CASTILLO, BARON

GEOFF N.
RATING:
DORIANO, RON-LEE PRELIMINARY SIZING
JONES C.
AND
THREE VIEWS
B.S. AERO ENG/ 4TH YEAR 14 SEPTEMBER 2021

TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 3

AeE 673
AIRCRAFT DESIGN 1

ENGR. ROI ALLAN A. BERNARDO

INSTRUCTOR
 PRELIMINARY SIZING AND THREE VIEWS PAGE 2 OF 17

I. INTRODUCTION
In this technical report the designers aim to compute and show the preliminary
sizing of the aircraft “BRZ-21”. The initial sizing of an aircraft is where we begin to
realize the aircraft’s geometrical configuration. [1] Preliminary sizing is diverse and
complex in which it requires a systematic process and numerous references. Aside from
books as references, existing aircrafts can also be used as a guide for choices made with
regards to the configuration of a design. [2] Thus, in this report the designer’s basis for
the computations and estimations for the preliminary sizing of the aircraft “BRZ-21”
will be acquired from Daniel P. Raymer’s book which is entitled “Aircraft Design: A
Conceptual Approach” and the three reference aircrafts obtained from the designer’s
Technical Report No. 1.
For the first part of this technical report, the values for the characteristics of the
reference aircrafts namely the Cirrus SR20, Faci Fajr F-3, and Lancair Columbia 300 are
utilized. The average of the three aircraft’s gross weight, cruising speed, loiter speed,
range, and endurance are computed and are incorporated for the succeeding
computations. The different formulas and constants that are utilized in the
computations for the aircraft’s initial parameters are obtained from Daniel P. Raymer’s
book. From the computations the designers would obtain values which specifically are
the gross weight estimation and geometry sizing of the wing, fuselage, horizontal tail,
vertical tail, ailerons, flaps, elevators, and rudder. Lastly, on the latter part of this report,
due to the preliminary sizing the designers are able to feature the preliminary previews
and draft of the initial design of the BRZ-21 through an orthographic view.

II. REFERENCE AIRCRAFT VALUES [3]

Performance and Lancair
Cirrus SR 20 Faci Fajr F-3 Average
Characteristics Columbia 300
3,000 lb 3,438 lb 3,400 lb 3,279.333 lb
Gross Weight, WO
1,360 kg 1,580 kg 1,542 kg 1,494.000 kg
264 fps 243.467 fps 320.793 fps 276.087 fps
Cruising Speed, VC 180 mph 166 mph 219 mph 188.333 mph
156 kts 144 kts 190 kts 163.333 kts
141.093 fps 148.72 fps 156.347 fps 148.720 fps
Loiter Speed, VL 96.2 mph 101.4 mph 106.6 mph 101.400 mph
83.2 kts 87.1 kts 92.3 kts 87.533 kts
1,015 mi 702 mi 1,593 mi 1,103.333 mi
Range, R
5,359,200 ft 3,706,560 ft 8,411,040 ft 5,825,600 ft

5.5 hr 6.25 hr 6.70 hr 6.150 hr

Endurance, E
19,800 sec 22,500 sec 24,120 sec 22,140 sec
 PRELIMINARY SIZING AND THREE VIEWS PAGE 3 OF 17

III. GROSS WEIGHT ESTIMATION

A. LIFT-TO-DRAG RATIO, (L/D)
For Propeller Aircraft – Fixed Gear
𝐒𝐰𝐞𝐭 /𝐒𝐫𝐞𝐟 = 𝟑. 𝟖 [4]
(𝐋/𝐃)𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖 [5]

a. Cruise Segment, (L/D)C

(L/D)C = (L/D)max [6]
(𝐋/𝐃)𝐂 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟎𝟎

b. Loiter Segment, (L/D)L

(L/D)L = 0.866(L/D)max [6]
(L/D)L = (0.866)(12.800)
(𝐋/𝐃)𝐋 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝟓

B. SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION, SFC

a. Cruise Segment, SFCC
For Piston-prop – Variable Pitch [7]
𝐂𝐛𝐡𝐩 = 𝟎. 𝟒
𝛈𝐩 = 𝟎. 𝟖
Cbhp VC
SFCC =
550ηp
(0.4)(276.087)
SFCC =
(550)(0.8)
𝐒𝐅𝐂𝐂 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟏 𝐋/𝐡𝐫
𝐒𝐅𝐂𝐂 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟗𝟕 𝐋/𝐬

b. Loiter Segment, SFCL

For Piston-prop – Variable Pitch [7]
𝐂𝐛𝐡𝐩 = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝛈𝐩 = 𝟎. 𝟖
Cbhp VL
SFCL =
550ηp
(0.5)(148.720)
SFCL =
(550)(0.8)
𝐒𝐅𝐂𝐋 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟗 𝐋/𝐡𝐫
𝐒𝐅𝐂𝐋 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟗 𝐋/𝐬
PRELIMINARY SIZING AND THREE VIEWS PAGE 4 OF 17

C. MISSION SEGMENT WEIGHT FRACTION

For simple cruise mission segment [8]
𝐖𝟏 /𝐖𝟎 (Warm-up and Take-off) = 0.970
𝐖𝟐 /𝐖𝟏 (Climb) = 0.985
𝐖𝟓 /𝐖𝟒 (Landing) = 0.995

a. Cruise Segment Weight Fraction, W3 /W2

−R SFCC [9]
W3 /W2 = e C (L/D)C
V

(−5,825,600)(0.0000697)
W3 /W2 = e (276.087)(12.800)
𝐖𝟑 /𝐖𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟏

b. Loiter Segment Weight Fraction, W4 /W3

−E SFCL [10]
W4 /W3 = e (L/D)L
(−22,140)(0.0000469)
W4 /W3 = e (11.085)

𝐖𝟒 /𝐖𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟏

c. Empty Weight Fraction, We /W0

For General Aviation – Single Engine [11]
𝐀 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟔
𝐂 = − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖
𝐊 𝐕𝐒 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎
We /W0 = AWO CK VS [11]

We /W0 = (2.36)(3,279.333 −0.18)(1.00)

𝐖𝐞 /𝐖𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟎

d. Total Weight Fraction, W5 /W0

W5 /W0 = (W1 /W0 )(W2 /W1 )(W3 /W2 )(W4 /W3 )(W5 /W4 )
W5 /W0 = (0.970)(0.985)(0.891)(0.911)(0.995)
𝐖𝟓 /𝐖𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟐

e. Fuel Weight Fraction, Wf /W0

Wf /W0 = (1.06) [1 − (W5 /W0 )] [12]

Wf /W0 = (1.06) [1 − (0.772)]

𝐖𝐟 /𝐖𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟐
 PRELIMINARY SIZING AND THREE VIEWS PAGE 5 OF 17

D. GUESS TAKE-OFF GROSS WEIGHT, WGuess

Wcrew&passenger + Wpayload [13]
WGuess =
1 − (Wf /W0 ) − (We /W0 )
680 + 40
WGuess =
1 − (0.242) − (0.550)
𝐖𝐆𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐬 = 𝟑, 𝟒𝟔𝟏. 𝟓𝟑𝟖 𝐥𝐛
𝐖𝐆𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐬 = 𝟏, 𝟓𝟕𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟕 𝐤𝐠

E. Fuel Weight, Wf
Wf = WGuess (Wf /WO )
Wf = (3,461.538)(0.242)
𝐖𝐟 = 𝟖𝟑𝟕. 𝟔𝟗𝟐 𝐥𝐛
𝐖𝐟 = 𝟑𝟕𝟗. 𝟗𝟕𝟏 𝐤𝐠

IV. GEOMETRY SIZING

A. WING
a. Wing Area, SW
For General Aviation – Single Engine [14]
𝐖/𝐒 = 𝟏𝟕 𝐥𝐛/𝐟𝐭 𝟐
WGuess
SW =
(W/S)
3,461.538
SW =
17
𝐒𝐖 = 𝟐𝟎𝟑. 𝟔𝟐𝟎 𝐟𝐭 𝟐
𝐒𝐖 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟏𝟕 𝐦𝟐

b. Wing Span, bW
For General Aviation - Single Engine [15]
𝐀𝐑 𝐖 = 𝟕. 𝟔
bW 2
AR W =
SW
bW = √AR W SW
bW = √(7.6)(203.620)
𝐛𝐖 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟑𝟑𝟖 𝐟𝐭
𝐛𝐖 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟎 𝐦
PRELIMINARY SIZING AND THREE VIEWS PAGE 6 OF 17

c. Wing Root Chord, CRW

Taper ratio lower than 0.2 should be avoided for all aircraft, it tends to promote
tip stall. [16]
λW = 0.45
[17]
2SW
CR W =
bW (1 + λW )
(2)(203.620)
CR W =
(39.338)(1 + 0.45)
𝐂𝐑 𝐖 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝐟𝐭
𝐂𝐑 𝐖 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝟔 𝐦

d. Wing Tip Chord, CTW

CTW = λW CRW [17]
CTW = (0.45)(7.140)
𝐂𝐓𝐖 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟏𝟑 𝐟𝐭
𝐂𝐓𝐖 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟗 𝐦

e. Wing Mean Aerodynamic Chord, MACW

[18]
2 λW 2 + λW + 1
MACW = CRW ( )
3 λW + 1
2 0.452 + 0.45 + 1
MACW = ( ) (7.140) ( )
3 0.45 + 1
𝐌𝐀𝐂𝐖 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝐟𝐭
𝐌𝐀𝐂𝐖 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓𝟒 𝐦

f. Wing Quarter Chord, QCW

The quarter chord is 25% of the mean chord length measure back from the
leading edge of the mean chord. [19]
QCW = 0.25MACW
QCW = (0.25)(5.425)
𝐐𝐂𝐖 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓𝟔 𝐟𝐭
𝐐𝐂𝐖 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟑 𝐦

g. Wing Aspect Ratio, AR W

𝐀𝐑 𝐖 = 𝟕. 𝟔 [15]
PRELIMINARY SIZING AND THREE VIEWS PAGE 7 OF 17

B. FUSELAGE
a. Fuselage Length, LF
For General Aviation – Single Engine [20]
𝐀 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟕
𝐂 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑
[20]
LF = AWGuess C
LF = (4.37)(3,461.538 0.23 )
𝐋𝐅 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟒𝟕𝟖 𝐟𝐭
𝐋𝐅 = 𝟖. 𝟔𝟖𝟎 𝐦

b. Tail Arm Length, LTA

For an aircraft with a front-mounted propeller engine, the tail arm length is
about 60% of the fuselage length. [21]
LTA = 0.60LF
LTA = (0.60)(28.478)
𝐋𝐓𝐀 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟎𝟖𝟕 𝐟𝐭
𝐋𝐓𝐀 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟎𝟖 𝐦

C. HORIZONTAL TAIL
a. Horizontal Tail Area, SHT
For General Aviation – Single Engine [22]
𝐜𝐇𝐓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎
cHT MACW SW [23]
SHT =
LTA
(0.70)(5.425)(203.620)
SHT =
(17.087)
𝐒𝐇𝐓 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟐𝟓𝟒 𝐟𝐭 𝟐
𝐒𝐇𝐓 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟎𝟒 𝐦𝟐

b. Horizontal Tail Span, bHT

For General Aviation – Single Engine [24]
AR HT = 3.0 to 5.0
𝐀𝐑 𝐇𝐓 = 𝟒. 𝟎
bHT = √AR HT SHT
bHT = √(4.0)(45.254)
𝐛𝐇𝐓 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟓𝟒 𝐟𝐭
𝐛𝐇𝐓 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝐦
PRELIMINARY SIZING AND THREE VIEWS PAGE 8 OF 17

c. Horizontal Tail Root Chord, CRHT

For General Aviation – Single Engine [24]
λHT = 0.30 to 0.60
𝛌𝐇𝐓 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓
[17]
2SHT
CRHT =
bHT (1 + λHT )
(2)(45.254)
CRHT =
(13.454)(1 + 0.55)
𝐂𝐑 𝐇𝐓 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟒𝟎 𝐟𝐭
𝐂𝐑 𝐇𝐓 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟑 𝐦

d. Horizontal Tail Tip Chord, CTHT

CTHT = λHT CRHT [17]
CTHT = (0.55)(4.340)
𝐂𝐓𝐇𝐓 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟖𝟕 𝐟𝐭
𝐂𝐓𝐇𝐓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝐦

D. VERTICAL TAIL
a. Vertical Tail Area, SVT
For General Aviation – Single Engine [22]
𝐜𝐕𝐓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒
cVT bW SW [25]
SVT =
LTA
(0.04)(39.338)(203.620)
SVT =
(17.087)
𝐒𝐕𝐓 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟕𝟓𝟏 𝐟𝐭 𝟐
𝐒𝐕𝐓 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟒𝟐 𝐦𝟐

b. Vertical Tail Span, bVT

For General Aviation – Single Engine [24]
AR VT = 1.3 to 2.0
𝐀𝐑 𝐕𝐓 = 𝟏. 𝟒
bVT = √AR VT SVT
bVT = √(1.4)(18.751)
𝐛𝐕𝐓 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟐𝟒 𝐟𝐭
𝐛𝐕𝐓 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝟐 𝐦
 PRELIMINARY SIZING AND THREE VIEWS PAGE 9 OF 17

c. Vertical Tail Root Chord, CRVT

For General Aviation – Single Engine [24]
λVT = 0.30 to 0.60
𝛌𝐕𝐓 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎
[17]
2SVT
CRVT =
bVT (1 + λVT )
(2)(18.751)
CRVT =
(5.124)(1 + 0.30)
𝐂𝐑 𝐕𝐓 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟑𝟎 𝐟𝐭
𝐂𝐑 𝐕𝐓 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟏𝟔 𝐦

d. Vertical Tail Tip Chord, CTVT

CTVT = λVT CRVT [17]
CTVT = (0.30)(5.630)
𝐂𝐓𝐕𝐓 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟖𝟗 𝐟𝐭
𝐂𝐓𝐕𝐓 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟓 𝐦

V. CONTROL SURFACE SIZING

A. AILERONS AND FLAPS
a. Aileron and Flap Semi-Span, bAF /2
The Ailerons and flaps are typically extended from about 50% to about 90% of
the wing span [26]
𝐛𝐀𝐅 /𝐛 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎
(bAF /b)bW
bAF /2 =
2
(0.60)(39.338)
bAF /2 =
2
𝐛𝐀𝐅 /𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏 𝐟𝐭
𝐛𝐀𝐅 /𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟗𝟕 𝐦

b. Aileron Effective Semi-Span, (bAF /2)E

(𝐛/𝟐)𝐀 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎
(bA /2)E = (b/2)A (bAF /2)
(bA /2)E = (0.40)(11.801)
(𝐛𝐀 /𝟐)𝐄 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟐𝟎 𝐟𝐭
(𝐛𝐀 /𝟐)𝐄 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟗 𝐦
PRELIMINARY SIZING AND THREE VIEWS PAGE 10 OF 17

c. Flaps Effective Semi-Span, (bF /2)E

(bF /2)F = 0.60
(bF /2)E = (b/2)F (bAF /2)
(bF /2)E = (0.60)(11.801)
(𝐛𝐅 /𝟐)𝐄 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟖𝟏 𝐟𝐭
(𝐛𝐅 /𝟐)𝐄 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟓𝟖 𝐦

d. Aileron and Flap Chord, CAF

Ailerons and Flaps are typically 15% to 25% of the wing chord. [27]
𝐂𝐀𝐅 /𝐂 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒
CAF = (CAF /C)MACW
CAF = (0.24)(5.425)
𝐂𝐀𝐅 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟎𝟐 𝐟𝐭
𝐂𝐀𝐅 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟕 m

B. ELEVATORS AND RUDDER

a. Elevator Semi-Span, bE /2
Elevators and rudder generally begin at side of the fuselage and extended to the
tip of the tail or about 90% of the tail span. [28]
𝐛𝐄 /𝐛 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖
(bE /b)bHT
bE /2 =
2
(0.78)(13.454)
bE /2 =
2
𝐛𝐄 /𝟐 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟒𝟕 𝐟𝐭
𝐛𝐄 /𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟗𝟗 𝐦

b. Elevator Root and Tip Chord, CRE & CTE

Elevators and rudder are typically 25% to 50% of the tail chord [27]
𝐂𝐄 /𝐂 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐
CRE = (CE /C)CRHT
CRE = (0.42)(4.340)
𝐂𝐑𝐄 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟐𝟑 𝐟𝐭
𝐂𝐑𝐄 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟔 𝐦

CTE = (CE /C)CTHT

CTE = (0.42)(2.387)
𝐂𝐓𝐄 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝐟𝐭
𝐂𝐓𝐄 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟔 𝐦
PRELIMINARY SIZING AND THREE VIEWS PAGE 11 OF 17

c. Rudder Span, bR
Elevators and rudder generally begin at side of the fuselage and extended to the
tip of the tail or about 90% of the tail span. [28]
𝐛𝐑 /𝐛 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏
bR = (bR /b)bVT
bR = (0.81)(5.124)
𝐛𝐑 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝐟𝐭
𝐛𝐑 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔𝟓 𝐦

d. Rudder Root and Tip Chord, CRR & CTR

Elevators and rudder are typically 25% to 50% of the tail chord [27]
𝐂𝐑 /𝐂 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗
CRR = (CR /C)CRVT
CRR = (0.39)(5.630)
𝐂𝐑𝐑 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟗𝟔 𝐟𝐭
𝐂𝐑𝐑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟗 𝐦

CTR = (CR /C)CTVT

CTR = (0.39)(1.689)
𝐂𝐓𝐑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟗 𝐟𝐭
𝐂𝐓𝐑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝐦
 PRELIMINARY SIZING AND THREE VIEWS PAGE 12 OF 17

VI. AIRPLANE THREE-VIEWS

A. Top View

Scale 1:70
PRELIMINARY SIZING AND THREE VIEWS PAGE 13 OF 17

B. Side View

Scale 1:70
PRELIMINARY SIZING AND THREE VIEWS PAGE 14 OF 17

C. Front View

Scale 1:70
 PRELIMINARY SIZING AND THREE VIEWS PAGE 15 OF 17

VII. AIRPLANE DIMENSIONS

DIMENSIONS
PARTS
feet, ft meter, m scale, cm
WING
Span 39.338 11.990 17.129
Root Chord 7.140 2.176 3.109
Tip Chord 3.213 0.979 1.399
FUSELAGE
Length 28.478 8.680 12.400
Tail Arm Length 17.087 5.208 7.440
HORIZONTAL TAIL
Span 13.454 4.101 5.859
Root Chord 4.340 1.323 1.890
Tip Chord 2.387 0.728 1.040
VERTICAL TAIL
Span 5.124 1.562 2.231
Root Chord 5.630 1.716 2.451
Tip Chord 1.689 0.515 0.736
AILERON
Effective Semi - Span 4.720 1.439 2.056
Chord 1.302 0.397 0.567
FLAPS
Effective Semi-Span 7.081 2.158 3.083
Chord 1.302 0.397 0.567
ELEVATOR
Semi-Span 5.247 1.599 2.284
Root Chord 1.823 0.556 0.794
Tip Chord 1.003 0.306 0.437
RUDDER
Span 4.150 1.265 1.807
Root Chord 2.196 0.669 0.956
Tip Chord 0.659 0.201 0.287
 PRELIMINARY SIZING AND THREE VIEWS PAGE 16 OF 17

VIII. END NOTES

[1] Lloyd R. Jenkinson & James F. Marchman. Aircraft Design for Engineering Students,

Butterworth-Heinemann Publications, Burlington, 2003. Page 62.

[2] Lloyd R. Jenkinson & James F. Marchman. Aircraft Design for Engineering Students,

Butterworth-Heinemann Publications, Burlington, 2003. Page 150.

[3] Baron Geoff N. Castillo & Ron-lee Jones C. Doriano. Technical Report No.1 –

Preliminary Design Specification.

[4] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 21, Fig. 3.5.

[5] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 22, Fig. 3.6.

[6] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 22.

[7] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 19, Table 3.4.

[8] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 16, Table 3.2.

[9] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 17, Eq. 3.6.

[10] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 17, Table 3.8.

[11] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 13, Table 3.1.

[12] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 23, Eq. 3.11.

[13] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 12, Eq. 3.4.

[14] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 84, Table 5.5.

[15] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 51, Table 4.1.

[16] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 57.

[17] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 48.

[18] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 49.

[19] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 111.

[20] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 110, Table 6.3.

[21] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 112.

[22] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 112, Table 6.4.

PRELIMINARY SIZING AND THREE VIEWS PAGE 17 OF 17

[23] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series
Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 112, Eq. 6.29.
[24] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 76, Table 4.3.

[25] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 112, Eq. 6.28.

[26] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 113-114.

[27] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 115.

[28] Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 114.