.5 (a) "More and more non-conventiornal

be utilised for our energy source should
day day needs."Do you agree ? Justify
to
your agreement or
disagreement. (8)
Ans. Refer Chapter 4, Pgs. 190 to 207
(b) What is Green
useful in Marketing ? How can
green marketing be
reducing carbon footprint?
Ans. (7)
Refer Chapter 4, Pgs. 218-219