Grammar

pronouns
Present simple
Present continuous
Pronouns
1. I want the book
2. The book is mine. It is not yours
3. They helped us
4. Us helps they*
5. She likes her
6. Her knows I*
 Subject Possessive Possessive
Object pronouns
pronouns adjectives pronouns
I me my mine

you you your yours

he him his his

she her her hers

it it its

we us our ours

you you your yours

they them their theirs

Articles

NUMBER INDEFINITE DEFINITE

Singular a / an the

Plural Nothing the

Non-Count Nothing the

Indifinite article

 1. We use the indefinite article, a/an, with count nouns

when the hearer/reader does not know exactly which
one we are referring to:
 Police are searching for a 14 year-old girl.
 2. We also use it to show the person or thing is one of a
group:
 She is a pupil at London Road School.
 3. We do not use an indefinite article with plural nouns
and uncountable nouns:
 She was wearing blue shoes. (= plural noun)
She has short blonde hair. (= uncount noun)

4. We use a/an to say what someone is or what job they do:

 My brother is a doctor.
 George is a student.
 5. We use a/an with a singular noun to say something about
all things of that kind:
 A man needs friends. (= All men need friends)
 A dog likes to eat meat. (= All dogs like to eat meat)
Definite article

 The definite article the is the most frequent word in English.

 We use the definite article in front of a noun when we
believe the hearer/reader knows exactly what we are
referring to.
• because there is only one:
 The Pope is visiting Russia.
The moon is very bright tonight.
The Shah of Iran was deposed in 1979.
 This is why we use the definite article with a superlative
adjective:
 He is the tallest boy in the class.
 It is the oldest building in the town.
• because there is only one in that place or in those
surroundings:

 We live in a small village next to the church.=(the church in our

village)
 Look at the boy in the blue shirt over there. =(the boy I am
pointing at)

• because we have already mentioned it:

 A woman who fell 10 metres from High Peak was lifted to safety
by a helicopter. The woman fell while climbing.

 We also use the definite article:

• to say something about all the things referred to by a noun:

The kangaroo is found only in Australia (= Kangaroos are

found only in Australia)
The heart pumps blood around the body. (= Hearts pump
blood around bodies)

 We use the definite article in this way to talk about musical

instruments:
 Joe plays the piano really well.(= Joe can play any piano)
She is learning the guitar.(= She is learning to play any
guitar)
• to refer to a system or service:
 How long does it take on the train?
I heard it on the radio.
You should tell the police.
• With adjectives like rich, poor, elderly, unemployed to talk
about groups of people:
 Life can be very hard for the poor.
I think the rich should pay more taxes.
She works for a group to help the disabled.
 The definite article with names:
 We do not normally use the definite article with names:
 William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
Paris is the capital of France.
Iran is in Asia.
 But we do use the definite article with:
• countries whose names include words like kingdom, states
or republic:
 the United Kingdom; the Kingdom of Nepal; the United States;
the People’s Republic of China.
• countries which have plural nouns as their names:
 the Netherlands; the Philippines
• geographical features, such as mountain ranges, groups of
islands, rivers, seas, oceans and canals:
 the Himalayas; the Canaries; the Atlantic; the Atlantic Ocean;
the Amazon; the Panama Canal.
• newspapers:
 The Times; The Washington Post
• well known buildings or works of art:
 the Empire State Building; the Taj Mahal; the Mona Lisa; the
Sunflowers
• organisations:
 the United Nations; the Seamen’s Union
• hotels, pubs and restaurants*:
 the Ritz; the Ritz Hotel; the King’s Head; the Déjà Vu

*Note: We do not use the definite article if the name of the

hotel or restaurant is the name of the owner, e.g.,Brown’s;
Brown’s Hotel; Morel’s; Morel’s Restaurant, etc.
• families:
 the Obamas; the Jacksons
The Simple Present

 The simple present is used for regular actions,

facts and habits.

1. For repeated or regular actions

a. I take the bus to university.
b. The train to Fes leaves every ten minutes
2. For facts
a. The President of the U.S lives in the White House.
b. The sun rises from the east.

3. For habits
a. I wash my hands before I eat.
b. We travel to Casablanca every weekend.
 Note:
go→goes; catch→catches; wash→washes; passe→passes;
buzz→buzzes marry→marries; worry→worries; study→studies
say→says; enjoy→enjoys; play→plays

Negative:
 She doesn’t play chess.
 We don’t have time for a rest.
 They don’t like music.
 It doesn’t matter.
 Exercises
 A/ Put the verb into the correct tense form:
1. Adam is very weak at languages. He
(speak)............................. only French and Arabic.
2. My uncle and I (live)………………………in Azemour.
3. Laura (not/like)…………………………..cheese.
4. We (have)……………………………..lunch at 2:00
p.m.
5. You (sing)…………………………well.
6. (you/play)……………………..tennis?
7. (Camal/drive)………………………?
8. (cats/eat)………………………bread?
Exercise
 B) Write short sentences:
 Example: (Chris, 9, student, short, not Chinese)
 …..Chris is nine years old. He is a student. He is short. He
isn’t Chinese…….. .

1. (Leonard and Mike, 25, firemen, tall, American)

………………………………….…………………………
2. (Patty and Brian, 12, not electrician, short, not Turkish children)
……………………………………………………………
3. (Natalie and I, nurse, not tall, French)
……………………………………………………………
4. (Mark, 19, accountant, short, British)
……………………………………………………………
5. (Cengiz, 23, lieutenant, not blonde, Turkish)
……………………………………………………………
C/Build up questions and give answers:
Example:
engineer / William Is William an engineer? Yes, he is
an engineer. (+)

1. good rider / Steve …………………….…… ?

….…………….…………(+)
2. lazy students / Mark and Lucy …………………………..?
…………………..………(- )
3. soup / hot ……..………………….…?
……......…………………(+)
4. the baby / asleep ……………………………?
………………..………... (- )
5. basketball team / L.A. Lakers
………………………?...………………………...(+)
The Present Continuous
 The present continuous is used for actions happening now or
round now. It consists of an auxiliary ‘be’ + a verb + ing.

 A/ examples

1. die Her aunt is dying.

2. carry The waiter is carrying a meal.
3. show Are you showing us your best cars?
4. plan They aren’t planning to go to the
market as far as I know.
 Exercise
 B/ Fill in the following sentences with the present continuous form

1. He ____________________(look) for us on now.

2. Wait! I think your phone______________________(ring).
3. I see that you_____________________(wear) your new suit today.
4. The boys___________(make) a lot of noise. Please let them be quiet.
5. Maryem ______________(not work) in her office today.
6. My parents_________________(go to a concert tonight.
7. _______the pupils____________(decorate the room at the
moment?
8. You________________(not take) a shower right now.
9. They______________(have) sales in all the big stores now.
10. Look! It________________(rain)
Exercise
C/Complete the passage with the appropriate form of the verbs:

It is the beginning of autumn. I can see through the window that it

____________ (snow). The wind ____________ (blow) and some leaves
____________ (fall). My brothers____________ (watch) TV, and they
____________ (talk) about the weather. It seems that the summer is over and
there is nothing to look forward to. A small cat outside____________ (jump)
and ____________ (purr) happily. I guess he____________ (look) for
shelter. I think that the best thing about autumn and winter is that spring and
summer are soon to follow.
 C/Fill in the blanks with PRESENT CONTINUOUS or
SIMPLE PRESENT:
 The children ………………………….. (play) outside now.
 She usually ………………………. (read) the newspaper in the morning.
 I …………………………… (do) my homework now.
 I ………………………… (have) my dinner now.
 ……………………………. (you / want) a pizza?
 They …………………………….. (watch) TV now.
 I ……………………………. (not / like) spaghetti.
 The baby …………………………. (sleep) now.
 My mother usually …………………. (cook) dinner in the evening.
 He …………………….. (write) a letter to his pen-friend every month.
 She ………………………. (not / like) football.
 Mary ………………………….. (listen) to music now.
 Tom usually ……………………(drink) coffee, but he ………………….
(drink) tea now.
 We ………………………. (go) to the disco tonight.
 ………………………… (he / go) to work by bus everyday.
The Simple Past
 We use the past simple to talk about a finished
action in the past.

e.g Martin went to the nightclub last week.

 A) Fill in the blanks with a verb from the box in
the SIMPLE PAST:
break swim have make write
spend buy drink lose wash

• She ………………….. a cake an hour ago.

 He ………………….. a coat last week.
 The man ………………….. an email yesterday.
 We ……………………. in the sea for an hour.
 They ………………….. a lot of tea last night.
 She ………………… her leg two minutes ago.
 He ……………………. all his money when he was driving to
New York.
 She …………………… a bath two minutes ago.
 He ……………………. his wallet last night.
 She ………………….. the clothes yesterday.
B/ Complete the man’s statement with the PAST
SIMPLE form of the verbs in brackets:
Yesterday, I ……………… (go) to the nightclub of Rock-
store. I …………….. (leave) it at about 11 o’clock. It
…………….. (be) a rainy evening and I ………………..
(decide) to take a taxi.
Suddenly, I ………………… (hear) a noise. I
……………….. (turn) and ……………… (see) three
girls aged about eighteen. One girl ……………… (come)
up to me and ……………….. (ask) me the time. When I
………………. (look) down at my watch, she
……………… (hit) me and I ……………… (fall) to the
ground. Her friend ………………. (take) my wallet, and
they ………………(run) away.
The Past Continuous

We use the past continuous to talk about:

 an action which was in progress at a particular time in the past.

They were revising their lessons at ten o’clock last night.

 an action in the past that is interrupted by another action.

I was walking along the street when someone called me.

 two actions in progress in the past.

While I was watching TV, my brother was listening to music.

 A) Fill in the blanks with a correct form of the
verbs:
 Aline (hurt)…………………… herself while she
(cut)………………………potatoes.
 I (meet)……………………..my friend while I
(go)………………………back home.
 Sara (see)……………….. a friend while she
(ride)……………………her bicycle along Park St.
 Peter (fall)…………………. asleep while he
(read)………………………… a novel.
 Sam (step)……………………… on Janet’s feet while they
(dance)…………………………………. together.
 I (cut)…………………….. myself while I
(shave)…………………………………….
 Mr. Brown and his wife (burn)…………………. themselves
while they (bake)………………………….. cookies.
B/ Choose the correct tenses.

 It was one o’clock in the morning and I 1 was lying / lay

awake in bed. The wind 2 was blowing / blew outside and
it 3 rained / was raining. Suddenly I 4 heard / was
hearing a loud crash. It 5 came / was coming from
downstairs. I 6 got up / was getting up and 7 switched
on / was switching on the light. Everything was quiet and
still. Only the clock in the hallway 8 was ticking / ticked.
I 9 walked / was walking down the stairs when I 10
noticed / was noticing something strange. The front door
was wide open.
The Present Perfect

 The present perfect consists of the following forms

have (for plural subjects, you, and I) + past participle

has (for singular subjects) + past participle

e.g., I have seen; The cat has gone; They have travelled; The boy
has played
 The present perfect is used for these
reasons:
 1. To talk about an unfinished action:

- I have worked in this factory for 5 years. (...I'm still here)

- She has known him for a long time. (...she still knows him)
- He has had his home since 1987. (...he still has it)

 2. When the time period is not mentioned/indefinite past:

- He has called you again. (I can't tell you when.)

- I’ve seen your friend. (I don't remember the date I saw him.)
- Have you tasted French food before? (You don't know when or
even if.)
 3. We use the present perfect with certain expressions:

never We’ve never seen him.

ever Has he ever tried this course?

lately How has your mother been lately?

recently What movies have you watched recently?

already I’ve already finished the first test.

yet Have you prepared the dish yet?

so far He hasn’t exercised very much so far.

up until now Up until now, we haven’t received any letter
from him.
 4. When the time is recent

Your dad has just finished his job.

Exercises:
Select the best answer
 1. Have you ever .......... to Paris? (went/go/been)
 3. I’ve just .......... back from there. (came/gone/come)
 4. and I’ve .......... at least six weeks there in the last year.
(past/passed/spent)
 5. Have you ..........to the Champs elesi?
(go/gone/visited/flown)
 6. No, I .......... yet. (hasn’t/haven’t/don’t/won’t)
 7. My uncle has already.....……..his work.
(finishes/finished/finishing)
 8. My aunt hasn’t ......................her meal yet. (had/has/take)
B) Fill in the blanks with ALREADY or
YET:
 He hasn’t called us ……………………………… .
 They have ………………………………… sent the letter.
 John has ……………………………… bought the tickets for the football
match.
 We have ……………………………….. been to Mexico three times.
 You haven’t visited Tokyo ………………………………… .
 Has John bought a new car ………………………………….. ?
 The plane has …………………………… left.
 Has she done it …………………………….. ? No, not
………………………….
 A: Haven’t they arrived ………………………………. ?
 B: Oh, yes. They have ………………………………… arrived.
 Hurry up! The class has ……………………………… started.
 Be careful! They have ………………………………… painted the door.
 Haven’t you read the book ………………………………. ?
 C) Follow the example and do the same using JUST:
 Example: he / go out
 What has he JUST done?
 He has JUST gone out.
 She / leave the room
 …………………………………………………………………………
 they / watch the news
 …………………………………………………………………………
 I / finish homework
 …………………………………………………………………………
 he / put on the jacket
 ………………………………………………………………………………
 she / catch a fish
 …………………………………………………………………………
 he / call a taxi
 ……………………………………………………………
Present perfect continuous
 Form: has/have+been+verb+ing.

 We use the present perfect continuous in these cases:

1- to put the emphasis on the duration of time or course of an
action (not the result).
 she has been sleeping for four hours.

2- for action that recently stopped or is still going on.

 We have been living here for ten years.

3- finished action that influenced the present.

 I have been running all day. I am tired.

Signal words of present perfect continuous:

All day, for four years, since 1998, how long? The whole week.
 A) Use PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
to fill in the blanks:
 I’m tired, because I …… have been working ………. (work) very hard.
 He ………………………………………… (write) letters all morning.
 Catherina is getting fatter because she …………………………………… (eat) too much.
 My mother ………………………………………….. (peel) the potatoes all afternoon.
 Cathy …………………………………………… (attend) a cookery course since March.
 How long …………… you ………………………………………….. (learn) English?
 Where are my eye-glasses? I …………………………………………….. (look) for them for
an hour.
 Charles ………………………………………………. (escape) from the police for years.
 How long …………… you ………………………………………… (use) a computer?
 Elizabeth ………………………………………….. (live) with Mike for three years.
 She ………………………………………………. (earn) quite a lot of money for the last two
years.
B) Use PRESENT PERFECT TENSE or PRESENT
PERFECT CONTINUOUS

 to fill in the blanks:

 I’ve bought / have been buying a new pair of shoes.
 Have you finished / Have you been finishing reading that book yet?
 They’ve eaten / have been eating fruit all afternoon, ever since they
came from school.
 I’ve been reading / have read this book now, so you can have it back.
 I’ve been writing / have written eight pages already.
 Your exam paper is completely blank! What have you been doing /
have you done?
 Oh, no! There’s nothing to eat. My sister has been eating / has eaten
everything I left in the kitchen.
 Oh, no! There’s no juice to drink. They have drunk / have been
drinking all the juice.
 No wonder your eyes hurt.You’ve been playing / have played
computer games ever since you had your breakfast.
 I haven’t seen / haven’t been seeing you for ages.
 B) Use PRESENT PERFECT TENSE or PRESENT
PERFECT CONTINUOUS to fill in the blanks:
I’m trying to study. I …………………………………………….. (try) to study
for the last hour, but something always seems to interrupt me. I think I’d better go to
the library.
 The children are playing basketball right now. They
……………………………………… (play) for almost two hours. They must be
getting tired.
 The telephone …………………………………………… (ring) four times in
the last hour, and each time it has been for my roommate.
 The telephone …………………………………………… (ring) for almost a
minute. Why doesn’t someone answer it?
 It ……………………………………………….. (rain) all day. I wonder when it
will stop.
 We ………………………………………… (have) three accidents so far this
week. I wonder how many more we will have if you keep using the tools carelessly.
 We ……………………………………………………. (live) here since last
June.
 My little son is dirty from head to foot because he
……………………………………… (play) in the mud.
Future simple
 Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and
"be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be
used interchangeably, they often express two very different
meanings.
 Use "Will" to Express aVoluntary Action

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something

voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do
for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to
someone else's complaint or request for help.

 I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.

 Will you help me move this heavy table?
 I will not do your homework for you.
 I won't do all the housework myself!
 Use "Will" to Express a Promise/threat

 I will call you when I arrive.

 If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure
everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
 I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
 I won't tell anyone your secret.
 I will kill you one day.

 Use "Will" when you want to talk about future facts or

things you believe to be true about the future.

 The President will serve for four years.

 The boss won't be very happy.
 I'm sure you'll like her.
 If you are not so certain about the future, use 'will'
with expressions such as 'probably', 'possibly', 'I
think', 'I hope'.
 I hope you'll visit me in my home one day.
 She'll probably be a great success.
 I'll possibly come but I may not get back in time.

 Use 'will' for a scheduled event

 The train will leave at 3.00 pm
 The match will start at 5.00 am
 Use "Be going to" to Express a Plan

 "Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea
that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not
matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
 He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
 She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
 A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?

 Use 'going to' if you are making a future prediction

based on evidence in the present situation.

 Not a cloud in the sky. It's going to be another warm day.

 Look at the queue.We're not going to get in for hours.
 The traffic is terrible.We're going to miss our flight.
 At the moment of making a decision, use 'will'.
Once you have made the decision, talk about it
using 'going to'.

 I'll call Jenny to let her know. Sarah, I need Jenny's number. I'm
going to call her about the meeting.
 I'll come and have a drink with you but I must let Harry know.
Harry, I'm going to have a drink with Simon.
 When you talk about something which is about to
happen, use going to.
 E.g., look out!You are going to fall.
 Rewrite each sentence or question with GOING TO:
 Joe plans to buy a new computer next year.
 … Joe is going to buy a new computer next year..
 We don’t plan to play tennis this weekend.
 …………………………………………………………………………………
 Does Nick plan to join the sports club?
 …………………………………………………………………………………
 What are your plans for next summer?
 …………………………………………………………………………………
 Look! That tree is about to fall over!
 …………………………………………………………………………………
 Do you plan to work hard this year?
 ………………………………………………………………………………
The Past Perfect simple

 Forms:
After I had revealed the news, I felt much better.
When I came, she had already gone.
She said she hadn't met him before.

 Use:

 For things that had already happened before an action took place in the
past.

 The play had already finished when I arrived at the cinema.

 When I arrived to the airport, I realized I had forgotten my passport.
 I had no idea because nobody had informed me about it.

 key words: when, after, as soon as

 In reported speech: referring to things that had
happened before the time of speaking/thinking.

 Adam told me he had met Laura the day before.

 I thought I had seen that man somewhere before.
 The judge asked me if I had witnessed the murder.

 In if-sentences, type III (impossible).

 The dog wouldn’t have snapped at you if you hadn’t teased

it.
 If I had known myself, I would have told you.
A/ Combine the following sentences by using AFTER /
BEFORE:

 My mother took her umbrella. She went out.

 …………………………………………………………………………
 Frank called me. I went to school.
 …………………………………………………………………………
 I washed the dishes. I watched TV.
 …………………………………………………………………………
 She washed her hands. She had lunch.
 …………………………………………………………………………
 The boys bought a ball. They played football.
 …………………………………………………………………………
Past Perfect Continuous

 Forms:
She was tired because she had been running all day.

 She had been wandering around for some time before she
asked someone the way.

 Use:
For longer actions that had begun before a given time in the
past and that were still going on at this given time.

[The past perfect continuous relates to the past just as the present perfect
continuous relates to the present.]
 When I arrived she had already been waiting for three hours.

[she had begun waiting three hours before and she was still
waiting when I arrived]
A) Answer the following questions

 1. What had you done before you finished homework?

……………………………………………………………
 2. What had you done before you slept yesterday?
……………………………………………………………
 3. What had you done before you got to university?
……………………………………………………………
 4. What had you done before you had breakfast?
……………………………………………………………
B) Fill in the following sentences by using PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE:

 I was tired because I …………………………………………. (type)

for a long time.
 Her boss was very angry with her because she
…………………………………………. (come) to work very late.
 I didn’t know about the earthquake because I
……………………………………… (not / watch) television.
 She was too fat because she
…………………………………………….. (not / keep) her
doctor’s advice.
 I took my car to the garage because the brakes
……………………………………………. (not / work).
 She had to go to the dentist because she
………………………………………. (not / clean) her teeth.
Future continuous
(will be + ‘ing’ form)
 Michael will be running a marathon this Saturday.
 Don’t ring at 8 o’clock. I’ll be watchingWhoWants to be a Millionaire.
 This time tomorrow we’ll be sitting on the beach. I can’t wait!
 At five o’clock, I will be meeting with the management about my raise.

1. We use the future continuous to talk about

something that will be in progress at or around a
time in the future.
 Don’t phone grandma now, she’ll be having dinner.

 The kids are very quiet.They’ll be doing something wrong, I know it!

2. These sentences are not about the future but we can

use the future continuous to talk about what we
assume is happening at the moment.
 A) Make sentences with WILL BE –ING:

 I’m going to watch television from 9 until 10 o’clock this evening.

 So at 9.30 I
……………………………………………………………………..
 Tomorrow afternoon I’m going to play tennis from 3 o’clock until 4.30.
 So at 4 o’clock tomorrow I
……………………………………………………..
 Jim is going to study from 7 o’clock until 10 o’clock this evening.
 So at 8.30 this evening he
………………………………………………………
 We are going to clean the flat tomorrow. It will take from 9 until 11 o’clock.
 So at 10 o’clock tomorrow morning
……………………………………………
 Tom is a football fan and there is a football match on television this evening. The
match begins at 7.30 and ends at 9.15.
 So at 8.30 this evening
…………………………………………………………
 B) Ask questions with WILL YOU BE –ING?
 You want to borrow your friend’s bicycle this evening.
 (you / use / your bicycle this evening?)
 ……………………………………………………………
 You want your friend to give Tom a message this afternoon.
 (you / see / Tom this afternoon?)
 ……………………………………………………………
 You want to use your friend’s typewriter tomorrow evening.
 (you / use / your typewriter tomorrow evening?)
 ……………………………………………………………
 Your friend is going shopping.You want him/her to buy some
stamps for you at the post office.
 (you / pass / the post office when you’re in town?)
Future Perfect

(will have + past participle)

We use the future perfect to say that something will

be finished by a particular time in the future.

 Do you think you will have finished it by next Thursday?

 In 5 years time I’ll have finished university and I’ll be able to earn some
money at last.
We often use the future perfect with ‘by’ or ‘in’

 I think astronauts will have landed on Mars by the year 2024.

 I’ll have finished in an hour and then you can use the computer.

‘By’ means ‘not later than a particular time’ and ‘in’ means 'within a
period of time’. We don’t know exactly when something will finish.

 I promise I’ll have done all the work by next Saturday.

 We don’t know exactly when he will finish the work – maybe
Thursday, maybe Friday – but definitely before Saturday.
 Use FUTURE PERFECT TENSE:

 By next February I ………………………………………………

(write) my third book.
 I hope you ……………………………………………. (not /
forget) my name by tomorrow.
 By next week we ……………………………………………..
(redecorate) the house.
 Next July she …………………………………………… (be)
travelled for ten years.
 I hope I ……………………………………………… (not / make)
a lot of mistakes in this exam when I finish it.
 By the end of this year I …………………………………………
(drive) more than one hundred thousand kilometers with this car.
 I hope it ……………………………………………. (stop) raining
before the match starts.
 I ……………………………………………. (have) an operation
when you turn back.
Future Perfect Continuous

Basic form
Subject + WILL HAVE BEEN + Verb + ing
Examples
 By the next year, I will have been working as a teacher for 30
years.
 We will be making a rest stop in half an hour, because you will
have been driving the car for 6 hours by then.

We use the Future Perfect Continuous tense to express

situations that will last for a specified period of time at a
definite moment in the future. We also use this tense to express
certainty about the cause of some future situation.
 Use
 Duration at a definite moment in the future
 Cause of a future situation
 USE 1: Duration
 We use this tense to express situations that will last for a specified
period of time at a definite moment in the future. It is important
that we expect these situations to last longer.

 Before they come, we will have been cleaning the house for 5 hours.
 By the next year, Ben and his wife will have been living together for
50 years.

 [ By the next month, I will have been saving money for a new house
for 4 years]
Common Time Expressions
 Time expressions that are commonly used with the Future
Perfect Continuous:
 By tomorrow / 8 o'clock
 This year / month / week
 Next year / month / week

 USE 2: Cause
English speakers also use this tense when they want to
express certainty about the cause of some future situation.

 By this time, he will have been working for 12 hours, so he will

be very tired.
 To live, future perfect continuous tense

Negative
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Interrogative

I will have been I won't have been Will I have been Won't I have been
living living living? living?

You will have been You won't have Will you have been Won't you have
living been living living? been living?

He will have been He won't have been Will he have been Won't he have been
living living living? living?

We will have been We won't have been Will we have been Won't we have been
living living living? living?

They will have been They won't have Will they have been Won't they have
living been living living? been living?
 Note
 If duration of an activity (e.g. "since April", "for three
hours") is unknown then the Future Continuous should be
used instead of the Perfect Form.
Example:
 I will be taking a bath.
 I will have been taking a bath.
 Fill in the blanks using FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

 By the end of June I ……………………………………………….. (live)

in this flat for thirteen years.
 I ……………………………………………… (fly) to London for an
hour at this time tomorrow.
 At this time next week I
…………………………………………………. (work) for this
company for 20 years.
 When the bell rings I ………………………………………………
(teach) for eight hours today.
 I …………………………………………………… (wear) these glasses
for five years next week.
 I ………………………………………………… (drive) this car for six
years tomorrow.
 At this time tomorrow I ………………………………………………..
(take) a test for an hour.
 At this time next year I ……………………………………………..
(have) a holiday in Antalya for a week.
Modals
1. can

Use Examples

ability to do sth. in the present (substitute

I can speak English.
form: to be able to)

permission to do sth. in the present (substitute

Can I go to the cinema?
form: to be allowed to)

Request Can you wait a moment, please?

Offer I can lend you my car till tomorrow.

Suggestion Can we visit Grandma at the weekend?

Possibility It can get very hot in Arizona.

2. could

Use Examples

ability to do sth. in the past (substitute

I could speak English.
form: to be able to)

permission to do sth. in the past

I could go to the cinema.
(substitute form: to be allowed to)

polite question * Could I go to the cinema, please?

polite request * Could you wait a moment, please?

polite offer * I could lend you my car till tomorrow.

polite suggestion * Could we visit Grandma at the weekend?

possibility * It could get very hot in Montana.

3. may

Use Examples

possibility It may rain today.

permission to do sth. in the present

May I go to the cinema?
(substitute form: to be allowed to)

polite suggestion May I help you?

 4. might

Use Examples

possibility (less possible than may) * It might rain today.

hesitant offer * Might I help you?

 5. must

Use Examples

force, necessity I must go to the supermarket today.

deduction You must be tired.

advice, recommendation You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.
 6. must not/may not

Use Examples

You mustn't work on dad's computer.

prohibition (must is a little stronger)
You may not work on dad's computer.

7. need not

Use Examples

I needn't go to the supermarket, we're going

sth. is not necessary
to the restaurant tonight.
 8. shall
used instead of will in the 1st person8 8.

Use Examples

suggestion Shall I carry your bag?

9. ought to
simliar to should – ought to sounds a little less
subjective
Use Examples

advice You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.

You ought to switch off the light when you

obligation
leave the room.
10. will

Use Examples
wish, request, demand, order (less polite
Will you please shut the door?
than would)
prediction, assumption I think it will rain on Friday.
promise I will stop smoking.
Can somebody drive me to the station? - I
spontaneous decision
will.
She's strange, she'll sit for hours without
Habits
talking.
11. should

Use Examples

You should drive carefully in bad

advice
weather.

You should switch off the light when

obligation
you leave the room.
12. would

Use Examples

wish, request (more polite than will) Would you shut the door, please?

Sometimes he would bring me some

habits in the past
flowers.
 A) Fill in the blanks with CAN or CAN’T:

 She is a small baby. She ……………….. eat meat, but she

………………… drink milk.
 That dress is not expensive. I …………………. buy it.
 A cat ………………. climb up a tree, but a dog
………………….. .
 I’m very tired today. I ……………………. clean my room.
 John is very short. He …………………… play basketball very
well.
 We are very hungry, so we …………………. eat a lot of
sandwiches.
 He is very fat. He …………………… run very fast.
 We …………………. sleep in the bedroom but we
………………… sleep in the bathroom.
 B) Fill in the blanks with CAN / CAN’T or MUST / MUSTN’T:
 She is ill, so she ………………………. see the doctor.
 It’s raining heavily.You …………………… take your umbrella.
 We ………………………………. (not / pick) the flowers in the
park.
 Mike is nine months old. He ……………………………… (not /
eat) nuts.
 I am very tall. So I …………………… play basketball.
 I’m sorry but we …………………………………………. (not /
come) to your party tomorrow.
 You are speaking very quietly. I …………………………………..
(not / understand) you.
 …………………….. I use your phone?
 We …………………….. go to the bank today. We haven’t got any
money.
 C) Use MUST / MUSTN’T / HAVE TO or (NOT) HAVE TO:

 I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I

………………………………………work.
 Whatever you do, you ……………………. touch that switch. It’s very
dangerous.
 You ………………….. forget what I told you. It’s very important.
 We ………………………………….. leave yet. We’ve got plenty of
time.
 Ann was feeling ill last night. She ………………………. leave the party
early.
 I ……………………….. go to the bank yesterday to get some money.
 The windows are very dirty. I …………………….. clean them.
 The windows aren’t dirty.You ………………………………… clean
them.
 E) Fill in the blanks with MUST (NOT) / CAN (NOT) / (NOT)
HAVE TO / NEEDN’T:
 You ………………….. park in that street. It is not permitted.
 Look at George. He is working very well. He ………………… be ill.
 There’s someone at the door. I’m expecting Paul. It
………………….. be Paul.
 Ali’s car is here. He …………………. be here.
 The baby is asleep.You ……………………….. shout.
 You’ve got plenty of time.You …………………………….. hurry.
 A: “Do you want me to wait for you?”
 B: “No, it’s OK.You …………………………….. wait.”
 I can’t get any answer from my telephone. It ………………….. be
out of order.
 Ann stayed in bed this morning because she
……………………………….. go to work.
 Tom has just given me a letter to post. I …………………. forget to
post it.