EXPERIMENT #: 2

Date: January 29, 2021

Topic: Structure and Bonding

Title: Properties of Ionic and Covalent compounds

Skill O/R/R

Aim: To study the properties of ionic and covalent compounds.

Apparatus/ Materials: Test-tube racks, Test Tube, conductivity equipment (power source,

ammeter, wires), beakers, sodium chloride, water, HEXANE (organic solvent)

Method:

1. Two Grams of sodium chloride were Weighed and placed it into a boiling
tube. The boiling tube was gently heated containing the solid.
2. The Test for solubility was conducted by weighing two 2g sample of sodium
chloride and then was placed in a boiling tube with 10ml of water and 10ml of
Hexane. It was Stirred with a stirring to dissolve Said solid.

3. Steps 1-2 were repeated using naphthalene.

4. An electrical circuit was used to determine if the solutions obtained from the
test can conducted electricity.

5. The results were recorded in a table.

Observation: The observations were recorded in the following table below.

PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE NAPHTHALENE

Melting Point High Melting Point Low Melting Point

Solubility in Water Soluble Insoluble

Solubility in Organic Solvent Insoluble Soluble

Conductivity Conduct Electricity Did Not Conduct

Electricity
 Discussion:

Ionic bonds are chemical bonds created by the electrostatic forces of attraction between positively
charged cations and negatively charged anions in ionic compounds. Ionic bonding involves the
transfer of electrons from metal atoms to nonmetal atoms. A covalent bond is a chemical bond
formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms. Covalent bonding involves the
sharing of electrons between nonmetal atoms. Compounds formed by covalent bonding are
known as covalent compound. The goal of ionic and covalent bonding is to achieve stability
among the elements.
Ionic compounds are solid. Ionic bond has greater force of attraction because of which
ions attract each other strongly. This makes ionic compounds solid. Ionic compounds have high
melting and boiling points because force of attraction between ions of ionic compounds is very
strong. Ionic compounds generally dissolve in water. Ionic compounds are generally insoluble in
organic solvents. Solution of ionic compounds in water conduct electricity. This happens because
ions present in the solution of ionic compound facilitate the passage of electricity by moving
towards opposite electrodes.
Covalent molecular solids tend to be soft solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature,
Covalent compounds Low melting and boiling points. Poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Covalent compounds are usually insoluble in water but they are soluble in organic solvents.
Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity in water.
Based on the observation The sodium chloride would be Ionic because it exhibited most of
the properties of an Ionic Compound Which were high melting point, solubility in water,
insolubility in organic solvent and Conductivity. It exhibited traits of a high melting point when it
was placed over the Bunsen flame and it did not melt. It exhibited traits Solubility in Water when
it was placed in a beaker with distill water and stirred with a stirring rod and it dissolved. It
exhibited traits of conductivity when the electrodes were placed in a solution of sodium chloride
and water and other end of the wires were placed on the power source and ammeter then a wire
from the ammeter and the solution were connected to a bulb and it lite up. It exhibited traits of
insolubility in organic solvent when it did not dissolve in the solution.
The Naphthalene would be Covalent because it exhibited most of the properties of a
covalent compounds Which were low melting point, insolubility in water, solubility in organic
solvent and low conductivity. It exhibited traits of a low melting point when it was placed over
the Bunsen flame and the solid easily melted in the boiling tube. It exhibited traits insolubility in
water when it was placed in a beaker with distill water and stirred with a stirring rod and it did not
dissolve It exhibited traits of low conductivity when the electrodes were placed in a solution of
Naphthalene and water and other end of the wires were placed on the power source and ammeter
then a wire from the ammeter and the solution were connected to a bulb and the bulb did not light
up. It exhibited traits of solubility in organic solvent when it dissolved in the organic solution
after being stirred with a Stirring rod.

Conclusion:
The Aim of this lab is to study the properties of ionic and covalent compounds. The Aim was
achieved after the experiment was conducted on sodium chloride naphthalene. The Melting Point,
Solubility in Water, Solubility in Organic Solvent, Conductivity procedure was caried out on
sodium chloride naphthalene. The sodium chloride was Identified and said to be an Ionic compound
when it exhibited the traits of high melting point, solubility in water, insolubility in organic
solvent and Conductivity. The naphthalene was Identified and said to be a covalent compound
when it exhibited traits of low melting point, insolubility in water, solubility in organic solvent
and low conductivity.

Criteria for Assessment and Mark Scheme

Skills Assessed: O/R/R

Criteria Marks
RECORDING

Table

Completely constructed with correct headings and title 2

REPORTING

Correct tense and sequence 2

OBSERVATIONS

PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE NAPHTHALENE

Melting Point 1 mark 1 mark

Solubility in Water 1 mark 1 mark

Solubility in Organic Solvent 1 mark 1 mark

Conductivity 1 mark 1 mark

TOTAL 12 MARKS

SCALED TO 10 MARKS