LAB REPORT

HEAT & MASS TRANSFER

Submitted by: M Abdullah (24)

Session: 2018-2022
Submitted to: Engr. Wasif

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

BZU, Multan
 Experiment # 03
Title:
Overall heat transfer through Brass
Abstract:
The objective of this experiment is to investigate the overall heat flow through the specimen for
1-dimensional steady flow. This experiment was performed using the linear heat conduction unit.
Further, Fourier rate equation was used to calculate thermal conductivity, which was further used
in calculation of the overall heat flow. Based on the observations and calculations it was
concluded that thermal conductivity (k) varies directly with the overall heat transfer (U).

Introduction:
This experiment is about the verification of the Fourier law of thermal conduction and
calculation of the thermal conductivity of the specimen. It was performed with the help of linear
heat conduction unit for 1-dimsional steady state heat flow.

Apparatus:
 Linear heat conduction unit
 Control unit
 Hydraulic bench

Theory:
Linear heat conduction unit:
A small device that is used to experimentally investigate the linear heat conduction. This is also
used to measure the thermal conductivity of the different materials (both conductors &
insulators). Based on temperature it usually consist of 3 sections:
 Hot (heated by means of heater)
 Intermediate (different for different specimen)
 Cold (cooled by means of the water circulation)
Eight Thermocouples are attached to it, which show readings (digitally) on the control unit.
Control unit provides the adjustable and regulated AC power.

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 Linear heat conduction unit Control Unit Hydraulic bench

Thermal Conductivity (k):

“Ability of the material to transfer/conduct heat”
Mathematically,
According to Fourier law of thermal conduction:
∗△
k=
∗△

Overall Heat Transfer (U):

It indicates how well the heat is transferred from or conducted over the series of the resistant
medium.
Mathematically, overall heat transfer is given by:

U=
( )

U=
∗( )

Procedure:
1. Set the linear heat conduction unit.
2. Turn on electric supply.
3. First set the flow rate of water to 1 liter/minute.
4. Set the desired voltages on the control unit i.e. 50V.
5. Note down the current (A) at respected voltages.
6. After 30-60 seconds rotate the temperature knob and note down the temperature
measured by thermocouple attached.
7. Use formulas to calculate the thermal conductivity (k) and overall heat flow rate (U).

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 Observations & Calculations:

Fig 3.1
Table 3.1: Observations at different voltages
Sr # T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 V I
1 44.7 42.5 40.2 37.7 35.5 34.2 32.3 30.4 120 0.112
2 57.9 53.8 50.4 45.9 42 38.6 35.2 32 150 0.145
3 74.9 71.9 66.5 62.3 56.1 51.6 47.8 44.4 180 0.171
4 99.1 89.9 81.2 71.2 61.5 53 45.5 37.7 210 0.201

Fig 3.2

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Table 3.2: Calculations

T1-T3 T4-T5 T6-T8 K(1-3) K(4-5) K(6-8) U =1/(x/k) U= Q/(A*(T1-T8))

4.5 2.2 3.8 182.86 187.01 216.54 2612.245 1918.082
7.5 3.9 6.6 177.55 170.72 201.76 2465.986 1713.813
8.4 6.2 7.2 224.34 151.97 261.73 2881.483 2059.552
17.9 9.7 15.3 144.37 133.21 168.91 2007.992 1402.978

Conclusion:
Based on the observations and calculations it was concluded that thermal conductivity (k) varies
directly with the overall heat transfer. Higher the thermal conductivity more the heat will be
transferred.

13
 Experiment # 04
Title:
Overall heat transfer through Stainless Steel
Abstract:
The objective of this experiment is to investigate the overall heat flow through the specimen for
1-dimensional steady flow. This experiment was performed using the linear heat conduction unit.
Further, Fourier rate equation was used to calculate thermal conductivity, which was further used
in calculation of the overall heat flow. Based on the observations and calculations it was
concluded that thermal conductivity (k) varies directly with the overall heat transfer (U).

Introduction:
This experiment is about the verification of the Fourier law of thermal conduction and
calculation of the thermal conductivity of the specimen. It was performed with the help of linear
heat conduction unit for 1-dimsional steady state heat flow.

Apparatus:
 Linear heat conduction unit
 Control unit
 Hydraulic bench

Theory:
Linear heat conduction unit:
A small device that is used to experimentally investigate the linear heat conduction. This is also
used to measure the thermal conductivity of the different materials (both conductors &
insulators). Based on temperature it usually consist of 3 sections:
 Hot (heated by means of heater)
 Intermediate (different for different specimen)
 Cold (cooled by means of the water circulation)
Eight Thermocouples are attached to it, which show readings (digitally) on the control unit.
Control unit provides the adjustable and regulated AC power.

14
 Linear heat conduction unit Control Unit Hydraulic bench

Thermal Conductivity (k):

“Ability of the material to transfer/conduct heat”
Mathematically,
According to Fourier law of thermal conduction:
∗△
k=
∗△

Overall Heat Transfer (U):

It indicates how well the heat is transferred from or conducted over the series of the resistant
medium.
Mathematically,
Overall heat transfer is given by:

U=
( )

U=
∗( )

Procedure:
1. Set the linear heat conduction unit.
2. Turn on electric supply.
3. First set the flow rate of water to 1 liter/minute.
4. Set the desired voltages on the control unit i.e. 50V.
5. Note down the current (A) at respected voltages.
6. After 30-60 seconds rotate the temperature knob and note down the temperature
measured by thermocouple attached.
7. Use formulas to calculate the thermal conductivity (k) and overall heat flow rate (U).

15
Observations & Calculations:

Fig 4.1
Table 4.1: Observations at different voltages
Sr # T1 T2 T3 T6 T7 T8 V I
1 87.8 84.9 81.9 36 33.03 30.3 50 0.048
2 79.1 76.7 74.1 35.7 32.8 30.1 100 0.091
3 78.7 75.8 73.4 35.3 32.7 30.2 150 0.144
4 94.4 90 85.9 36.7 33.4 30.9 200 0.193

Fig 4.2

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Table 4.2: Calculations
T1-T3 T3-T6 T6-T8 K(1-3) K(3-6) K(6-8) U =1/(x/k) U= Q/(A*(T1-T8))
5.9 45.9 5.7 31.13 3.20 32.22 85.18189885 85.18189885
5 38.4 5.6 139.29 14.51 124.36 379.0087464 379.0087464
5.3 38.1 5.1 311.90 34.71 324.13 908.8996423 908.8996423
8.5 49.2 5.8 347.54 48.03 509.32 1240.559216 1240.559216

Conclusion:
Based on the observations and calculations it was concluded that thermal conductivity (k) varies
directly with the overall heat transfer. Higher the thermal conductivity (K) more the heat will be
transferred. Also, at the end of this experiment it was concluded that overall heat transfer is more
in case of brass.

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