aia

Junior
Achievement®

Aplikovana ekonomie
Doplnek k ucebniclm

Sponzorovano firmou / Sponsorship Provided By:

Autofi - Ava Allsman, M.B.A., c.P.A. 5. kapitola

Pablo O'Brien, M.B.A. 6. kapitola
Suzanne Thomas O'Brien, M.B.A. 9. kapitola
Mario Marquez 11. kapitola
Debra 1. Mosel, M.B.A. 15. kapitola
Kyle Bairnsfather dodatek 0 zivotnfm prostredl

Cesky preklad - Bozena Hlinecka (l994)

Redaktor - Ing. aldrich Dedek, CSc.

Verze prvni
Version One
Parrallel English/Czech Paralelni anglicko cesky text
TABLE OF CONTENS/OBSAH

Entrepreneurs in the Czech RepubliclPodnikatele v Ceske republice 1

Profiles of Winners for Entrepreneurship Excellence 1993/0sobnf profily vftezu souteze "Vynikajfcf podnikatel 1993" 2

The Legal Form of a Business in the Czech Republic/Pravnf forma podnikanf v Ceske republice 3

Product Quality/K valita vyrobku - Pecef kvality Czech made 3

Exercises/Cvicenf 4

Financing a Business/Financovanf podniku 5

The Role of LabortUloha pracovni sily 7

Exercise/Cvicenf 9

Money and Financial Institutions/Penize a financni instituce 10

Some Current Economic Considerations in the Czech Republic/Nekolik soucasnych

ekonomickych iivah 0 Ceske republice 12

Environmental Addition to Junior AchievementlDodatek 0 zivotnfrn prostredi 16

 Environmental addition
16

ENVIRONMENTAL ADDITION
TO JUNIOR ACHIEVEMENT
by Kyle J. Bairnsfather

Our environmental problems stem from
two related phenomenon. First, we tend to® ~
view the world with an anthropocentric : ~
mind. Anthropocentric means viewing II:
ourselves (humans) as the center of all -;
life on Earth, as existing independently of ..~
nature; nature exists for our exploitation.
Second, we perceive
The Czech Republic has been creating environmental
externalities for years without covering their costs,
'" creating a huge environmental debt. Large payments must
;
be made today to pay for the externalities generated
0 during the last 48 years. These payments come from
..e foreign aid, the government and by requiring industry to
capitalize the cost of externalities into the price of a
product.

~.5jt-------c~
A c~
reality as linear
whereas reality is
composed of a series
of interdependent
systems.
The world is composed of
interrelated systems in
which we are imbedded; the
world is not anthropocentric
we only think it is.
When we act based upon our anthropocentric, linear view,
we disrupt the natural systems upon which we depend for
survival. The disruption leads to illness, death, decreased
productivity, and lower quality of life. All of these can be
viewed in economic terms as "externalities".
The existence of externalities are a result of the
anthropocentric and linear orientation that characterizes
the free market. That is, externalities exist because a price
fails to contain all the costs generated by production,
consumption and disposal of the good or service. To
include every cost generated in every system, including
future costs presently unknown would be impossible.
Additionally, prices fail to capture all the effects on
natural systems because prices are determined by people,
they are inherently anthropocentric. Thus, the only
problems categorized as externalities are the ones society
determines as having a negative value.
If a society has no environmental ethic, then no externality will
be seen to exist and environmental degradation will continue.
Problems arise when externalities are allowed to continue and
no action is taken to remedy the problem. This is the source of
the Czech Republic's environmental problems.
Capitalization is the inclusion of the cost of an externality
into the price of a good. The idea reflecting the "user
pays" principle: those who generate the externality should
pay for it. Becauae the value of externalities are inherently
subjective (determined by consumers), there can be
conflict as to the price of an externality, and even if the
externality exists. That is, some people would rather have
the pollution than an increased price. These people value
material possession more than their physical health or the
health of future generations. Thus, the determination of
the existence of externalities and their price depends upon
the anthropocentric value determined by society.
Environmental problems under the past regime were
widespread and transverse every sphere of life in the
Czech Republic. Because externalities were not
capitalized and some goods were sold at below market
price, for example coal, electricity, water and natural gas,
these goods were consumed at higher quantities than if
their price was set by the market. The result was higher
amounts of pollutants
entering the ecosystem
than if a market system
existed.
The pollutants enter
natural systems causing
damage to the economy
and society. Let us take
coal for an example.
Coal was mined and
sold below market cost.
No payments were
made to clean up the
devasteted land left by
mining. No payments

EkologickY dodatek
DODATEK
," ",
o ZIVOTNIM PROSTREDI
Autor: Kyle J. Bairnsfather
Nase problemy s zivotnfm prostredfrn
vychazeji ze dvou souvislych jew. Prvni,
marne tendenci dfvat se na svet z antropo- :
centrickeho hlediska. Antorpocentricke II: ~
hledisko znarnena povazovat sebe (lidi) -;
~® '"
;
0
za stre d v se h o zivota na Ze mi , jako 00 .t:I
bychom existovali nezavisle na pifrode,
pifroda je tu proto, abychom ji vyuzivali.
Druhe, vnimame realitu
jako linearni, zatfrnco
realita se sklada z cele
rady navz ajern zavis-
lych systemu.
Svet se sklada ze vzajemne
propojenych systernu ,
jichz jsme pevnou sou-
castf. Svet neni antropo-
c e ntr icky, my si jen
myslime, ze je.
Kdyz jedname z hlediska sveho antropocentrickeho, li-
nearnfho pohledu, narusujerne pifrodnf systerny, od kte-
rych zavisf nase pfezitf. Toto poruseni rna za nasledek
nernoc, smrt, snfzenou produktivitu a nizsi kvalitu zivota.
Na to vsechno se rnuzerne z hlediska ekonornickych
terminu d ivat jako na "externality - nedulezite sku-
tecnosti" .
Existence techto "nedulezitych skutecnosti" je vysledkem
antropocentricke a linearnf orientace, ktera je charakte-
risticka pro volny trh. To znamena, ze "nedulezite sku-
tecnosti" ex istujf proto, ze cena neobsahuje vsechny
naklady vznikle vyrobou , spotrebou a vyuzitfrn zbozf
nebo sluzby. Bylo by nernozne zahrnout vsechny naklady
vznikle v kazdern systernu, vcetne budoucfch nakladu,
ktere jsou v piftomnosti nezname. Navic, ceny nezahrnujf
veskere iicinky na pifrodni systerny, protoze ceny jsou sta-
noveny lidmi, jsou v podstate antropocentricke. Takze je-
dine problemy zarazene jako nedulezite skutecnosti jsou
ty, ktere spolecnost oznaci, ze majf negativni hodnotu.
Jestlize spolecnost nerna etiku vuci zivotnfmu prostfedi,
nebude pro ni existovat zadna "nedulezita skutecnost"
16
a degradace zivotnfho prostredf bude pokracovat, Proble-
my vznikaji, kdyz je nedulezityrn skutecnostern dovoleno,
aby pokracovaly a nic se nepodnika kiejich naprave. To je
zdroj problema zivotnfho prostiedi v Ceske republice.
Ceska republika vytvaif externality v zivotnfm prostfedi
po cela leta, aniz by pokryvala jejich naklady, cfmz vytva-
i'f veliky dluh zivotnimu prostredi. Musi byt vynalozeny
velke naklady na zaplaceni "nedulezitych skutecnosti",
'ktere vznikly behem poslednich 40 let. Tyto platby pricha-
zeji od zahranicni pomoci, od vlady a kladenim poza- •
davku na prumysl, aby naklady na externality kapitalizo-
val do ceny vyrobku.
Kapitalizace znamena zahrnutf nakladu "nedulezite sku-
tecnosti - externality" do ceny za vyrobek. Tato myslenka
odrazf princip "spotrebitel platf" - ti, kdoz vytvarejf
externality, musf za ne platit. Protoze hodnota externality
je v podstate subjektivni (stanovena spotrebiteli), muze
vzniknout rozpor, pokud jde 0 cenu externality, a dokonce,
zda externalita existuje. Nekterf lide by totiz radeji me li
znecistene zivotni prostredf, nez aby platili vyssf cenu.
Tito lide hodnoti materialni vlastnictvi vfce nez sve fy-
zicke zdravf nebo zdravi budoucfch generaci. Takze urce-
nf existence "nedulezitych skutecnosti'' a jejich cena zale-
zf na antropocentricke hod note stanovene spolecnosti.
Problemy zivotnfho prostredf za predesleho rezimu byly
velmi rozsffene a prostupovaly kazdou oblasti zivota
v Ceske republice. Protoze externality nebyly zahrnuty do
cen vyrobku a nektere
zbozf bylo prodavano
pod tr z n f c e n o u ,
napifklad uhlf, elektri-
na, veda, zemnf plyn,
tyto druhy z b o zf se
s p o tf eb o v a v a l y ve
vetsfrn mnozstvt, nez
kdyby jejich cena byla
stano vena trhem.
Vysledkern bylo vets I
mn ozstvf sko dl ivych
latek vstupujicfch do
ekosysternu, nez kdyby
byl existoval trznI

EkologickY dodatek
system. Skodlive latky vstupujf do pffrodnich systernu
a skodf hospodafstvi a spolecnosti. Vezrneme napffklad
uhli. Uhli se tezilo a prodavalo pod trzni cenou. Nebyly
vydavany zadne naklady na rekultivaci zerne znicene
tezbou. Nebyly vydavany zadne naklady na to, aby bylo
uhli ph spalovani mene znecistujfcf. Nyni povrchova zem
neprodukuje nic pro trh a dale plodi negativni externality
(okolnf majetky majf snfzenou majetkovou hodnotu).
Skodlive latky vznikle spalovanfrn uhli znicily lesy tim, ze
zvysily kyselost pudy a vysledkem je snizena tezba. Lide
dychaji skodlive latky, cehoz pricinou jsou plicni nemoce,
alergie, rakovina a smrt. Skodlive latky vstupujf do rostlin
a do zvffat, ktere jfrne. Skodlive latky v rostlinach a zvffa-
tech jsou potravou prenaseny do nasich tel a zpusobujf
reprodukcni problemy u zen (spontanni potraty), opozde-
ne vytvafenf kosti u detf a jine fyzicke a mentalni choroby.
Naklady na lecebnou peci jsou externalitou, stejne jako
naklady pfflezitosti pfi mensi produktivite zpusobene ne-
mocnymi delnfky. Takze prosty fakt, ze spalujeme uhli,
vyvola naklady v Iesnictvi (58% lesu je poskozeno), ze-
medelstvf (pres 1 mid korun za produktivitu ztracenou
kvuli znecistenf), ve zdravotnictvf a v prumyslu.
Bohuzel problemy zde nekonci, ale projevuji se ve spo-
lecnosti. Studie ukazaly vztah mezi urovni znecisteneho
zivotniho prostfedf a mnozstvfrn socialnfch problema. Ji-
nyrni slovy, zivot v znecistenem a neestetickem prostfedf
rna negativnf vliv na psychologicky stav obyvatel. Jak
degraduje pffrodnf prostfedi, tak degraduje i spolecnost,
ktera v nern zije. Cfrn je mfsto spinavejsf, tim je vice se-
bevrazd, alkoholismu, zlocinu, vandalismu a vseobecne
hrubeho chovani. Vsechno toto negativnf chovanf rna
puvod v externalitach - v nedulezitych skutecnostech -,
ktere platf spolecnost, vlada nebo obchod.
Neni prekvapive, ze dva nejvfce znecistene kraje v Ceske
republice maji nejvyssi miru negativnfho spolecenskeho
chovanf. Oblast Ostravy a severnfch Cech vykazuje
nejvyssf miru pokusu 0 sebevrazdu a uskutecnenych se-
bevrazd, spontannfch
potratu, detf s alergie-
mi, alkoholismu, uziva-
nf dreg, zlocinu a roz-
vodu.
Protoze socialisticky
system a system volne-
17
ho trhu nezahrnuji negativnf vlivy, ktere vznikaji behern
zivotnosti zbozf nebo sluzby (vyroba, spotteba a likvida-
ce), jsou stanovena natizenl, aby ti, kdo pusobf tyto
externality, platili. To zvysuje hospodarsky ucinek, nebof
"spotrebitel plati", ale znecistenf bude mozna pokracovat
a zivotnf prostredf bude nadale degradovano. Musime
zrnenit nas pohled na svet a na nase misto v pffrodnich
procesech, ktere udrzuji nase zivoty. Vzhledem k tornu,
jaky je nas bezny zpusob myslenf 0 svete, ve kterern zije-
me, jsme pfedurceni k tornu, abychom degradovali nase
zivotnf prostredi, na kterem jsme zivotne zavisll, Tak jako
sp o lecno st pfe.stal a povazovat Zemi za stfed sveta
a vesmfru, musime ustoupit od nazoru, ze lide jsou stfe-
dem pffrody, a ze realita je lineamf. Musfrne pfijmout
nazor 0 integraci a zavislosti na pffrodnich systemech,
ktere nas obklopuji, chceme-li zit ve svete, ktery je
prospesny nasf existenci.
Otazky k diskusi:
1. Jak je ekonomicky model omezeny v tom, nakolik odrd-
ii deje toho, co skutecne probihd okolo nds? Jak se mute
ekonomicky model zmenit, aby lepe rrcadlil skutecnost?
2. Vyberte v yrob ek a z plcv o du p i iro dnich r drojli
potiebnycn pro jeho vyrobu ai. po distribuci, spotiebu
a konecnou likvidaci zjistete, kolik vzniklo externalit. Ve
kierycli hospodatskych sektorech vmikaji externality? Po-
kuste se stanovit cenu v kaidem sektoru a urcete celkovy
pocet externalit, ktere musi byt kapitalizovany, aby spotie-
bitel platil za vsechny skody, ktere vyrobek: zpusobil
b ehem sve Zivotnosti. Je to realisticke kapitalizovat
vsechny tyto externality? Jak budou pouiity penize vybra-
ne za externality, jak budou rozdeleny, aby odcinily nega-
tivni externality?
3. Kdo by mel stanovit c enu externalit? Kdo by mel
rozhodnout, co je a co neni externalita?
Prameny:
Vjrocni kniha 0 zivotnfm prostiedi Ceske republiky,
Ministerstvo iivotniho prostiedi, 1992
Stav iivotniha prostiedi v Ceskoslovensku; Federdlni
vybor pro Zivotni prostiedi, 1992
Statni zprdva Ceske a Slovenske Federativni republiky
pro Konferenci Spojenycli Ndrodlc 0 Zivotnim prostiedi
ajeho rozvojl v Brazilii 1992.