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T. IO. AP03Aoea,
B. r. Ma111noea,
A.H. 6epecToea
 CONTENTS
THE VERB
1. The Verb "to be" ......................................................................................................... ............ 9
2. "There + be" Construction ............... ...................................................................................... 14
3. The Verb "to have" ..................................... ........................................................................... 17
4. English Tenses Active ............................................................. .............................................. 21
5. The Simple Forms ................................................. ............................... .. ............................... 23
5.1 The Present Simple Tense ............................ .. ...... ........................................................ 23
5.2 The Past Simple Tense ................................................................................................. 26
5.3 The Future Simple Tense .............................................................................................. 32
6. The Continuous Forms .. ........................................................................................................ 36
6.1 The Present Continuous Tense .............................. ... ....... ............ ............. ..................... 36
6.2 The Present Continuous and the Present Simple ...... ....................... ......... .. ........ ............. 40
6.3 The Past Continuous Tense ........................................................... ................................ 42
6.4 The Past Continuous and the Past Simple ...................................................................... 43
6.5 The Future Continuous Tense ................ ........................................................................ 47
6.6 Revision ................................................................. ..................... ................................ 49
7. Talking about the Future ................................. ................................................... ................. ... 50
7.1 Present Tenses with a Future Meaning .............................................................. ............. 50
7.2 Be going to ............................................................................... ........... ............. ......... 51
7.3 The Future Simple ........................................................................................................ 53
7.4 Be to, be about to, be due to .. ........... .............................................................. ............ 55
7.5 Revision ............. ................................................... ............................... ....................... 55
8. The Perfect Forms ................................................................................ ..................... ........... 58
8.1 The Present Perfect Tense .................... .......... .................... ......... .......... ....................... 58
8.2 The Present Perfect and the Past Simple .............................. .......... ............................... 64
8.3 The Past Perfect Tense .................................... ......... ................................................. .. 68
8.4 The Future Perfect Tense ..................... ....................................... .. .............................. . 73
9. The Perfect Continuous Forms ....................... ........................................................................ 76
9.1 The Present Perfect Continuous Tense ......... ............. ..................... ................................ 76
9.2 The Present Continuous and the Present Perfect Continuous ............................... ............ 78
9.3 The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous ................................................. 79
9.4 Revision ........................ ........ .......... .. .................. .............. ........... ............................... 81
9.5 The Past Perfect Continuous Tense ..... ..................... ..................... ................................ 83
9.6 The Past Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous .................. ................................... 85
9.7 The Future Perfect Continuous Tense .. ... ........ ..................... .......................................... 86
10. Revision on Tenses ............................................................................................................... 87
11 . Tests ... ......................................... .......................................... .................... ...................... ... 93

MODAL VERBS
1. Definition .................. .......................................................................... ................................. 95
2. "Can" ........................................................................................................ ....................... ... 95
2.1 Can - to Express Strong Doubt or Astonishment ............................ .................. ... ........... 99
2.2 Revision ................................................................................................. ........... ..... .... 101
3. "May" .............. ................................................................................................................... 102
3.1 May - to Express Uncertainty, Strong Doubt ................................................................. 103
4. "Must" ................................. .......................................... ........... ....... .. ............ ........ ............. 106
4.1 Must - to Express Probability, Near Certainty ................................................................ 109
4.2 Revision ......... ............ ... ............................................................................................. 113
5. "Should" and "Ought to" ...................................... ................................................................. 114
6. "Need" ........... .. ........ .......... ................................................................................................ 117

4
 CONTE N TS

7. Revision ............... ........... ............... .... ............... .. ......... .. ....... .. ... .. .. .. .... .. .. ... .......... .......... .... 121
8. Tests ........................................ ......... .... ................... ... .... .. .................... .............. .. ........ ..... 124

THE PASSIVE VOICE

1. Formation of the Passive Voice ... .. .... .... ......... ................ .................... .. .. .. .. .... ... .. .. ......... ....... 126
2. Uses of the Passive Voice Peculiar to the English Language ........................ ... ......................... 127
3. Revision ........................... .................................. ......... .. ....... ..................... .......................... 136
4. Tests .... .. ............. .... .... ... ........................................... .... .. ............. .. .. .. ... .. .......... ........ ........ 138

QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVES ... ..... .. ...... .. ... ...................... ...... ............... .... ...... .... ....... .... ...... ... . 140

THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES

1. General Rules ................. .. .................. ........................................... .. ... .... ... ......... .... .. ... .... ... 146
2. Revision ...... .......... .. .. ... ... .. ........ .. ..... .. .. ....... .. ............ .. ........ .......................... .. .......... ....... .. . 150
3. Tests ... .. .................... ....................... .... ... .. .............. .. .. .. ............. .. ... ... ... ......... .. ........ ... ... .. . 152

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

1. Indirect Statement .... ... ... ................... ... .. .... .............. .. ... .. .............. .... .. .... ........... .. .. .... ... ...... 153
2. Indirect Command and Request ........................................ .......... .......... ... .. ... ... .......... ..... ...... 155
3. Indirect Questions ........ .. ... .......... ... ... ... ..... .. ... ............ ......... ..................................... ... ......... 156
3.1 Indirect General Questions ............................... ... .. ..... .. .. ... .... .... ... ... .. .... ..... ................ .. 156
3 .2 Indirect Special Questions .... ... .. .. ....... ... .................... ................................. ......... ........ 157
4. Reporting a Dialogue or a Conversation ... .. .. ... .. ..................................... .......... ............ ....... ... 158
5. Revision ..... .......... .... ..... ... ........ ... ....... .. ... .. ... .. ..... .... ........... ........... ...... ... .. .... ... ...... ...... .. ... ... 161

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

1. Conditional Sentences ..... ........................... .............. ... .................. ......... .. ........ .. .......... .... .. .. 165
1. 1 Revision ... .............................. ... .... .. .. ................ ... .. ............. ............................. ... ....... 172
1.2 Test .................. .... ......................................... ..... .. .................... .. ... ................... .... ..... 175
2. Making a Wish ............... .. ................ ... ...... ..... ...................................................................... 175
3. Revision ............... ...... ... .. ......... ........... ...... ............. .. .. .... ...... ....... ... ........ .. ........ ... ....... ...... ... 179
4. Tests .............. .. .......... .......... .......... ... ... .... ... ........... .... ... ... .. ... .. ............ ... .......... ......... .. ....... 180

THE NOUN
1. Formation of Nouns ..... ........................................ .............. ... ... ............ ...... .... ... ..... ... .. ... ... ... 181
2. Classification of Nouns ................................................... ................. ......... ..... .......... ... .......... 184
3. The Category of Number .. ......... ....... .... ....... ... .... .. ... .. ...... .. .. .. ... ..... .. ..... ... .. .... ..... .... .. ... .. ...... . 187
4. The Category of Case .. ............. ......... ...... .... .. ...... ... .. ... ... .. ... .... .. ... .... .. ..... ... ... .......... ..... ...... . 191
5. Tests ....................................... ... ...... ... ..................... .. ... ..................... .... .... .. ......... .......... ... 195

THE ARTICLE
1. Use of Articles with Common Nouns ............ ...................... ........ ..................... ..................... .. 196
1. 1 Revision ........ ... ......................... ... ... .... ...................................... ... .............................. 202
2. Use of Articles with Nouns of Material and Abstract Nouns ...... .. ........... .. .. ... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .......... 205
3. Use of Articles with Proper Nouns .. ... ......... ... .................... ..... ... .. ....... ... ...... .. ... .. .. .. .. ............. 208
3. 1 Geographical Names .............. ..... .................................................. ... ........................ ... 208
3.2 Use of Articles in the Names of Places, Buildings, Public Organizations, etc ..................... 210
3.3 Names of Persons .................................................................................................... ... 212
4. Special Diffic ulties in the Use of Articles ........................... ... ........... .... .. ... ....... ....................... 214
4.1 Use of Articles with the Names of Months and Days, Seasons, Meals, Languages,
Nouns: Day, Night , Evening, Morning, etc ........ .. ... ........ ... ...... .. ..... .. .. ......... .. .... ........... .. 214
4.2 Use of Articles with the Nouns School/College , Prison/ Jail, Bed, Town , Church ............... 216
4.3 Revision ...... .. .... ...... .. ... ........... ............................... ... ................. ... .... .... ... .......... ...... .. 218
5. Use of Articles in Some Set Expressions .................................................... .......... .. ....... ... ... .. . 219
6. Tests ............................................. .. ..... .. ..... .......... .. .... ..... .............. ..... .. ............................. 221

5
 ENGLISH GRAMM AR . REFE REN C E & PRA CTIC E

THE PRONOUN
1. Classification of Pronouns .................................. ............. ......... ....... ............ ......... ................ 223
1.1 Personal and Possessive Pronouns ..... ...................................................................... .. .. 223
1.2 Reflexive Pronouns ........................................................................... .... .................... ... 226
1.3 Demostrative Pronouns ................................................................................................ 228
1.4 Interrogative Pronouns ........... ..................................................... ........... ...................... 230
1.5 Defining Pronouns ........................................................................................ .... ...... ..... 231
1.6 Indefinite and Negative Pronouns .... .......... ............ .. .................... ................................. 236
1.7 Much/Many, Little/ Few, a Little/a Few .......... .. .... .............. ......... ............... ...... .... .. ........ 243
2. Tests ............. ... ....... ................... ........... .... ....................................... ........... ......... ........... .. 246

THE ADJECTIVE
1. Formation of Adjectives ........... ...... ............... ...................................... ........... ....................... 247
2. Word Order: Adjective + Noun ........ ............. ............................ ... .......... .............................. .. 250
3. The Comparison of Adjectives ........... .......... ..................................................... ................... .. 253
4. Tests .......................... ............................... .......... ............................. ....... .......................... 261

THE ADVERB
1. Definition, Forms and Place ......................... ............................ .............. ...... ......................... 262
2. Classification of Adverbs ...................................... .............................................................. .. 267
2. 1 Adverbs of Manner ............................. ... .................................................................... .. 267
2.2 Adverbs of Time ............................................................................................... ........... 269
2.3 Adverbs of Frequency ........................... ................................ ............... .... ........ ............ 271
2.4 Adverbs of Place and Direction .......... ......... ..... ........ .............................. ...................... 272
2.5 Adverbs of Degree, Measure and Quantity ........ .......... ................... ..................... ........... 273
2.6 Viewpoint Adverbs ............................... .. ......... .................... .......... ............................. .. 279
3. Revision ... .......... .. .......................................... ...................................... ............................... 280
4. Tests ...................................... ................................................................................ ........... 282

THE VERBALS (the non-finite forms of the verb)

1. The Gerund ........ ......... .... ........ ............................. .. ....... .... .................................................. 283
1.1 Forms / Use of the Gerund ........ ................................................. .............................. ... 283
1.2 Tense / Voice Distinctions of the Gerund ........... ................................................. .......... . 289
1.3 Verbs Used with the Gerund and the Infinitive .. ......................................... ................... .. 292
1.4 The Gerundial Construction ...................................... ..................... .. ......... .................... 296
1.5 Revision .......................... .................. ............ ............................................................ . 298
1.6 Tests ...................................... .. .......... .................... ........... ......... ......... .......... ... ...... ... 300
2. The Infinitive ...... .............................................................................................. .................... 302
2.1 Forms. Tense / Voice Distinctions ............................ .................... .......... .... .......... ......... 302
2.2 Use of the Infinitive without the Particle to ..................................................................... 303
2.3 Functions of the Infinitive in the Sentence ................... .................... ........... .................... 306
2.3.1 Revision ...... ............ .................. ....................... ................... ............. ............... ... 313
2.4 The Infinitive Constructions ..... ........................ ........................................... ................ .. 314
2.4. 1 The Complex Object ......... ......... ... ......... ......... ............ ......... .. .................. ........... 314
2.4.2 The Complex Subject ......... ...... .... ....... ... .......... .................... .. ......... .. ...... ............ 320
2.4.3 The for-to-Infinitive Construction ............................................. ........ ........ .. ........... 328
2.5 Revision .................................. .......... ..................... .. ......... ......... .. .............................. 331
2.6 Tests ............................. ......... .......... ............. ..... ...................... ................................. 333
3. The Participle ..... ............................ ......... ............. .......... ..................... ............................. ... 334
3.1 Forms and Functions ............................ .......... ................. .......... .................................. 334
3.2 Functions of the Participle in the Sentence ................. ..................... ..... .... .. ................... 336
3.3 Have Something Done ................................ ..................... ... ......... ........ ... ..................... 345
3.4 The Absolute Participial Construction ..... .................................................. ..................... 346
3.5 Revision ............. ............ .......... .. .... .... .......... .......... .......... .. ....... ... ......... ...... .... .......... . 347
3.6 Tests ............................................... ..................... ................... ... ........ .. ..... .............. .. 348

6
 CONTENTS

THE PREPOSITION
1. Definition ......................... .................................................. ................................................. 350
2. Prepositions of Place ................... ........................................................................................ 351
2.1 Prepositions of Place at, in, on ........ ...................................... ......... .............................. 353
3. Prepositions of Direction ................ ........................ ............. ...... .... .. ..... .. ...... ......................... 355
4. Some Prepositions Confused ............................................. ......... .......................................... 359
5. Revision ............................................................................................ .................................. 362
6. Prepositions with Forms of Transport .................................... .................................... .. ...... ... .. 363
7. The Prepositions of Time ...................................................................................................... 364
7 .1 Prepositions for, during, while ...................................................................................... 365
7.2 Prepositions before, till/until, by ................................. .... ... ...... .. ................................... 367
7.3 Prepositions since, from , in time/on time ............ ........................... ............................... 368
8. Prepositions Expressing Abstract Relations .......................... .......... .. ...................................... 370
8.1 Prepositions by, with .................................................. ...... ........... ................................ 370
8.2 As and like ................................................................................................................. 371
8.3 About, on .......................... ......................................................................................... 371
9. Composite Prepositions ....... ...................................... .. ................. ........................................ 372
10. Revision .. ........ ............................ ...................................... .................................................. 373
11. Use of Prepositions in Set Expressions .............................. ... ..... .............. ......... ................... .. 374
12. Tests ........................................ ......................................................................................... 375

THE COMPOUND SENTENCE AND THE COMPLEX SENTENCE

1. The Compound Sentence ..................................................................................................... 377
2. The Complex Sentence ................................... .......... ........ ......... .. ....... ... ............................ .. 377
2.1. Subject Clauses ........................................................................ .................................. 378
2.2. Predicative Clauses ..................................................................................................... 379
2.3. Object Clauses ........................................................................................................... 380
2.4. Attributive Clauses ............. .................... .......... ......... ........ .......................................... 381
2.4.1 Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses ................. ......... .............................. 382
2.4.2 Subject and Object Relative Clauses ... .............................. ................................. 382
2.4.3 Which Referring to the Whole Sentence ... ................... ........................................ 385
2.4.4 Clauses Introduced by What , That, Which ......................... .................................. 386
Revision ........... ....... ................................................................................................... 387
2.5. Adverbial Clauses ...... ................ .. .................... ......... .................... .............................. 389
2.5.1 Time Clauses .................. ... ........ .................. ........... ... ......... .................. ......... .. 389
2.5.2 Adverbial Clauses of Place ......... .... ...... .... ....... ........ .... ...... .......... ................... ... 392
2.5.3 Adverbial Clauses of Manner ................................... ..... ........ ............................. 392
2.5.4 Purpose and Reason Clauses ...... ............................... .................. .......... ........... 394
2.5.5 As and since in Clauses of Time and Cause (Reason) .......................................... 395
Revision .......... ............................................................................................ ..... 396
2.5.6 Contrast Clauses .............................................................................................. 396
2.6 Revision .. ................................................................. ........................... ....................... 398
2.7 Tests ............................................................................ .......................................... 399

EMPHASIS
1. The Emphatic "Do" .............................................................................................................. 401
2. Double Negation .............................................. .................................................................... 402
3. The Emphatic Construction "It is ... that/which/who/ whom " ........... ............ .............................. 402
4. The Emphatic Construction "It is not until ... that" ................................................................... 403
5. The Emphatic "Not ... till/until" .............................................................................................. 404
6. Tests ................................................................................................................................. 405

APPENDICES
Appendix 1. List of Grammar Terms and Key Words ............. ............................................... .. ....... 406
Appendix 2. List of Irregular Verbs ...................................... ......... ........... .................................... 411

7
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. REFERENCE & PRACTICE

Appendix 3. Irregular and Regular Verbs: Confusing Forms ........................... ...... .. ........................ 414
Appendix 4. Regular Verbs: Spelling Rules .............. ............... ....... ... .. ...... ................... .... ... ...... ... 415
Appendix 5. Place and Order of Adverbs in a Sentence ................................................................ 416
Appendix 6. American English .................................................................................................... 417
Appendix7. Punctuation ....... ......................................... ...... .. ................................... .. ... ............ 417
Appendix 8. Prepositions and Homonymous Adverbs. Meaning and Use ......................... ................ 420

Literature ..................... ..................................... ... ...................................................................... 423

 THE VERB
l . The Verb "to be"

The Verb to be in the Present Simple Tense

I'
POSITIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM QUESTIONS

I am (I'm ) I am not (I'm not) Am I?

You are (you're) You are not (you're not or you ar en't) Are you?
He is (he's) He is not (he's not or he isn' t ) Is he?
She is (she's) She is not (she's not or she isn't ) Is she?
It is (it's) It is not (it's not or it isn' t ) Is it?
We are (we're) We are not (we're not or we aren't) Are we?
You are (you 're) You are not (you 're not or you aren 't ) Are you?
They are (they're) They are not (they're not or they aren' t ) Are they?
.ii

The verb to be has the meaning: 6tJTh, RBnRThCR , HBXO~HThCR .

O Today is Monday. - CeroAHSI noHeAellbHlllK.

0 Peter is a teacher. - n eTp - Y'MTe/lb.
O The lamp is on the table. - JlaMna Ha cT011e.
O The railway station is in the centre of the city. - BoK3an HID<OAlllTCsi B u,eHTpe ropoAa.

NOTES:

1. Short answers 2. Questions with WHAT, WHO,

WHERE, WHY, HOW
1. Nouns q pronouns:
0 Are your parents at work? 0 Who is that girl?
Yes, they are. O What is on the table?
0 Where are the children?
2. Positive short answers do not use cont ractions:
0 Are you a student? O How old are you?
Yes, I am.
O Are they in Moscow?
Yes, they are.
3. Contractions are used in negative short answers:
O Is she a teacher?
No, she isn't.

9
 THE VERB

9. The Amur ....................... in Europe.

EXERCISES 10. Diamonds ....................... cheap.
11. Motor-racing ....................... a dangerous sport.
12. Squirrels ....................... big animals.

l (A) Fill in am, is or are.

4 (A) Fill in the right forms of the verb to be.
1. The sky is very blue today. 2. I .................... not
tired. 3. This shelf ........ ............ very heavy. 4.The
children .................... as leep. 5. Look! This
...... ....... ....... Mabel. 6. I .................... cold. Can
you shut the window, please? 7. The castle
.................... one thousand years old. 8. My brother
and I .................... good tennis players. 9. Amy
..... . .... .. .... .. .. at home but her parents ........ ........... .
in church. 10. My sister .................... a doctor.
2 (A) Write full sentences. Use am, is or are.
1. (my grandparents very old)
My grandparents are very old.
2. (my desk very comfortable)
3. (your spectacles in your bag)
Today (l l ........................ Tom's birthday. He
(2) ........................ twelve years old today. All his
friends ' 3 >.............. ........ .. there. His sister
4 5
' >.............. . ...... ... there too. Her name ' >........... .
............ Kate. She ' 6 >...................... eleven years
old. Only Jenny, his girlfriend m...................... ..
not there. Where <8 >. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . she? She
<s> .. .. .................. ill. They <10 >...................... all in
the kitchen; it ' 11 >...... ................ full of children.
They (1 2 >...................... all hungry and thirsty.
There ' 13>...................... a lot of sandwiches on
the table. There (1 4 >...................... some bottles
of lemonade, too . Tom's paren t s and
grandparents P 5 >...... .. .............. not in the kitchen,
they P 6>.............. ........ in the garden. They are
having tea . Tom 's littl e brother Timmy
7 18
(1 >... : .......... ...... .. in his bed. It < >...... .. ............. .

4. (I not very clever today) his time to sleep.

5. (this house very expensive)

5 (A) Read the text in Ex. 4 again and give short
answers.
6. (the shops not open today)
1. Is it Timmy's birthday? - No, it isn't.
7. (Mr. Wren's grandson six years old) 2. Is Jenny there? - .... ................................... .
3. Is Tom eleven years old? - ........ ..... ........... .. .
8. (the houses in this street very big) 4. Is Jenny Tom 's mother? - ........................... .
5. Is Kate Tom' s sister? - .. ....................... ..... ..
9. (the examination not difficult) 6. Are there sandwiches on the table? - ... ......... .
7. Are the children in the garden? - ................. .
10. (those flowers very beautiful) 8. Are they hungry and thirsty? - .................. .. ..
9. Are the parents in the kitchen? - ............ .... ..
10. Are the grandparents there, too? - .... .. ......... .

3 (A) Write positive or negative sentences. Use

am/am not/ is/isn't/are/aren't.
1. Brussels ... is... the capital of Belgium.
2. I ... am not... interested in hockey.
3. I ................... .... angry.
4. It ....................... cold today.
5. The Hague .................. .. ... in Switzerland.
6. I ....................... afraid of dogs.
7. My hands ....................... dirty.
8. Russia .... ................... a very big country.

10
 THE VERB TO BE .

6 (A) At the party Mike wants to know all about 9 {A, B) Translate into English.
Jenny. He asks Tom a lot of questions. 1. Tsoill 6paT AOMa? 2. CKOJlbKO CTOSIT 3Tlll OTKpbrn<lll?
He wants to know: 3 . 3Ta rocrnH111~ oYeHb AOpora51. 4. 5l 111Hrepecyt0cb
lllCKYCCTBOM (be interested in). 5 . Bee Mara3111Hb1
1. who Jenny is Who is Jenny?
ceroAH51 OTKpblTbl. 6. MY3eill ceroAH51OTKpbrr?7. MHe
2. how old she is ......................................... .. ..
)l(apKo. 8 . Mo51 cecrpa - apx111reKTop. 9. 5l He ycrn11a.
3. if she is a nice girl .... .. .............. .. .... ........ .... .
10. 0TKYAa pO,D,OM ee M~? 11. 0Hll1 He CTY,D,eHTbl ,
4. why she isn't here ............... ................... .... .
0H111 spaY111. 12. Te6e 111HTepecHb1111HocrpaHHb1e 513b1K111?
5. where she is now ................. .. ..... ................ .
6. if her parents are at home .... .. .......... .... ...... . .
lQ (B, C) Using the words from the box and
7 (A) Here are some of Tom's answers. What
your own ideas, complete the letter below.
are the questions? uncle my cousin
1. Is Jenny eleven years old? the guy in the white T-shirt student at University
No, s he isn't. She is twelve. two women in the low row teacher of English
2. .. .... .......... ..... ... .. ................... .. .................... ? retired not from Russia
Yes, she is. She is a very nice girl. in her forties 52
3. . .. ...... .. ............... ......................................... ? funny kind
Yes, she is my girlfriend . the flowers in the background beautiful
4. . ....... ...... ...... ....................... ..... ............... .... ?
Because s he is ill.
5. .. ... ................... ....... .. ....... ......... ....... ........ .... ?
She is at home.

8 (A, B) Ask questions. (Read the answers to

the questions first.)
1. (his name?) Robert.
What's his name?
2. (single or married?) I'm single.
Are you single or married?
3. (British?) No, I'm not.

4. (where / from?) From Australia.

5. (how old?) I' m 18.

6. (a student?) No, I'm a secretary.

...Last time you asked me to tell you about
7. (your mother a teacher?) No, she's a lawyer. my family. OK, this is the photo of my family.
The man on the right .. ................ .. .............. ........ .
8. (where / from?) She' s Italian.

9. (her name?) Rachel.

10. (how old?) She's 40.

Yours,
Mary

11
 THE VERB

The Verb to be in the Past Simple Tense

/ '\
POSITIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM QUESTIONS

I was I was not Was I?

You were You were not Were you?
He was He was not Was he?
She was She was not Was she?
It was It was not Was it?
We were We were not Were we?
You were You were not Were you?
They were They were not Were they?
\.. ...
was not = wasn't
were not = weren't

D I am in Russia now. - I was in Ru ssia last summer.

(~ s Pocc1o11o1 celi!Yac. - ~ 6b1n s Pocc1o11o1 npownblM neTOM. )

D The weather is nice . - The weather was nice when we were on holiday.
(noro.o.a xopowasi. - noro.o.a 6b1na xopowasi, Kor.o.a Mbl 6b1m1 Ha KaHt.1KYnax.)

EXERCISES l2 (A) Fill in was/ wasn't/ were/weren't.

1. We didn 't like that house. It was very old and it
wasn 't large enough. 2 . Helen got married when she

ll (A) Fill in am/is/are/ was/were. Some

sentences are Present and some are Past.
1. Last year their son was 26 so he is 27 now.
2. Today the weather .................... nice but yesterday
it ............ ..... ... cold . 3 . I .................... cold . Can I
have something hot to drink? 4 . I .. ................ ..
hungry last night so I had something to eat. 5. Where
.................... you at 10 o'clock last Sunday morning?
6 . Don't buy those shoes. They .................... too
expensive. 7 . Why .. .... .. ........ .. .. you so tired
yesterday? 8. We must go now. It .. ........ ... ....... very
late. 9 . This time last year I ........ ........ .. .. in England .
10. We .... .... .... ........ tired when we arrived home
so we went to bed. 11 . Anton Chekhov died in 1904.
He .................... a famous Russian writer. 12. "Where
......... ... ...... .. the dogs?" - " I don't know. They
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. in the garden ten minutes ago ."
.................... 21 years old. 3 . I called you yesterday
evening but you .................... at home . Where
.. .................. you? 4 . My son .................... at work
last week because he .......... .. ...... .. ill. He 's better
now. 5. The shops ........... .... ..... open yesterday
because it .... .. .............. a public holiday .
6 . " .. .. .. .............. you at home at 9 .30?" - "No, I
.................... I .. .... .............. at work."
13 (B) Work in pairs . Ask and answer
questions, using the prompts below.
( Model:) - Where was Peter yesterday evening?
- He was at the theatre.
1. Michael / home ....................................... ... .

2. you and Mary / office .. ................................ .

12
 THE VERB " TO BE"

3. Mrs. Brown / library ............................. ....... . disappointed with it because it is very cold and nasty
there.
TextB
4. your friends / cinema .............................. .. .. .
Mr. Smith was born in 1975 in (s> • . •••••••••••• •. •••• His
two sons Patrick and Michael were born in Washington,
5. Dan and Jack / cafe ................................... . too, when Mr. Smith w as (s> .................... First
time they were together in St. Petersburg two
years ago. Their holiday was great because
(7)_ ................... Now they are in Moscow. But
6. you / city centre ................................... .. .... .
Mr. Smith is very disappointed with it because
(8l •••••••••..••.•••.••

7. you and your colleague/ street ................... .

l6 (A, B) Using the verb to be in the Present

8. Mr. Smith/ department store ....................... . Simple and the Past Simple forms, compare
picture A with picture B below.

Picture A

14 (A, B) Translate into English.

1. rAe OHl-1 6bl/WI BYepa BeYepoM?
2. noYeMy Tbl BYepa ono3gari?
3 . Ero BYepa He 6b1110 a yH1-1sepc1-1rnrn.
4 . MeHs:i TaM He 6b1110.
5. Ee He 6blfl0 AOMa B 5 YaCOB.
6. noYeMy Tbl TaK Hanyrarics:i BYepa? (be scared)
7 . BYepa 6b1Jl0 He OYeHb COJlHeYHO, HO Ten110.
8. 0Ha OYeHb HepBHl-1YaJla "13-3a 3TOro HeAefllO
Ha3aA, HO cel:1Yac see a nops:iAKe . Picture B
9 . OH1-1 He 6b1111-1 6011bHbl, s:i ysepeH. (be sure)
1O. nonroAa Ha3aA sTo 6b1110 AOporo AflS:t H1-1x,
cei:1Yac - HeT.

l5 {B, C) Work in pairs. Ask and answer

questions to complete information about Mr. Smith
and his children. (Student A looks at Text A, student
B looks at Text B, they ask and answer questions.)
-=:

( Model:) When was Mr. Smith born?

- He was born in 1975.
( Model:) Thirty years ago Jack was young and
Text A enthusiastic. Now he is a middle-aged
Mr. Smith was born in (1 >.•••••.•• .••••••..• in Washington. man.
His two sons Patrick and Michael were born in
2
( >• • ••••••••••••••••• when Mr. Smith was on a two-week
business trip in Russia. First time they were together
in St. Petersburg (3 >.................... Their holiday was
great because it was very warm and sunny. Now
they are in (4 >................ . . . . But Mr. Smith is very

13
 THE VERB

2. "There + be" Construction

I. We use the there + be construction when talking
about the existence or presence of people, things,
etc. in a particular place. This construction has the
meaning «eCTb», «11MeeTCR», «HaXO,D.11TCR»,
«cy~ecrayer>>. The verb to be in this construction
can be used in different tense forms:
there is/are there was/were there will be
there has/have been there had been
0 There are many French books in this library.
0 There was a meeting at the club yesterday.
0 There will be a good crop in this region
this year.
0 There hasn't been any rain for some days.

Word Order

adverbial modifier of place

there + be + subject +
adverbial modifier of time

The corresponding Russian sentences begin with adverbial modifiers.

Russian English

B Moeilt KOMHare eCTb (111MeeTCSl) Te11ecj>oH. There is a telephone in my room.

B ca.ay (lilMeeTCst) MHOro st6110Hb. There are many apple-trees in the garden.
B'lepa a 11Hcr11ryre 6b1110 co6paH111e. There was a meeting at the Institute yesterday.

The verb to be in this construction can be used with modal verbs (can , may, must, ought to):
D There must be a dictionary on the shelf.
D There can be no doubt about it.
0 There ought to be more books on the subject in our library.
We can also use some other verbs after there - to live , to exist, to stand, to lie, etc.:
O There lived an old doctor in the village.
O There exist different opinions on this problem .
If the subjects are of different number, the predicate agrees with the subject that stands first:
D There is a table and six chairs in the room .
O There were some books and a dictionary on the table.

II. We can also use this construction when it does not refer to a place:
a) there+ be is used to introduce new information: b) to talk about a number or amount:
O There will be a party tonight. O There are forty of us, I think.
0 There have been two telephone calls 0 There was a great deal of anger about the
for you. decision.

14
 " THERE + BE " C ONSTRUCTION

Interrogative and Negative Forms

0 Is there a telephone in your room?
No, there isn't.
No, there is no telephone in my room.
0 Was there a meeting at the Institute?
No, there wasn't.
0 Will there be many people there?
No, there won't.
No, there won't be any people there.
Mind that the sentences: "There is a book on the
table". («Ha crnne KH111ra».) and "The book is on the
table". («KH111ra Ha crnne».) have a different meaning.
The first one shows that there is something ("a book")
in that place, the second one shows that the object
("the book") we now are speaking about or looking
for is in that place ("on the table" ).

It and There as Impersonal Subjects

In many kinds of English sentences we use the word it or the word there in the subject position. These are
usually "impersonal " sentences - sentences where there is no natural subject.
Impersonal there is used, as it was shown above, to say that something exists in a particular place, to
introduce new information, etc.
Impersonal it is used:
'\
/ - when talking about the weather: 0 It was a nice day yesterday.
0 It's raining hard.
- in expressions of time, day and distance: 0 It is nearly one o' clock.
0 It was late when we arrived .
0 It's the sixth of April.
0 It's far from here to the nearest town .
- when identifying something: 0 Who is it? - It's me.
0 What is it? - It' s a book.
- in expressions, such as: 0 It's a pity ...
0 It was a shame .. .
0 It's important to ...
- to express opinions about places, events, 0 It was fun working with him.
situations: 0 It was a pleasure to be there.
0 It's strange we haven't noticed it.
'- ....

many students ...... ... .. .... .. ..... .. in your group?

EXERCISES
l (A, B) Use the there +be construction in the
correct tense form.
1. Look! ............ .. ....... ... their telephone number
in the letter. 2. Chester is a very old town . .............. .
......... many old buildings there. 3. Excuse me ,
.. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a restaurant near here? 4 . How
5. I was hungry but ... ...... .... ...... ... .. anything to
eat. 6 .... ............. ... ..... a football match on TV last
night. 7 .. ..... ....... .... ... ... . many people at the
meeting? 8. Look! ...... ..... ......... .... an accident. Call
the ambulance! 9 . .... .... ... ............. 24 hours in a
day. 10. This box is empty.... ...... ......... ...... nothing
in it. 11 . .... ........ .... .. .. .... somebody at the airport
to meet you when you arrive tomorrow. 12. When
we arrived at the cinema, ....... ... ... ...... ..... a long
queue outside .

15
 THE VERB

2 (A, B) Ask questions to the folowing statements,

.. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . different opp1nrons on the
problem . 8 . For life to exist (AOJl)l(Hbt 6btTb)
then answer them according to the model. .. ......... ....... .. .. .. .. . air and water. 9. I think (MoryT
6btTb) .............. ............. different ways to c hec k
( Model:) There is a good programme on TV tonight. the data.
- Is there a good programme on TV
tonight?
- Yes, there is. 4 (A, B) Translate into English.
There aren't any theatres in my town. A
- Are there any theatres in your town?
1. B STOM ~pHane MHoro fllHTepecHblX CTaTetll.
- No, there are not/there aren 't.
2. B HaWeM ropoAe MHOro My3eeB fll TeaTpOB.
3. B 3TOC1 KOMHaTe eCTb Te11ecpoH? 4. B 3TOC1 KOM-
1. There is a cat in the window.
HaTe ABa OKHa. 5. B YawKe He 6b1110 Ya51. 6. CKOJlbKO
cTaTetll 6b1Jlo B STOM ~pHane? - TaM 6b1110 HeCKOJlb-
2. There are a few changes in the text.
KO CTaTetll . 7 . CKOJlbKO CTyAeHTOB B ayAfllTOPfllfll? -
,lJ,BaAU.aTb. 8. P51AOM c HaWfllM AOMOM 6yAeT napK.
3. There are plenty of glasses in the cupboard.
9 . Ha srnii; y11fllu.e 6b111a wK011a? 10. Ha crn11e 11e)l(ITT
HeCKOJlbKO KHfllr.
4. There were a lot of people at the stadium.
B
5. There isn't anything on the plate. 1. P51AOM c HaWfllM AOMOM eCTb WKOJla. WKOJla
HaxOAfllTC51 P51AOM c HaWfllM AOMOM . 2. B ropoAe
6. There wasn 't anybody in the room . HeCKOJlbKO TeaTpos. TeaTpbt HaxOA51TC51 B u.eHTpe
ropoAa. 3 . B Ba3e CT051Jlfll u.seTbl. Ll,BeTbl CT051Jlfll
7. There are difficult exercises in this book. B KpaCfllBOtll Ba3e. 4 . B TeaTpe MHOro AeTetll . ,l],ern
cetl!Yac s TeaTpe. 5 . Cyw.ecTsyeT HeCKOJlbKO
8. There is something on the shelf. cnoco6os peweHfll51 sToii; 3aAaYfll. Cnoco6bt peweHf/151
3TOii; 3aAaYfll npfllBeAeHbl Ha CTpaHfllU.e 5 .
9. There will be some interesting programmes on
TV tomorrow.

10. There are several empty seats in the room.

11. There weren't any pears on the plate.
5 (A, B) Fill in it or there.
1...................... snows a lot in Russia in winter.
2. Take your umbrella . ..................... is going to
rain and .. .. ................. is windy, too. 3 .................... ..
was a strong wind yesterday. 4 . .. ....... .. ......... .
is dark in the room . Can you turn on the light?

3 (B) Complete the sentences by translating the

5 ........ .. ............ is a big cloud in the sky.
.. .. ................. is going to rain . 6 ................ ...... is a
words in brackets.
bus coming ...................... is full. 7 .................... ..
1. I think (AOJDKHa 6bJTb) ........................... some is a cat at the door. Is ............ .. .. .. ... Mrs. Brown 's?
possibility to do it. 2. (MoryT 6b1Tb) .. ..... .. .. .... . 7. Who is ....... .. .. .. ........ ? - ...... .. .. .. ... ...... is me.
.. .. .. . . . .. . .. . . .. some books on the subject in our 8 . .................. ... is important to learn this rule .
library. 3 . I suppose (AOmKeH 6b1Tb) .. ....... ... .
.. .. .. .. .. ... . some way out in this situation. 4 . (He
MO)l(eT 6b1Tb) ........................... any reason to think
so . 5 . You c an choose what you want to do .
(B03MO)l(HO, ecTb) .. ...... ................... some options.
6. (,lJ,011)1(HO 6b1Tb) ..... ...... .. ...... .. ...... more money
to help one-parent fami lies . 7. (MoryT 6b1Tb)

16
 THE VERB " TO HAVE "

6 (B) Look at the pictures below. In the first one it is winter, in the second one it is summer. Compare
the two pict ures using there + be in the Present Simple or the Past Simple.

Picture A Picture B

( Model:) There were many people in the park in summer. It's winter now. There are few people in the park.

3. The Verb "to have"

The Verb to have in the Present Simple Tense

/
POSITIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM QUESTIONS

I have (got) (I' ve got) I have not got Have I got?

You have (got ) (you've got) You have not got Have you got?
He has (got) (he's got) He has not got Has he got?
She has (got) (she's got) She has not got Has she got?
It has (got) (it's got) It has not got Has it got?
We have (got ) (we've got) We have not got Have we got?
You have (got ) (you 've got) You have not got Have you got?
They have (got) (they've got) They have not got Have they got?
\.. ..oil

have not got = haven't got

has not got = hasn't got

0 I've got a cat but I haven't got a dog .

O What have you got in your bag?

17
 THE VERB

1. In British English, we often use have or have got to mean "possess".

O I have a new car./ I have got a new car.
(I own, I possess a new car.)
2. Do you have.. ? and I don 't have... are common especially in American English.
0 They don't have any children . (= They haven't got any children.)
0 It's a nice house but it doesn't have a garden.(= it hasn' t got a garden.)
O Does Ann have a car?(= Has Ann got a car?)
O How much money do you have?(= How much money have you got?)
3. Got-forms are most common in the present tense. We use the correct forms of have in other tenses to
mean "possess".
O I had a bad cold last week.
O We will have a new apartment soon.
4. When the verb to have is used in such expressions as:
- to have dinner/ breakfast - o6eAaTb/3aeTpaKaTb
- to have tea/coffee , etc. - m.nb Yaill/Kocpe 111 T.A.
- to have a bath/a shower - np111HS1Tb eaHHY/AYW
- to have a shave/a wash - no6p111TbCS1/noMblTbCS1
- to have a rest/a sleep/a dream , etc. - OTAOXHYTb/ nocnaTb/MeYTaTb 111 T.A.
- to have a holiday/a good time , etc. - OTAOXHYTb/xopowo npoeecT111epeMsi111 T.A.,
in the negative and interrogative forms it takes the auxiliary verb to do:
o Do you have tea or coffee for breakfast?
O Where does he have dinner?
5. Got-forms are not generally used to talk about habits and repeated actions.
O We have meetings on Mondays.
O Do you often have colds?

The past of have is had (for all persons) . In negatives and questions we use did + have.

ljhe did not have

I/ he had Did ljhe have?
I/he didn't have

EXERCISES 2 (A) Write questions.

1. (you/ a bicycle?) Have you got a bicycle?
2. (you/ a DVD player?) .... ....... ............... .......... ?
l (A) Write the short form (we've gotjhe hasn't
3.
4.
(your father/a car?) .... ................................. ?
(Carol/many friends?) .. ................................ .
got, etc.).
.. .... ... ............. ........................................... ?
1. we have got we've got 5. (Mr. and Mrs. Lewis/any children?) ............. ..
2. he has got ............... .................... .... . . .. .............................................................. ?
3. they have got ... ................. ... ............ . 6. (how much money/ you?) ........... ........... ....... .
4. she has not got ................ ................ . .. ...... ........... ............. ...... ... .. ........... ... ........ ?
5. it has got ................ ............. ....... ..... . 7. (what kind of car/John?) ... ................... .. ..... .
6. I have not got ................................... . . .... .... .. .............................. ... ... ....... ........... ?

18
 TH E VERB "TO HAVE"

3 (A) What have Alice and Keith got? What have you got? Look at the information and write sentences
about Alice, Keith and yourself.

Alice (she) Keith (he) you

a camera no yes ?
a car yes no ?
black hair no no ?
brothers/ sisters two brothers one sister ?

1. (Keith/a camera) Keith has got a camera. 7. (Alice/ black hair) ......................................... .
2. (I/black hair) I've got black hair. 8. (Alice/two brothers) ....................... ............. ..
(or: I haven't got black hair.) 9. (Keith/black hair) ........................................ .
3. (Alice/a camera) Alice ................................. . 10. (Alice/a car) ................. .. .. ........ .................. .
4. (I/a camera) I ...... ...................................... .. 11 . (Keith/a sister) ... ....... .... ....... .. ... .................. .
5. (I/a car) .. .. ................................................. . 12. (I/brothers/sisters) ...................................... .
6. (Keith/a car) .. ... ....................................... ... .

4 (B) Translate into English.

1. Y H111x ecTb Tp111co6aK111111 Tp111 KOWKlll. 6. Y MeHS1 sYepa 6011e11a ro11osa.

2. Y Hee 6011bw111e 3e11eHb1e rna3a.

3. Y Moero 6paTa ro11y6aS1 Maw111Ha. 8. Mb1 xopowo npose11111 speMS1 syepa.

4. CKO/lbKO y sac 3eM11111 (land)? 9. 0Ha xopowo npose11a ornycK Ha t0re.

5. y Hae He 6bl/10 MaWlllHbl s npOW/lOM rDAY· 10. y sac eCTb KHlllrlll no lllCTOPllllll AHr/1111111?

5 (B, C) Work in pairs.

Student A: You want to buy a present for Student
B 's niece (Mary). You are not sure what to buy
because you do not know what she has already got.
Find out this information using the words and phrases
below. At the end you should make a decision .
Student A
( Model:) How about toys? Has Mary got many toys?
Student B: You are going to answer Student A's
questions about your niece Mary. Look through the
words and phrases below, they will help you to answer
the questions.
Student B
( Model:) Yes, she has. She's got a lot of them .

1. soft toys or dolls? 1. Both, but more interested in soft toys.

2. a teddy bear? 2. Yes, two.

3. a Barbie doll? 3. Of course, every girl's got it.

4. any games or puzzles? 4. Maybe, but you are not sure.

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