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10.conductioni in Media - Part 3 Solid
10.conductioni in Media - Part 3 Solid
10.conductioni in Media - Part 3 Solid
▪ Email:
➢ hermaga_s@yahoo.co.id, Hp. 081321108991
➢ siti.saudah@polban.ac.id, Hp.081222548693
CONDUCTION AND BREAKDOWN IN
SOLID AS INSULATING MEDIA
Content
1. Purpose of Studying Breakdown in solid Media
2. Introduction to Solid Media
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media
4. Homework.
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
1. Purpose of Studying Breakdown in solid Media
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
2. Introduction to Solid Media
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
2. Introduction to Solid Media …
Breakdown strength
Intrinsic, electro-
mechanical
streamer
thermal
Log Time
The breakdown mechanism of solid
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media …
1) Intrisic or ionic breakdown
▪ Difinition: The intrisic electric strength is when voltage applied
only short durations of the order of 10-8s, the dielectric strength of
a solid dieletric increases rapidly to an upper limit.
▪ The hghest dieletric strength depands only on the structure of the
material and the temperature.
▪ The maximum electric strength is 15MV/cm for polyvinyl-alcohol
at -1960C. And it is rangs from 5 MV/cm to 10 MV/cm.
▪ Intrisic breakdown depands upon the presence of free electrons
which are capable of migration through the lattice of the
dielectric. Usually, a small number of conduction electrons are
present in solid dielectrics, structural imperfections and small
amounts of impurities.
▪ Trapped electrons are released, and these electrons participate
in the conduction procss. Base on this principle, two types of
intrinsic breakdown mechanisms: electronic and
avalanche/sreamer breakdown.
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media …
2) Electromechanical brakdown
Failure by elektro static force
2
V
0 r 2 = Y ln (d 0 / d )
2d
Y is Young modulus
2Y
V =d2 2
Y ln (d 0 / d )
0 r
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media …
V
E max = = 0,6 Y /
d0
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media
3) Electronic breakdown
▪ Free electrons are also assumed to be large, and electrons
collisions occur
▪ When an electric field is applied, electrons gain energy from
electric field and cross the forbidden energy gap fram the
valency to the conduction band.
▪ When this process is repeated, more and more electrons
become available in the conduction band, eventually leading to
breakdown.
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media …
4) Avalanche / steamer breakdown
• This is similar to breakdown in gases due to cumulative
ionization.
• Conduction electrons gain sufficient energy above a certain
critical electric field and cause liberation of electrons from the
lattice atoms by collisions.
• An electron starts from the cathode will drift towards the anode
and during this motion gains energy from field and loses it during
collisions.
• In practice, breakdown does not occur by the formation of a
single avalanche itself, but occurs as a result of many
avalanches formed within the electric and extending step by step
through the entire of the material.
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media …
5) THERMAL BREAKDOWN
▪ Breakdown voltage) of solid dielectric rise with the material
thinness
▪ Heat generating in the DC electric field strength is
2
I R
Wdc = = E W/Cm
2 3
Volume
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media …
Vef2 f r tg
Wac = W/cm3
1,8 x1012
where,
f is frequency
δ is loss of material dielectric edge.
Vef2 is rms square
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media …
T
WT = CV + div (K grad T) W/cm 3
t
where,
CV = specific heat
T = temperatur
K = thermal conduction
t = dissipation time
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media …
▪ For E2 occur breakdown both TA and TB.
▪ On the area TA-Tb, heat generated is smaller than loss heat
so that does not occur breakdown.
Heat
Head generated
E1 E2
Heat lost
Temp.
T0 TA TB
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media …
Maximum thermal breakdown stress
in MV/cm
Material
In DC Field In AC Field
Thermal breakdown stress in
Quart-paraller to axis 66 -
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media …
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media …
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media …
d1
V1 = V
d1 + 1 d 2 / 2
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media …
7) Breakdown due to internal discharges
C1 d1 C1 V1
C3
d C3
V
C2
C2
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media …
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media …
d1 r
V1 = V
d2
Example
Isolator with thin 100 cm applied 500 kV if the material has void
0,02 cm as empty. What event to the material if relative
permittivity of material is 5.
Answer:
Thin of void is smallest compare to material,
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
4. Homework
1. Explain electric conduction phenomenon in solid. And
compare to conduction in liquid and gas.
2. What influence of void in the solid material?
3. Proof the formulation:
I 2R
Wdc = = E 2 W/Cm 3
Volume
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
OK, our class is over
Thank You
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban