Vidyavarta Peer Reviewed International Journal April To June 2021 Special Issue NSS CollEGE MY PAPER ON PG 157

MAH MUL/03051/2012
ISSN: 2319 9318

V i d ya war ta ®
Peer-Reviewed International Journal
April To June 2021
Special Issue
01
NAGRIK SHIKSHAN SANSTHA’S COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND

ECONOMICS, TARDEO, MUMBAI-400 034
(Affiliated to University of Mumbai and NAAC Re-accrediated )
Post Graduate Section (M.Com.) and IQAC
Jointly Organized
Impact Factor 3.102 (IIJIF)

One Day Multidisciplinary National E-Conference
On
“Contemporary Issues in Commerce, Management and Economics:
An overview of Covid-19 Pandemic and Its impact on Indian
Economy”
On
30th April 2020 at 11.00 am onwards
Media Partner
[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102

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Date
®
Impact of
April To June 2021
Publication
Factor 3.102 (IIJIF)
Special Issue
02
30 April, 2021
Vidyawarta is peer reviewed research journal. The review committee & editorial board formed/appointed
by Harshwardhan Publication scrutinizes the received research papers and articles. Then the recommended
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PATRON
Dr. Jaydeep Mirashi Dr. Pratibha Mirashi
Honorable Chairman , Honorable Supe rin te ndent
N ag rik Shiksha n Sanstha, Ta rde o Mumbai Na grik Shi kshan Sa nstha , Tardeo Mum bai
ADVISORY BOARD
Prof. Manikandan Iyer Dr. S.R. Kamble

I/C Pri nci pal P rincipa l
Ma tu shree Pushpa ben Vinubha i Valia Dr. Ambe dkar Colleg e O f C omm erce And
Colle ge of C omm erce , Mumba i Economics, Wa dala, Mumbai
Dr. Yashodhan M. Mithare Dr. Arvind Luhar

Associate Dea n, Fa culty of Comme rce and C hairman, Board of Studies, Accountancy
Ma nage ment, Sa vitribai P hule Pune Uni versity Un ive rsity Of Mum bai
Dr. M.L.Verma Dr. Surendra Patole

Associa te Professor Assi stan t Professor
Dr. Ra m Man oha r Lohi a Avadh University Sch ool of Comme rce & Managem ent,
Faiza bad YC MOU, Nashik
EDITORIAL BOARD
Dr. Raj Ankush Soshte

Chief Editor
D r. Dhiraj Ovhal
E ditor
Chief Guest and Resource Persons
Chief Guest and Key note Speaker

Dr. Shobana Vasudevan
Principal R.A.Podar College , Mumbai
Resource person Chairperson –Technical Session
Dr. N ilanan Ray Dr. Indrajit Ghosal
Associa te Professor, Assista nt Prof essor,
Adam as University Barasat, Kolka ta , We st Amity University Patan a
Beng al
ORGANISING COMMITTEE
Dr. Shamim Sayed
I/C Principal & Chairperson of conference
Dr. Raj Ankush Soshte Dr. Dhiraj Ovhal

Convener Convener
P.G. Section (M.Com.)- Co-ordinator IQAC – Co-ordinator

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ABOUT THE COLLEGE
NSS College of Commerce and Economics, Tardeo, Mumbai was established in the year 1988 by
our visionary founders late Shri.Rajabhau Mirashi and his wife late Smt. Shantabai Mirashi. The College is
permanently affiliated to University of Mumbai since the year 2001-2002 and assessed and re-accredited by
National Assessment and Reaccreditation Council (NAAC) with ‘B++’ grade in 2016-17. It is a grant-in-aid
institution recognized by the UGC under 2(f) and 12(b) of the UGC Act 1956. The college is committed to
‘Education to all’ and is one of the pioneering institutions in South Mumbai to offer education (Under Gradu-
ate (B. Com.) and Post Graduate degree in Commerce (M. Com.) to the under privileged sections of
society. The college aims mainly at academic excellence, inculcation of moral and sensible ethical values,
moulding the characters with strict disciplinary approach, so as to make them responsible citizens and to
contribute for national development.
VISION
“To be a premier institution of higher education, contributing to national development by

imparting quality education to youth.”
MISSION
“To nurture and sustain academic excellence by imparting value-based as well as need-
based education to develop a community of scholars with talent, professional skills and ethical
values.”
OBJECTIVES OF THE COLLEGE

• To promote relevance of education amongst students.
• To pay special attention for development of disadvantaged groups of the society.
• To nurture and develop graduates who can compete successfully in the global scenario.
• To inculcate moral, social and spiritual values with the spirit of nationalism among the students.
• To encourage use of innovative ideas and ICT in the field of education. All these initiatives help
students: To develop the skills to apply the knowledge of commercial and economic principles to specific
business and economic problems.
• To be able to judge the effects of relevant laws and economic policies on business.
• To develop skills in communication and clarity in the expression of his/her ideas.
• To acquire a sense of self-discipline and moral conduct so as to execute with responsibility his/her
role in society.
• To be provided with a platform to exhibit and develop his/her talents in fields other than academics.
• To develop a sense of social obligation and service to the nation.

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ABOUT THE NATIONAL E- CONFERENCE
The outbreak of COVID-19 brought social and economic life to a standstill. In this study the focus
is on assessing the impact on affected sectors, such as aviation, tourism, retail, capital markets, MSMEs,
and oil. International and internal mobility is restricted, and the revenues generated by travel and tourism,
which contributes 9.2 per cent of the GDP, will take a major toll on the GDP growth rate. Aviation rev-
enues will come down by USD 1.56 billion. Oil has plummeted to 18-year low of $ 22 per barrel in
March, and Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) have withdrawn huge amounts from India, about USD
571.4 million. While lower oil prices will shrink the current account deficit, reverse capital flows will
expand it. Rupee is continuously depreciating. MSMEs will undergo a severe cash crunch. The crisis
witnessed a horrifying mass exodus of such floating population of migrants on foot, amidst countrywide
lockdown. Their worries primarily were loss of job, daily ration, and absence of a social security net. India
must rethink on her development paradigm and make it more inclusive. COVID 19 has also provided
some unique opportunities to India. There is an opportunity to participate in global supply chains, multina-
tionals are losing trust in China. To ‘Make in India’, some reforms are needed, labour reforms being one of
them. This COVID-19 pandemic affected the manufacturing and the services sector—hospitality, tours
and travels, healthcare, retail, banks, hotels, real estate, education, health, IT, recreation, media and oth-
ers. The economic stress has started and will grow rapidly. While lockdown and social distancing result in
productivity loss on the one hand, they cause a sharp decline in demand for goods and services by the
consumers in the market on the other, thus leading to a collapse in economic activity. However, lockdown
and social distancing are the only cost-effective tools available to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
The E-conference aims to bring interface between academics and industry. The Academic –busi-
ness partnership hold great potential for all those involved but need to be based on quality research and
collaboration. The conference will culminate views, ideas opinions between academics and industry about
recent development in Commerce, Management, and Economics as perspective for India.
Objectives of the Conference
1. To study the contemporary issues Contemporary Issues in Commerce, Management and

Economics
2. To study the Covid-19 Pandemic and Its impact on Indian Economy
3. To provide common platform for Academicians and Industrialists to share the thought on
Contemporary Issues in Commerce, Management and Economics.
4. To analyze the roles and steps are taken by government of India for the Sustainable Develop-
ment of Commerce, Management and Economics.
5. To explore the new avenues under the Commerce, Management and Economics to achieve
sustainable development.

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FROM THE PRINCIPAL DESK
Dr. Shamim Sayed
I/C Principal.
Nagrik Shikshan Sanstha’s College of Commerce and Economics
Nagrik Shikshan Sanstha’s College of Commerce and Economics IQAC and PG Section organised
a One Day Multidisciplinary National E- Conference on “Contemporary Issues in Commerce, Manage-
ment and Economics : An Overview of Covid 19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Indian Economy “ On 30th
April 2021.
Being the chairperson of the Conference I would also like to express my profound gratitude to all
the distinguished speakers , guests and delegates from various parts of the country who contributed in the
success of the event. More than 150 participants had attended conference which is a matter of pride for
our college.
I thank our Board of Management Dr. Jaydeep Mirashi- Hon. Chairman of Nagrik Shikshan
Sanstha and Dr. Pratibha Mirashi Hon. Superintendent of Nagrik Shikshan Sanstha for their endless sup-
port and encouragement in all the endeavors of the college.
We are amidst a crisis like no other. The present pandemic has not only affected our lives but has
also changed our way of thinking. It has profoundly affected the global scenario. People are worried about
their lives and livelihoods. Many businesses are either being closed or waiting to be closed. Governments
are extending their spending capacity to rehabilitate the affected and bring back the economy to normal.
The stability of financial system is at stake, Policymakers all over the world are looking for ways to the
economic impact. we as academicians should play our role of disseminating information through research
and coordination. We are blessed with the Technology and ICT tools that enable us to collaborate and
conduct such activities so as to quench our thirst for knowledge through exchange and deliberations.
We at NSS strive hard to gain academic excellence through various activities that promote intel-
lectual, physical, professional, cultural and emotional growth. This conference is a part of such attempt. I
hope this Online Journal -special issue will bring new ideas and highlight the changes sometimes subtle and
unobtrusive those are percolating into our systems.
I congratulate the conveners Dr. Raj Ankush Soshte and Dr. Dhiraj Ovhal for their efforts in
making this endeavor a great success!!!

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Dr. Raj Ankush Soshte

Chief Editor & Conference Convener (P. G. Section)
______________________________________________________________________________
Its honour and pride to welcome all Academicians for the One day Multidisciplinary National E-
Conference on “Contemporary Issues in Commerce, Management and Economics : An overview
of Covid-19 Pandemic and Its impact on Indian Economy” on 30th April 2021 and bringing out a
Special Issue of Journal on this occasion. This conference has been jointly organized by Post Graduate
Section (M.Com.) and IQAC of N.S.S. College of Commerce and Economics Nagrik Shikshan Sanstha’s
College of Commerce and Economics, Tardeo, Mumbai.
The Indian economy has been experiencing significant slowdown over the past few quarters. In
the third quarter of the current fiscal, the economy grew at a six-year low rate of 4.7 per cent. Investment
and consumption demand had been languishing and a number of stimulus measures have been taken to
bring back the economy on a growth path. There was a strong hope of recovery in the last quarter of the
current fiscal. However, the new coronavirus epidemic has made the recovery extremely difficult in the
near to medium term. The outbreak has presented fresh challenges for the Indian economy now, causing
severe disruptive impact on both demand and supply side elements which has the potential to derail India’s
growth story. Demand Side Impact - Tourism, Hospitality and Aviation are among the worst affected
sectors that are facing the maximum brunt of the present crisis. Closing of cinema theatres and declining
footfall in shopping complexes has affected the retail sector by impacting consumption of both essential
and discretionary items. Keeping in view the sustainability in the field of Commerce, Management and
Economics in the 21st century this conference definitely will give us fruitful information to all the stakehold-
ers.
This conference aims to provide a platform for deliberations on issues mentioned above as sharing
and updating their knowledge on the Contemporary Issues in Commerce, Management and Economics:
An overview of Covid-19 Pandemic and Its impact on Indian Economy in 21st Century.
With this, I welcome you all and thank you for whom who have been actively involved in the
conference, with eager anticipation and make this, a memorable event and a great success.

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Convener
Dr. Dhiraj Ovhal

M.Com, MBA, SET,NET,NET-JRF, Ph.D.in Business Administration
( IQAC Coordinator & HOD of Commerce)
NSS College of Commerce & Economics, Tardeo, Mumbai-34
______________________________________________________________________________
It gives me great pleasure and privilege to welcome on this occasion as Convener- IQAC Coor-
dinator of the Multidisciplinary National E- Conference on “Contemporary Issues in Commerce, Man-
agement and Economics : An Overview of Covid 19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Indian Economy”
jointly organized by IQAC and Post Graduate Section (M.Com.) of N.S.S. College of Commerce and
Economics Nagrik Shikshan Sanstha’s College of Commerce and Economics, Tardeo-34 on 30th April
2021 from 11.00 a.m to 5.30.p.m
The Indian economy has changed in many significant ways, especially from the last One and half
year due to the pandemic and lockdown situation . The remarkable changes, we have seen in the various
sectors and transferred from Physical platform to Virtual platform .The impact of Covid and Lockdown
adversely impact on Commerce, Industry, Business as well as GDP of the nation. The direct and indirect
impact on labour market of country also with decline ratio of employment and diverted to employee use
virtual platform for the work. Even also there is another side of this phenomenon like Most of the
business in huge demand such as Online banking , The health sector, Insurance sectors , Medical and
allied services , Online Educations and use of Various online app for the day to day activity . so that today
we have platform to discuss and enrich the knowledge about Impact of Covid on Indian Economy.
With this, I welcome you all and thank you for actively involved in the E- Conference, with
eager anticipation and make this, a memorable event and a grand success.

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INDEX
........................................................................................................................................................................
01) A Study of Consumer Buying Behaviour related to Health Drink Products
Dr. Surendra Patole, Nashik (M.S.) ||14
........................................................................................................................................................................
02) Impact of Covid-19 on Religious Tourism: An Overview
Dr. Vasant Balu Boraste, Nashik, Maharashtra, India ||17
........................................................................................................................................................................
03) Students experience on Use of Google Classroom for College Students ...
Dr.Archana Jayant Mali, Pune ||21
........................................................................................................................................................................
04) A Study of HOUSING LOAN Borrowers of Selected Public And Private ...
Akshat Mahendra ||24
........................................................................................................................................................................
05) IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON AVIATION INDUSTRY SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MUMBAI ...
DR. NANDA INDULKAR, MUMBAI ||28
........................................................................................................................................................................
06) A Study of Goods and Service Tax Impact on Indian Economy During ...
Prof. CA Atul A. Raut, Thane (w) ||32
........................................................................................................................................................................
07) A Study of The Role of Mass Media And its Impact During COVID -19 ...
Prof. CA Atul A. Raut, Thane (w) ||36
........................................................................................................................................................................
www.vidyawarta.com/03
08) Research and Development in pharmaceutical companies in India and its ...
DR. PRADEEP KAMTHEKAR & MRS. ZAKIRA R. MATWANKAR ||40
........................................................................................................................................................................
09) COVID – 19 AND THE DIGITALIZATION OF COURTS
Ms. Savina R. Crasto, Mumbai ||45
........................................................................................................................................................................
10) THE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE YOUTH
Dr. Priyambada Choubey, Mumbai ||49
........................................................................................................................................................................
11) E-Commerce in India: Present status
Prof. Swati Kisanrao shelake, Igatpuri ||54
........................................................................................................................................................................
12) An Overview of migrant labourers during COVID 19 pandemic in India
Archana D. Gawale, Nashik ||58
........................................................................................................................................................................
13) Research Paper Title: Impact of covid -19 on Higher Education
Assist.Prof.Smt.Vaishali S. Kshirsagar, Nashik ||61

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14) Psycho-Social Impact of Hate Speech on Social Media in India: A Review ...
Trisha Marik & Dr. Indrajit Ghosal, Patna ||65
........................................................................................................................................................................
15) THE IMPACT OF ONLINE RETAILING (E-TAILING) ON TRADITIONAL RETAIL ...
Amit Kumar Gupta & Dr. R.P. Gope, Ranchi ||70
........................................................................................................................................................................
16) A STUDY ON IMPACT OF STRESS ON EMPLOYEE JOB SATISFACTION IN AIR ...
Mr.Saurabh Ashok Patil, Ulhasnagar ||75
........................................................................................................................................................................
17) IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MSMEs
Mr. Manohar Borkar, Mumbai ||79
........................................................................................................................................................................
18) Effect of FDI in Indian Agriculture Industry
Mr.Y.K.Chaudhari, Nashik ||84
........................................................................................................................................................................
19) A Study on Role of E-CRM in providing safe and easy Banking services ...
Mrs. SAIMA SHOEB KHAN & Dr.HARISH PUROHIT, JHUNJHUNU ||87
........................................................................................................................................................................
20) Impact of COVID-19 on Indian Economy
Dr.Shivaji A. Pawar, Mulund ||92
........................................................................................................................................................................
21) A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ONLINE ADVERTISINGON ...
Mrs. Manali Ranade - Barve ||96
........................................................................................................................................................................
22) INFLUENCE OF COVID-19 ON TOURISM IN KONKAN REGION

Ms. Priya Ramesh Yeole & Dr. Raj Ankush Soshte, Mumbai ||100
........................................................................................................................................................................
23) Covid 19 – Union Budget& It’s Reality in Indian Economy
Dr. Rashmi S. Dhobale, Pune ||105
........................................................................................................................................................................
24) Challenges and problems before rural marketing in Indian economy
Dr.S.D.Nikam, Nashik ||109
........................................................................................................................................................................
25) THE IMPORTANCE OF A DIGITAL MARKETING STRATEGY TO SMALL BUSINESS
Mehjabeen Javed Shaikh, Mumbai ||112
........................................................................................................................................................................
26) ONLINE LEARNING DURING LOCKDOWN PERIOD IN COVID-19 IN INDIA
Dr.Vilas B.Zodage, Dist.- Sindhudurg(MS) ||116
........................................................................................................................................................................
27) TOURISM INDUSTRY - OPPORTUNITES AND CHALLENGES IN INDIA
Mr. Dayanand Vishwanath Thakur, Dist.- Sindhudurg(MS) ||120
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28) Impact on COVID 19 on Electronic Payment System in India
Mrs. Simran R Kalyani, Mumbai ||125
........................................................................................................................................................................
29) Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Consumer Behaviour
Pooja Singh, Nashik ||129
........................................................................................................................................................................
30) THE NEED OF REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN INDIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM
Dr. Seema S. Waghela, Mumbai ||133
........................................................................................................................................................................
31) Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Automobile Sector in India
Dr. Vishnu J. Bhandare, Mumbai ||137
........................................................................................................................................................................
32) Hike in essential commodity prices in Covid 19 crisis
Nital Kothari, Mumbai ||141
........................................................................................................................................................................
33) Use of Ayurvedic Medicine as a effective tool to combat Pandemic ...
Ashutosh Saxena, Mumbai ||145
........................................................................................................................................................................
34) A STUDY OF QUALITY OF SERVICES PROVIDED BY PMPML IN PUNE REGION
Dr. Reshma R. More & Mr. Rohan Gaikwad, Mumbai ||149
........................................................................................................................................................................
35) A Study of Accounting Softwares & It’s utility in pandemic situation
Asst. Prof. Nitin Ramchandra Wadhvinde, Thane MS ||154
........................................................................................................................................................................
36) Consumer perception towards green products to raise Immunity – a fight ...
Dr. Bharati Makhijani, Mumbai ||157
........................................................................................................................................................................
37) STUDY OF BLACK MARKETING DURINGCOVID AND ITS IMPACT ON PATIENTS ...
Dr. RAVINDRA S. NETAWATE, MUMBAI ||161
........................................................................................................................................................................
38) ONLINE EDUCATION IN INDIA DURING COVID-19 LOCKDOWN
Mr. Pradeep H. Tawade, Tardeo ||164
........................................................................................................................................................................
39) A study of Indian Real Estate Industry of India
Dr. Dhiraj Raghunath Ovhal, Mumbai ||167
........................................................................................................................................................................
40) Start -up, Demographic Dividend and Employability: An outlook of Job ...
Dr. Rajesh Harichandra Bhoite, Mumbai ||171
........................................................................................................................................................................
41) Financial opportunities and challenges of Fishermen Co-operative ...
Mr. Hemant Pandharinath Patil, Mumbai ||176
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42) A study on consumer preferences towards the need for app-based virtual ...
Dr. (Mrs) Pooja Ramchandani & Shri. Shetty Rahul S., Mumbai ||181
........................................................................................................................................................................
43) A Study of Job Satisfaction of Teachers During Covid-19 in Commerce ...
Miss.Bagwan Samreen Nizam & Dr. Pushpalata Santosh Trimukhe (Kawale) ||186
........................................................................................................................................................................
44) A Study on the role of Advertising on Electronic Media: An analysis of ...

Varsha Rahul Singh ||190
........................................................................................................................................................................
45) A Concise Study on Cyber Crime in India With Reference to Mumbai
Dr. Anand Mahadeo Kasle, Mumbai ||194
........................................................................................................................................................................
46) COVID 19 PANDEMIC AND ITS IMPACT ON VARIOUS SECTORS OF INDIAN ECONOMY
Dr.Pushpalata Trimukhe, Latur ||197
........................................................................................................................................................................
47) An Empirical Study : InnovativeStrategies Adopted By Cloud Kitchens In India
Asst. Prof.Rupesh Siyodia, Mumbai, India ||202
........................................................................................................................................................................
48) Environmental Accounting: From Millennium Development Goals to ...
Dr. Shamim Sayed, Mumbai ||206
........................................................................................................................................................................
49) CASHBACK EFFECTIVNESS IN ONLINE SHOPPING AMONG MUMBAI CONSUMERS
Prof. Mezbin Khan, Mumbai ||210
........................................................................................................................................................................
50) Impact of COVID’19 Pandemic on Industrial Sector of India
Dr. Kshamali S. Sontakke, Mumbai ||214

........................................................................................................................................................................
51) A Study on Impact of COVID- 19 on Banking System in India
Dr. Raj Ankush Soshte, Mumbai ||218
........................................................................................................................................................................
52) Post- COVID-19 Challenges and Opportunities in Higher Education in India
Dr. Raj Ankush Soshte, Mumbai ||222
........................................................................................................................................................................
53) A Study on Bharatmala Pariyojana : Impact and Challenges for India
Mr.Akshay G. Bhoir, Bhiwandi ||227
........................................................................................................................................................................
54) A STUDY ON OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF B.E.S.T. IN MUMBAI
Ms. Snehal M. Darge & Dr. Reshma R. More, Mumbai ||231
........................................................................................................................................................................
55) Reflecting Indian Pragmatic dynamism in Post Covid Period
Dr. Neelu Khosla ||235
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56) A Study the Role of Banking Sector for the Development of Country
Dr. Dhiraj Raghunath Ovhal, Mumbai ||241
........................................................................................................................................................................
57) Terrorism as common threats to Africa and Eurasia
Lt. (Dr.) Yogesh Subhashchandra Borse, Jalgaon ||245
........................................................................................................................................................................

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various products available in the market. There
01 are various health care products available in the
market those found effective in the prevention
A Study of Consumer Buying of pandemic diseases. In the health care
products health drinks are very popular and well-
Behaviour related to Health known immunity boosters in India. Most of the
Drink Products customers prefer to consume health drinks on
regular basis. There are various options
Dr. Surendra Patole available in the category of health drink
Assistant Professor, category. There are various herbal products
School of Commerce & Management, available in the market in this segment. There
Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open are various aspects of consumer behaviour
University Nashik (M.S.) which impact on the decision-making process
such health drink products. Amid the corona
pandemic, the demand for healthcare products
==============***********=============== especially health drinks have increased.
Abstract: This study is based on the aspects of
The health drink products cater the need consumer behaviour with respect to health drink
of consumers of various age groups and gender. products. This study considers the various
It becomes challenge for the marketers to assess factors of health drink products that influence
exact need of consumers. In the pandemic time the consumer to make proper buying decisions.
the consumers become more conscious about This study was conducted by survey method. In
the health and select various immunity boosting this study the respondents were selected from
products. Health drink is also one of such the Nashik city. There are many health drink
products demanded by the consumers. This products available in the market.Health drinks
study helped in focusing the various influencing provide various healthy nutrients and
factors those effect on the customers of complement the balanced diet.
different gender. This study also helps that how The total beverage market in India is
the customers are influenced by various ways about 43,000 Cr and is growing approximately
to choose the product. The sample of 162 at about 15-18% and can reach 130,000 Cr by
respondents from Nashik city was selected by 2023. This consists of all kinds of beverages
convenient sampling method. The data such as energy drinks, food powder, juices,
wasanalyzed and interpreted with the help of nectars including tea, coffee etc.The health
statistical software (SPSS). The study revealed consciousness, standard of living and changing
the influence of various buying factors on the lifestyle are highlighting the demands of health
customers of both the genders. The study drinks in India. The easily available health drink
concludes that the impact of various factors in products in the market include Horlicks,
buying the healthcare products remain Bournvita, Complan, Boost, Milo, Amul Pro, etc.
unchanged irrespective of the gender. The products are catering the demand with a
Keywords: Healthdrinksproducts, Consumer large range of brands satisfying separately to
buying behaviour kids, women, adults, sportsmen etc.There is an
Introduction: increasing growth in sales for healthcare
With pandemic environment, the products, like Ayushkadha, Green tea, Lime
customers are trying to boost their immunity by juice, Orange juice, Amla juice and many more
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in the category of immunity boosters. The studies the importance ofproducteffectiveness,
consumers considerdiverse attributes of the price,promotions and packaging of the health
health drinks like price, effectiveness, quality, drinks.
promotions and packaging of the products. In Hypothesis:
the consumer buying behaviour one may come H0: There is no significant relationship between
across with how consumers try to find gender and influencing factors in buying health
information regarding products, their source of drink products
information, the reference group they follow, H1: There is a significant relationship between
specific buying habits and the selection criteria. gender and influencing factors in buying health
Review of Literature: drink products
While purchasing the healthcare Research Methodology:
products the customers are more conscious The study conducted was descriptive in
about the quality, effectiveness, price, nature. The study comprises of several selected
promotions and packaging of the health drink questions that to be askedfrom consumers
products. randomly about their buying behaviour towards
Jha-Dang and Koshy (2004), in their study health drink products in Nashik city.
analysed different consumer promotion Sources of data:
schemes launched in India and found that FMCG The study is based on both primary data
sector was the highest contributor to consumer & secondary data. The primary data has been
promotion schemes followed by consumer collected by using online questionnaire and the
durables. In the perspective of healthy drinks, secondary data has been collected from books,
advertisements should communicate the health journals, magazines and internet.
benefits of the drinks. Sample size:
According to William J. Allender and Sample size is 162 respondents in Nashik
Timothy J. Richards(2012), product price city. The convenience sampling method is used
contributed towards retaining customer loyalty to assess the responses from the population of
to a particular brand. Nashik city.
Nilson (1998), reveals that many Research tools:
consumers use price as an indication of the Research tool used for the study was
quality of the brand which is an important factor online structured questionnaire, which was
in purchasing decision. comprised ofclosed ended questions, with 5
According to Kotler and Amstrong point Likert Scale in the questions those ending
(2015), price is the reference factor in deciding in strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree
the quality of the products in the market. and strongly agree
Objectives of Study: The statistical toolswere used for the
1) To study the factorsthose, influence purpose of the data analysis.The data collected
health drink productsbuying behaviour were analyzed and interpretedwith the help of
2) To study the impact of various buying tables. In this study SPSS and simple percentage
preferences of health drink products. method were used to draw the inferences.
The study is conducted with the help of Data Analysis & Discussion:
various factors those affect the buying The respondents’ profiles were tabulated
behaviour of the consumers. This study focuses with their gender and age as the prime
on relation of various buying influencing demographic factors.
factorsand the gender of the respondents. It also Gender
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Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Results:
Valid Male 117 72.2 72.2 72.2 H0: There is no significant relationship between
Female 45 27.8 27.8 100.0 gender and influencing factors in buying health
Total 162 100.0 100.0
drink products
The above table shows that there were H1: There is a significant association between
72.2% male and 27.8% female respondents. gender and influencing factors in evaluating
Thus, the maximum respondents were from health drink products
male category. How_do_you_choose_health_drink_products
Age * Gender Crosstabulation
Cumulative
Count
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Gender
Valid 16-25 yrs 22 13.6 13.6 13.6 Male Female Total
26-35 yrs 38 23.5 23.5 37.0 How_do_you_choose_health_ Past experience 43 19 62
36-45 yrs 62 38.3 38.3 75.3 drink_products Advertisements 34 10 44
46 yrs& above 40 24.7 24.7 100.0 Others advice 27 13 40
Total 162 100.0 100.0 Seeing feedback 13 3 16
Total 117 45 162

The tableshows that, the majority
respondents i.e. 38.3% were from 36-45 years The above table shows the distribution
age group. In the age group of 26-35 years there of the respondents in the cross tabulation. The
were 23.5% respondents. However,there were age and the criteria of selection of health drink
only 13.6% respondents from age group of 16- product were tested with the help of Chi square
25 years. The above data shows that test.
cumulatively 75.3% respondents were young Chi-Square Tests
population up to 45 years of age.
How_do_you_choose_health_drink_products Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 1.908a 3 .592
Cumulative Likelihood Ratio 1.967 3 .579
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Linear-by-Linear Association .231 1 .631
Valid Past experience 62 38.3 38.3 38.3
N of Valid Cases 162
Advertisements 44 27.2 27.2 65.4
Others advice 40 24.7 24.7 90.1

Seeing feedback 16 9.9 9.9 100.0
a. 1 cells (12.5%) have expected count less than
Total 162 100.0 100.0
5. The minimum expected count is 4.44.
From the above table, itcan be focused
The above table shows that majority of on the results of the “Pearson Chi-Square” row.
the respondents i.e. 38.3% were purchasing the It has found that ÷(1) = 1.908 andSig. value i.e.
health drink products based on their past p = .592. This showsthat there is no statistically
experience. There were 27.2% respondents significant association between gender and the
selecting the health drink by assessing the criteria of selection of health drink products;
advertisement.Around 24.7% of the respondents Thus, Males and Females equally prefer the said
select the products by taking valuable advice selection criteria.
from the friends and family. Only 9.9% of the Hypothesis- H1 is rejected as there is
respondents were choosing the health drink no such association between gender and the
products after reviewing their feedback on criteria of selection of health drinks.
various platforms like on internet. Conclusion:
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The study discussed various behavioural
aspects of the consumers while buying the 02
health drink products. After the detailed analysis
using SPSS, it is concluded that,the various Impact of Covid-19 on Religious
influencing factors like past experience,
advertisements, advice from family & friends Tourism: An Overview
and assessing the feedback of the products from
various mediaimpact equally on the buying Dr. Vasant Balu Boraste
behaviour of consumers whether they are male Assistant Professor,
or female. Dept. of Commerce and Research Centre,
M. V. P. Samaj’s, K. T. H. M. College, Nashik,
References: Maharashtra, India
1. Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2015),
“Principles of Marketing”,5thEdition. Pearson ==============***********===============
Education India, New Delhi Abstract:
2.BeriG.C. (2004), “Marketing Research”, Covid-19 curbs on overall tourism
3rdEdition. Tata McGraw Hill Pub. Company Ltd., industry including medical as well as religious
New Delhi. tourism and pilgrimage. Globally as well as
3. Suja Nair (2003), “Consumer locally, tourism is the first industry, which is
Behaviour in Indian Perspective”, 1stEdition, harsh, affects because of Novel Coronavirus
Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai (Covid-19). The impact reflects on its allied
4. Jha-Dang. P. and A. Koshy(2004), “An industries like transport and hospitality as well
Empirical V iew of the Different Types of as religious activities. This paper specifically
Consumer Promotions in India.”, Working Paper explores the effects of the Covid-19 on religious
No: 2004 – 03 – 03, Indian Institute of tourism and aims to improve the literature on
Management Ahmedabad it. Further, it also aims to provide a route for
5. William J. Allender and Timothy J. future research work. This paper is based on the
Richards (2012), “Brand Loyalty and Price blending of news published by different news
Promotion Strategies: An Empirical Analysis”. agencies to support an overview of related
Journal of Retailing88,(3) 323-342. literature on religious tourism and tourism
6. https://www.business-standard.com management. The changes like social distance,
7.htt ps ://hea lt h.e conomict im es . cleanliness, use of sanitizer will force
indiatimes.com/news/industry/today-there-is- businesses to reevaluate service design and
a-growing-shift-towards-urban-healthy-drinks-k- distribution channels. The recommendations
vaitheeswaran/73002886 can help to recreate outbreak-related stiffness,
8.https://www.researchandmarkets. deliver newly eminent experiences to tourists.
com/reports/3745725/india-malted-health- This paper perhaps represents a frontline review,
drinks-market-overview analysing censoriously the likely effects of
Covid-19 on religious tourism practices in the
 upcoming time. Along with this, it also
represents the effect of Covid-19 on other facets
of tourism like hotels and hospitality, local
products, travel agencies, which are the

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subsidiary contributors of religious tourism. This tourism.
paper is an attempt to overview the impact of 3) To study and scrutinize the effect of
Covid-19 on religious tourism. It will also tries Covid-19 on religious tourism.
to identify the possible solutions to overcome 4) To compare the tourist arrivals in India
the pandemic situation and reboot the tourism during 2018, 2019 and 2020.
industry. Methodology:
Keywords: Tourism, Religious Tourism, Covid- This research is based on primary as well
19. as secondary data. The relevant literature for
Introduction: this study were collected from the websites,
The tourism industry is the first industry, newspapers, Web of Science, Business Journals,
which is badly affected by Covid-19. Covid-19 Government statistics and annual reports were
curbs on the overall tourism industry including analyse the statistical data wherever necessary.
medical tourism and religious tourism. Since The analysis made by using standard statistical
March 2020, the complete breakdown of techniques such as mean, percentage,
airlines, train, buses, cruises, hotels and correlation through MS Excel. Further, the data
hospitality, tour operators, local products etc. tabulated and presented in form of tables and
The tourism activities are completely shut down graphs.
at the global level by the respective countries Review of Literature:
government. The worldwide impact of lockdown 1. Shiv Dabhade and et. al.(2020): Describe that
shows zero percent tourist arrivals and the tourism industry changes the face of cities.
departure. The bankruptcies of major airlines However, there is a problem of that everyone is
and large tour operators have been widely concern about the development and their
reported, the effects of the crisis are perhaps significance, but no one is concern about the
being most acutely felt by the SMEs that make impacts of tourists on the social, cultural and
up around 80 percent of licensed tourism and environment activities and if the impacts are
tourism-related businesses, and are at the studied then the best solution and proposal can
greatest risk of failure. According to the World be beneficial in all sectors of development.
Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), as many as Further, he discuss the positive and negative
100 million jobs supported by travel and tourism impact of tourism on economic, social, cultural
are currently at risk. The news like ‘Coronavirus and environmental factors.
hits tourism sector, over 5k tourists cancel 2. Maximiliano E. Korstanje (2020): Express his
bookings’ the headline in The Times of India on thoughts about the negative impact of Covid-
9th March 2020 shows the impact of covid-19 19 on pilgrimage tourism industries. Further, he
on tourism in Nashik. Religious tourism has been describe about threatens that the Covid-19 can
hit hard in the pandemic as sites close and become the reason to end the tourism industry.
pilgrimages are put on hold. 3. Mohammad Reza Davahli (2020): Discuses
Aim and Objectives: about the major issues regarding the hospitality
The basic aim of this study is to identify the sector and challenges before it. He focuses on
impact and implications of Covid-19 on religious the various dimensions like the source of
tourism. However, the major objectives of the publication, hospitality industry, including
present study are: hospitality workers’ issues, loss of jobs, revenue
1) To take an overview of the tourism impact, the Covid-19 spreading patterns in the
industry. industry, market demand, prospects for recovery
2) To study the impact of Covid-19 on of the hospitality industry, safety and health,
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travel behavior, and preference of customers. development of that area. Therefore, today
The results revealed a variety of research ancient type pilgrimage tourism becomes one
approaches have used to investigate the of the new trends because of its changing nature
hospitality industry at the time of the pandemic. and requirement of tourists all over the religious
4. Razaq Raj (2020): Explains that Covid-19 is places in states, nations and continents also.
overwhelming the religious tourism industry in The percentage of visit for religious tourism
terms of economic, social, food, employment and purpose is majorly very high. Majority of tourists
faith-related impacts. Pilgrimages becomes (89.67%) visit Nashik region because of pleasant
motionless, and mass gatherings halted. The climate condition followed by pilgrimage sites
leading nations such as the USA, UK, Italy, Spain, (72.94%) and winery parks (65.93%).1
Japan, Russia, Germany and China are Tourism and Covid-19:
struggling to control the Covid-19 pandemic. The resilience of destinations is
Furthermore, he discovers that in a Covid-19 conditioned by factors such as the local policy
scenario, due to the particular configuration of environment, public health policies, ICT
pilgrimage experiences, there are very high-level readiness, government policies for tourism, and
risks posed by international religious mass the extent of tourist service infrastructure. In
gatherings events and festivals. this respect, operators in many developing
Tourism: countries are likely to be more vulnerable than
Tourism Society of England’s 1976 operators in developed countries. Finally,
defines the term, as tourism is the temporary, countries with substantial domestic tourism
short-term movement of people to destination markets or which can form regional ‘travel
outside the places where they normally live and bubbles’ are likely to experience quicker
work and their activities during the stay at each recoveries than those countries dependent on
destination. It includes movements for all inter-regional markets and particularly those
purposes. dependent on China, Europe and the U.S 2. As
Religious tourism: per International Air Transport Association, the
Religious tourism is one of the past majority of airlines have liquidity of less than
types of tourism in which people visit the three months, and many airlines will shut down
religious places in India, like four Dham, Twelve their operations permanently if travel restrictions
Jyotirlinga, Kashi, Kumbha-mela etc. are some extended. Airlines around the world are seeking
of the examples of religious tourism. Domestic government bailouts and packages. Many
tourism creates a base to foreign tourist. airlines have reduced their staff because of this
Domestic tourism is beneficial to the crisis (Butler, 2020). The UNWTO predicts that
economically backward area and generation of the tourism sector may face the hardest
employment. Religious tourism and pilgrimage reduction in unemployment. In the month of
activities around the world have changed March and April 2020, the bookings for
intensely in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. destinations such as Singapore, Thailand,
The sacred placed closed their doors. The sadhu Malaysia, Europe, Italy, and China were
and saints appeal about not to perform any cancelled.
journey for a spiritual reason. . Hindus visit the Data Analysis and Interpretations:
sacred places like chaar (four) dham as a The following table shows the month-
tirthakhetra, astavinayak in Maharashtra, while wise foreign tourist arrivals in India.
Muslims visit makka and madina and so on, Month wise Foreign Tourist Arrivals in India
which help in the economic as well as social (January 2018 to June 2020)
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Foreign Tourist Arrivals in (FTA's) in India and clear that, it is 100% affected because of
Month
2018 2019 2020
Percentage (%) Change
2019/18 2020/19
Covid-19. This is also the fact that religious
January 1045027 1111040 1118150 6.30 0.6 tourism also hampered and all types of religious
February
March
1049259
1021539
1090516
978236
1015632
328462
3.90
-4.20
-6.9
-66.4
Mosques, Churches and Temples are closed.
April 745033 774651 0 4.00 -100 This study clearly shows that the foreign tourist
May 606513 615136 0 1.40 -100
arrivals have 100% negative growth after March
June 686935 726446 0 6.20 -100
July 806493 818125 1.40
2020. For the bright future of the tourism
August 782993 800837 1.90 industry, the tourist, as well as tour operator has
September 719894 751513 4.40
October 890223 945017 6.20

to follow the instructions given by WHO, i. e.
November 1012569 1092440 7.90 wearing a mask, use of hand sanitizer, keep
December 1191498 1226398 2.90
social distance and follow the SOPs from time
Total (Jan-Dec.) 10557976 10930355 2462244 2.8@ -53.5@
Data for the Year 2013 only from Jan to June 2019 to time by the government.
(P) Provisional, @ growth rate over Jan-June 2019
Source: Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India, 2020
References:
1. Dr. Vasant Boraste (2015), A Study of
New Trends and Prospects in Travel and Tourism
Industry in Nashik Region, SPPU, Pune.
2. World Bank Group (July 2020)
Rebuilding Tourism Competitiveness, Tourism
response, recovery and resilience to the COVID-
19 crisis.
3. Shiv Dabhade (2020): The Impact of
Tourism on Cities, IRJET, Vol.7, Issue 3
4. Maximiliano E. Korstanje (2020): The
Impact of Coronavirus on Religious Tourism: Is
Analysis: this the End of Pilgrimage? International Journal
The above table shows the month-wise of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage.
foreign tourist arrival in India from the year 2018 5. Mohammad Reza Davahli (2020): The
to 2020. It shows that in the year 2018 and 2019 Hospitality Industry in the Face of the COVID-
there is clearly an increase, however in the year 19 Pandemic: Current Topics and Research
2020 the tourist arrival only in the month Methods, IJERPH
January, February and March and after March 6. Razaq Raj (2020): Reflecting on the
there was a lockdown in India due to Covi-19. Impact of COVID-19 on Religious Tourism and
The impact of the same there is not a single Pilgrimage, International Journal of Religious
tourist arrived in India. It shows that the tourism Tourism and Pilgrimage.
activities are completely off because of Covid- 7. India Tourism Statistics 2020.
19. In the month of April, May and June 2020 8. https://www.unwto.org
and coming next months to December 2020, the
change over the last year i.e.2019 is complete 
i.e. 100% negative.
Conclusions:
Tourism plays a significant role in the
overall development of the world. It is a
smokeless industry. The tourism picture is clean
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teaching-learning process. Before this situation
03 no one can imagine that daily lectures will be
going through online mode. Now small child also
Students experience on Use of Google knows how to join online lectures? In this
Classroom for College Students a Case situations different educational institutions are
using various applications for online teaching-
Study with a special reference to
learning. In 2014 google introduced google
Prof.Ramkrishna More College, Pune classroom for providing support for online
teaching-learning. In Pune there are various
Dr.Archana Jayant Mali colleges are using this application.
Prof.Ramkrishna More College, Akurdi, Pune Prof.Ramkrishna More College is one which is
using online platform for teaching-learning. It
==============***********=============== has good grade in NAAC 3rd cycle. It also uses
Abstract- various online mode for teaching-learning. In
Today’s education is mostly done with Prof.Ramkrishna More College google classroom
the help of online or though internet. Because application used since 2016. Each department
of COVID-19 all educational institutions are create a google classroom for each class or
using various applications for taking lectures as division. These departments are handle all
well as taking online assessment of the activities though google classroom. This
students. Before COVID-19 situation some research study is related to students who are
institutions in India using online platform for studied at post graduate level in this college.
teaching-learning, but these institutions are Basic Information about google classroom
using these platforms very little. Some Google Classroom was reported on May
institutions are using it trial and error basis. 6, 2014, with a review accessible for certain
Some applications may be used in education like individuals from Google’s G Suite for Education
whatsapp, google meet, zoom ciscowebex, etc. program. It was delivered freely on August 12,
all these applications are suitable for taking 2014. In 2015 Google declared a Classroom API
online classes. In 2014 google introduced an and an offer catch for sites, permitting school
application named google classroom. It is chairmen and engineers to additionally draw in
suitable for teachers and students both. with Google Classroom. Also in 2015, Google
Teachers can give study material to the students coordinated Google Calendar into Classroom for
as well as they can assess these students by task due dates, field excursions, and class
providing google form link to the students. This speakers. In 2017, Google opened Classroom to
study is related to post graduate students permit any close to home Google clients to join
learning in Prof.Ramkrishna More College, Pune. classes without the prerequisite of having a G
This research paper is particularly based on how Suite for Education account, and in April of the
students feels about using google classroom in very year, it got workable for any close to home
regular learning. Google client to make and show a class.
Keywords: google classroom In 2018, Google acquainted a significant
Introduction update with Classroom. This included adding
Now a day online teaching-learning goes another classwork segment, improving the
at a pick situation, because of pandemic evaluating interface, permitting reuse of
situation each and everyone know about online classwork from different classes, and adding
highlights for instructors to sort out substance
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by topic. Students can remark on tasks and
In 2019, Google presented 78 new declarations, just as email each other through
outlined subjects and the choice to relocate the Classroom interface.
themes and tasks in the classwork section. Objectives of this research study
In 2020, Google added better Objectives are as follows:
coordination with Google Meet so instructors 1. To understand how to use google
can have an extraordinary meet connection classroom
inside each class. what’s more, a few highlights 2. To study utilities of google classroom
were added to study hall, with Google 3. To seek suggestion for online class
expressing “as teachers worldwide have education
rehashed their training on the web, we’re Data Collection
additionally adjusting our apparatuses to meet Data is collected through primary data
the advancing necessities of their new instructive sources. Data collected through questionnaire
landscape.” issued to the students.
These updates included: Significance of this research study as follows:
Another to-do gadget The research study has following significance
10 additional languages 1. For study how students are aware
Better coordination with learning the about their daily activities about education.
board frameworks to make and disseminate 2. It can improve the process of online
tasks providing study material.
Added brilliant right and auto-make to 3. Study how it is suitable for teachers
google docs as well as students.
What does Google Classroom do? Data Analysis and Interpretations:
Google Classroom sits among you and For this research study data is collected
Google Drive and gives an instructor/understudy thorough questionnaire to the students here total
inviting method of overseeing homeroom 30 students are responded. With this responses
archives. This is what you can do with Google following analysis and interpretation is made
Classroom: by the researcher.
Make Assignments: 1. Form when students are using google
The primary concerns you, as the classroom application.
instructor, will do with Google Classroom is For this statement total 30 students are
making schoolwork tasks for your understudies. replied. Out of these 11 students are using this
At the point when you make a task, you can application since one year, only seven students
transfer the vital records for the understudies are using since last two years, six students are
to peruse or chip away at. Understudies get using it since last three years and six students
email notice of new task. The understudies “turn are using this application since last four years.
in” the tasks when completed, and you would Following graph shows that from when
then be able to review the tasks. students are using google classroom.
Make announcement:
If you have a snappy declaration for the
whole class, you can rapidly type in the
declaration, which is messaged to every one of
your understudies in the class.
Store classroom materials:
The materials you add to a task aren’t
the lone reports you can store. You can store
some other important records for understudies
on Google Drive.
Allow students to interact:
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Maximum students are using it and they
are comfortable with this application. Because
they also said yes we are comfortable with this
application in next statement.
2. Responses for are you comfortable using
google classroom statement
Here there are three options are given
these are yes, no and not exactly. For this
statement there are twenty-eight students are
replied positively and only two are replied not Here teachers are provided online
exactly. But no one students are said that they lecture link, notices, study material, etc. to the
are not comfortable with google classroom. students. Teachers are also assessing the
Following graph shows that comfortability of students with the help of google classroom.
google classroom to the students Form above three types of analysis we
can say that there are maximum students are
using this application since last four years,
because college is using this application since
last four years. So maximum students are replied
positively. In case of material provided to the
students they are provided online lecture link
since this current year, because this year college
is taking online lectures. Before this year college
were issues notes, notices as well as study
material to the students with the help of this
Here students are said they are application.
comfortable with is application because it is 4. Suggestions form the students about
easy to handle to the students. Only with the google classroom:
help of class code they can easily join this This question is descriptive types and
application and they collect all information students are replied accordingly to this question.
provided with this application. They also collect For improving use of this application
information which are already sent on google suggestions were collected from the students.
classroom. No student replied negatively. They said that if
3. Responses for which types of information they will get online question paper link for
would be given to the students are: practice they can improve them for final exams
Here twenty students are replied for of university. But they are satisfied with this
replied they are given lecture link through this application because maximum students are
application, while limited response to the getting all types of information through google
notices and question paper link. For providing classroom. Only this application requires Gmail
study material there are seven students are account. if they have no such account google
replied positively. Here all such types of classroom is not supported to other accounts
activities are taking into consideration. like yahoo, redifmail, etc.
Following graph shows that what is getting 5. Answers for Give your opinion about using
to the students through google classroom of google classroom
Here maximum students are replied
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positively. They said that this application is
excellent, good, convenient for use, thanks for 04
google for creating this application.
Limitations of this research study as follows:
This research study has some limitations these A Study of HOUSING LOAN
are as follows Borrowers of Selected Public And
1. Study covers only those students who Private Sector Banks In Badlapur -
are learning at post graduate level.
2. Research study covers only those Kalyan Region
urban area students.
3. Only one application is considered i.e. Akshat Mahendra
google classroom for this study. MBA Finance,
Conclusion: H. & G. H. Mansukhani Institute of Management
Prof.Ramkrishna More College is using
this application since last four years. So
students from this college are easily use google ==============***********===============
classroom application. In this college all classes Abstract
are joined though google classes. Teachers are Purpose:
provided study material, notices, to the students. Housing is a primary human need next
This application used by separate departments. in importance only to food and clothing. The first
These departments are created google class priority for a youngster who beings life is,
and provide codes to the students. Students are
therefore, to plan for a house. This takes
easily use this application and they are very
comfortable with this application. precedence over other household expenditure
Reference: and creature needs. Housing, however, is a
1. https://www.scusd.edu/sites/main/ significant expenditure and cannot be funded
files/google_classroom_resource.pdf out of a family’s regular monthly income or
2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/ savings. The prospective homeowner must look
science/article/pii/S2666374020300121 for a loan substantial in size and so structured
3.http://services.google.com/fh/files/ that he can repay it over a more extended
misc/future_of_the_classroom_emerging_ period, in many cases, almost one’s entire
trends_in_k12_education.pdf working life. A loan is offered to a borrower to
4. https://seymoureducate.files.
wordpress.com/2014/11/google-classroom- purchase or build a new house based on his/
cheet-sheet.pdf her eligibility and the bank’s lending rules.
5. https://ditchthattextbook.com/the- Methodology of the study
google-classroom-quick-start-guide-tips-and- The present study is based on the
tricks/ primary data of respondents of Badlapur -
6. Leveraging E-Learning through Google Kalyan Region, Maharashtra, INDIA.
Classroom: A Usability Study,January 2018, Originality/Value
Journal of Engineering Education 31 (January As the project is based on Primary data,
2018):129-135 the findings are based on the responses
7. To study the impact of Google
Classroom as a platform of learning and received from the respondents.
collaboration at the teacher education level, Keywords-Housing loan, Home loan, population
August 2020, Education and Information and development, Bank and Customers
Technologies Introduction
Home is an integral part of a human
being, who, since his childhood, dreams of
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havinga living space of his own. Once in a home loan by selecting the 500 customer on
lifetime investment, requires a loan to do it, and randomly basis. Their study made an attempt
that is how the home loan comes into the to evaluate in depth the performance and
scheme of things. Buying a home is a dream for operational problems faced by the banking
everyone. Due to the rising price of properties, sector in extending finance to the housing sector
it has almost become impossible for an average and based on findings; identify the areas of
earning person to buy a home through lump-sum concerns and strategic interventions required.
payment. Therefore, the concept of home loans Research Methodology
has come into existence. There are a plethora Statement of the problem:
of housing finance institutions and banks both The objective is to assess the services
in the public and private sector which offer home offered by banks and what the customer wants.
loans. Choosing one institution and one offer Objectives of the research:
for home loans amidst the thousands of available The objectives of this study are as under:
options have become a very complex task in 1. To study the preference of consumers
our country. Apart from this, there are intricate towards home loan.
business jargon and technicalities that make this 2. To study the problems faced by the
job more robust and complicated. Through this consumers in obtaining home loan.
study, I propose to identify the critical factors 3. To study the service provided during
impacting the growth and distinguishing of the the procedure of obtaining home loan by Private
growth pattern in the home loan portfolio, sector and Public sector banks.
particularly in public sector banks in India. Methodology and Data collection:
Literature Review a. Research Design: Descriptive
Sangwan and Bhan (2012) this study can find b. Sampling Design: Random Sampling
out the satisfaction level of customers and c. Sample Size: 100
problems faced by them in obtaining home d. Data Type: Primary & Secondary.
loans. For this purpose, they have taken four Scope of the study:
commercial Banks in Chandigarh city namely Scope of the study is limited to Private
H.D.F.C. Bank, Punjab National Bank(P.N.B.), sector banks and Public sector banks. While
Union Bank of India and Industrial Credit and other banks is excluded from the study as the
Infrastructure Corporation of India(I.C.I.C.I). policies and regulations of other banks (like
Bank. Foreign Banks, Schedule Co-operative Banks,
Gupta and Sinha (2015) they examine on the Urban & Rural Banks, etc.) are different from
respondent regarding the purchase of home loan the other Indian banks. It is used to get first-
and low rate of interest, easy accessibility, hand knowledge about the home loans facilities
status/ reputation of the institution and scheme of Private and Public banks in India. The scope
offered by the company are the major factor for of the present study is to know about the
selection of the housing finance institution procedures of home loan, the problems faced
comparative study on Factor Affecting by the customers while taking loans from either
consumer’s Buying Behavior towards Home public or private banks, to known about the
Loan (with special reference to S.B.I. and awareness of the home loan facility in Indian.
L.I.C.H.F.L.)” and found that fixed rate of interest The study of this kind will help the respondents
is most preferred option by the customers. to get the ideas about the various problems and
CMurugan and Jansirani (2017) a study carried the ways to deal with the problems that arise
out in Chennai to Customer perception towards while taking a home loan.
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Limitations of the study: Income while taking Home Loan.
1. Any study based on sample survey, Data Analysis
whatever the nature and size of the sample can Table 1: Demographics of the customers
only be suggestive and prescriptive.
2. This research study was limited only
to Public Sector and Private Sector Banks.
3. This research study was taken in a
limited area only (i.e. Badlapur - Kalyan city) and
findings may vary if the area of study is changed.
4. The data of 3-5 months is been
provided.
5. The respondents were very much keen
to disclose personal information.
6. This research study was time bound
and due to this only a few aspects of the Out of one hundred respondents, 60%
problem were taken up for study. are female respondents and 40% are male
Hypothesis: respondents. It shows that the majority is
Hypothesis1: female. Maximum respondents are married
H0 – There is no significant difference in Period (56.0%) and minimum respondents are un-
required for passing of Loan with Monthly Income married - 44%. Maximum respondents of 40%
while taking Home Loan. studied up to Post Graduate, 43% studied up to
H1 – There is significant difference in Period Graduate, 8% studied up to Under Graduate.
required for passing of Loan with Monthly Income 50% of the respondents are Private Employees,
while taking Home Loan. 6% of the respondents are doing business, 15%
Hypothesis 2: are govt. Employees and 20% are Self –
H0 – There is no significant difference in No. of Employed. Respondents with the income less
Documents required with Monthly Income while than Rs25,000 are 22%, the monthly income Rs
taking Home Loan. 50,000 to Rs 1,00,000 is the highest of 30%.
H1 – There is significant difference in No. of 30000 – 40000 are 24% which is nearer to the
Documents required with Monthly Income while income of the people less than 20000. The
taking Home Loan. respondents with the income above 1,00,000
Hypothesis 3: have 13% as their preference towards housing
H0 – There is no significant difference in Service loan which is least among the other income
provided by Public Sector Bank with Monthly levels.
Income while taking Home Loan. Table 2: Problems And Preference
H1 – There is significant difference in Service
provided by Public Sector Bank with Monthly
Income while taking Home Loan.
Hypothesis 4:
H0 – There is no significant difference in Service
provided by Private Sector Bank with Monthly
Income while taking Home Loan.
H1 – There is significant difference in Service
provided by Private Sector Bank with Monthly
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hypothesis is accepted.
Therefore, there does not exist a
significant difference in Period required for
passing of Loan with Monthly Income while
taking Home Loan.
Hypothesis 2:
Since p-value is more than 0.05, null
significant difference in No. of Documents
required with Monthly Income while taking Home
Loan.
Hypothesis 3:
Since p-value is more than 0.05, null
significant difference in Service provided by
Out of one hundred respondents, 56% Public Sector Bank with Monthly Income while
of respondents prefer Purchase of Flat. taking Home Loan.
Maximum number of respondents have chosen Hypothesis 4:
Public Sector Banks to avail house loan and Since p-value is more than 0.05, null
minimum in Others. 24% of respondents have hypothesis is accepted.
recommended the bank chosen by them and 22% Therefore, there does not exist a
not recommended. 21% of respondents has got significant difference in Service provided by
the loan approved within 10 – 15 days, Private Sector Bank with Monthly Income while
20% in Less than 10 days, while only 9% taking Home Loan.
have got in More than 2 Months. 38% of Conclusion
respondents tell that Too Many documents are In the conclusion we can say that both
required while obtaining Home Loan, rather only Public and Private sector banks truly deserve to
1 person has told that Too Less document is be the leading banks in home loan in India. The
required. 27% of respondents havetaken Home services offered by them are very competitive.
Loan for 16 – 20 Years, Mostly people prefer Private Banks for home
24% have taken for More than 20 Years, loans, especially because they believe that they
while only 14% have taken for 11 – 15 Years. provide faster services and come up by new
38% Agree that PMAY Scheme is beneficial while technology which makes the borrower work
taking Home Loan, 32% say it is Highly easier. On other hand, Public sector banks are
Beneficial, very strict and stringent. The documents
while 21% have selected “No Comment” required for home loan are comparatively more
as the optionas they either want not to do any in case of Public sector banks than the Private
comment, or do not want to disclose any sector banks.
information related to this type. It is found that Private sector banks are
Chi – Square very popular among the customers these days.
Hypothesis1: The satisfaction level that customers have with
Since p-value is more than 0.05, null these banks is very high as compared to the
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Public sector banks. Customers are associated
with banks for many services that they require 05
on regular basis and people tend to prefer banks
that provide better facilities and convenient IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON AVIATION
banking. From the overall analysis it can be said INDUSTRY SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
that the satisfaction level in relation to services
MUMBAI CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI
provided by the Private Banks are very high as
compared to Public sector banks. MAHARAJ INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
IN MUMBAI
Reference
Factors affecting Customers’ decision DR. NANDA INDULKAR
for taking out bank loans: A case of Greek ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN COMMERCE,
customers- Frangos Et Al (2012) SMT. PARMESHWARIDEVI DURGADATT
A study on comprehensive problems of TIBREWALA LIONS JUHU COLLEGE OF ARTS
H.D.F.C. and S.B.I. loan takers in Andhra Pradesh COMMERCE AND SCIENCE MUMBAI
State - Rao (2013)
A conceptualization of a customer – Bank ==============***********===============
bond in the context of the twenty first century ABSTRACT:-
U.K retail banking industry- Rizal Ahmad (2005) During pandemic period, many industries
Satpathy, Ipseeta& Patnaik, B .Chandra were affected economically but the most
& Samal, Nihar. (2017). Home loan Portfolio- A affected industry was the aviation industry.
review of literature. International Journal of Compulsory lockdown is imposed in Mumbai
Current Advanced Research. 6. 5821-5823. which affected the number of flyers as well as
Mishra, Pratiksha & kavetekar, Dr. the cargo tonnage, there was huge loss faced
(2019). A STUDY ON CONSUMER PERCEPTION by the airlines. It was soon showed the impact
TOWARDS HOME LOAN AMONG PUBLIC of the lockdown on other things like reduction
SECTOR AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS. 10.11229 in revenue earned by airport, reduction in
/researchdirections/April19/27. contract employees , salary cut down for
employees etc. Covid-19 made the direct as well
 as indirect impact on the services provided at
the airport as many shops were shut down. Due
to new Indian variant , Mumbai is again facing
the lockdown situation which may bring more
financial problems for aviation industry. It is
mainly the financial loss that airport faced and
there were some changes made to the
development charges for domestic as well as
international flyers. It was heavily criticized by
public. Proper remedy is needed to control the
situation as it will take time to recover the airport
to its original state.
KEYWORDS:- Covid 19, MCSMIA, Aviation,
Mumbai

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INTRODUCTION passenger planes were converted into cargo
Covid 19 is not only threatening life of planes during this situation to increase the
people but it is also affecting livelihood of many. overall export and import of the goods. This
It damaged the world economy for several days change helped the airport to survive and cover
which caused loss of jobs and economic crisis up the expenditure for the time being.
worldwide. Airline industry is one of the most ADVANTAGES OF AVIATION INDUSTRY:-
affected industries which faced huge financial · It is the fastest way of transportation
loss and was damaged so badly that it will take across the world. It helps to transport perishable
few years to gradually recover it to its previous products and urgent product whenever needed
glory. Infection rate in India was high as all over globe. It helped to transport vaccines
compared to other countries across globe which and other pharma products across the globe.
halted the activities of air transport in several · It is considered as safe transportation
cities. Now, there are government airlines, as number of accidents registered are less.
private airlines and foreign airlines operating · Transportation through airlines is also
in India. After lockdown imposed in India, these called as unbroken journey as there are less
airlines operated only for essential services hurdles compared to land and sea.
which reduced their business extremely. · It is considered as expensive
Sudden reduction in the passengers transportation and useful for transporting
during pandemic, 2020 is considered as the artifacts and expensive products with light
worst year in the history of aviation industry as weight.
nearly 39000 employees lost their jobs as per · This mode of transportation is helpful
the data shared by civil aviation ministry of India. to carry people as well as goods to the places
Airline companies like Go air, Indigo reduced where other transportation modes cannot
their workforce to survive in this pandemic access.
situation. Many employees faced the situation · It is helpful in emergency situations like
of reduction in the salary up to 50%. Mumbai floods, earthquake and other natural calamities
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International as well as pandemic like Covid-19
Airport(MCSMIA) has suffered economically · It plays important role in national
during lockdown as many food and beverages defence of the country.
shops as well as retail shops were affected. · It helps to improve trade with different
Reduction in passengers as well as cargo countries and earn foreign exchange for the
tonnage forced many concessionaries to country.
terminate the contract with the airport. Less · It helps to economic development
footfalls is gravely affecting CSMIA, to cope up planning as an driver. It helps to reach regional
with the expenditurethey had to implement the businesses across globe.
development charges from the flyers . · It boosts tourism of the country and
According to Mumbai International helps to collect maximum benefits out of it
Airport Ltd (MIAL), airport was utilised to towards ancillary services like banking,
transport 1500 tonnes of PPE items like gloves, insurance, telecommunication etc.
masks, diagnostic kits during Covid-19 situation · Air transportation give rise to the GDP
with the help of 370 flights across India. They of the nation as companies get orders from
also helped to provide essential items by across the globe.
transporting 12000 tonnes of pharma products, · It increases the standard of living of
2700 tonnes of agro products export. Many the people as good quality technological
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products areeasily available. Airport limited, in August 2020, cargo volume
· It creates direct as well as indirect job for flowers was increased by 6000% and E-
opportunities for the people. commerce volume was shot up by 1200 % as
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY compared to June 2020 due to festival season.
TO FIND OUT THE IMPACT OF COVID- 4. As per Mumbai International Airport
19 ON AVIATION INDUSTRY SPECIAL REFERENCE Limited, Mumbai airport handled around 18820
TO MUMBAI CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI MAHARAJ freighter flights departure as well as arrivals
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT IN MUMBAI with nearly 1.7 lakh tonnes of cargo, out of
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY which 1.4 lakh tonnes of cargo was international
Secondary data collection has been done cargo. It also showed the rise in volume of cargo
with help of websites, research papers, book by 280% in August 2020 as compared to April
and blogs, articles, newspapers etc. 2020.
FINDING 5. During pandemic situation, majority
1. Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj of airlines were not allowedto provide food
International Airport: passenger numbers and services to the flyers for short distance flights
growth, 2010-2021 which results in Sky gourmet to shut their caterer
service at the Mumbai airport which created
unemployment for nearly 500 employees which
handled about 100 flights daily. Other caterer
companies like TajSats started providing home
delivery services as well as started selling
confectioneries to cope up with the costs.
(Source: Times of India)
6. Mumbai International Airport Limited
took permission from the Airport Economic
Regulatory Authority to increase the charge of
Source: CAPA - Centre for Aviation and Airports development fund to the domestic flyers as well
Authority of India. as international flyers by Rs 100 and Rs 600
From the above figure, it can be seen respectively to cover up deficit of Rs 3845 crore
that number of passengers is reduced since till march 2020. (Source: Times of India)
2015 on Mumbai airport but biggest impact can 7. Mumbai International Airport is the
be seen in 2019 as it went to negative by 6% second busiest airport in India which attracted
which is before the pandemic situation. In 2020 many big brands but due to pandemic, we have
, it was reduced by 60% and later on it was seen that out of 401 concessionaires, 54 have
increased to 65% in January 2021 due to less terminated their contract as there is less
covid cases. footfalls at airport. Retail and duty free shops
2. According to the stattimes.com report, also faced similar situation as out of 187 shops,
MCSMIA has continued to operate for essential 35 terminated their contracts by December
goods and exported around 5200 tonnes of 2020. (Source: Times of India)
goods to the other countries and imported 8. Cargo operations did not see much of
around 3324 tonnes of goods in just less than reduction in staff during pandemic but other
one month of the lockdown which was imposed services were greatly affected and cause in
in march 2020. heavy job loss for many workers which were on
3. According to the Mumbai International contract basis for trolley operation as well as
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housekeeping services, retail shops and food up with covid situation to make themselves more
stall workers, check in staff etc. As compared to secure while travelling. It is only vaccination of
the 94% of flight occupancy of SpiceJet in June people at rapid speed can help to control this
2019, 68% of flight occupancy was recorded in situation, state government should take proper
June 2020. It was same case for Air Vistara actions for the same. It is important for the
which recorded 57% of flight occupancy in June government to support aviation industry by
2020 as compared to 83% in June 2019 and reducing taxes and other levies so it can survive
Indigo recorded 60% flight occupancy in June this situation and control further negative impact
2020 as compared to 90% in June 2019. This on economy.
situation gave rise to removal of staff as well REFERENCES
as pay cuts for employees. (Source: NewIndia 1. https://centreforaviation.com/
express) analysis/reports/mumbai-terminal-reopens-as-
9. Due to increase in Covid-19 cases, india-ponders-the-spread-of-covid-19-553357
Mumbai airport decided to impose Rs.1000/- 2. https://curlytales.com/the-future-of-
fine to the passengers not following the covid- the-airline-industry-post-lockdown/
19 guidelines. There are many new rules 3. https://economictimes.indiatimes.
imposed like Arogya Setu app is checked by the com/news/company/corporate-trends/gmr-
CISF staff, Thermal Screening is done to check group-cuts-employees-salary-by-up-to-50-due-
temperature of passengers, wearing mask is to-covid-im pact/art icleshow/76162623.
compulsory, social distancing is maintained , cms?from=mdr
continuous disinfection of the security area for 4. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
check in, no frisking at security check, E- business/india-business/covid-impact-many-
boarding pass etc. (Source: DGCI) concessionaires-terminate-contracts-at-
10. Covid-19 RT-PCR test compulsory at mumbai-airport/articleshow/79666737.cms
Mumbai Airport and now lower rates are charged 5. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
from April 2021. This may help the passengers business/india-business/covid-effect-flyers-out-
to get tested easily, BMC staff is also active to of-mumbai-to-keep-paying-development-fee-
control the crowd at the arrival terminals. for-a-year-more/articleshow/81752966.cms
CONCLUSION 6. https://unitingaviation.com/news/
New covid stain in India is causing economic-development/aviation-benefits-for-a-
lockdown again in Mumbai in April 2021 which better-future/
is worsening the situation of aviation sector. As 7. https://www.business-standard.com/
the number of covid patients increased in article/current-affairs/aviation-workforce-
Mumbai, it shows that this stain will be there shrank-by-39-000-in-april-sept-due-to-covid-19-
for quite some time. In near future, airline ministry-121020401924_1.html
companies may find some difficulties in 8. https://www.newindianexpress.com/
generating revenue and it may cause further loss nation/2020/aug/03/indias-airlines-gasping-for-
of employment or salary cut to the staff. MCSMIA breath-2178271.html
is taking all precautions to fight against covid- 9. https://www.newindianexpress.com/
19 but people will be reluctant to travel for the nation/2020/aug/03/indias-airlines-gasping-for-
next few months in fear of disease. This may breath-2178271.html
create economic impact on aviation industry 10. https://www.stattimes.com/news/
drastically and it will take few years to bring mumbai-airport-sees-surge-in-general-cargo-
the airports back to its original state. Adani
movements-air-cargo/
group has purchased the stake of Mumbai
International Airport Ltd which is considered as 11. https://www.thehindu.com/news/
good sign for infrastructural development of cities/mumbai/city-airport-handles-1500-
airport. Passengers have to get used to this new tonnes-of-covid-19-related-cargo-in-2-months/
normal by adopting various new methods to cope article31636325.ece
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Introduction:
06 The goods and services tax was launched
by the former President of India and Prime
A Study of Goods and Service Tax minister in India on 1st July 2017.
Goods & services Tax is an Indirect tax
Impact on Indian Economy During on the sale of goods & services and it is levied
pandemic COVID-19 in India. The single GST replaces all the Central
and State level taxes. GST is one tax for whole
Prof. CA Atul A. Raut nation which makes India one unified common
VPM’s Joshi Bedekar College, Thane (w) market. GST is single tax on supply of goods &
services from the manufacturer to consumer. GST
==============***********=============== is biggest indirect tax reform in India. GST is
Abstract:- destination based tax. It is collected by the State
In India The GST council has completed where the goods are consumed. Small and
nearly Three Years of the GST regime .but there medium enterprises generate large employment
are various issues which government try to build opportunities due to utilisation of labour power
a sound and effective Taxation system. As our for the production of consumer commodity. The
Government taking various steps to resolve the deadly COVID-19 Situation had led to loss of
difficulties in implementation of the GST system innocent lives, steepening the economy globally.
in India unfortunately the one bad effect It has lead to left people with no food, shelter ,
happened is the emergence of pandemic COVID jobs , and sound health. Due to covid -19 several
-19 has worsened it. Due to Global pandemic economic impact has collapsed various
world economy effected.many countries are Industries, businesses, jobs of employees,
striving to cope with this impact of the covid - Trading activities. Indian Government chose
19 situations on business and economy. complete lockdown as the importance of saving
The pandemic has created uncertainty the human lifes from the rapid spread of COVID-
to each country of the world. The economic 19 outbreak. Due to complete lockdown there
standstill is said to recess a large part of the is worst impact on economic activities which
world. Many countries trying to recover the low result into huge revenue loss to the Government.
economic growth but covid-19 has made Review of Literature:
impossible to them to stand back again. 1. Garg (2014)1, analysed the impact of
India is always fast recovery concerning GST on Indian tax scenario. He concluded that
the economic crisis in the past. Indian GST is the most logical step in Indian indirect
Industries, large and medium small enterprises tax reforms. Further he mentioned that experts
hoping for quick economic growth of the India. say that GST is likely to improve the tax
GST Implication which are notified by Indian collection and boost the economic development
Government during covid-19 . The Government of the country
took up various steps to extend the due dates 2. Khurana, A. and Sharma, A (2016), in
of GST returns, payment of GST, Simplify the their paper ‘Goods and Services Tax in India- A
filling returns in order to help the business Positive Reform for Indirect Tax’ highlighted the
entities in India. objectives of GST and reforms in indirect
Keywords:GST, Indian Economy, GST taxation system in India. And conclude after
Implication, ITC. Covid -19. implementation of GST, manufacturer,
wholesaler and retailer can be easily recovered
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input taxes in form of tax credit. from journals, newspaper, websites and articles,
3. Shefalidani, (2016) stated impact of social media, news channels, etc.
GST on Indian economy in the study in which *Scope of Study:
some benefits of GST such as one nation on tax, This study is conducted on the basis of
free from cascading effect, increase secondary data. So the results are based on
consumption due to cascading effect, research study.
transparency and GDP growth are studied. Limitations of the study:
Petroleum products, real estate, and liquor are 1. Only secondary data is used for study.
free from GST. 2. Secondary data may not be accurate.
4. Sardar, Nadim and Chattopadhyay 3. All information and data are as per
(2020) The author consider a new mathematical current situation as materialized.
model for COVID-19 transmission, with a 4. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic
lockdown effect and transmission viability situation may very from time to time.
among symptomatic and asymptomatic GST Implications During COVID-19 :
populations. The covid -19 pandemic has created lots
5. S. Mahendra Dev (2020) Study has of the complications in implementations of GST.
analysed Indian economy situation across sector All types of business and Industries their
before outbreak and after the outbreak. It has business and trading activities are stop. The
mention that measures link Lockdown, small and medium business are badly affected
restrictions on international trade commerce, during covid-19. The most of the business not
closure of non esstential services, restricted able to follow the GST provisions and there
movements, all these will lead to adversely compliances. COVID -19 situation are badly
affect the economic health of nation. affect their lives and most of the workers,
Objectives of the Study: employees of business organisation lost their
The major objectives of the study are: jobs and compel to do any activities to survives
1. To study about introduction and their and family life. GST Implications due to
implementation in India. covid-19 pandemic, India witnessed a complete
2. To study impact of GST on Indian lockdown for over a month from March 2020 due
economy during COVID-19 to the covid-19 pandemic .as per the 40th GST
3. To study the challenges of GST Council meetings a reduced interest rate has
implementation in pandemic situation. been further allowed for small taxpayers up to
4. To understand over all Steps taken by September 2020 for tax periods from February
Government in case of GST during COVID-19. to July 2020. So it is necessary for the
5. To Find How will Indian Economy and Government to notify some implications as
Indian citizens suffer during Lockdown period. under:
Hypothesis: 1) Due Date Extension : The finance Minister
For testing purpose no particular Nirmala Sitaraman announced the extended due
hypothesis has been selected as the study of dates to file GST compliance. Ordinance was
GST law covers wide range of study and also brought on 3 rd March 2020 followed by
the COVID-19 pandemic situation period go on notification released on 31st March 2020. GST
increasing. council released several relief measures to
Research Methodology: provide relaxation to the business entities in
This research paper is based on country. The government made mandatary for
secondary data. The data has been collected business to e – invoice the GST tax Invoice format
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to simplify the filling GST returns. The 6) Treatment of sales Discount During
notifications and circulars issued by Lockdown :It is common practice that various
Government with several benefits for delayed discounts such as in bill discounts, off bill
returns filling and compliance of other provisions discounts, cash discount, quantity discounts,
under GST regime. special discount, discount in kind, free stock,
2) ITC paid on face masks and sanitiser to bye one get one free. GST is not charged on
Employee :A Business unit will be eligible to discounts which is agreed between supplier and
claim ITC on its purchase if is satisfies the purchaser but later due to covid-19 if both the
conditions on health care services provided to parties mutually agreed for discount to clear off
the employees. as there is no restrictions on the dues, GST continue to apply and no reduction
claiming ITC on temperature reading machines, is allowed from value of supply for such
hand sanitizers, face masks and glovers discount.
distributed by business units to its employees. 7) Treatment of Bad debts :There is no
3) ITC on Invoices not uploaded due to provisions which provides reductions or refund
Lockdown: A Recipient filling GSTR-3B declared of GST to the extent of bad debts or receivables
the tax credit for a month after verifying and that are not recovered.
matching his purchase register with the ITC **IMPACT OF GST ON INDIAN ECONOMY**
appearing in his GSTR-2A for that month. Due 1) Railway system in India :Indian railway
to the dead line of GSTR-1 from march to may system which is operated and manage and
2020 being relaxed there will be a delay by administer by Indian government to facilitate
suppliers in uploading invoices and debit notes. public. During lockdown period GST loss will
Care must be exercised to prudently claim the occurred to Indian government. Several
Input tax credit on invoices not appearing in difficulties also arisen in due course of
GSTR-2A. businesses, businessman like tea, coffee,
4) Advance received before Lockdown :In case snacks, means supplier at platforms as well as
of bulk goods, Manufacturer or traders asked in train will get affected due to global pandemic
for advance . in case of goods supposed order situation. Tourism business also affect due to
cancelled any time later . since There is no GST Non avability of Trains.
implications and no tax invoice was issued, 2) E-Commerce Business Industies :All the E
manufacturer issue a refund voucher for the commerce aggregators like Amazon, Flipkart,
advance received. In case of service order being Paytm, Myntra, Snapdeal etc. are facilitating to
cancelled after advance payment, GST may have indian economy as well as citizens in term of
been paid on advance received based on an easy access and availability of goods and
invoice or receipt voucher. services. Transparency between transactions
5) Treatment of ITC on Goods destroyed / made through ecommerce operators was
Disposed of due to COVID-19 : Goods stolen increased and ultimately government revenue
,lost, destroyed written off or disposed of as gifts increased.
or free samples ITC is disallowed, Due to COVID 3) Automobile Industries in India: Automobile
-19 and resulting lockdown across India all Industry play very important role in Indian
factories, warehouses go downs, were shut Economy in terms of employementgenerations,
down. The physical stock of goods were revenue generations, transport etc. But due to
destroyed or expired due to lack of maintenance covid -19 indian auto industry is affected. GST
as the Input tax credit taken om such stock must On luxary cars are 28% along with chess rate
be reversed as the ITC is not allowed. 12% , fact indicate that covid-19 impact will not
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be harmful in auto industry only but government transport. Transport industry play important Role
revenue in terms of GSTCollections in India.. in Collections of revenue to Government in india.
4) Software and Information Technology Movement of goods and passengers is
Industry : It sector play a vital role in Indian impossible without Transport facilities. Transport
economy and its contribution to Indian GDP. industry contribute 6% GDP in India. Due to
Doing business and digital india campaign is covid-19 all the transport activities except only
possible only with help of information for essestial commodities transport were stop.
Technology. As per IGST Tax applicable on export So the economy is suffer and GDP contribution
of goods or services is zero rated but domestic and revenue reduced in term of GST collections.
supply of the same is chargeable at 18% . if 8) Textile and Garments Industry:Textile is
export of IT services distress due to covid-19 necessary for human life. Textile industry has
global pandemic situation, then there will not generated large employment opportunities
be occurred loss in term of GST but foreign nationwide. Mostly 4.5 crores peoples employed
currency reserve will adversely affect. Similarly by textile and garment industries. Demand for
if domestic supply of IT services distress due to textile and garment products fall due to covid-
covid-19 then GST collections 19 pandemic situation. So due to lockdown over
also reduced. the period in country supplies as well as
5) Pharmaceutical Industries :India is manufacturing of textile and garments articles
developing country and India is major fall down that result in to fall in GDP.
manufacture of Generic Medicines in world. 9) Other Business Industry : Due to covid-19
Indian pharma industry have significant position situation in India every activity personal or
across the world. Country like America, united commercial is affected badly. the other business
kingdom and many other countries procuring industry like petrochemicals industry, Hotel
major portion of medicines from Indian pharma industry, iron and steel, sugarm cement,
industries. Due to covid-19 situation nationwide education sector, banking, and insurance
lockdown , janta curfew supply of pharma business is adversely affected. Tax revenue of
product included raw materials and semi country is also affected which contribute deficit
finished been troubles.so the indian economy to Indian GDP during covid-19.
as well as GST Collections will reduced by big Suggestion :
amount due to this covid-19 pandemic situation. In such COVID -19 global pandemic
6) Infrastructure and Civil workIndustry :In situation we have to cooperate with
India the infrastructure industry is the key Government and administrative authorities of
industry comprise water supply, real estate, and our country. The preventive measurer directed
sanitation, transport, telecommunication, by Indian council of medical research which have
electrical supplies, educational institutions, to be followed by every citizen of country. Follow
healthcare organisation. Due to covid-19 of strictly lockdown, janta curfew, sanitisation,
pandemic situations all such activities of cleaning, hand sanitisation, avoid face touching,
infrastructure industry shut down. Indian avoid personal meetings, maintain social
economy affected which also affect the distancing, avoid non essential travelling, self
government revenue in terms of GST, Fees, isolation, work from home.
charges etc. so the Government collection of Conclusions:
revenue is decreased. Goods and service Tax is a long term skill
7) Transportation Industry :In India transport introduce in India with objective to rise in output,
mainly consist of the Road, Railway, water, Air employment opportunity and economic
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development and progress of India. But due to
covid-19 pandemic situations there is obstacles 07
for the implementation of GST in India as
potential impacts of GST on the Indian economy A Study of The Role of Mass
affects GDP of country. Currently country is
stepping back to the normal with nation wide
Media And its Impact During
lift of lockdown. Business due of impact of GST COVID -19 Pandemic
on the Indian economy might change the
directions due to covid-19. However Prof. CA Atul A. Raut
implications of GST Can differ from case to case. VPM’s Joshi Bedekar College, Thane (w)
It is necessary and recommended that business
owners maintain the accurate documents of their ==============***********===============
transactions then they get benefits from the Abstract:-
temporary taxations changes. Covid-19 which in emerged from Wuhan
China has caused a serious & dangerous impact
References: on almost every society in the world. The impact
1. https://cleartax.in>gst –impact-covid of covid-19 has been multiple and not limited
2. Journal of Commerce, Economics & to society at large. The lockdown is recognised
Computer Science (JCECS), No.03, pp. 208-214. as the only method to control spread of
3. http://www.imprezz.in pandemic. Many countries of the world force to
4.https://economictimes.indiatimes.com stop international travelling & adopted
5. https://www.researchgate.net lockdown. The World Health Organization has
6. www.google.com declared it as a global pandemic. The one of
7. https://www.timesnownews.com the solution is a act of social distancing which
8 .w w w. bu s i n es s - st a nd a rd . c om > is a new form of untouchability. Covid-19
Economy and Policy .GST impacted adversely economy of both rural &
urban area. Most of the migrant workers left the
 cities and moved to their villages because of
unavailability of money & jobs in the city. Due
to Covid-19 the world is very badly affected and
there is a huge drop in economic level of every
country of the world & decrease in population.
It is therefore very important to be aware
of impact due to this pandemic situation & how
the mass media is helpful & play a very
important role to know this pandemic
worldwide.
Keywords: Covid-19, Role of Mass media,
Employment program, Impact on economy.
Introduction:-
During the year 2019 the world is facing
the very worst pandemic situation which is
named as Covid-19. On 31st December 2019

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China give the information to WHO about Covid- Scope of Study:-
19 cases in Wuhan city which subsequently This study is conducted on the basis of
spread the other countries of the world. Due to secondary data. So the results are based on
non availability of vaccine and treatment for research study.
Covid-19 Government of India undertake Limitations of the study:-
lockdown from 25th March to 31st may 2020 & 1. Only secondary data is used for study.
which were continue thereafter. During this 2. Secondary data may not be accurate.
lockdown period Central as well as state 3. All information and data are as per
Government try to increase their institutional current situation as materialized.
capacity to face the Covid-19 cases. Mass media 4. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic
play a very important role for creating awareness situation may vary from time to time.
among the general public & the Government Covid-19 Pandemic situation impact on
order & give guidelines about health, workers and various sectors of economy: -
sanitization, social distancing etc. The Mass A. Ground level Workers: Ground level workers
media includes TV News, Radio news, mainly includes daily wages workers, worker of
Newspaper, Internet, Social media such as special occasion, petty shops & craftsman. Due
Whatsapp, Face book, Twitter, YouTube etc. to impact of Covid-19 these workers lose their
The purpose of the study to understand jobs as a result there is a loss of income to
the existing media & its important role & impact them.
on the Society & to understand the truthness of B. Special Occasion Workers: These peoples
Mass media during the Covid-19 crises in world are appointed on contract basis which includes
including India. their wages , their working period & other
Objectives of the Study:- facilities provided to them such as transport,
The major objectives of the study are: food, home to stay etc. The emergence of Covid-
1. To study about role of mass media 19 affect their lives & they have to break this
impact over society. contract work & shift to their native places.
2. To study impact of mass media On C. Daily Wages Worker : Due to pandemic the
different sector during Covid-19 pandemic. daily wages workers are unable to get salary
3. To study about information during based on day to day basis so they loss their
pandemic by mass media. earning which affect their basic living.
4. To understand over all Steps taken by D. Craftsmen : These have expert knowledge in
Government about implementation of various particular field such as painting, wood carving,
facility through media. construction etc. Due to lockdown and pandemic
Hypothesis:- situation affect their work.
For testing purpose no particular E. Sports Industry : Covid-19 pandemic situation
hypothesis has been selected as the study of also affect the sport industry as in India IPL has
Role of Mass media covers wide range of study to be conducted in May month but due to Covid-
and also the COVID-19 pandemic situation 19 IPL was cancelled which affect the living of
period go on increasing. person such as ground levelling worker, light
Research Methodology:- man etc. The cricketers are not affected so much.
This research paper is based on F. Film Industry : Film industry is consider to be
secondary data. The data has been collected play important role in the economy of a country
from journals, newspaper, websites and articles, but due to Covid-19 and lockdown the artist are
social media, news channels, etc. not working so there is no movies in theatre and
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no audience which badly affects the theatre the role of mass media on the social life of
owners and also the shops in this theatres. peoples in the country is very effective. Now a
G. Information Technology Industry: days mass media have effective role in the
Nowadays Information Technology Industry country on social and economic development.
contribute highest revenue to every country in Transformation of information, communication
the world. The people in this line now due to over large area is possible due to mass media.
Covid-19 have not stability of their job. Only The person or employee working in the mass
some of the portion of the employees have media taking the risk and contributing the
allowed to work from home and others lose their welfare for the society. The role of the mass
jobs and they have to struggle to earn for their media on the various sectors affect the life of
life doing other work on their own. the peoples in the country. Its role can be studied
H. Education : Education is very important for by following :-
every individual in his life. The educational 1.Television : Television is one of the important
institutions as well as students are adversely equipment in mass media. During the lockdown
affected due to pandemic & Lockdown . Their period due to Covid-19 pandemic the people are
academic year is been postponed. There is no force to live in their homes for safety and
problem for the students below 8th grade but security. Television is useful & help them to
student persuing 10th grade and college level entertain by telecasting programmes. The senior
students not write their public exam which citizen peoples are likes the television as their
create pressure among the student and their source of entertainment.
parents. Many educational institutions have not During the pandemic condition television
received the fees from the students during this news provide the reliable information as we are
pandemic. All the private coaching classes were not in position to collect it during pandemic. In
closed. Due to Covid-19 pandemic situation the rural areas where the literacy rate is very less
student has to attend online lectures on there and where use of internet is not available,
mobile, laptop, computer etc. but this is not so television play important role to giving
effective among the students. understanding for taking precautions and safety
I. Positive Family Impact : covid-19 pandemic to these illiterate people by showing the acts,
also created some positive impact for the family play on the television in television programmes.
as the member of family are able to spend their 2.Newspapers : Printing media through the
time with their family members. The learning newspaper circulars contribute to the great
through the observation, practical knowledge, extent. The workers working in this field also
is increased & the importance of family member take risk of their lives . Due to newspaper the
to each other is increased. The respect & value reading ability and vocabulary of the children’s
to the elder members of family, value of women increase at the various ages. This lockdown
who use her whole life for other family member created the reading habits of the peoples and
has also recognized. children’s as they get various useful information
Role Of Mass Media :- through newspaper reading.
Mass media includes Radio, Television, 3.Social Media : Nowadays social media is very
Newspapers, Social media, Facebook, attractive to the youth population. Social such
Whatsapp, Messenger, Twitter, Instagram etc. as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram change the life
The role of mass media is very important as on of people in the country. It provide the platform
each steps of life peoples of the country are to the youngsters by creating social awareness.
attached to this mass media continuously. So Technological advancement have a positive
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impact on the social media. During the covid- we discuss the impact of mass media during
19 pandemic social media provide the lot of covid-19 pandemic situation and suggest to take
information about various activities to the use of media effectively in outbreak. We
peoples and public follow the better ideas for recommend creating a model to evaluate mass
taking precautions during this covid pandemic media response at the end of epidemic and
situation. Even though the solution to this corona pandemic. The evaluation made can be serve
virus still not available but due to social media as feedback for the mass media more effective
various new things people knows about steps strategies to control and avoid any subsequent
to avoid corona virus disease. outbreak if any in future.
Suggestion :-
People can utilize the flexibility and References:-
means of this mass media technology to increase 1. https://cleartax.in>gst –impact-covid-
the public awareness to the safety measures 19
suggested by world health organization to 2. https://www.researchgate.net
combat of spread of covid-19. 3. www.google.com
People should avoid the misinformation 4. https://www.timesnownews.com
about covid-19 and think that what they are 5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
reading and watching on the mass media is true 6. https://ijmsweb.com
and should not be panic. 7. https://www.frontiersin.org
Government of the country by using a 8. https://www.researchsuuare.com
mass media advertisement refrain the people 9. https://pharmascope.org
from posting anything on social media about 10. https://covid19.researcher.life
covid-19 funny, ridiculous or untrue information 11. Gayatri V. Covid-19 Impact over
or posting any fake videos. society and role of mass media
All the religious political leaders, 12. Covid-19 corona/virus pandemic
teachers, social workers must come forward to September 08 2020 https://www.world
post about covid-19 on social media that is dometers.info.coronavirus
informative and giving the true picture of 13. WHO managing epidemics: key facts
pandemic situation. Their followers must know about deadly diseases USA.
that what is happening and situation overall in 14. Venkata - Subramani M, Roman J.-
their premises at local, national and the corona virus response in India-world’s largest
international level. lockdown
Conclusions:- 15. Ahmed AR, Murad HR the impact of
· During Covid-19 pandemic situation social media on panic during the Covid-19
which result into lockdown In many countries pandemic in Iraqi Kurdistan: Online question
people are using social media platform to obtain naire study.
information about covid-19. The nature of 
impact of mass media among the people varies
depending on individual gender, age, level of
education. Mass media has play a key role in
spreading anxiety about the covid-19 worldwide.
Mass media have a big role in circulating
information, influencing the public behaviour
and avoid the spread of disease. In this paper
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The result concluded that there is a significance
08 relationship between R&D with ROE and ROA.
Key words: Pharmaceutical companies, R&D
Research and Development in Expenses, Intangible Assets, Intangible Asset
under development, ROA, ROE.
pharmaceutical companies in India Research and Development in
and its Impact on Profitability pharmaceutical companies in India and its
Impact on Profitability
DR. PRADEEP KAMTHEKAR I. Introduction:
M.Com, SET, FCA, Ph.D, LLB. M.Com, NET 1. Status of Pharmaceutical Companies in
Associate Professor, India:
R. A. Podar College of Com. & Eco. In India’s pharmaceutical industry is now
ranked as the third largest industry in the world
MRS. ZAKIRA R. MATWANKAR in terms of volume and rank is 14th in terms of
Assistant Professor, value. The pharmaceuticals industry consists of
Sant Gadge Maharaj College of Com. & Eco. drug manufacturers, biotechnology companies
and the distribution and wholesale companies
==============***********=============== that handle the products produced. According
ABSTRACT to the Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry
The Indian Pharmaceutical companies of Chemicals and Fertilizers, domestic
are the world’s second largest sector by the pharmaceutical market turnover reached Rs.
volume and leading manufacturing sector in 129,015 crore (US$18.12 billion) in 2018,
India. Nearly 70% of domestic demands, Drug growing 9.4 per cent year-on-year and exports
Intermediates are meet by Indian revenue was US$17.28 billion in FY 2018 and
Pharmaceutical companies. Till now public US$19.14 billion in FY 2019. The major
attention in this country has been focused on pharmaceutical hubs of India are Hyderabad,
profitability and liquidity of corporate finances. Mumbai, Bangalore, Ahmedabad and Sikkim.
Very less study were made on pharmaceutical The India’s domestic pharmaceutical
industry in connection with examining the sector contain a strong network of 3000 drug
relationships between R&D expenses and companies and about 10,500 manufacturing
profitability. This research paper investigates units.Out of these, 1,400 units are World Health
the R&D impact on the profitability. The paper Organization (WHO) good manufacturing
analyse the five pharmaceutical listed practice (GMP) approved; 1,105 have Europe’s
companies for the period during 2014-15 to certificate of suitability (CEPs); more than 950
2018-19. The researchers find the relation match therapeutic goods administration (TGA)
between R&D through Intangible Assets and guidelines; and 584 sites are approved by the
Intangible Assets under Development with US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA).
profitability, but has not included advertising Globally,India is the largest provider of generic
cost, policy reform etc. over profitability. This drugs. Indian pharmaceutical sector industry
study will be benefited to those companies who supplies over 50 per cent of global demand for
want to invest in R&D for better future growth. various vaccines, 40 per cent of generic demand
The researchers used the correlation techniques in the US and 25 per cent of all medicine in UK.
to find the relationship between the variables. The pharmaceutical industry in India produces
a range of bulk drugs, which are the key acting
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ingredients with medicinal properties that form McKinsey, jointly released a report, ‘The Indian
the basic raw materials for formulations. Bulk pharmaceutical industry – the way forward’,
drugs account for roughly one-fifth of the which outlines that India needs to emerge as
industry output while formulations account for an innovation leader by 2030 to gain global
the rest. leadership in the pharma industry. So for Indian
India is among the leading global pharmaceutical companies, R&D plays a vital
producers of cost-effective generic medicines role to new market realities and demands of
and vaccines, supplying 20% of the total global healthcare across the globe. R&D activities
demand by volume.Reckoned as a high quality encourage the pharma companies in different
generic manufacturer across the globe; India stages such as balance both cost and quality of
exports half of its total production of outcomes, as well as encourage scientific
pharmaceuticals to more than 200 countries in innovation.
the world. II. Literature Review:
In 2017-18, India exported pharma E Amir, Y Guan, G Livne (2007) estimate of
products worth US$ 17.27 billion. By 2020, the investments in R&D and in physical assets
industry estimates the exports to grow by 30 (CAPEX) with subsequent earnings variability
per cent to reach US$ 20 billion. and also estimate these relations in different
2. Role of Research Development in time periods and across industries. They find
pharmaceutical Industry: conclude that R&D contributes to subsequent
Research and development is an earnings variability more than CAPEX only in
important factor in all industries. Research and relative R&D intensive industries but not in
Development plays very important role in physical assets intensiveindustries. The
Biopharmaceutical Research Industry because researcher suggests that there are fundamental
it not only generates income but also brings differences between investment information
result in lives or enhancement in patient’s lives. about R&D and CAPEX exist with respect to
Doctors and scientist have important subsequent earnings variability. The evidence
contribution in research and development in also suggests there was a shift in the relations
many pharma companies. Manufacturing between R&D and CAPEX over time.
procedure, quality control measures, production The research of electronic industry in
scope and technical know-how are followed by Taiwan used the threshold regression model to
many pharmaceutical companies with the help find out the relation between R&D intensity and
of R&D services. Indian companies have started growth rate in sale. The result of Hsu-Ling Chang
to adapt their product development process to and Chi-Wei Su (2010)show positive impact on
the new environment. In next phase the pharma growth of sale below threshold value and
companies definitely dependent on development negative impact on above.
of innovative and differentiated pharma The research study of Abdellah
products, speciality generic complex drugs Hajiheydari, Dr. Mohsen Dastgir, Dr. Asghar
across the range of indication. Enhancement skill Soltani (2011)examines the effectiveness of R
and capabilities R&D process has become a & D costs on the profitability of 20 large and
need for pharma companies to create intellectual multinational worldwide pharmaceutical
property, improve product life-cycle companies, based on sale. The results of the
management, and gain cost as well as market study concluded that a strong and positive
differentiation. relationship between R & D costs and the
Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance (IPA) and profitability of pharmaceutical companies. In
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large firm the cost of R&D is very high on the short-term profitability of a firm but has
approximately 24% of annual income. significantly positive and strong effect on long-
The study of research and development term profitability. It show that for a one-unit
budget impact on the performance of the firms increase in research and development
was conducted by Aimen Ghaffar and Waseem expenditure, the gross profit increases by 10.19
Ahmed Khan (2014) which is important concept units, the net operating income increases by
in order to have success in this era. The paper 2.37 units, and the net income increases by 1.39
finds out the relationship between research and units.
development and firm performance through the A research study of 55 publicly listed
ratio analyses of return on assets, return on Pharmaceutical firms conducted by Dinesh
equity and the earnings per share of the firms. Jaisinghani (2016) in which they analyse the
Results show the positive correlation between relationship between research and development
the dependent and the independent variables. (R&D) intensity and firm profitability in the
The research study of Geoffrey A. Vanderpal Indian pharmaceutical industry 2005-2014.
(Oct 2015) investigates the R&D impact on the Findings revealed thatthere is a positive
financial value of the company. This study find relationship between R&D intensity and
the relationships between R&D and earnings, performance for the Indian Pharmaceutical
operational performance, revenue growth and Industry. After considering two separate
market value and the empirical analysis using a measures of profitability – return on assets and
sample of 103 companies which registered high return on sales the results highlight positive
values of R&D, between 1979 and 2013. The profit persistence among pharmaceutical firms.
result considered a positive impact of R&D on The results also highlight the need for a
the corporate value, using a new variable that sustained investment in R&D, as its benefits are
includes both decision and outcome features. driven in the long run.
The research model of The R&D profile and financial data of top
Warusawitharana, Missaka (2015)using a 91 Indian drug and pharmaceutical industry
method of moments approach proved that R&D during the period 2000–2013, and the factors
expenditures contribute significantly to profits that influence a pharmaceutical firm’s decision
and firm value. The research model also analyse to undertake R&D activities research are
variation in R&D intensity, profits, and firm value conducted by Shilpi Tyagi,Dinesh Kumar
across R&D-intensive industries. The result Nauriyal , Rachita Gulati (2016). The empirical
suggested that in the long run changes in the findings reveals that firm’s size, past year
distribution of firms in the economy maymitigate profitability, past innovative output, leverage
tax policy changes designed to encourage R&D ratio; past cash flow; export and import
expenditures. intensities of the firm tend to significantly impact
The purpose of the research paper of the R&D intensity. While firm size exhibits a non-
Murat Kiraci, Ferdi Celikay, Duygu Celikay linear relationship, cash flow, past innovative
(2016)is to determine the impact of research and output shows a positive and significant
development expenditures on a firm’s short and relationship with R&D intensity.
long-term profitability. From the sample of 46 An attempt has been made to analyse
traded manufacturing firms on the Borsa Istanbul the profitability position of the industry with the
collected data between 1998 and 2012 analysed help of mean, standard deviation, coefficient of
and result conclude that research and variation by A. Geethalakshmi, Dr. K. Jothi
development expenditures have negative effect (2016). The increase in profitability will not
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onlyyield greater efficiency but also improve Journals, Magazines
financial performance in future. VI. Data Analysis and interpretation:
The research work of Rama Krushna Data obtained was analyzed into useful
Mishra(2018) focuses on various R&D activities information using descriptive statistics which
and business strategies adopted by Indian include both qualitative and quantitative
Pharma Industry to sustain business in terms of methods. Quantitatively the researcher
profitability. This study will be helpful and presented the information by use of tables, Bar
beneficial to companies as it brings out the and line graphs. Various financial techniques
effect of investment in R&D on these key were used to analyze the data. Firm performance
company performance indicators. This can be a and profitability ratios used such asReturn on
valuable tool for companies in making decisions Equity (ROE) and Return on Assets(ROA) are
regarding allocation of investment funds. correlated with Intangible Assets and Intangible
III. Objectives: Assets under Development to find the
1. To study Research and Development relationship between the dependent and
expenditure of pharmaceutical companies in independent variables.
India. Variables After the developed theoretical
2. To study the relationship between the framework, the independent and dependent
R&D expenditure and profitability of variables of the study are:
pharmaceutical companies in India if any. Independent variable: The independent
IV. Hypotheses: variable of the study is Research and
1. H0: There is no relationship between Development (R&D) i.eIntangible Assets and
Intangible Assets and Profitability. Intangible Assets under Development.
H1: There is a relationship between Intangible Dependent variable: The dependent variable
Assets and Profitability. ROE and ROA
2. H0: There is no relationship between Intangible Assets Under Development
Intangible Assets
Intangible Assets under Development and Sector: pharmaceutical Sector: pharmaceutical
Profitability. Avg min max Avg min max
H1: There is a relationship between Intangible 722.946 0 5129.3 33.722 0 186.29
Assets under Development and Profitability. ROE ROA

V. Research Methodology: Sector: pharmaceutical Sector: pharmaceutical
Research Methodology is adopted Avg min max Avg min max
comprehensively, taking into account the scope 0.112 -0.065 0.470 0.10 -0.03 0.35
and objectives of the study. It will mainly concern

with the sources of data collection, sample CORRELATION TABLE
framework, methods of data analysis and data Intangible
interpretation.Secondary data is collected from Assets (Rs. In

crores)
In Ass Un Dev
(Rs. In crores) ROE (%) ROA (%)
the annual report of the pharmaceutical 2014-15 429.502 6.084 0.117 0.099
companies. Researcher selected five listed 2015-16 435.176 9.806 0.173 0.143
pharmaceutical companies. 2016-17 448.292 23.192 0.104 0.096
Population : Pharmaceutical Companies in 2017-18 1192.072 57.532 0.086 0.082
India 2018-19 1109.688 71.996 0.079 0.087
Sample: Convenient Sampling. Intangible In Ass Under

ROE ROA
Assets Dev
Financial data for 2014-15 to 2018-19 Intangible
Five representative companies from Pharma Assets 1
Sector in India:Sun Pharma, Piramal Enterprises, In Ass Un

Dev 0.948969 1
Cipla, Aurobindo pharma Ltd, Torrent pharma
ROE -0.71908 -0.7751 1
Sources of Data:Looking at the nature of study,
ROA -0.64148 -0.65549 0.978653 1
secondary data is tapped.
Secondary Sources: Published Annual Reports,
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Interpretation of Data Analysis: companies can boost their profit with innovative
From the above data analysis we analyse products which definitely target the research
the correlation between the four variables. and development activities. The R&D intensive
According to data analyses, Intangible Assets companies adapt the transformation in the
have negative strong relationshipwith ROE (- global world which is relevant in future.
0.719) and moderate negative relationship with The analysis of correlation shows that
ROA(-0.64) butpositive relationship with the investment on R&D activities has a
Intangible Assets under Development(0.948). significant relationship with profitability of the
Similarly Intangible Assets under Development sample companies. Though the investment in
have negative relationship with ROE (-0.77) but R&D by pharma industry has improved in all over
moderate negative relationship with ROA (- India but still it has been low over the period of
0.65). our study. The low investment in R&D is due to
From data analysis both the null hypothesis are low level of profit or the company followed the
rejected and alternate hypothesis are accepted. traditional method of the medicine. However the
Result shows that: scenario is now changing, some pharma
1. H1: there is a relation between Intangible companies now spend more nearly from 5.3 per
Assets and profitability and cent in FY12 to 8.5 per cent in FY18.
2. H1: relationship between Intangible Assets
under Development and Profitability. IX. Reference:
VII. Limitations: 1. E Amir, Y Guan, G Livne ( 2007), “The
1. The results of the study are based association of R&D and capital expenditures
upon the one sector. It might be different, if the with subsequent earnings variability”, Journal of
sample is belongs to different sectors of India. Business Finance and Accounting, volume 34,
2. The period of the study is only five p. 222 – 246
years, i.e. from 2014-13 to 2018-19. The results 2. Hsu-Ling Chang and Chi-Wei Su
of the study might differ for the different periods (2010), Is R&D Always Beneficial?, Review of
even taken for the same companies under the Pacific Basin Financial Markets and PoliciesVol.
sample of the study. 13, No. 01, pp. 157-174 (2010)
3. This study includes the data related 3. Abdellah Hajiheydari, Dr. Mohsen
to only five pharmaceutical companies Dastgir, Dr. Asghar Soltani (2011), “The Effect
operating in India. of Research and Development Costs on the
4. Lastly, the study focused only to Profitability of Pharmaceutical Companies”,
established relationship between R&D Interdisciplinary Journal Of Contemporary
expenses through Intangible Assets and Research In Business, Vol 3, No 8, ijcrb.webs.com
Intangible Assets under Development with 4. Aimen Ghaffar and Waseem Ahmed
profitability, but has not included advertising Khan (aug 2014), “Impact of Research and
cost, policy reform etc. over profitability. Development on Firm Performance”
VIII. CONCLUSION: International Journal of Accounting and Financial
From the above research study we Reporting ISSN 2162-3082 2014, Vol. 4, No. 1
conclude that pharmaceutical companies have 5. Geoffrey A. Vanderpal (Oct 2015),
to inculcate best practices and change their “Impact of R&D Expenses and Corporate
R&D model to improve their profitability, become Financial Performance”, Journal of Accounting
more efficient and retain their cost and Finance Vol. 15(7) 2015, 135-149.. Available
competitiveness. In this new era pharmaceutical at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2959290.
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6. Warusawitharana, Missaka (2015),
“Research and development, profits, and firm 09
value: A structural estimation”, Quantitative
Economics, ISSN 1759-7331, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, COVID – 19 AND THE
Vol. 6, Iss. 2, pp. 531-565, http://dx.doi.org/
10.3982/QE282. DIGITALIZATION OF COURTS
7. Murat KIRACI, Ferdi CELIKAY, Duygu
CELIKAY(2016),” The Effects of Firms’ R & D Ms. Savina R. Crasto
Expenditures on Profitability: An Analysis with Advocate, High Court,
Panel Error Correction Model for Turkey”, Partner of M/s Right & Rights
International Journal of Business and Social Visiting Faculty at Government Law College,
Science Vol. 7, No. 5; May 2016. Churchgate
8. Dinesh Jaisinghani (2016), “Impact of & Siddharth College of Law, Mumbai
R & D on profitability in the pharma sector: an
empirical study from India” , Journal of Asia ==============***********===============
Business Studies, vol-10, 10.1108/JABS-03-2015- Abstract
0031 After India attained Independence, not
9. Shilpi Tyagi,Dinesh Kumar Nauriyal, only there is an explosion of the population but
Rachita Gulati (2016), “Firm level R&D the pendency of cases has grown in a multi-
intensity: evidence from Indian drugs and dimensional way. The backlog of cases has
pharmaceutical industry,Review of Managerial grown and ultimately it has over-burdened the
Science,ISSN 1863-6683, DOI: 10.1007/s11846- judiciary.In the wake of the shutdown triggered
016-0218-8 by the coronavirus pandemic has causes mass
10. A. Geethalakshmi, Dr. K. Jothi (2016), sufferings and deaths. Social distancing has
“A Study on profitability position of been the linchpin for protection from the COVID-
Pharmaceutical Industry in India” , International 19 virus and in furtherance of the same, even
Journal of Advance Research in Computer the judiciary arguably has taken active steps.The
Science and Management Studies, Volume 4, unforeseeable shutdown has undermined the
Issue 4, April 2016, ISSN: 2321-7782 (Online) judiciary system and left it incapable of fulfilling
11. Ramakrushna Mishra (2018), “ its basic mandate i.e. a system of having access
Influence of Research and Development (R&D) to justice at all times. Due to the novel
Cost on Profitability: A Study of Indian Coronavirus, thecourts in India are working
Pharmaceutical Sector”, IOSR Journal of through video-conferencing to resolve
Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) e- ISSN: 2321- emergency issues to ensure social distancing
5933, p-ISSN: 2321-5925. Volume 9, Issue 2 Ver. in these trying times. While measures have
II (Mar-Apr .2018), PP 63-68, www.iosrjournals. been taken to maintain the status quo, such as
org suspension terms and temporary order
12. www.bseindia.com. suspensions, a freeze on debt payments, many
13. www.sunpharma.com. legal issues remain to be determined. The Court
14. www.lupinpharmaceuticals.com. systems have recognized that to truly deliver
15. www.moneycontrol.com justice, they must modernize both their host
16. www.pharmafocusasia.com systems and their approaches. The Supreme
Court had also issued a guideline for use of

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video-conferencing (VC) for all purposes. openness in the judicial system.
However, whether this temporary transition to The Supreme Court on Speedy Justice
video-conferencing in view of the pandemic; In Moses Wilson v/s. Karturba (AIR 2008
should only be temporary? This paper deals with S.C. 379) The Supreme Court held that delay in
the impact of COVID-19 on the Digitalization of speedy justice violates Article 21of the Indian
Courts, thesteps already taken in furtherance of Constitution which guaranties the right to life
digitalization and its pros and cons. and personal liberty. The Supreme Court
Keywords:Population, pendency, emergency, expressed deep concern at the delay in
coronavirus, video-conferencing (VC). disposing of cases in different courts throughout
Introduction India. Due to the delay in speedy disposal of
Indian judiciary has recognized the cases, people in this country lose faith in the
speedy disposal of cases and speedy justice as judiciary.
one of the important fundamental rights of the The Supreme Court of India in case of
Indian Constitution. Judicial reforms and legal HussainaraKhatoon v/s. Home Secretary, State
justice to its citizensrecognize the judiciary to of Bihar (AIR 1979 S.C.1360) held that “the right
be able to dispose the legal cases efficiently to a speedy trial” a fundamental right is
within the apparatus of its functioning through implicitin the guarantee of life and personal
some process innovations. Speedier disposal of liberty enshrined in Article 21 of the
legal cases is now recognised as equally Constitution.
important in the legal system which laid down Despite its several admonitions and
the principle that “justice delayed is justice strictures, the justice delivery system is in a
denied”. This brings to the fore the need for pathetic state. We find prolonged delays in
mechanisms (such as digital technology and criminal and civil cases. Undertrial prisoners rot
information and Communication Technology)not in jails for periods longer than the period of
only for a faster process of adjudication but also maximum sentence imposable upon conviction.
for speedy and appropriate action by the Delays in Rent Act Cases are notorious. As a
concerned parties including bench, bar, police result ofthe lack of judicial manpower,
and litigants as well. It needs to be well intervening appeals and applications and grant
understood that the speedy disposal of legal of special leave by the Supreme Court in
cases is an important element of not only for underserving cases are some of the reasons for
the judicial system but also for society at the horrendous delays. The worse affected is
large.Due to COVID-19 social distancing the position of prisoners on death row for long
restrictions, thedigitalization of Indian courts has periods.
received a major thrust. The Supreme Court and Computerization in the judiciary has
the High Courts, have adopted a system of e- become an effective tool to bring down the
filing for urgent matters and has conducted pendency of cases by reducing the delay and
frequent hearings over video conferencing.The doing speedy justice. Every citizen of this country
public’s right to access law and legal has afundamental right to get speedy justice,
proceedings, in India, is thus fundamental. Many which is also the basic requirements of a good
a time, the common man experiences justice judicial administration. Article 21 of the
delivery as a passive observer, and the pandemic Constitution which guarantees the Right to Life
is only set to aggravate the situation. Therefore, also extendsto the Right to Speedy Justice. The
we need to seriously consider the effect of constitutional guarantee of speedy trial is an
reduced physical interaction on trust and important safeguard to prevent undue and
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oppressive incarceration before trial. of the Indian judiciary. Transition is not slow or
Digitalization of Courts for Speedy Justice gradual. With the amendment toSections 164(1)
The arrival of the digital age has and 167(2)(b) of The Code of Criminal Procedure,
transformed almost every field around the world. 1973, the importance of VC has been
But when we compare it to the other fields or highlighted. It deals with recording of
industries, the digitalization of the legal field is confessions and remand of under-trials
very slow. The main aim of thejustice delivery respectively. Besides, the Witness Protection
system is to make it affordable, accessible, cost- Scheme, 2018 has also incorporated the concept
effective, predictable, reliable and transparent. of ‘live link’ through which witnesses may
Digitalization of courts provides a solution that depose despite their physical absence in the
will manage the Court proceedings and other courtrooms. By way of VC, the witnesses can
technical aspects of a judicial in nature while testify from a more protected place, with no
significantly reducing the amount of physical travel expense. Use of VC in case of cross-
appearance required.Justice D.Y. Chandrachud examination has been accepted in cases of
observed in his dissenting opinion in Santhini v/ sexual offences as in the case of Mahender
s. V ijayaVenketeshthat adjournments and Chawla v/s. Union of India. Moreover, VC was
delays in justice delivery on the point of lack of recommended to be made a part of the one-stop
availability or travel time can be easily resolved centres for the POCSO Act, 2012.
through VC, thereby increasing the number of Problems associated with Digitalization of
cases being heard. Video Conferencing also Court and Court’s Procedure
provides for a playback opportunity for The steepaccumulation & slow disposal
verification of statements made by witnesses rate of pending cases has increased burden on
and accused. Moreover, once recorded, it also our judicial system tremendously. It cannot be
serves as a storage of the whole case disputed that a complete shiftof the legal
proceedings. Italso aids in effective live profession from physical hearings toa
streaming of such video-conferencing and technology-dependent practice is going to pose
makes the system more participative which was a large number of challenges, however, the
highlighted in the case of SwapnilTripathy v/s. same can be scaled into an efficient manner, by
Supreme Court of India. Thus, the digitalized ensuring a few simple tweaks to the present way
standards give the courts greater efficiencies of practice.The biggest hurdle in shifting the
and long-range cost savings. working of the courts to an online platform is
Courts have started serving notices and the management of time and related logistical
summons through mobile applications and are issues that would be required to be harmonized
bending towards Online Dispute Resolution. to ensure the smooth functioning of all the
Some courts are also adopting technology such courtsefficiently.
as skype, viber, whatsapp etc. to examine the Most of the litigants and advocates lack
accused and also to record the evidence of internet connectivity and the requisite
witnesses.Incase of matters like traffic infrastructure to participate in virtual hearings
violations, consumer protection issues, vehicle and this has serious implications. The obvious
release from courts, etc. digitalization would be one being that a large chunk of our citizenry is
the most favorable, as it would ease public vulnerable to being excluded from the process
access to courts. of the justice delivery system owing to factors
In the last year, there is a quantum jump that are beyond their control.Moreover, the lower
as far as technology is concerned in the context court is the worst hit due to such issues. This
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has ramifications of its own since the district or necessary to ensure physical presence at all
subordinate courts are the first port of call for a times in the courtroom, lest the matter may be
vast majority. However, even if access to reliable called out of order due to adjournments in the
internet connectivity is universal, the question previous matters on board.This diminishes the
would remain whether everyone is comfortable opportunities for advocates to attend matters
and well versed with the new tools and mediums in different courts, due to paucity of time and
of the justice delivery system. The well-to-do long distances, often forcing lawyers to prioritize
law firms and advocates in urban areas would certain matters over others to avoidharming
not face any issues in comparison to those in ones’ reputation by irking clients.Therefore, if
rural areas, given the digital divide. planned properly, the technological shift can
That apart, poor quality audio/video, eliminate this conundrum and save the
frequent loss of connection, disruptions and high invaluable time of advocates by allowing them
latency affects the judicial assessment of to appear in different courts in a fraction of few
demeanour, emotions and other nonverbal cues minutes.
and the changing communication dynamics, The biggest challengein implementing
which are important variables in deciding a such a system will be the proper logistical
particular case. Moreover, most virtual court management in the calling out of cases. This is
proceedings in India currently take place using because a shift to online courts requires
third-party software or platforms. Few of them precision in time management since both the
have been rejected earlier on grounds of being advocates and the parties are expected to join
unsafe to use.Such third-party platforms are the virtual courts at a pre-determined time.In
prone to hacking and misuse and therefore pose such a scenario, it becomes imperative that the
a security hazard. matters listed for the day are dealt with in a
Hence, online delivery of judicial time-bound manner to ensure less online traffic
services is not as simple as setting up a and prevent overloading of the system and more
videoconference given the large number of specifically, to ensure quick and effective justice.
nuances involved in hearing of cases. To Another pre-requisite for the success of such a
properly onboard India’s courts to a model would be the laying down of a unified
standardized, secure, and functional virtual set of rules for the online functioning of the
setup is quite a complex task. However, it is a Indian courts across all jurisdictions to ensure
task that must be accomplished with utmost availability to the parties as well as to the
urgency, given the evolving demands from practitioners.However, the changes should not
institutions of the justice delivery system in be rolled out in a big bang manner but only in a
India. phased manner with pilot tests of different video
Suggestions & Conclusion conferencing software. This will garner public
In the present form of practice, lawyers confidence as it will allow the public to adapt
are expected to be physically present in the court to the changes in a smoother manner.
till their matters are called out. This is not the This is the time for the Indian Judiciary
most economical utilization of the time of those to step up towards modernization by adopting
engaged in the legal profession. Lawyers technology to render speedy justice to the
practicing regularly in the High Courts and the litigant public. The most crucial step in
Supreme Court are resigned to the fact that the digitalizing the courts in the country is bringing
first half of their day is to be spent waiting for about a change in the mindset of all concerned,
their matter to be called up. Hence, it is otherwise, digitalization will be a pipe dream.
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Justice Madan B. Lokur was also of the same
opinion when he said that while there is no 10
dearth in technological options, the judges need
to embrace changes. Though the current THE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF
practice of VC has been adopted in these tough
SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE YOUTH
times and specific situations typecast as ‘urgent
matters’, the practice should not be a mere
Dr. Priyambada Choubey
temporary transition but a stride towards an
K.P.B Hinduja College of Commerce, Mumbai
overarching transformation.
References:
1. The Code of Criminal Procedure ==============***********===============
(Amendment) Act, 2008. ABSTRACT:
2. https://www.who.int/emergencies/ Social media is used for a variety of
diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 activities including sharing information,
3. http://rsrr.in/2020/04/24/digitalization- interacting with people, and exploring the world.
courts-pandemic-prevention/ The growth in interactive media platforms and
4. https://www.barandbench.com/ their rapid adoption by young people is one
columns/push-for-digitization-and-transparency indication of the compelling nature of social
-in-the-wake-of-covid media tools, such as Instagram and Snapchat.
5. In Re: Guidelines For Court The current situation shows that influences have
Functioning Through Video Conferencing During become more visible and volatile in recent
Covid-19 Pandemic, Suo Motu Writ (Civil) No. 5/ decades. The internet has made the world even
2020. smaller and more accessible. But due to this, it
6. https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/sites/ has made a huge impact on the youth in both
default/files/Technological/Rangareddy_0.pdf positive and negative way.
7. https://hphighcourt.nic.in/pdf/ Nowadays mass media have become an
VC20_Guidelines_HP_HC.pdf inseparable element of everyday life and in a
8. https://www.theleaflet.in/challenges- very noticeable way they influence upon its
in-setting-up-virtual-and-online-courts-in-india/ shape.
9.https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/ The aim of the following paper is to show
embracing-technology-involves-a-mindset- the phenomenon of the impact of social media
issue-experts-talk-about-justice-during-a- on the youth in both good and bad aspects, more
pandemic-154961 importantly the point out possible harmful
10. https://www.newindianexpress.com/ effects on physical and psychological aspects
opinions/2020/may/02/transforming-the-courts- of children’s health when mass media are
during-pandemic-2138096.html misused.
INTRODUCTION:
 Media and society are closely related to
each other. The extensive impact of media on
society can easily be seen these days. Media
reflects our society, how it works and what it
constitutes. With the advancement in
technology, our society has also observed the
expansion in the thoughts and ideas of people.
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Every single invention starting from the printing detrimental effect on numerous areas of a child
press to the latest smartphones our society has or young person’s life
accepted. Earlier people used to communicate ANALYSIS:
things with the help of sketch and print forms The influence of the media on the
but as time passed the medium became more psychosocial development of children is
advanced. profound. Thus, it is important for physicians to
Today people are just a click away from discuss with parents their child’s exposure to
any and every information that is available on media and to provide guidance on age-
the internet. There are various forms of media appropriate use of all media, including
that help to inform, educate and entertain our television, radio, music, video games, and the
society. Media can be in print form that is through Internet.
newspapers, books, magazines, etc. Media The objectives of this statement are to
includes an electronic form for spreading explore the beneficial and harmful effects of
information which is one of the most used media media on children’s mental and physical health
of mass communication. With the help of radio and to identify how physicians can counsel
and TV, listeners and viewers not only get patients and their families and promote the
updated but also creates an understanding of healthy use of the media in their communities.
current happenings. All over the world, parents and carers, teachers
Social media is becoming one of the and medical professionals are expressing
most popular and most accessed media of concern about how the media impacts youth and
communication these days. Social media has children. They worry about the long-term effects
brought different people from different of continuous or extreme exposure and wonder
geographical areas on one platform on which what action, if any, to take. It can be difficult to
they can share their feeling, ideas, emotions, recognise when children are at risk because
information, and much more. The Manifold adults tend to use media in a very different way
social networking sites like Facebook, WhatsApp, to children.
Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google +, and The most striking differences between
others open the door to share ideas, views, and media use in adults and children are invariably
thoughts on the same platform. With the linked to maturity and development. Adults have
advancement of science and technology, the a level of maturity that enables them to make
world has come close to each other. more informed choices or to recognise the
During their formative years, children positive and negative aspects of on-screen or
develop the behavior patterns, values, and online content. Impressionable youngsters can
attitudes that will shape their lives. Often, those develop behaviour patterns based on what they
values are tied to how frequently children view hear, see and read.
certain types of media productions and what Overexposure can have a detrimental
they learn or understand from them. Concerns effect on diet, social interaction, sexuality, and
over how media impacts youth and children stem emotional development. In some cases, media
from how much exposure kids have and the type use can also lead to various process addictions
of content. Educational media content and age- such as addiction to social networking, gaming
appropriate entertainment can be positive for or gambling.
children and their families, provided that they Talking of the EFFECT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE
don’t replace homework or healthy activities. On YOUTH there has to be two sides right? And yes
the other hand, overexposure can have a there is:
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The Positive Impact optimism and inspiration by posting something
And they’re grateful for daily, inspirational quotes
The Negative Impact or images, and also following hashtags and
So let’s start with Positives people that do something similar.Following/
Due to the heavy exposure of the internet posting animal videos are huge at helping them
around the world, the positive side is low lift out of tough moments.
compared to the side effects(-). NOW WITH NEGATIVES
Here’s the good news: social media and Media messages can have a negative or
other media can be positive influences on unhealthy influence on teenage behaviour and
teenage behaviour and attitudes. attitudes in certain areas, including body image,
Citizenship health, and citizenship.
Teenagers who are exposed to and take Body image
an interest in news media are more likely to be Your child’s body image is influenced by
interested in major social and political issues social media, other media, and advertising. If
like climate change. In this example, media can teenagers see unrealistic ‘thin’ or ‘muscly’ body
encourage them to become more involved as types often enough in the media they follow, it
citizens in their communities. can have an impact on their body image and
Health and lifestyle dieting behaviour. This is especially true when
Teenagers can also pick up important there’s no one to disagree with messages like
health promotion messages from social media ‘thin is beautiful’.
and other media. This might include messages Health and lifestyle
aimed at preventing youth depression and Social media and other media can
suicide, promoting positive, respectful influence the decisions that teenagers make
relationships, or encouraging healthy eating and about their health and lifestyle. For example,
lifestyle habits. media messages and content can make it look
Identity ‘normal’, cool or grown-up to eat junk food,
Good-quality stories in television shows smoke, drink alcohol, and do other drugs.
and movies can help teenagers explore aspects Citizenship
of identity like sexuality, relationships, gender To be responsible citizens, teenagers
or ethics – for example, the treatment of need reliable and good-quality information. But
sexuality in a movie like Bohemian Rhapsody, social media and other media are sometimes
or gender in Ride Like a Girl, or ethics in a TV used in negative ways during elections and at
show like The Good Place. Watching these shows other times. For example, ‘fake news’ might
with your child is a great opportunity for influence teenagers to believe false information
discussion. about a politician, public figure or celebrity. Or
Kids who feel really self-conscious and sometimes online forums promote biased or
nervous about being their true selves in their hateful attitudes towards groups of people.
school/home settings or who are struggling with Might lead to health and developmental
depression or anxiety but don’t know how to talk issues: Extended screen time is associated with
about it with their families and other friends, poor academic performance, sleep deprivation,
can find a particularly strong sense of support reduced physical activity, and face-to-face social
from the “safe” anonymity of social media interaction. All these factors are associated with
communities. health issues, such as obesity, and a negative
Teens use social media to stay rooted in impact on overall development.
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Could develop unrealistic body image: Media if your child likes watching beauty channels on
has a sharp effect on how teens interpret beauty YouTube, you could talk about product
and positive body image. For instance, the media advertising and sponsorship. Or if your child is
usually creates an impression that “thin and into a computer game like Grand Theft Auto, you
fair” are beautiful features to have. Such could talk about the violence, exploitation of
misleading messages can have a negative effect women and criminal activity. You could also talk
on the child’s self esteem. about how your child would handle these
May develop mental health concerns: Teens situations in real life.
and teens often get exposed to bullying, rumour Encouraging a questioning attitude
spreading, unrealistic views of other people’s When you’re talking about the media
lives, and peer pressure through the media. All with your child, you can encourage him to ask
these factors can cause a negative ripple effect questions too. This can help your child sort facts
on the teen’s mental health. They may become from opinion, identify advertising, understand
depressed, anxious, isolated, and possibly bias and be aware of the misuse of statistics.
suicidal. OVERALL STUDY:
Might develop violent behaviour: A study The fact that there was a time when the
showed that watching violent television shows internet, television, and cell phones were
and an increase in children’s violent and erratic considered a necessity but now they seem to
behaviour are positively co-related. Similarly, be more of a commodity teenagers seem
studies show that playing violent video games addicted to pretty much explains that there is
alters a teen’s behaviour and could make them bound to be a downside to the influence mass
aggressive. media has on teens. The teenagers of today
Might cause addiction: Habitual viewing or seem too engrossed in watching their favorite
gaming may be the most speculated negative shows on television or using social media
effect of the media, especially social media. applications on their phones or computers that
Research shows that the overuse of social media they are slowly losing touch with reality. They
networking could lead to stimulation that is have become addicted. There are many
similar to other addictive behaviours. consequences to this unhealthy addiction. One
Helping teenagers balance the influence of becomes lazy and does not feel the need to get
social media and other media up and do something productive. It leads to
When your child balances media use obesity and tiredness. It also leads to unhealthy
with other activities like physical and creative consumption of junk or fast food. I say this from
activities and socialising face to face, he comes my personal experience, as I always feel the
into contact with a wide range of influences. need to have pizza or chips along with a
These include peers, community mentors, and beverage when I’m watching a show or a movie.
family, as well as the media. You can also Teenagers also tend to spend hours over the
introduce your child to real-life, positive role internet interacting with strangers who could
models. Ways to do this could be joining local pose a threat as it is easy to fake an identity
community groups, sporting clubs or mentoring over the internet. They would very much prefer
programs. using Facebook, Twitter or Tumblr etc. instead
Talking about media messages of studying or doing an outdoor activity.
The best way to help your child navigate Therefore, this addiction can be very
the influence of social media and other media destructive. “A cross-sectional study was carried
is to talk about media messages. For example, out in Spain in 2003 to define mass media use
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in teenagers (television, mobile phones, age of 8.8 years.
computers, Internet and video games) and to Boys favoured playing video games with
examine its influence on teenagers’ health and shooting, fighting, driving, and sports, while girls
development. liked adventure video games. Nearly a quarter
The data collected was based on a (22.2 %) spent money on video games and
sample of 884 teenagers between the ages of cybercafés (an average of 27.06 3 a month in
14 and 18 years. The sample was retrieved from boys and 16.81 3 a month in girls) with no
high schools residing in six towns in Cantabria significant differences between the sexes.”
(Spain). (Mass media consumption in adolescence,
The results showed that all adolescents 2005).
had a television at home and 24% of the families This study clearly shows the usage of
owned four or more TV sets. mass media among teens is quite common.
The presence of mass media in Mass media is a very powerful tool to
teenagers’ rooms was 52.5% for TV sets, 52% influence the minds of anyone, let alone a
for the internet, 57.8% for computers, and 38.7% teenager.
Teenagers are in that stage of growing
for gaming consoles. The most frequently found
up where everything around them influences
media in their’ bedrooms were cassette/radio
them. The way they talk, dress and act depends
players and compact disks with percentages of
a lot on what they are exposed to.
76.8 % and 67.4 %, respectively.
For example, if a teenager sees his or
Furthermore, teenagers spent on
her favourite celebrity endorsing a product that
average 3 hours on television on weekdays and may or may not be necessary, he or she may
3.2 on weekends. want to buy it regardless of how useful the
They spent 0.69 hours on average on product is. This is a strategy many big
weekdays and 1.09 hours on the weekend. On businesses use to their advantage as they can
internet they spent on average 0.83 hours on easily sell products, even if they are of bad
the weekdays and 1.15 hours on the weekend. quality.
Other results of the study showed that about It is important to be aware of mass
87.2 % of the teenagers owned a cell phone. media and the impact it has on teenagers,
The average age at which they got their first especially parents, because they need to be
phone was 13 years old. Almost half the aware of how it is affecting their child. If parents
teenagers (46.4 %) took their mobile phones to are more aware, they can be more
high school and reported that they had an understanding and helpful towards their
average of three mobile phones at home. children. Parents firstly need to realize that it is
Also most of them (82.1 %) surfed the impossible to separate a teens’ life from media,
internet but boys preferred surfing and especially in today’s world. However, parents can
downloading games whereas girls preferred take the lead in restricting usage by spending
chatting and sending e-mails. Sixty-two percent more time with their teens and consistently
of the teenagers had been to a cybercafé and discussing matters that are affecting mass
40.8 % had visited a pornographic website, media and teenagers. Parents should encourage
especially boys (33.1 % of boys versus 7.7 % of their children for more outdoor activities as well
girls; p < 0.001). Nearly two-thirds of teenagers limit the time their teenagers spend on the
(71.5 %) owned a video console, especially boys watching television and surfing the internet. Also
(87 % of boys versus 57.2 % of girls; p < 0.001) since advertising is a very powerful tool, it could
and they started playing with them at an average be used in a more positive way to put better
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influence on teenagers.
Mass media has both negative and 11
positive influences on teenagers as it can be
seen from the points mentioned above. While I
do not deny nor disregard the fact that mass E-Commerce in India: Present status
media has indeed made lives easier, its negative
influences still outweigh the positive ones in my Prof. Swati Kisanrao shelake
opinion. As the famous saying goes, that Assistant Professor, Department of commerce,
everything is good in moderation. Therefore M.V.P. Samaj, K.P.G. Arts, Commerce and
the extensive usage of mass media is now Science College, Igatpuri
leading to more problems than the benefits it is
providing us with.
CONCLUSION: ==============***********===============
Today’s youth have constant access to Abstract
many different forms of media through The Coronavirus stronglyconverted the
television, cell phones, movies, music, video universaltendencies. These differences
games, and the Internet. Media can enhance contributing to the hugeunintended and minor
children’s education, learning opportunities, funds that effected for this virus. In this article
curiosity, creativity, and communication.
However, it can also teach negative life lessons; Included the ecommerce tendencies in
consume too much of children’s time; and coronavirus difficulty as well as how forth
distract them from exercise, other physical play, coming progress in e-commerce that hugeeffect
and socialization. consumer behaviour in upcoming. This article
Parents can best guide their children’s observes that e-commerce raised due to
media choices by educating themselves about coronavirus. E-commerce is developed a
the forms modern media take (including the additional source and careful in this Situation,
newest Internet formats for obtaining and and e-retailers deliversthings that typically
consuming media and for communicating), by trades bought in shopsusually. Coronavirus
monitoring media youth consume, by reviewing
effect on complete e-commerce. Temporarily, we
media before releasing it to youth, by careful
use of media blocking technologies to make it want to understand their effectiveness to
harder for youth to view inappropriate content, constancy both charges and benefits as well
and by setting and enforcing clear rules and linkedmovements in coming upcoming.Internet
boundaries for balanced media use. is very important factor in our day-to-day life.
REFERENCES: We use internet commonplace almost for
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/ allwork. Earlier e-commerce obtaining and
media/effect-of-mass-media-on- youth.php marketing were finished without internet really
https://raisingchildren.net.au/pre- in the markets but later the coming of e-
teens/entertainment- technology/media/media-
commerce in India our natural life has become
influence-on-teens
https://www.momjunction.com/articles/ more suitable because of its number of returns
positive-and-negative-influences- of-media-on- and Earnings. Online shopping is anEssentialpart
teenagers_00107975/ of ecommerce which is Completedfrequently by
https://www.thecabinchiangmai.com/ the Customersbecause of e-commerce facilities
blog/how-media-impacts-youth-and- children/ in India which agrees us to purchase and sell
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ the products affording to our choice at
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/ inexpensive price. E-commerce site has a big of
media/effect-of-mass-media-on- youth.php Impact on different shops. In this paper we will
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/
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discuss about the different markets and retailers no specific description and classification of the
and impacts of ecommerce on them and various terms E- commerce and E-business, they are
challenges of E commerce in markets and used interchangeably. In fact, E-commerce is an
retailers. As an undergraduate student majoring active part of E-business which attentions on
in marketing, with a minor in fashion Trade, the external activities While E-business focuses on
business of the fashion and apparel industry is both inside and outside activities of a business.
tremendoustempting to my professioncomforts. Ecommerce has a lot of Positive and Negative
Because of covid 19, customer never buy and impacts on Business. The key of having an
sellers never sells in the physically in the effective e-commerce is to decrease the bad
market, so e-commerce plays a vital role in this impacts and rises the profits at the similar time.
situation. Objective of Study
Keywords – Covid – 19, E-Commerce, Impact 1. To study the present status of E-
of Covid – 19, Challenges of E-commerce, commerce in India
INTRODUCTION 2. To understand different types of
Coronavirus are cluster of worms that markets located in India.
basis minor infection and certain type of virus 3. To analyse the impact of E- Commerce
can contaminate the lower airway, and on Covid - 19
beginning plaindisease such as, pneumonia, 4. To know the Challenges of E-
bronchitis. Public infected with this virus can Commerce faced by Retailers in Indian markets
infections are serious and inoffensive. There are on Covid - 19
somediseases in the past that has reason the Limitation of Study
variation in human being. COVID-19 has started This Research Paper is Based on
on 12 December in Wuhan city of China, and it Secondary Data. The Data Is Collected from the
was observed that people are ill by pneumonia Various Kinds of Magazines, Newspapers and
by illusory link to a shop that retails fresh sea Web Sources.
food to people.In the E-commerce purchasing Methodology
and selling the goods and services through the This paper is based on Secondary Data.
internet. Before e-commerce this activitywas The Relevant Data have been Collected from
done without internet really in the markets but Journals, Magazines, Articles, Websites and
after the approaching of e-commerce in India Media Reports. The Analytical Descriptive
our lifecycle has become more appropriate method are used in this study.
because of it is very beneficial and it is a various Review of Literature
advantage. The returns offered by e-commerce Menal Dahiya (May 2017) Describe in his research paper -Types of markets and retailers. Also
explained impact of e- commerce on Markets.
are online shopping of everything at any time Kanchan Shete (Jan 2020) Describe in his research paper entitle E- commerce. She explains
and at any place, customers can find the Advantages of E- commerce, Faction, Scope, Process of E- commerce.
products on e-commerce internet site which is Vaishali Kshirsagar (Jan 2020) She Explain Advantages, Disadvanges of E- commerce and Cultural
no available in real market place, it diminishes Obstacles.
cost and time, without stepping out from home

we can get our product at home. Laterally with IMPACT OF E- COMMERCE ON MARKETS AND
e-commerce there is also a common term called RETAILORS
e-business due to which the business of Impact on Markets
enterprises has improved automatically with the 1.Raise of Products-Through Ecommerce
help of internet by which they can reach to many product can be helping in an exciting way and
customers which increases their sales. There is with lots of info straight to the customs which
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decreases the price of off promotion since 5. Window Shopping-Low prices offered by
internet can interact a lot of customers and save online stores leads to window shopping by
amount of cost of advertisements can be used customers at physical stores and they buy
in different areas of business. product online. Due to which they have
2. Provide Customer Service-Customer service prospective customer’s more than actual
can be improved as customers can customers.
pursuitaboutcreation or market which The Impact of COVID-19 on Consumers
suggestions the product and can comparation Disease, though it was measured a
the prices of various market places. doubtful incident for a extensive time before the
3.Gives Brand Image- NewleyStarted business COVID-19 rash, has been recognized as one of
can create their brands on net by using Effective the important pressures to trades.Computer-
images at a reasonable price. generated seminars and mission management
4.Two Way Advertisement- Usually the ads knowledges have been progressivelyapplied
were one- way to attract customers and let them even before the sickness, and the
know around the new product but now through numericalalteration has been comparatively
e-commerce advertisements are two-way in hassle-free for numerousbusinesses. Thus,
which customer can look the market place and maximum businesses have made positive
product, can comparability the prices and also changes into online procedurespositively—
can ask questions to the online retailers. however, the impact of the disease is not
5.Customization-Customized products can be possible to be imperfect only to the business
made available according to the needs of operations. Customers who live done a sickness
customers. It will make a good place of business might be altered, and the changes can be
in market and new customers will be attracted. ongoing even after the diseasecards. According
Impact on Retailers to observation 46% of respondents plan to
1.Return Margin-On the coming of online shops decreaseexpenditure during the pandemic.
in the market offline retailers are sorrow from Although demands bigger for exactgroupings,
pricing. To continue in market, they have to retail with groceries or household supplies, optional
product in Less prices which protections only expenses is predictable to decrease as almost
their working costs and they do not get any return 60% of respondents plan to cut spending on
margin. customer electronics or vehicles.
2. Discount- retailers retail their goods at cut- E- Commerce Challenges Faced by Markets
rates because online stores offer weighty and Retailers on Covid -19
discount to the customers and to stay in the 1. Capitalization of Data -The growth of the E-
market and to attract the customers, they have commerce purpose to develop a part of the
to trade the products at rebates. complete brand explanation is one of the crucial
3. Stocks of Product-Variety of product is E-Commerce challenges. Quite often
accessible by online Markets to which offline eCommerce converts an independent side
Retailers cannot Provided because at the end business. To enable this union, businesses are
of year the over stock can give a Big loss to the working hard to shapeeffective data enabled
retailer. eCommerce solutions that benefit them right
4. Customer Services-Offline retailers give from shipping to store management, and new
diverse services at which online stores flops. Key Performance Integrals beyond conversion
Repair and goods of services, home delivery and rates and Average Order Values.
after sales services also like online shops. 2. Customers ‘ExplosionChances-Venders all
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over the world are nonstop trying to build their delivery channel and economies of scale further
status and a brand image with the potential of contribute to the markets. Besides, after the
a great practice. In an era where knowledge COVID-19 disease, community estrangement
matters the most and tech giants like Amazon and remaining home is additional predictable
are taking the online buying process to the well- to push the customers towards online shopping.
known ‘next level’ with anticipatory shipping Though, indeterminate consumer demand and
methods, it is very difficult to meet customer supply chain issues can touchthe e-commerce
expectations. Thus, challenging with them and business. The COVID-19 disease issue can also
satisfying the ever-evolving customer difficulties move big wholesalers such as Walmart, which
is a vast challenge for retailers today. are suffering a drop in casual shopping, stock
3. Challenge - Agility is the ability of a business chain disturbance, and an increase in buying of
to presentprogresses, advance and organize essential toiletries, groceries, and other
digital content, respond to cyclical changes, etc. products.
rapidly. Agility determinationsdirect digital This paper achieves that e-commerce is
completion, and it is known as one of the most actualreputable for us who Provide us extensive
significantcreativities in the eCommerce difference of products and services with lots of
business. Attentivechange is at the heart of material and good-looking pictures at a sensible
online marketing, and ascending is vital for price at our access. It bringsappropriateness to
making it successful. customers and allows the initiative to mature
4.Equal Platform-The internet givesone and all their commercial over internet. Ecommerce have
an equivalent platform and later an equal moralinfluence on marketplaces like reduction
chance. This makes the atmosphere every the rate of infomercials as many customers can
competitive, with perhaps hundreds of other attract through internet, advanced brand can be
Firmspresent the same products or services as recognized, can preserve a good linking with
you and to the same target Customers. Even the clients and can make modified products
greatest niche brands have to fight hard to carve rendering to customer’s needs and Desires. But
a place for themselves. e-commerce has Undesirableeffect on offline
5.Data Safekeeping - The acceptance of stores because customers buying on short price
eCommerce also brings along associated from online shops due to which they also have
eCommerce challenges – safety threat being to lesser their price and does not get any
one of the most dangerous of them. There is a revenue, retailers cannot keep a huge stock like
pending threat of hackers and fraudsters online shops have stores since it will cost a huge
attacking the host server and not just stealing loss to them. They have to devote more money
confidential data but also infecting with viruses. in offline advertisements to appeal customers.
CONCLUSION Sideways with the impacts e-commerce also
The issues which determination the offers some limit in terms of markets and
development of the e-commerce market before retailers that is website cost, to make and keep
the COVID-19 pandemic contain durable and a website a lot of money is compulsory; structure
stable development of net users and increasing cost, to fulfil the orders online retailers have to
consciousness connected to online spending, maintain a large stock in a big warehouse which
growing online initiation of goods, short price costs a lot; security and fraud, due to popularity
due to wholesale buying and so on. In adding, a of online shops criminal elements are also
growing sum of limited products in the market attracted to them who can hack the individual
and minor prices of goods due to the direct information and can misuse them; customer
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trust, it is hard for customers to faith a new
brand without looking, touching and face-to face 12
communication.
An Overview of migrant
REFERENCES
1.kanchan Shete (Jan 2020) ISSN 2348- labourers during COVID 19
7143, E-Commerce, strengthening business pandemic in India
Competencies for Sustainable Development,
Research Journey, Nashik. Archana D. Gawale
2. Vaishali Kshirsagar (Jan 2020) ISSN Assistant Professor, Dept. of Commerce,
2348-7143, E-Commerce, strengthening MVP Samaj’s K.R.T Arts, B. H Commerce & A.M
business Competencies for Sustainable Science College Nashik
Development, Research Journey, Nashik.
3. Menal Dahiya (May 2017) ISSN 0973-
6107 Volume 10, Number 5 (2017) pp. 1495-
==============***********===============
1500, Study on E-Commerce and it’s Impacts on Abstract- Indian migrant labourers forms the
backbone of Indian economy Indian migrant
Market and Retailers in India, Research India
labourers during the COVID 19 pandemic have
Publications http://www.ripublication.com
faced multiple hardship as the workplace was
4. Subramani Mani and Eric Walden,
shut down due to nationwide lockdown. Many
“The Impact of E-commerce Announcements on
of them had to deal with number of challenges
the Market Value of Firms,” Information Systems
like food shortage, loss of income, and
Research, Vol.12, Issue.2, pp. 135-154, 2001.
uncertainty about the future Many of them were
5. A. Gunasekaran, et al., “E-commerce
hungry and they started walking to their
and its Impact on Operations Management,”
hometown with no means of transportation In
International Journal of Production Economics,
response to it the Central Government & State
Vol.75, Issue.1, pp. 185-197, 2002
Government took various measures such as
7. Shahrzad Shahriari, Mohammadreza
transport facility, relief camps provision for food,
Shahriari, and Saudi Gheiji, “ECommerce and It
quarantine centres etc. to help them out . This
Impacts on Global Trend and Market,”
paper focuses on the overview ofmigrant
Interaction
labourers during COVID 19 pandemic

Keywords-Migrant labourers. Lockdown.
Pandemic. Hardships. COVID 19. Unorganised
Sector, exodus.
1. Introduction-Migrant labourers are the
person who migrates within the country or
outside the country in search of job Migrant
workers comprise of workers migrated as an
individuals or groups mainly on temporary or
seasonal basis in search of work in urban areas
Most of the migrant in our country comes from
the state of Utter Pradesh, Bihar,Rajasthan,
Odisha, Jharkhand, & Madhya Pradesh. There
is also considerably Intra-state migration of

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labours. A report states that there are around Exodus- It was being noted that majority of
four crore migrant labours in India having a great migrant labourers have decided to go back to
impact on Indian Economy. The migrant their native places as a result of COVID 19
labourers are basically engaged in temporary pandemic and lockdown. With no work and no
unskilled work which are characterised by low money and lockdown restrictions thousands of
wages, job in security & informal work migrant workers were seen walking or bicycling
environment. Migrant workers majorly consist hundreds and thousands of kilometres to move
of daily wages labourers working in back to their native place with their families
manufacturing and construction industries They Economic constraint due to loss of work -
are often denied with facilities such as Migrant laborers working in unorganized sectors
healthcare, nutrients, housing, transportation, has to suffer from job loss due to negative
insurance scheme, social security etc industrial growth Due to sudden unemployment
2. Lockdown & Migrant labourers with thousands of migrant workers withminimum
The first case of coronavirus i.e. COVID hopes of getting new job in future led to distress
19 was declared in India on 30 January 2020 among the migrant workers
Due to limited healthcare facility and large Health issues-Due to COVID 19 pandemic and
population, the only preventive measure the lockdown many of the migrants suffered from
Indian Government could take was to declare high degree of anxieties and stress, many of
nationwide lockdown. On 25 March the Indian them become panic too, The migrants also
Government declared lockdown in entire country experienced multiple stress due to interactions
for 21 days which was later extended till 31 May of various factors , chronic poverty, malnutrition
2020. This measure helped the government to etc.
stop community transmission It was one of the Lack of Affordable HousingThe Ministry of
leading economic crisis on industries & Housing and Urban Affairs identified migrants
businesses. It has also adversely affected the in urban areas as the largest population needing
various sections of the society and particularly shelters in cities. There is an inadequate supply
the migrant labours of rental housing options. This leads to the
Due to lockdown the internal migrant spread of informal settlements and slums. Prime
workers of India have loss their jobs and Minister Awaas Yojana (PMAY) is a central
earnings and they did not have enough government scheme to help the economically
resources to survive this resulted in mass weaker section and low-income group access
exodus where men, women & children were housing
seen returning to their home town by foot Food shortage- According to Government
3. Issues faced by Migrant labourers reports there was enough food stock in FCI
Exodus
godown to feed the poor Also the government
ensured the poor will get additional ration during
lockdown but the distribution system failed in
Economic constraint due to loss of
work doing so and that had a adverse effect on poor
and many died due to hunger
Health issues
Apart from these problems the migrant
Lack of Affordable Housing laborers also faced assult from their neighbors,
hometowns & villages as they were treated with
Food shortage fear or class bias Also many migrant workers
were feared while returning to their old jobs
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after facing unemployment during lockdown certain measures for the migrants to help them
4 Government interventions during COVID 19 out in such situations
pandemic for migrant laborers
References
R elie f c am ps 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian
_ m ig ra nt _ w orke rs _ during_ t he_ C OVI D -
T ran sp ortatio n fac ility
19_pandemic
2. https://www.aajeevika.org/labour-
Q u a ran tine Cen tres
and-migration.php
3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
Q u ara n tine C en tres articles/PMC7301775/
4. Chandrasekhar S, Naik M, Roy SN. On
Relief camps -The Government set up thousands the importance of triangulating data sets to
of camps to provide shelters to the migrants and examine Indians on the move. Economic and
stop exodus Also food camps were set up by Political Weeklyv
the government & NGO to provide food and 5. Ho C.S., Chee C.Y., Ho R.C. Mental
water to the migrantsin few camps medical health strategies to combat the psychological
essentials were also provided such as masks, impact of COVID-19 beyond paranoia and
medicines, sanitizers to prevent them from Panic. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore. 2020;
infection 49(3):155–160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Transportation facility- As migrant workers 6. Li J., Rose N. Urban social exclusion
started travelling back to hometown s either and mental health of China’s rural-urban
walking or bicycling, the Government made migrants-A review and call for research. Health
arrangements of transportfacilities by buses and Place. 2017;48:20–30. [PubMed] [Google
Shramik special trains Scholar]
Quarantine Centres- High positive cases of 7. Deb A.K., Deb M., Saha M.K.,
COVID 19 among the migrants returning home Chakraborty S., Bhattacharya S.K., Detels R. HIV
were found so thestate government decided to transmission potential among local and migrant
set up quarantine centres for the migrants factory workers in Kolkata, India. AIDS Behav.
Directives - The central government gave Oct. 2009;13(5):928–938. [PMC free article]
permission to the states to use national Disaster [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Response Fund (NDRF) for providing food &
shelters to the migrants.The government also 
issued orders to landlords not to demand rent
during the period of lockdown
Conclusion- Internal migrant workers was the
adversely affected community during COVID 19
pandemic and lockdown Due to pandemic
industries & businesses were shut down and
which led to the situation of unemployment and
ultimately affected the physical & mental health
of migrants as a result the migrants started
travelling back to their native places and came
across many hardships The government took
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history from Wuhan, China.
13 Monitoring the effects of the virus,
Indian Government declared lockdown phases.
Impact of covid -19 on Higher In all the phases of lockdown starting from
lockdown1 to lockdown till the date educational
Education institutions never got any relaxation to start
their educational activities. The COVID-19
Assist.Prof.Smt.Vaishali S. Kshirsagar pandemic instantly preceded to the shutting
Art’s & Commerce College, Makhmalabad, down of universities and colleges across the
Nashik world as per the government instructions for
social distancing.It may help to crush the
contamination curve and reduce total deaths
==============***********=============== from the disease.
ABSTRACT: Governments around the world are
This article highlights on major impacts making efforts to reduce the immediate impact
of COVID-19 on Higher Education Institutions of closure of educational institutions and trying
in India. How higher education is changed and to facilitate the continuity of education for all
how it can affect the future challenges. COVID- using different digital modes of learning.
19 has hugely disturbed not only human life but The people residing in rural areas are
also education. In many educational institutions still very much deprived of the technologies and,
around the world, campuses are closed, and therefore, hampering the cause of online
teaching-learning has moved online. Many education.
learners stopped up to move schools/colleges Objectives
and all educational activities. This has tossed The present study is focused on the following
the focus on operating e-Learning tools. Due to objectives:
COVID-19 pandemic, many new modes of 1.To study and analyze the impact of
learning, new views, new developments are COVID-19 on educational institutions.
emerged and the same may continue as we go 2.Highlight the impact of Covid-19 on
ahead to a new tomorrow. Some profitable higher education sector.
suggestions are also directed to carry out 3.Emerging approachesof India forhigher
educational activities during the pandemic education
situation. In the post-pandemic situation, the 4.Enlist post Covid-19 trends of HEIs
use of eLearning and virtual education may play Research Methodology
vital role in higher education system. The study is descriptive and analytical
Key Words: COVID-19, Higher Education in nature. Various reports of national and
Institutions, e-Learning Platforms international agencies on Covid-19 pandemic
Introduction are searched to collect data for current study.
COVID-19 virus was related originally As it is not possible to go outside for data
from Wuhan, China in late December 2019 and collection due to lockdown. information are
rapidly spread throughout the world. On March collected from differentofficial websites,
11, 2020 World Health Organisation (WHO) journals, newspapers, discussions with
declared Covid-19 as a pandemic. In India, the colleagues working in the higher education
first case of Covid-19 was found on 30, January setup and e-contents relating to impact of
2020 in Kerala and the affected had travel Covid-19 on higher educational system of India.
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Impact of covid -19 on Higher Education on students learning. Many institutions
Pandemic Covid-19 has severely havebeen managing the internal assessments
affected the totaleducational system of India as through onlinemode using different digital tools
well as the world but some ofthe most impacted like WhatsApp, Google drive, Telegram, Twitter
areas of higher education of India are aspointed etc. but the postponedexternal assessments,
below. has a direct impact on theeducational and
1. Damaged all educational activities: professional future of students life.many
Occurrence ofCovid-19 has required lockdown students who had appeared final examinations
in every sectorincluding education. So, the would suffer a lot as they get their certificates
various activities like admission, examinations, too late and they might lost the opportunity to
entrance tests, competitive examinations apply for the onwards academic year inother
conducted byvarious boards/schools/colleges/ countries due to lockdown.
universities arepostponed. It may face 3. Reduced employment opportunities: Many
inadequacy in internships, trainings, entrancetests job recruitments got cancelled
apprenticeships, and placements of the which creatednegative impact with a great
students. challenge in the life of astudent of higher
The primary challenge wasto continue education. Some educational institutions may
teaching learning process when students and cut the jobs or reduce the workforces because
staff could no longer be physically present in of terrible economic and financial situations
the campuses. Education sector may face the occurred in the sector. The Indians who have
problems in collection of fees. which can beendoing their jobs abroad became disappoint
createbarrier to run and manage the institutions. of their jobwithdrawal. All these factsimply
The clear solution for theinstitutions was to towards increase of unemployment rate due
depend online teaching learning. Covid-19 has tothis pandemic.
acceleratedapproval ofdigital technologies to Emerging approaches of India for Higher
deliver education. The HEIs have started Educationduring Covid-19
conducting orientationprograms, induction The HEIs haveresponded positively and
meetings and counseling classes with the help adopted various strategies to facethe crisis
of different e-conferencing tools like Google during the pandemic. The MHRD and
Meet,YouTube live, Facebook live, WebEx etc. UniversityGrants Commission (UGC) have made
This initiative has taken to create an effective several arrangementsby lunching of many
virtualenvironment of teaching learning and to virtual platforms with onlinedepositories, e-
create enthusiasm among students for online books and other online teaching/learning
activities.Students are advised to submit materials, educational channels through Direct
thescanned copies of the assignments, to Home TV, Radios for students to continue
internship reports and projects to the their learning. Duringlockdown, students are
institutionthrough email during thelockdown for using popular social media tools likeWhatsApp,
Covid-19. Zoom, Google meet, Telegram, YouTubelive,
2. Harshly effect on the educational Facebook live etc. Some of the digital initiatives
assessment system: of UGC & MHRDfor higher education during
Most of the external examinations have COVID-19 are pointed asbelow:
been postponedand almost all the internal 1.e-GyanKosh: It is a National Digital
assessments have beencancelled. The Repository for storing the digital learning
cancellation of assessments has harmful impact resources which is developed by the Open and
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Distance Learning Institutions in the country. Post Covid-19 Trends of Higher Education
Items in eGyanKosh areprotected by copyright, New technologies will certainly
with all rights reserved byIndira Gandhi National challenge thetraditional paradigms such as
Open University (IGNOU). classroom lectures, modes oflearning and
2.Gyandarshan: It is a web-basedTV channel modes of assessment. The new trends willallow
dedicated to educational anddevelopmental the education sector to imagine new ways of
needs for Open and Distance Learner. teachinglearning and some trends may be
3.Gyandhara:It is aninternet audio counseling pointed as below.
service offered by IGNOU. Itis a web radio where 1. May encourage modified learning: Learning
students can listen to the livediscussions by the maynot be limited to classes or to any specific
teachers and experts on the topic ofthe day and boundaries.Students may be the virtual learners
interact with them through telephone, emailand with one teacherleading dozens of students in
through chat mode. the new age. The learningmodules may be
4.Swayam: Itprovides Massive Open Online modified to suit different learningstyles and the
Courses(MOOCs) with 140 universities approved learning contents may come fromdifferent
credit transferfeature. SwayamPrabha provides sources to meet the learners’ aspirations
high qualityeducational programs through 32 andneeds.
DTH channels transmitting educationalcontents. 3.Reduction in student mobilityin National
5.e-Adhyayan :It is a platform that provides and International higher study: Student safety
700+e-Books for the Post-Graduate courses. All andwell-being issues are important deciding
the e-Booksare derived from e-PG Pathshala factors forstudents and their parents for
courses. It alsofacilitates play-list of video movement to internationalinstitutions for higher
content. study. Theinternational education has also been
6.e-Pathya :It is one the verticals of e- affected by thecrisis. Many international
PGPathshala which is software driven course/ universities have been closedand are delivering
contentpackage that facilitates students all educational activities online.Many
pursuing higher education in distance learning international conferences in higher education
as well ascampus learning mode. It also have been cancelled or turned into a series of
facilitates offline access. webinars.So, the national and international
7.FOSSEE: It is short form forFree/Libre and student movementmay be diminished.
Opensource Software for Education,which is 5. Educational institutions may run with
developed to promote opensource software differentshifts per day.
foreducation as well as professional use. The need for social distancing may
8.Virtual Labs: It has developedweb-enabled indicate lesser students in each class. So,
curriculum based experiments designedfor educational institutions may work in different
remote operation. It has over 100 Virtual shifts perday which may put more pressure on
Labsconsisting of approximately 700+ web- the coaching andadministrative staff of the
enabledexperiments which are designed for institution to manage.
remote operation. These Virtual Labs caters to 7. Education may run with technology.
students at the undergraduate level, post More and more students will depend on
graduatelevel as well as to research scholars. technology anddigital solutions for education,
9.Shodhganga: It is aplatform for research entertainmentand connecting themselves with
students to deposit their Ph.D.theses and make the outside world.Students will use internet
it available to the entire scholarlycommunity in technology to communicatevirtually with their
open access. teachers and fellow learners throughE-mail,

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WhatsApp, Videoconference, Instant message, with all depositories would enhancebetter
etc. accessibility and flexibility to education. The
8. Assessment system may be changed to post Covid-19education seems to be an
newshape. education with widely acceptedonline/virtual
Artificial Intelligence (AI) may help education which may perhaps be a parallel
teachers todeal with assessment, evaluation, system of education. This paper has not covered
preparing mark-sheetsand monitoring the anystatistical analysis on impact of Covid-19 on
performance of each student easily. AI may use highereducation however further in-depth study
digital platform extensively to reduceburden of with statisticalresearch may also be undertaken.
examiner in handling examination and References:
evaluation systems 1.WHO. WHO Coronavirus Disease
10. Blended learning may take the leading (COVID-19) Dashboard. Retrieved on June 3,
role. 2020. Fromhttps://covid19.who.int/
Blended learning combines both face to 2.Wikipedia. Covid-19 Pandemic in India.
face and online learningmodes. Covid-19 has Retrieved onMay 20, 2020 fromhttps://
accelerated adoption of digitaltechnologies to en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic
deliver education and encouraged the _in_India
educational institutions to move towards 3.Wikipedia, Education in India
blended modeof learning. All teachers and Retrieved on May 24,2020. Fromhttps://en.
students became moretechnology savvy. wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_India
11.Student debt crisis may rises. 4. UNESCO. COVID-19 Educational
In India, lots of studentsor their parents Disruption andResponse. Retrieved on June 3,
take education loans for highereducation. If the 2020 fromhttps://en.unesco.org/covid19/
employment market does not pick up,student educationresponse
debt crises may rise and create serious issue. 5. Pravat Ku Jena. Challenges and
12. Rate of unemployment is increased. Opportunities createdby Covid-19 for ODL: A
There is no recruitment in Govt. sector case study of IGNOU.International Journal for
and freshgraduates fear withdrawal of their job Innovative Research inMultidisciplinary Filed.
offers fromprivate sectors because of the 2020a; 6(5):217-222.
pandemic Covid-19. Many Indians might have 6. Pravat Ku Jena. Impact of Pandemic
returnedhome after losing their jobs.Hence, the COVID-19 onEducation in India. Purakala. 2020b;
fresh students who are likely to enter the 31(46):142-149.
jobmarket shortly may face difficulty in getting 7.Shazia Rashid1 and Sunishtha Singh
suitableemployment. Yadav1,Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Higher
Conclusion: Education and Research
This study has outlined various impacts 8.Pravat Kumar Jena Impact of Covid-19
of Covid-19 onhigher education in India. The on higher education in India international
recent pandemic created anopportunity for Journal of Advanced Education and Research
change in academic approaches andintroduction 9. MHRD online. Online Learning
of virtual education in all levels of education.As Resources of MHRD.Retrieved on June 6, 2020
we do not know how long the pandemic situation 10. UGC notice (29 April, 2020). UGC
willcontinue, a steady move towards the online/ Guidelines on Examinations and Academic
virtual education is the demand of the current Calendar in view ofCOVID-l9 Pandemic
disaster. UGC andMHRD have launched many Retrieved on June 5, 2020.
virtual platforms with onlinedepositories, e- 11. Pravat Ku Jena. Online learning
books and other online teaching/learning during lockdownperiod for Covid-19 in India.
materials Combination of the traditional International Journal ofMultidisciplinary
technologies(radio, TV, landline phones) with Educational Research-2020.
mobile/web technologiesto a single platform
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Keywords: Prior Work, Hate Speech, Constitution
14 of India, Indian Law
1. Introduction
Psycho-Social Impact of Hate The epidemic does not sound complete
in the case of covid-19 which should be
Speech on Social Media in India: A “ infodemic” because during the epidemic
Review Paper on the Pandemic Era various sources provided various details about
covid-19 on social media and online both called
Trisha Marik the epidemic conspiracy this is being played all
Asst. Professor, Dept: Computer Application, over the world on Facebook and Twitter tag
Institute of Management Study, Kolkata owners Zuckerberg Sheryl Sandberg and Jack
Dorsey that Facebook and twitter were forums
Dr. Indrajit Ghosal rather than publishers and therefore responsible
Assistant Professor, Dept. (AIIT), for the content published on their Facebook
Amity University, Patna platforms and the billions of creators with the
ever-increasing responsibility for rating such
==============***********=============== content both twitter and Facebook removes
Abstract posts that promote accounting for duplicate
Hate Speech is abusive and offensive, content accounts what you hate about the new
threatening speech or writing that expresses standard is when the vaccination period has
prejudice against a selected cluster particularly started and the panic attack has started online
on the premise of race, religion, or sexual and also offline the worst side of this during
orientation. In the context of the current the disease crisis is the period of ignorance
scenario, it becomes difficult to identify hate misuse of this platform means that digital
speech on social media. Virtual media has no platforms can have Economic with minimal
boundaries for that it’s extremely difficult to psychological and political implications and can
control offensive events, fake news. It can be lead to discrimination and violence.
affected by violence and conflicts in society and Hate speech disinformation and rumors
real life. in India have been responsible for acts of
In this review paper, we want to identify violence and deaths in India for some time
how hate speech helps to affect psycho-social ahead of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s
factors of society when society suffers a announcement of lockdown in all over India,
pandemic situation. How hate speech on social Delhi was put on a full lockdown, as 3,400 heads
media pushes to get violence on the offline united in the Nizamuddin area for the Tablighi
sector during a pandemic. We try to explore Jamaat event 1 . It explained on the twitter
those factors which are affected to create hate hashtag #coronajihad2 this is actually the inter
speech and how social factors are affected by connectivity of hate speech on online
that misinformation that actually belongs to hate Islamaphobia physical attacks on the Muslim
speech, also try to focus on the freedom of community in india.
speech section of expression of speech. Hate Faced with global pandemic and arising
speech and offensive language are almost the calls for violence against minority communities,
same and many times identified that both are United Nations Secretary-General Antonio
using interchangeably. Gutierres issued a global appeal in May of last
year to stop COVID-19 related hate speech.
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Back then, the first wave of the pandemic had considered a reasonable restriction on freedom
already instigated what Gutierres called “a of speech and expression. The 123(3A) of the
tsunami of hate and xenophobia, scapegoating Representation of the People Act, 1951, also
and scaremongering”3 in countries around the criminalizes hate speech by election
world. candidates.
A Wall Street Journal report published in 1.a Prior Work
August’2020, had accused Facebook of political Hate speech is basically popular on the
4
bias in India . The report stated that Facebook racism, transgender, religion related issues or
India’s public policy head had intervened gender also. LGBT[Lesbian, Gay,Bi-Sexual and
multiple times concerning the banning of several Transgender] community oppose against which
Bhartiya Janata Party leaders for posting ‘hate posted in social media. According to the Simon
speech on the platform. Following these Wiesen, 2013, Social service orgnisation
allegations, in September 5, Ajit Mohan, ,Toronto, Canada. (Caitlin Elizabeth Ring, 2015).
Managing Director Facebook, India, had Later, Control and detection is impossible in
deposed before the Parliamentary Standing Social media. This research paper is helps to
Committee on Information Technology. outlined the existing approach in a systematic
Additionally, Mohan was also summoned by the manner.Its mainly aimed at NLP(Neuro-
peace and harmony committee of the Delhi Linguistic Programming). Its a pseudo-scientific
Government. The committee had expressed approach, to communication to personal
suspicion over Facebook’s probable role in the developmentand psycho therapy created by
‘orchestration’ of the Delhi riots earlier this Richard bandler and John Grinder, California,
year6. USA,1970 (Anna Schmidt and Michel Wiegand,
Needless to the mention, the target and 2017).
purpose of Facebook from once it initial began The right definition of Hate Speech
are to step by step altered by political and is lacking in law and as well as book but this
corporate forces. The virtual social media research article defined n new definition of Hate
platform is currently being weaponised to unfold Speech and elaborately describe about the
hate speech and flow into fake news. Hate factors and about the as well as hate crime ,
speech has not been outlined in any law in India. also introduce a toolkit DAPP[ Diversity
However, legal provisions in bound legislations Awarness and Prejudice Pack] (Rania Hamad,
disallow choose varieties of speech as an June’2017). Its too tough to create barriers on
exception to freedom of speech. Presently, in the internet.This prior-work also refrain
our country the subsequent legislations have suggesting broad technique to deals with
bearing on hate speech,the Indian Penal Code, generic offline hate underlying Online hate
1860 (hereinafter IPC) Section 153A IPC speech (Manick Mondal, Lendro Araujo Silva and
penalises ‘promotion of enmity between totally Fabricio Benevenuto, 2017).Most of online
different teams on grounds of religion, race, networks and micro blogging website forbid the
place of birth, residence, language, etc., and use of hate speech wisely. Author using big data
doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of technology and data mining technique and few
harmony ’. Section 153B IPC penalises algorithms also, divided into two basic parts, 1.
‘imputations, assertions prejudicial to national- HATE and 2. NON-HATE using some remarks
integration’. The Constitution of India, under “clean” “Offensive” “Hateful” (Hajime
Article 19(1)(a) provides the right to freedom of Watanable, Monder Bouazizi Tomaoki Othsuki,
speech and expression. ... Hate speech is FEB’2018 ). It’s very tough to differentiate
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between Hate Speech and Freedom Of can be defined as postmodern and multicultural.
Expression. Next related work we identified that For this review investigation many factors are
the author discussed on limitations of Freedom propagated for hate Speech, does not detect
of Expressions (Jo Roels, 2017). explicitly properly for that want to research on
The authors by using Naive Bayes this point: Hate Speech, offensive language and
ALgorithm wants to detect Hate Speech on Freedom of expression are almost same and
online(Ika Alfina, Rio Mulia, Md. Ivan Fanary and many more times identified that both are using
Yudo Ekanata,2017). Introduced a deep learning interchanbly. Hate speech, Offensive language
based Twitter hate speech Classification system, against any groups of community in society also
a neural Netwok Model (Björn Gambäck , Utpal effectual always because on the basis those
Kumar Sikdar, 2017). news many more violence ,offence were
A campaign to highlights the devaluation happened and economical-social and as well as
of lives African -American citizens spanked by psychological sides are harmed weirdly.
extrajudicial killings of Black Men-Women 2. a Hate Speech
(Zeerak Waseem, 2017). Hate speech is defined Hate Speech in oxford Dictionary
in India in terms of the harm to the community “Abusive or threatening speech or writing that
at large rather than one which is focused on the express prejudice against a particular group,
violation of an individual’s right to freedom of especially on the basis of race, religion or sexual
speech and expression and the harm done unto orientation”. Hate speech lies in a complex
her as result of hate speech (Anandita Yadav, confluence of freedom of expression, individual,
2019). group and minority rights, as well as concepts
In pandemic situations, hate speech of dignity, liberty and equality 7. Attributable to
propagates in social media, new forms of the subjective nature of this issue, deciding if a
stigmatization arise and new groups are targeted given piece of text contains hate speech is
with this kind of speech(Viviana Cotik, Natalia onerous. In this paper, we use the hate speech
Debandi and Franco Luque, 2020). According to definition outlined in the work done by Elsherief
(I Ghosal and M Dey, 2018) investigated that et al.8. The authors outline hate speech as a
Impact of social media in small business direct and serious attack on any protected
industry. However, the aim of this study is to category of people based on their race, ethnicity,
provide insight and relevant information about national origin, religion, sex, gender, sexual
the Psycho-Social effect of hate speech on orientation, disability or disease.”. Others have
social media. In the view of the above debate, a slightly different definition for hate speech but
one research issue has arisen. Is there any the spirit is roughly the same. In our work we
Psycho-Social effect of hate speech on social shall mostly go by this definition unless
media in India? otherwise explicitly mentioned.
With the answering of above question, 7 Iginio Gagliardone, Danit Gal, Thiago
the author used a positivist approach to Alves, and Gabriela Martinez. 2015. Countering
understand Psycho-Social impact of hate Speech online hate speech. Unesco Publishing.
via online networking sites. Therefore, this study 8 Mai ElSherief, Vivek Kulkarni, Dana
has an originality to know about the Nguyen, William Yang Wang, and Elizabeth
psychographic attributes. Belding. 2018.
2. Literature Review: 2. b Constitution in India
Review of Literature individuals within When the first time in Indian history
the US culture are surrounded by a context that established Freedom of Speech in the
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Constitutent Assembly, from then to now there the different approaches suggested by different
are lots of limitations till have been demand to international and regional human rights treaties.
the constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951 and My all data are secondary base because I used
the constitution (Sixteenth Amendmengt), internet-books, Journal and web reference and
Act,1963 that added different restrictions in law report of Supreme Court to collect data.
under 19(2)[2] of the Constitution in India. Many more blogs like: IILS( Indian Institute of
2.c Indian Law Legal Studies) are created on the basis of hate
It is difficult to define hate speech as Speech and freedom of Speech as well as
any ambiguity in a definition may allow intrusion freedom of expression.
into freedom of speech and expression. The Findings
erstwhile section 66A of the Information It becomes enormous challenging to
Technology Act, 2002 which was struck down in detect hate speech on social media. With the
Shreya Singhal113 is an example wherein the revolution of virtual media. The freedom of
vagueness of the legal provision led to misuse expression has been changing cross boundaries
of the law. The precision of law is one of the and cross-jurisdiction most uncomfortable using
grounds adopted by ECtHR in adjudging the in virtual media, no geographical boundaries are
legality of restriction imposed by the State. required here. It’s extremely difficult to control
Hence, any attempt to define hate speech must in the virtual world. People feel more
meet the aforementioned parameters. comfortable speaking freely in virtual media, the
The Indian Penal Code, 1860 (hereinafter internet creates a lot of opportunities to
IPC) Section 153A IPC penalises ‘promotion of communicate easily or speech very freely and
enmity between totally different teams on wisely. Hate Speech, freedom of expression and
grounds of religion, race, place of birth, offensive language, hate crime are interrelated
residence, language, etc., and doing acts and somehow dependent on each other. Hate
prejudicial to maintenance of harmony’. Section speech and freedom of expression, offensive
153B IPC penalises ‘imputations, assertions language, hate crime have a common element-
prejudicial to national-integration’. violence is bias-motivated. Both are triggered
The Constitution of India, under Article by few things that racism, religion, ethnicity,
19(1)(a) provides the right to freedom of sexism, transgender issues, etc. Limitations of
speech and expression. ... Hate speech is the Freedom of expression are protected by
considered a reasonable restriction on freedom fundamental rights like freedom of thoughts and
of speech and expression. The 123(3A) of the the right to freedom of expression.
Representation of the People Act, 1951, also Discussion and Conclusion
criminalizes hate speech by election “Hate speech: Issues Hate speech raises
candidates. very complex questions that test the limits of
3. Methodology free speech. There are vast differences between
The core focus of the thesis is analyzing the regulation practiced among the nations and
the implications of private regulation on hate the much more extensive regulation typical of
speech on social media. To achieve this aim, other countries and of international
this paper will employ various legal research covenants.”9.
methods. The challenge of fake news and hate
With regards to identifying the speech needs careful thoughts and collaboration
definition of hate speech, doctrinal, comparative between government, academia, publishers,
and critical methods will be used to establish social media platforms, and civil rights groups.
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Meanwhile, we tend to should all contribute to detection in the Indonesian language: A dataset
endeavor the problem. As individuals, we tend and preliminary study. In 2017 International
to browse ourselves whether or not one thing Conference on Advanced Computer Science and
we tend to browse the true. If we see hate posts Information Systems (ICACSIS) (pp. 233-238).
IEEE.
concerning violence, we must always report it.
Charette, C. N., & Hickey, E. W. (2017).
If we tend to receive forwarded posts on Legal Definitions of Violence and Aggression.
WhatsApp, we must think twice before The Wiley Handbook of Violence and
forwarding these on. Aggression, 1-14.
Whilst a long-term resolution is Cotik, V., Debandi, N., Luque, F. M.,
developed for the issue that has been created Miguel, P., Moro, A., Pérez, J. M., ... & Zayat, D.
as a byproduct of the past decade’s technology (2020). A study of Hate Speech in Social Media
revolution, each one of us has the responsibility during the COVID-19 outbreak.
to question what we read, post, and share. Each ElSherief, M., Kulkarni, V., Nguyen, D.,
Wang, W. Y., & Belding, E. (2018, June). Hate
one of us should take responsibility for the
lingo: A target-based linguistic analysis of hate
content we produce, the content we consume, speech in social media. In Proceedings of the
and the content we forward to others. International AAAI Conference on Web and
9http://www.supremecourtcases.com/ Social Media (Vol. 12, No. 1).
index2.php?option=com_content&itemid=5&do_ Gambäck, B., & Sikdar, U. K. (2017,
pdf=1&id=22819 August). Using convolutional neural networks to
Limitations classify hate-speech. In Proceedings of the first
Indian Penal code, under section 153A, workshop on abusive language online (pp. 85-
153B, 295A, 298, 505(1), 505(2) declares that 90).
word is spoken or written or any kind of visual Gagliardone, I., Gal, D., Alves, T., &
Martinez, G. (2015). Countering online hate
representation that promotions disharmony, speech. Unesco Publishing
enmity, culture language caste community, race, Hamad, R. (2017). Hate Crime: Causes,
etc. is a punishable offense. Motivations and Effective Interventions for
The Bangalore issue, August’2020, that Criminal Justice Social Work. City of Edinburgh
a relative of Akhand Srivastava who is also a Council.
MLA, had posted content about the minority Mondal, M., Silva, L. A., & Benevenuto,
community and NRC(national registers of F. (2017, July). A measurement study of hate
Citizens) aimed at identifying “illegal migrants”, speech in social media. In Proceedings of the
but that line spread into the community “ India 28th acm conference on hypertext and social
media (pp. 85-94).
wants to remove Muslim from this land and
Ring, C. E. (2013). Hate speech in social
creates only Hindu Rashtra” media: An exploration of the problem and its
Hate Speech becomes a particularly proposed solutions (Doctoral dissertation,
heinous type of hate crime causing direct University of Colorado at Boulder).
physical and psychological harm to the victim Roels, J. (2017). The Battle against Hate
of hate speech. Speech and Freedom of Expression Online.
References Charles University in Prague Faculty of Law
Anna Schmidt & Michel Wiegand, 2017, Research Paper No.
A survey on Hate speech detecting using Natural Sarkar, M. D., & Ghosal, I. (2018). Impact
Language Processing of social media in small business industry: a
study on Facebook. International Journal on
Alfina, I., Mulia, R., Fanany, M. I., &
Recent Trends in Business and Tourism (IJRTBT),
Ekanata, Y. (2017, October). Hate speech 2(3), 33-39.
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Watanabe, H., Bouazizi, M., & Ohtsuki,
T. (2018). Hate speech on twitter: A pragmatic 15
approach to collect hateful and offensive
expressions and perform hate speech detection.
IEEE access, 6, 13825-13835.
THE IMPACT OF ONLINE RETAILING
Web References: (E-TAILING) ON TRADITIONAL RETAIL
TABILGHI JAMAT: https://www.india STORES- A CASE STUDY OF
today.in/india/story/delhi-nizamuddin-tablighi- ELECTRONIC GOODS IN RANCHI
jamaat-event-6-dead-thousands-identified-10-
points-1661614-2020-03-31 DISTRICT (JHARKHAND)
#CORONAJIHAD: https://www.freepress
journal.in/viral/why-is-coronajihad-trending-on- Amit Kumar Gupta
twitter Assistant Professor, Dept. of Commerce,
TSUNAMI :https://www.un.org/press/ St. Xavier’s College Simdega, Simdega
en/2020/sgsm20076.doc.htm
JOURNAL REPORT: https://www.wsj.com Dr. R.P. Gope
/art icles /face book-s -t op-public-policy-
Assistant Professor (Sr. Scale),
executive-in-india-steps-down-11603807845
http://www.supremecourtcases.com/ Dept. of Commerce,
index2.php?option=com_content&itemid=5&do_ Yogoda Satsanga Mahavidyalaya, Ranchi
pdf=1&id=22819
https://www.un.org /en/universal- ==============***********===============
declaration-human-rights/ Abstract
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
This paper explains the prominent
city/bengaluru/mob-attacks-bengaluru-mlas-
house-cops-fire-three-dead/articleshow/ features of Retail, E-Tail and Traditional Retail,
77495467.cms The Impact of Covid-19 on the Retail, The
https://www.iilsindia.com/blogs/right- Government of India’s Initiatives to encourage
freedom-speech-expression-vis-vis-freedom- the Retail Sector, A Case Study of Electronic
press/#:~:text=Article%2019(1)(a,pictures% Goods in Ranchi District (Jharkhand), Major
20or%20any%20other%20mode. Challenges for both the Traditional and Online
https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/ Retailers and Measures to overcome them. India
tag/nrc/ is the world’s fifth largest global destination in
Footnotes
the retail space and ranked 63 in World Bank’s
1 TABILGHI JAMAT: https://www.india
today.in/india/story/delhi-nizamuddin-tablighi- Ease of Doing Business Report 2020. Indian
jamaat-event-6-dead-thousands-identified-10- Retail industry accounts for over 10% of the
points-1661614-2020-03-31 country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and
2 #CORONAJIHAD: https://www.free around 8% of the employment. India ranked 73
pressjournal.in/viral/why-is-coronajihad-trend in the United Nations Conference on Trade and
ing-on-twitter Development’s (UNCTAD) Business-to-
3 TSUNAMI : https://www.un.org/press/ Consumer (B2C) E-commerce Index 2019. Indian
en/2020/sgsm20076.doc.htm e-commerce is projected to increase from 4%
4,5,6 JOURNAL REPORT: https:// of the total food and grocery, apparel and
www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-s-top-public-
policy-executive-in-india-steps-down-11603 consumer electronics retail trade in 2020 to 8%
807845 by 2025. The Covid-19 Pandemic has posed
several major challenges to both the mediums
of retail, especially the traditional retail
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segment. Despite these challenges, Retail
market in India is projected to grow from an
estimated US $672 billion in 2017 to US $ 1200
billion in 2021. In the present paper an attempt
has been made to decode the factors behind
the emerging role of the Online Retailing which
are making E-Tailing the new normal in the retail
sector along with the Challenges for both the
Traditional and Online Retailers and Measures
to overcome the same.
Keywords : B2C, Covid-19, The New Normal,
Omni-Channel, Augmented Reality
Introduction
Retail is the sale that occurs when a business
sells a product or service to an individual
consumer for his or her own use. The transaction
itself can occur through a number of different
sales channels, such as online, in a brick-and- Rising Prominence of Online Retail
mortar storefront, through direct sales, or direct Source : IBEF Indian Retail Industry Report
mail. The aspect of the sale that qualifies it as November 2020
a retail transaction is that the end user is the The Impact of Covid-19 on the Retail
buyer. Traditional Retail Store is a local store The Covid-19 Pandemic is forcing the
which offers its products or services particularly Traditional retail sector to be present Online on
to its local customers. The customers will have one hand and the Online Retailers to make the
to visit the store physically to buy the products latest use of technology in a bid to enhance the
or avail the services. E-Tailing, i.e., Electronic customer’s experience on the other. The Global
Retailing or Online Retailing is a form Pandemic has had an enormous impact on the
of electronic commerce (B2C, i.e., Business-to- Retail Sector, both Traditional and Online.
Consumer) which allows consumers to directly India implemented a lockdown for 21
buy goods or services from a seller primarily over days, announced on March 24, 2020. This was
the Internet. The Business-to-Consumer (B2C) after the “Janata Curfew” on March 22, 2020 - a
type of e-commerce is distinguished by the so-called practice lockdown. Panic-buying
establishment of electronic business commenced among consumers days before the
relationships between businesses and final lockdown was announced, much like in other
consumers. It corresponds to the retail section countries. This lockdown was the largest in the
of e-commerce. When compared to buying retail world, restricting 1.3 billion people, extended
in traditional commerce, the consumer usually until end of May. According to Shopify, 86%
has more information available in terms of Indians have adopted online shopping during
informative content and there is also a the pandemic indicating accelerated adoption
widespread idea that you’ll be buying cheaper, of ecommerce across age-groups.
without jeopardizing an equally personalized The Covid-19 pandemic has led to a
customer service, as well as ensuring quick further rise in digital, contactless payments as
processing and delivery of your order in the customer behaviour has shifted from cash to
Online Mode of retailing. card. Also, as per the Mckinsey report, 96%
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consumers have tried a new shopping A Case Study of Electronic Goods in Ranchi
behaviour; 60% consumers are expected to shift District (Jharkhand)
to online shopping in the festive season and A survey was conducted for the city of
continue shopping online beyond the Covid-19 Ranchi, the capital of Jharkhand from 20th April,
pandemic. In October 2020, Flipkart acquired a 2021 to 23rd April, 2021 via Google forms. A
140-acre land at Rs.432crore (US$58.87million) total of 62 consumers willing filled the Google
to establish their largest fulfilling centre in Asia, Forms to mark their participation as the
in Manesar, Gurgaon, in a bid to scale their respondents.
fulfilment infrastructure to cater to increased Around 59.70 per cent respondents were
demand post Covid-19. men, indicating predominance of male
customers in online shopping.
Overall, 82.30 per cent of the
respondents were in the 21–30 years age group.
This shows that a predominantly younger
population go for online shopping.
As far as occupation is concerned, most
respondents - 32.30 per cent were students and
30.60 per cent respondents worked in the private
sector
They also rated their overall satisfaction
Source : IBEF E-Commerce Report November with each site. Respondents rated the overall
2020 quality of service on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1
The Government of India’s Initiatives to meant ‘poor’ and 5 meant ‘excellent’. The
Encourage the Retail Sector majority, amounting to 48.40% gave a rating of
Some of the major initiatives taken by 4 which indicates a high level of satisfaction.
the Government to promote the Retail Industry The survey reveals that there are three
in India are as follows: primary reasons why people shop Electronic
Heavy investment made by the Goods online. In the survey ‘Lower Prices’,
Government in rolling out fibre network for 5G ‘Range and Availability of Products’, and
will help boost E-commerce and thereby E- ‘Convenience’ were the highest rated options
Tailing in India. by the respondents. Other reasons like
Government of India has allowed 100% comprehensive information, etc, turned out to
FDI in online retail of goods and services through be less significant as they were preferred by
the automatic route, thereby providing clarity few respondents only.
on the existing businesses of E-commerce Amazon was rated on top with 54.80% per cent
companies operating in India. of respondents saying they would ‘definitely
Government may change Foreign Direct recommend’ the site. It was followed by
Investment (FDI) rules in food processing in a Flipkart (38.7 per cent), while few others voted
bid to permit E-commerce companies and foreign Amazon, Flipkart and snapdeal together as their
retailers to sell Made in India consumer preference.
products. Under the Digital India movement, Among the many consumer detriments,
Government launched various initiatives like i.e., Problems faced in online shopping of
Umang, Start-up India Portal, Bharat Interface Electronic Goods, the major ones include
for Money (BHIM) etc. to boost digitisation. Product out of stock (37.10%), Defective
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Product (17.7%), Non-delivery/ Delay in
Delivery (17.7%), Wrong Product (11.30%), while
a few also responded as No problems faced till
now.
Electronic items with 48.40% was the first
priority on the list of products that are
generally being purchased online, followed by
Apparels with 35.50% and later by Foods and
Grocery, Books, Jewellery, etc. Major Challenges for the Traditional Retailers
40.3% opted for Cash on Delivery, 25.8% for and Measures to Overcome
UPI and 17.7% for Debit Card as the Preferred 1. Creating new retail experiences in-store :
mode of payment for buying Electronic goods This can be achieved by resorting to means such
online. as Changing Store Layouts, Utilising New
58.10% said that they generally prefer Payment Methods, Virtual Queueing, 3D Virtual
the online mode for buying Electronic Goods. Changing Rooms, etc.
87.1% of the total respondents said that 2. Moving or focussing business online : It’s
they compare prices in both online and offline the need of the hour since there is a shortfall in
modes before making the final purchase. sales through the traditional mode of retailing
93.5% of the total respondents said that due to the fall in the number of customer visits
they compare prices between websites before in the store in the Covid-19 Pandemic period.
buying online. 3. Creating omni-channel marketing/buying
Mobiles with 56.5% were the most preferred experiences : Omni-channel denotes or relates
Electronic Item for ordering online, followed by to a type of retail that integrates the different
Home Appliances with 22.60% and Computer methods of shopping available to consumers
Accessories with 6.50%. (e.g., online by means of a computer or a mobile
51.6% said that they have started or a tablet or a phablet or in a physical store).
shopping Electronic goods more online after 4. Hiring An Efficient digital team : The only
the Covid-19 Lockdown. way to get attention is to improve customer’s
digital shopping experience through
personalisation which can be achieved by hiring
an efficient digital or marketing team.
Major Challenges for the Online Retailers and
Measures to Overcome
1. Mobile-Responsive websites : This is the
need of the hour since the number of
smartphone users in the country is at a all time
high.
2. Engaging Web Design and Multiple
Payment Options : The web design should be
simple and engaging and should contain
multiple payment options in order to attract the
customer.
3. Cultivating Multiple Channels of
Communication : These channels can include
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emails, phone calls, live chats on the website, business online or else, they will be left behind
and messages and comments through different by those who have stores both onsite and online.
social media platforms. The Survey conducted in Ranchi District also
4. Maintaining Loyal Customer : This could be pinpoints in this direction by emphasising on the
achieved by creating a loyalty program, offering growing role of the E-Tail in the Total Retail.
birthday rewards and maintaining extremely Over the next five years, the Indian e-
good communication and customer service retail industry is projected to exceed ~300-350
practices with their loyal customers. million shoppers, propelling the online Gross
5. Adoption and Enhancement of Augmented Merchandise Value (GMV) to US$ 100-120 billion
Reality(AR) Experience : As AR becomes a more by 2025.
expected part of the online shopping experience, Despite challenges, Retail market in
retailers will have to create AR experiences for India is projected to grow from an estimated US
their customers to keep up. $672 billion in 2017 to US $ 1200 billion in 2021.
As online retailing continues to grow and
retailers navigate challenges presented by
COVID-19, the online retailing seems to be the
best solution for the customers as they are now
taking it as the new normal.
References
1. Madan Sushila, “An Introduction to E-
Commerce” E-Commerce, MKM Publisher Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi, Volume 51, 2015
Source : LocalCircles 2. Emerging Modes of Business,
Conclusion Business Studies, NCERT Textbook for Class XI,
India is the world’s fifth largest global Issue - I, March -2006, p.121
destination in the retail space and ranked 63 in 3. IBEF E-Commerce Report August 2020
World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Report 4. IBEF Indian Retail Industry Report
2020. Indian Retail industry accounts for over November 2020
10% of the country’s gross domestic product 5. IBEF E-Commerce Report November
(GDP) and around 8% of the employment. India 2020
ranked 73 in the United Nations Conference on 6. https://www.sellbrite.com/blog/
Trade and Development’s Business-to-Consumer create-a-successful-online-store/
(B2C) E-commerce Index 2019. 7. https://www.shopify.in/encyclopedia/
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has had retail
a huge impact on a lot of industries across the 8. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
world. Retail is right up at the top of that list. business/india-business/indian-electronics-
Even before the pandemic, many market-expected-to-reach-400-billion-by-2020
traditional retailers were struggling to survive study/articleshow/59108734.cms
with rising overheads, high rental costs and the 9 . h t t ps : / /w w 2. f r os t . c o m /f r o s t -
ease of online shopping. perspectives/evolving-online-retail-channel-
One of the top challenges facing consumer-electronics-india/
traditional retailers is the fact that they have to
take the step of transition to conduct their
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Company
16 INTRODUCTION
Stress is a condition which happens
A STUDY ON IMPACT OF STRESS ON when one realises the pressure on them or
requirements of situation are wider than they
EMPLOYEE JOB SATISFACTION IN
can handle, and if these requirements are huge
AIR INDIA COMPANY and continue for a long period of time without
any interval, mental, physical or behavioral
Mr.Saurabh Ashok Patil problems may occur. Stress is an individual’s
Mansukhani Institute of Management, response to change in circumstance or to a
Ulhasnagar threatening situation. It can be viewed as a
personal reaction to an external event/demand
==============***********=============== like writing an exam or to an internal state of
ABSTRACT mind like worrying about an exam. Of interest
The term stress is basically from physical is the fact that stress tends to increase with the
science where it means the force placed upon prospect of not being able to cope with the
an object to cause damage, bending, or situation at hand.For most people, stress is
breaking. In case of human beings, stress is viewed as a negative concept. Adults devote
often used to describe the body’s responses to almost all of their waking time to work as career
demands placed upon it, whether these development makes up almost 70% of all human
demands are favourable or unfavourable. developmental tasks. Hence it is important that
Anything that causes stress is called a stressor. the employees feel a sense of satisfaction with
Siegal and Lance (1987) stated that ‘job their job or else it might lead to frustration,
satisfaction is an emotional response defining anger and in some cases even depression. Job
the degree to which people like their job.’ Work satisfaction, an unquantifiable metric, is defined
is a central part of almost everyone’s life. The as a positive emotional response you experience
airline was founded by J. R. D. Tata as Tata when doing your job or when you are present at
Airlines in 1932; Tata himself flew its first single- work. Leading organizations are now trying to
engine de Havilland Puss Moth, carrying air mail measure this feeling, with job satisfaction
from Karachi to Bombay’s Juhu aerodrome and surveys becoming a staple at most workplaces.
later continuing to Madras (currently Chennai). I Air India’s mascot is the Maharajah (Emperor)
After World War II, it became a public limited and the logo consists of a flying swan with the
company and was renamed as Air India. On 21 wheel of Konark inside it.Air India is the flag
February 1960, it took delivery of its first Boeing carrier airline of India, headquartered at New
707 named Gauri Shankar and became the first Delhi. It is owned by Air India Limited, a
Asian airline to induct a jet aircraft in its fleet. government-owned enterprise, and operates a
In 2000–01, attempts were made to privatise fleet of Airbus and Boeing aircraft serving 102
Air India and from 2006 onwards, it suffered domestic and international destinations. The
losses after its merger with Indian Airlines.Air airline has its hub at Indira Gandhi International
India also operates flights to domestic and Asian Airport, New Delhi, alongside several focus
destinations through its subsidiaries Alliance Air cities across India. Air India is the largest
and Air India Express. international carrier out of India with an 18.6%
Keywords : Stress, Job Satisfaction, Air India market share. Over 60 international destinations
are served by Air India across four continents.
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The airline became the 27th member of Star Data Type - Primary and Secondary
Alliance on 11 July 2014. Instrument Used–Questionnaire
LITERATURE REVIEW Analytical Tool - Percentage , Corelation
(M.Kotteeswari, Dr.S.Tameem Sharief) Hypothesis -
conducted a research on the Topic Job Stress H0 : There is no significant relationship between
and its Impact on Employees Performance a Stress and Job Satisfaction H1 : There is
Study with Reference To Employees working in significant relationship between Stress and Job
BPOS. Job stress is negatively related to Satisfaction
performance. In other words, higher the stress, Correlation
lower the performance. Workplace stress
Job Stress
derives from many sources. (Raja Zuraidah RM. Sat isfaction
Rasi, Suhana M, Mardhiah Y, Zuraidah A, Jo b Satisfaction 1
Norhasniza M. H. A, Nooririnah O) defined The Stres s 0.538884 1
Impact of Job Stress to Job Satisfaction among
Engineers: A Literature Review. The quest to After Calculation Correlation is
obtain job satisfaction is not an easy task. Most 0.538884. So there exists a relationship between
of the time it will comes together with job stress. Stress and Job Satisfaction. Null Hypothesis is
(Dr. Jyoti Vyas Bajpai, Dr. Trupti Vyas Dave, Mr. rejected and Alternate Hypothesis is accepted.
Siddharth Bajpai) conducted a research on the The Calculated value indicates that there is
Topic A Study of Impact of Work Stress on Job moderate Correlation between Stress and Job
Satisfaction of Employees Working in Indian Satisfaction.
Banking Sector. The economic recession of 2010 Mean
has been perhaps the biggest nightmare for Mean score of Job Satisfaction = Sum of
many business organizations world over. There responses of all 6 questions
are many ways in which the recession has left Maximum score of 6 questions
its ugly scar on enterprises that are still =2228
struggling to regain their lost glory or some to 30
barely make it through. =74.2666
OBJECTIVES Mean Score of Stress = Sum of responses of 9
To study about the concept of Stress and questions
Job satisfaction. Maximum score of 9 questions
To find out about employees stress in =2127
Air India company. 30
To find out the Job satisfaction of =70.9
employees in Air India company. SCOPE
To discover the relationship between The Study is limited to the employees of
stress and Job Satisfaction in Air India company. Air IndiaCompany.
To suggest any changes if required. The data collection is limited to 100
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY employees working at Air IndiaCompany.
Assumptions (if any) - Existence of stress DATA ANALYSIS
among employees in Air India Company. Stress is always a deterrent in creating
Research design - Descriptive &exploratory good quality of work life. Company expect an
Sampling Design- Simple randomsampling indivual to give his/her very best in the form of
Sample Size - 100 work output and at the same time also be very
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satisfied with the work place. Because the than 10 years.
satisfied indivual is always motivated and happy In the survey conducted out of total 100
who can contribute the best for the company. respondents , 78 respondents (78%) were Agree,
Company must begin to manage people at work 14 respondents were Strongly Agree, 6
differently, improve work environment and treat respondents (6%) were Neutral, 2 respondents
them with respect and value their contribution. (2%) were Disagree, 0 respondents (0%) were
If we enhance the psychological well being of Strongly Disagree with the statement I find real
the employees, the company revenue increases enjoyment in my Job.
due to increased level of Job Satisfaction & In the survey conducted out of 100
greater Commitment. Finally we can conclude respondents, 75 respondents (75%) were Agree,
that the optimal level of Stress Contribute 15 respondents (15%) were Strongly Agree, 8
positively to the level of Job Satisfaction respondents (8%) were Neutral, 2 respondents
otherwise it always affects adversely. (2%) were Disagree, 0 respondents (0%) were
FINDINGS Strongly Disagree with the statement I like my
In the survey conducted out of total 100 job better than the averageperson.
respondents, 85 respondents (85 %) were male In the survey conducted out of 100
and remaining 15 (15%) were females. respondents, 12 respondents (12%) were Agree,
In the survey out of total 100 8 respondents (8%) were Strongly Agree, 57
respondents, 63 respondents (63%) were respondents (57%) were Neutral, 16
Graduate, 17 respondents (17%) were Post – respondents (16%) were Disagree, 7
Graduate, 12 respondents (12%) were DME, 2 respondents (7%) were Strongly Disagree with
respondents were (2%) DME, 2 respondents (2%) the statement I am seledom bored with my job.
were Diploma in Industrial Electronics, 2 In the survey conducted out of 100
respondents (2%) were Diploma in Electrical respondents, 63 respondents (63%) were Agree,
Engineering, 1 respondents (1%) were 12 respondents (12%) were Strongly Agree, 21
Engineering Diploma OR Degree, 1 respondents respondents (21%) were Neutral, 1 respondents
(1%) were Diploma in Electrical Engineering. (1%) were Disagree, 4 respondents (4%) were
In the survey conducted out of total 100 Strongly Disagree with the statement I would
respondents, 6 respondents ( 6%) were below not consider taking another kind of job.
25 years, 10 respondents (10%) were 25 – 35 In the survey conducted out of 100
years , 31 respondents (31%) were 36 – 50 years, respondents, 20 respondents (20%) were Agree,
53 ( 53 %) respondents were Above 50 years of 16 respondents (16%) were Strongly Agree, 61
Age Group. respondents (61%) were Neutral, 2 respondents
In the survey conducted out of total 100 (2%) were Disagree, 1 respondents (1%) were
respondents , 5 respondents (5%) were top level, Strongly Disagree with the statement Most days
15 respondents (15%) were Senior level, 71 I am enthusiastic about my job.
respondents (71%) were Middle level, 9 In the survey conducted out of 100
respondents (9%) were Entry level. respondents, 73 respondents (73%) were Agree,
In the survey conducted out of total 100 13 respondents (13%) were Strongly Agree, 11
respondents, 5 respondents (5%) were Less than respondents (11%) were Neutral, 2 respondents
2 years of Experience , 4 respondents (4%) were (2%) were Disagree, 1 respondents (1%) were
between 2 – 5 years of Experience, 9 Strongly Disagree with the statement I feel fairly
respondents (9 %) were between 5 – 10 years well satisfied with my job.
of Experience, 82 respondents (82%) were More In the survey conducted out of 100
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respondents, 13 respondents (13%) were Agree, working conditions, reduces the stress.
10 respondents (10%) were Strongly Agree, 73 The above table indicates that out of 100
respondents (73%) were Neutral, 0 respondents respondents, 16 respondents (16%) were Agree,
(0%) were Disagree, 4 respondents (4%) were 7 respondents (7%) were Strongly Agree, 67
Strongly Disagree with the statement Do you feel respondents (67%) were Neutral, 7 respondents
mentally or physically exhausted at the end of (7%) were Disagree, 3 respondents (3%) were
a day at work. Strongly Disagree with the statement Do you feel
The above table indicates that out of 100 uncertainities regarding your role and
respondents, 75 respondents (75%) were Agree, responsibilities causes Stress.
10respondents(10%)wereStronglyAgree,13 The above table indicates that out of 100
respondents (13%)wereNeutral,1respondents respondents, 69 respondents (69%) were Agree,
(1%) were Disagree, 1 respondents (1%) were 19 respondents (19%) were Strongly Agree, 6
Strongly Disagree with the statement Do you feel respondents (6%) were Neutral, 2 respondents
satisfied with the support given by your co – (2%) were Disagree, 4 respondents (4%) were
workers. Strongly Disagree with the statement Do you feel
The above table indicates that out of 100 friendly work environment can reduce stress.
respondents, 80 respondents (80%) were Agree, The above table indicates that out of 100
10 respondents (10%) were Strongly Agree, 7 respondents, 69 respondents (69%) were Agree,
respondents (7%) were Neutral, 2 respondents 21 respondents (21%) were Strongly Agree, 7
(2%) were Disagree, 1 respondents (1%) were respondents (7%) were Neutral, 0 respondents
Strongly Disagree with the statement Rational (0%) were Disagree, 3 respondents (3%) were
allocation of work & deadlines reduces the Strongly Disagree with the statement Training
stress. & Development programs help to cope – up with
The above table indicates that out of 100 new technology that reduces the stress.
respondents, 10 respondents (10%) were Agree, CONCLUSION
9 respondents (9%) were Strongly Agree, 64 Increased stress can lead to reduced job
respondents (64%) were Neutral, 14 satisfaction and productivity of individuals. The
respondents (14%) were Disagree, 3 present study showed that there was a
respondents (3%) were Strongly Disagree with significant negative relationship between role
the statement Do you feel lack of Co – operation ambiguity and productivity such that increased
inoffice. role ambiguity would cause reduced productivity
The above table indicates that out of 100 in individuals. Role ambiguity is a state during
respondents, 13 respondents (13%) were Agree, which individuals have no clear and direct
7 respondents (7%) were Strongly Agree, 69 understanding about their roles in the
respondents (69%) were Neutral, 8 respondents organization . It appears when the duties are not
(8%) were Disagree, 3 respondents (3%) were clearly defined for the individual and she/he is
Strongly Disagree with the statement Do you feel frightened of doing things or accepting
uncertainities regarding with yourjob. responsibility. Role stressors mainly include role
The above table indicates that out of 100 ambiguity and role conflict which can lead to
respondents, 75 respondents (75%) were Agree, increased employees absenteeism and frequent
11 respondents (11%) were Strongly Agree, 8 work delays, increase in employees’ turnover
respondents (8%) were Neutral, 2 respondents and reduced workforce productivity.
(2%) were Disagree, 4 respondents (4%) were REFERENCES
Strongly Disagree with the statement Improving Kotteeswari, M., & Sharief, S. T. (2014).
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Job stress and its impact on employees
performance a study with reference to 17
employees working in Bpos. International
Journal of Business and Administration Research IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MSMEs
Review, 2(4), 18-25.
Rasi, R. Z. R., Suhana, M., Mardhiah, Y., Mr. Manohar Borkar
Zuraidah, A., Norhasniza, M. H. A., &Nooririnah, Assistant Professor,
O. (2014). The impact of job stress to job Chetana’s H S College of Commerce &
satisfaction among Engineers: A Literature Economic, Mumbai
Review. In 4th International Conference on
Industrial Engineering and Operations
Management Bali, Indonesia (pp. 2418-2425).
==============***********===============
Adikaram, D. S. R., & Jayatilake, L. V. Abstract:-
(2016). Impact of work life balance on employee The micro, small and medium
job satisfaction in private sector commercial enterprises (MSMEs) has been accepted as the
banks of Sri Lanka. International Journal of engine of economic growth and for promoting
scientific research and innovative technology, equitable development. In recent years, the
3(11), 18-33. importance of MSMEs has been recognised in
Bajpai, J. V., Dave, T. V., & Bajpai, M. S. countries around the world for their significant
(2015). A Study of Impact of Work Stress on Job contribution to the achievement of various
Satisfaction of Employees Working in Indian socio-economic growth and employment,
Banking Sector. Work stress, 1(11). output, entrepreneurship development,
Venkataraman, P. S., & Ganapathi, R. promotion and export support.
(2013). A Study of Job Stress on Job Satisfaction The labour intensity of the MSME sector
among the Employees of Small Scale Industries. is much higher than that of the large enterprise.
IOSR Journal of Business and Management The MSMEs constitute over 90% the total
(IOSR-JBM), 13(3), 18-22. enterprises in most of the economies and are
VADIVU, M. T. S. (2017). A Study on credited with generating the highest rate of
Occupational Stress and Job Satisfaction among employment growth and account for a major
The Textile Managers In Tirupur. International share of industrial production and exports. The
Journal of Human Resource & Industrial sector contributes eight percent to the country’s
Research, 4(17), 38-50 GDP, 45percent to industrial products and 40%
to the country’s exports. It employs 60million
 people in28.5million enterprises.
The MSMEs play a very significant role
in the overall growth of industrial economy of
the country. The MSME sector has an enough
dynamics and ability, adaptability and
innovativeness to survive in any kind of
situations like economic downturn or recession.
The covid-19 pandemic is the most significant
event in our lifetime. The pandemic that
disturbed the socio and economic life has
impacted and continues to impact nations and

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citizens. The covid-19pendamic has a multi- six thousands products.
sector impact like economic and labour market, On the basis of investment in plant and
production of goods and services and machinery or equipment the MSMEs are
consumption and investments. classified in the following categories.
The covid-19 pandemic has a severe As per old criterion As per revised criterion
impact on MSMEs of India. The business of Manufacturing

Enterprises
Service Enterprises Micro – Investment up to Rs. One Cr. and turnover
less than five Cr.
Micro- Investment up to Investment up to Rs 10 Small - Investment up to 10 Cr and turnover less
MSMES has been affected badly due to unknown Rs 25lakh lakh than fifty Cr
Small- Investment up to Investment up to Rs 2 Cr. Medium – Investment up to fifty Cr and turnover less
duration and severe impact of lockdown. The Rs. 5 Cr. than two hundred and fifty Cr.
thousands of stranded workers, halting of Objectives of the study:-

production and distribution suggest that MSMEs 1) To understand the impact of Covid-19
has severe impact of covid-19. pandemic on MSMEs.
This paper enlightens the impact of 2) To explore the role of Government
covid-19pandemic on MSMEs and Government schemes related to industries have been
schemes related to industries have been effective or not, and also to create awareness
effective or not, and also to creates awareness among the industries.
among the industries. Review of literature:-
Keywords: - MSMEs, impact of covid-19. The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic is
Introduction:- causing unprecedented disruption to economic
The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise activities across the countries, including India.
(MSME) sector is one of the significant supports The pandemic has severely affected and
of the Indian economy. It has emerge as the most continue to disrupt global value chains, domestic
important and dynamic segment of Indian production network, trade, services and
economy over the last few decades. It has high workings of MSMEs which is affecting on the
growth potentials than any other sector. It’s not overall growth and welfare. The current
only play a significant role in providing pandemic is working its way through a highly
employment opportunities to the large number globalised world with interconnected financial
of people at a very low capital cost than large markets and production networks. The complete
scale industries but also helps in rural lockdown and currently the ongoing partial
development by establishing small and micro lockdowns have both demand side and supply
industries in rural and backward areas and help side effects on the Indian economy. Therefore,
to reduce the regional imbalance. Around 49 the economic impact of covid-19 is expected on
percent of MSMEs are located in urban areas every field including growth, international trade,
and 51percent are situated in rural areas. This financial markets, unemployment, income,
helps for equal distribution of national income poverty and many more. The impact of virus
and wealth somehow. At present over 110 spread is expected to lead to a huge loss as
million people (40 percent of India’s work force) global trade is severely affected.
are employed in 63 million MSMEs McKibbin and Fernando utilize the
establishments located in different parts of the computable general equilibrium Modelling and
country. reported that global GDP would be reduced by
MSME sector contributes more than around US$2.4trillion in 2020 under a low- end
29.7% to the country’s GDP, out of that 6.11% pandemic considering the Hong Kong Flu as a
contributes by manufacturing sector and 24.63% reference point. However, the fall can extend to
service sector respectively. It has a 45% share the tune of over US$9 trillion in2020 in case of
of the India’s total exports and produces over a serious outbreak similar to the Spanish flu.
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Ozil and Arun (2020) stated that the spill are MSMEs. The trade impact for India is
over effects of covid-19 and hailed that the estimated to be around Rs. 380 lakh. Micro,
social distancing measures of virus controlling Small and Medium enterprise is the sector which
led to the shutdown of financial markets, was already reeling under the huge suffering
corporate offices, business and events which in because of prolong economic slowdown,
turn may have a significant impact on economic demonetisation, and GST and now covid-19 has
growth. affected adversely on this sector.
As per the International Labour The unprecedented lockdown has
Organization (ILO) estimation, the total value brought a state of disorder in the economy. The
added of industrial enterprises in China declined lockdown of a country in response to a pandemic
by 13.5% during the first 2 months of 2020. There severely constrains the demand and supply.
are many projections and estimations by Millions of migrant workers are stranded in
institutions and scholars on the economic fallout sealed cities with no job and income. As the
of covid-19 pandemic. Though there are economic activities are idle, millions of livelihood
variations in degree and magnitude of the and business are at stake. There has been a
fallout, now there is a general understanding complete collapse of global and domestic supply
that the economic impact would be more severe chains with no movement of raw material and
on the world economy and also on Indian finished goods due to closure of national and
economic growth. Indian economy is likely to state borders. The economy is also experiencing
witness 4.5 % negative growth for the year 2020. a demand shock due to limited spending by the
With regards to the impact on employment and consumers for essential expenditures. The
income, ILO (2020) estimated that global crushing impact of covid-19 will be on both
unemployment can between 5.3 million and 24.7 MSMEs and large firms. However the impact will
million from a base level of 188 million in 2019 be more visible on the MSMEs. The covid-19
pushing these people towards below poverty pandemic is a seismic pressure threatening the
line. Most of existing studies have focused on supply chains. With cities sealed all over India
global growth, trade and unemployment, a few and no movement across state borders, the
are country specific especially India. In this production activities and supply chains are idle.
context, the present study aims to make an Lockdowns attacks domestic supply chains via
assessment of covid-19 on Indian economy and two channels:-
highlights the key policy measures to control the 1. Nationwide lockdown disrupts all
possible fallout of the economy. production activities, thus the value added
Implications of Covid-19 on India’s MSMEs production in a flash become zero except for
sector certain essential goods.
The Covid-19 has left its impact on all 2. The shortage of inputs will drive
the sectors of the economy, and MSMEs has no severe contractions in production. This buried
exceptions. Lockdown in India has led the shortage of input may be owing to the logistical
MSMEs to shut down their production and barriers. These supply shockwaves propagates
distribution process which affects adversely on across both upstream and downstream supply
export of MSMEs products and also shrink the chains, which will substantially impact the
liquidity in the market. manufacturing sector. But for small business, as
According to the Confederation of All for other sectors, the crisis has for an approach
India Traders (CATT) which represents 70 that necessitates enhanced efficiencies and
millions traders in India and the majority of them accelerates modernization. In a way, covid-19
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is a watershed moment that may lead itself to MSMEs to get exposure to global markets and
accelerate business transactions for India’s vast also helps to them to exploit vast global
MSMEs sector. Many organizations have had to opportunities.
reimaging what their businesses will look like Challenges
in the future, and the Micro, small and medium Digital transformation has its own set of
enterprises (MSMEs) sector is no exception, yet challenges and it is important to address the
digitization has been an important impetus for complexities that come with it
the sector’s growth for many years. It is observed 1. Cyber security and data privacy: - First is
that many MSMEs business have realised the the pressing and inevitable issue of cyber
importance of digitization of business and many security and data privacy concerns. Partnership
of them have started use of websites to conduct with mature and well established digital supply
the online business. This facilitates to increase chains can MSMEs modernise without this threat
in revenue contribution from e-commerce. looming large, and also help them understand
MSMEs also used digital platforms as a channel the essentials involved in market place linkage.
to market their products and services. Covid-19 Understanding how business navigate consumer
pandemic has been created a very good demand, inventory management, pricing and
opportunities to the MSMEs to reimaging their marketing are invaluable skills that can help
business and their scope of reach modernise and MSMEs really tailor their product for the market,
update their enterprises with new business and move forward in their growth journey.
process and aid their marketing efforts for 2. Lack of Expertise:- The second is addressing
business growth. the lack of expertise or digital skills in its
As many businesses are seeing today, workforce. To get the newly adopted digital
digital adoption (with the necessary enabling framework moving further, business owners will
tools) can be a short-term solution to aid have to up skill employees to keep the business
business continuity, but many are yet to see this on track and drive this change from within.
as a long-term solution to build business 3. Digital divide and infrastructure related
resilience. Through digital adoption and issues: - The third and final challenge is
technology access, MSMEs can modernize not addressing the persistent digital divide and
only route to market and audience access, but infrastructure –related issues to streamline the
streamline payments, obtain financing, and new operational environment. In the current
expert advice, all aiding their growth, and context, since managing cash flow and IT
necessary to match the Government’s vision of expansion are to be addressed together,
enabling this key sector. enterprises will have to make a smart
3. Driving up exports is one of the many investment in quality solutions to ensure a
visions of the government for the betterment of balance in capacity building and financial safety
MSMEs in India. Preparing for their integration of the business.
into global supply chain becomes a key priority. Future Prospective:-
Meeting this vast vision in a time bound manner As we are living in the post covid-19
will need a systematic and collaborative world, it is crucial to facilitate MSMEs in their
approach inclusive of policy enablement, pursuit to scale up adoption of digital
capacity building, and private sector partnership, interventions. Capacity building and technical
all involving solutions at unprecedented scale. support through extensive training and skill
Digital adoption will be at the core of this programs will generate employment, which is
approach. Digital adoption is useful to the the need of the hour.
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The government of India has announced business-standard.com/
the financial package to MSMEs to overcome Confederation of Indian Industry: https:/
the pandemic situations. It helps to MSMEs to /www.cii.in/ Entrepreneur, India: https://
ease the financial difficulties and restart www.entrepreneur.com/
operations, MSMEs can now make automatic Hindustan Times, e-paper: https://
loans INR 3lakh, from financial institutions like www.hindustantimes.com/
banks and NBFCs without any collateral India Briefing, business news: https://
guarantee. The Central government also www.india-briefing.com/
announced that it would provide a 100% credit Lean Production, Vorne: https://
guarantee to banks and NBFCs on the principal www.leanproduction.com/
and interest amounts. MSMEs, which are Non- Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium
performing Assets or are stressed, enjoy relief Enterprises, GoI:https://msme.gov.in
in the form of INR 20,000 crore subordinate Outlook, the fully loaded magazine:
debts. Another INR 4000 crore is promised to https://www.outlook india.com/
Credit Guarantee Funds for Micro and Small N.R. Jena, L.R. Thatte, Acad. of Entre. Journ.,
Enterprises, which also serve as a partial 2018, 24, 1-15.
guarantee to banks who will then give benefit G. Ryan. Nurse researcher, 2018, 25, 41-
to stressed MSMEs. As we surge to live in a 49.
post covid-19 world, it is crucial to facilitate R. Kumar, Res. methodology.: A step-by-
MSMEs in their quest to scale up adoption of step guide for beginners. UK: Sage Publications
digital interventions. Capacity building and Limited, 2019.
technical support through extensive training and Meity.gov.in, the Person. Data Prot. Bill,
up skilling programmes will generate 2020.
employment, which is needed urgently amid this Mospi.nic.in, Fiscal Statistics, mospi.
crisis. Programmes that foster the growth of nic.in/108-fiscal-statistics, 2020.
these enterprises to engage successfully in G. Noronha. Fiscal deficit widens to 4.6%
global supply chains not only drive job growth of GDP in 2019-20, economictimes.indiatimes.
but provide broad economic benefit and value. com, 2020.
Given their capacity to drive economic Indiatimes.com. Nearly half MSMEs
development and job creation, as well as to witness 20-50% impact on earn. due to COVID-
foster innovation, assisting them to expand 19 Pand. Surv., 2020.
through global supply chains should be a top P. Borpuzari. Covid-19 relief: Govt.
priority. After all, a resilient MSME sector, will announces Rs 3-lakh crore collateral-free
automatically translate into a sound economic automatic loans for MSMEs, indiatimes.com,
future for the country. 2020.
Conclusion:- S. Soni. Small busi. bear max. Covid brunt
MSMEs have a crucial role to play in as net sales’ growth plunge this much in Q1
restarting the economy on sustainable basis. FY21, financialexpress.com, 2020.
Finance cost for the units have traditionally been N. Dhewan. MSMEs don’t have the capacity to
high, primarily because of reliance on borrowed deal with something unexpected like Covid-19:
capital from informal sources. Facilitating Suresh Prabhu, economictimes.indiatimes.com,
access to equity and timely clearance of 2020.
payment may not only help restart the supply
A. Samaddar, N. Sreenivas, U. Ghosh,
chain, but also set the stages for creating a
vibrant and sustainable MSMEs sector. Journ. of Eco. & Policy Ansys. 2020, 1, 141-156.
References:- S.K. Hooda, Int. Journ. of Res. in Eco. and
Bloomberg Quint, business news and Social Sc. (IJRESS), 2020, 10, 15-26. Indiatimes.
updates: https://www.bloombergquint.com com, Nearly half MSMEs witness 20-50% imp.
Business Standard, e-paper: https://www. on earn. due to COVID-19 Pand.: Survey, 2020
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have collaborated to empower advancement in
18 the cultivating fragment in India. These recollect
advancements for nuclear family pay and use,
augmentation in the sustenance taking care of
Effect of FDI in Indian region, and addition in cultivating passages.
Agriculture Industry Rising private interest in Indian agribusiness,
creating characteristic development, and use of
information advancement are a part of critical
Mr.Y.K.Chaudhari examples in the cultivating industry. As
Assistant Professor, indicated by the third Advance Estimates, India’s
K.T.H.M College, Nashik food grain creation has extended potentially to
272.53 million tons (MT) in the 2018-19 yield
year. The production of pulses is assessed at
==============***********=============== 19.08 million tons. With a yearly yield of 156.34
Introduction MT, India is the greatest producer of milk,
Farming expects a fundamental addressing 19.6 percent of the total world
occupation in India’s economy. More than 57% creation. It is like manner has the greatest cow-
of the rural nuclear families depend upon like people. India, the second-greatest creator
of sugar, addresses 18% of the overall yield. It
agribusiness as their main strategy for business. is the sixth greatest exporter of sugar,
Agribusiness, close by fisheries and office addressing 4.82 percent of the overall tolls. India
administration, is maybe the greatest ally of the is the fundamental country in coconut creation
Gross Domestic Product (GDP). As per checks and proficiency in the world, with a yearly
by the Central Statistics Office (CSO), the formation of 3,056 crore coconuts and
segment of agriculture and collaborated productivity of 10,345 coconuts for every
territories (tallying agribusiness, tamed hectare starting at 2018-19. Zing exchanges from
creatures, office administration, and fishery) India are depended upon to arrive at US$ 3.2
was 18.36 percent of the Gross Value Added billion by 2017–18 because of innovative
publicizing methods, inventive packaging,
(GVA) during 2018-19 at 2019-20 expenses.
quality in quality, and strong allotment
India is the greatest creator, client, and exporter frameworks. The flavours exhibit in India are
of flavours and zing things. India’s common item regarded at Rs 43,000 crore (US$ 7.69 billion)
creation has gotten speedier than vegetables, each year, of which the checked part, addresses
making it the second greatest natural item 18%. The Spices Board of India has decided to
creator on earth. India’s farming yield, including set up a zing exhibition at Willington Island in
normal items, vegetables, and flavours, is Kochi to attract and teach tourists and mariners
surveyed to be 284.5 million tons (MT) in 2018- about the set of experiences and advancement
19 after the third pushed check. It positions third of the Indian flavours industry.
Previous Year Data Analysis Following Pie Chart
in farm and cultivating yields. Provincial toll sets
Shown the Percentage-wise Data in the year:
up 15% of the country’s admissions and is the
2016-2017
fourth-greatest conveyed head product. The
agro-business in India is parcelled into a couple
of sub fragments, for instance, canned, dairy,
readied, set sustenance to fisheries, meat,
poultry, and sustenance grains.
Market Size
Preposterous past, different segments

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hatching arm is hoping to set up an Rs.100 crore
(US$ 14.67 million) reserve in a year, an activity
that could help little business visionaries from
the agri-business and nourishment space fund-
raise.
•Mahindra and Mahindra (M&M), India’s
driving farm truck and utility vehicle maker,
Investments reported its entrance into beats retailing under
A couple of players have placed assets the brand ‘NuPro’. Going ahead, the organization
into the agricultural region in India, generally, intends to introduction to e-retailing and the
dictated by the organization’s drives and plans. offer of dairy items.
As demonstrated by the Department of Industrial •Fertilizer helpful IFFCO dispatched a
Policy and Promotion (DIPP), the Indian joint endeavour with Japanese firm Mitsubishi
cultivating organizations and plant equipment Corp for assembling agrochemicals in India.
portions have altogether pulled in a Foreign •Acumen, a not-for-benefit worldwide
Direct Investment (FDI) esteem inflow of about endeavour reserve, has contributed Rs 11 crore
US$ 2,476.2 million from April 2012 to March (US$ 1.7 million) in Sahayog Dairy, a coordinated
2018. Some critical theories and progressions element in the fragment, based at Harda locale
in agriculture in the continuous past are in Madhya Pradesh.
according to the accompanying: •Rabo Equity Advisors, the private value
•Intertek Group, a UK-based complete arm of Netherlands-based Rabo Group, raised
quality affirmation supplier, has dispatched a US$ 100 million for the primary close of its
rural innovation (Agritech) research centre in subsequent asset – India Agri Business Fund II.
Hyderabad, which will perform cutting edge The asset intends to put US$ 15–17 million of
deoxyribonucleic corrosive (DNA) examinations every 10–12 organizations.
for the Agri-biotech, sow seeds. •Oman India Joint Investment Fund
•ITC Ltd, one of India’s driving quick (OIJIF), a joint endeavour (JV) between the State
buyer merchandise (FMCG) organizations, plans Bank of India (SBI) and State General Reserve
to make Andhra Pradesh a centre for its Fund (SGRF), contributed Rs 95 crore (US$ 13.94
horticultural business tasks. million) in GSP Crop Science, a Gujarat-based
•Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd has agrochemicals organization.
obtained a 35 percent stake in a Finnish Government Initiatives
consolidatedcollectors’ producer, Sampo Given the significance of the horticulture
Roselnew Oy, for US$ 20.46 million and will area, the Government of India, in its Budget
mutually zero in on the joined reaper business 2018–19, arranged a few stages for the
in Asia, Africa, and Eurasian Economic Union maintainable advancement of farming.
nations. Financial plan 2018-19 proposed a huge
•The Small Farmers’ Agri-Business number of measures to improve horticulture and
Consortium (SFAC) plans to arrange camps in increment Farmers ‘ government assistance like
Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to advance 3.23 million hectares to be brought an
its investment help conspire (VCAS), which tries underwater system, Rs 324,000 crore (US$ 47.10
to give capital and task improvement office billion) award in guide to be given to gram
(PDF) to agribusiness people. panchayats and regions, and 100% town jolt
•Agri-research foundation ICRISAT’s focused by May 01, 2018. The public authority
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has set a goal-oriented objective of delivering Agriculture have marked MOUs/concurrences
a record 370.1 MT of food grains in 2018-19, 9 with different nations, taking the number of
percent higher than the 361.42 MT of creation associations with different nations to 63. These
assessed for 2017-18. arrangements would give better agrarian offices
The Government of India has begun work in territories like innovative work, limit building,
on 102 significant and medium water system germ-plasm trade, post-collect administration,
projects, scheduled to be finished by 2019. esteem expansion/food handling, plant
These tasks will bring 8.4 million hectares of insurance, creature cultivation, dairy, and
the land underwater system in the absolute most fisheries. The arrangements could help improve
dry season inclined districts of India. reciprocal exchange also.
The public authority has effectively A portion of the new significant government
found a way ways to address two central points activities in the area are as per the following:
(soil and water) basic to improving agribusiness •The government has drawn up a five-
creation. Steps have been taken to improve soil year guide to build beat creation from almost
richness on a reasonable premise through the 19.05 MT in 2018-19 to 24 MT in 2022-25
dirt wellbeing card conspire and to help the through a committed activity plan.
natural cultivating plan ‘Paramparagat Krishi •Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi has
Vikas Yojana’. Different advances incorporate divulged the operational rules for the Pradhan
improved admittance to water system through Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana which intends to give
‘Pradhanmantri Gram Sinchai Yojana’; upgraded Farmers crop protection just as
water proficiency through ‘Per Drop More Crop’; •The Cabinet Committee on Economic
proceeded with help to Mahatma Gandhi Affairs (CCEA) has endorsed ‘Blue Revolution’,
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act an umbrella plan for the incorporated turn of
(MGNREGA) and the formation of a bound events and the executives of fisheries by the
together public agribusiness market to support Government of India, with a complete monetary
the income of Farmers. cost of Rs 4,325 crore (US$ 542.33 million) for a
The Government of India perceives the very long time.
significance of miniature water systems, •Mr. Piyush Goyal, Minister of Power,
watershed advancement, and ‘Pradhan Mantri Coal, New, and Renewable Energy has reported
Krishi Sinchai Yojana’; in this way, it dispensed the public authority’s arrangements to contribute
several Rs 5,300 crore (US$ 777.6 million) for it. Rs 83,000 crore (US$ 22.32 billion) in an energy-
It asked the states to zero in on this key area. effective water system conspire throughout the
The state governments are constrained to following three to four years.
distribute satisfactory assets to build up the •The new harvest protection conspire for
horticulture area, take measures to accomplish Farmers ‘Bhartiya Krishi Bima Yojana’ plans to
the focus on rural development rate, and address cover 50% of the Farmers under the plan in the
the issues of Farmers. following two-three years,
The Department of Agriculture and •India and Lithuania have consented to
Cooperation under the Ministry of Agriculture increase rural participation, particularly in areas
has inked MOUs/concurrences with 56 nations like food and dairy preparation.
including the US. Plus, the Department of •Gujarat Government has wanted to
Agriculture Research and Education (DARE) and associate 32 Agricultural Produce Market
the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying Committees (APMCs) utilizing an electronic
and Fisheries (DAHD&F) under the Ministry of market stage, under the National Agriculture
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Market (NAM) activity.
•The State Government of Telangana 19
plans to spend Rs 98,000 crore (US$ 13.67
billion) over the following three years to finish A Study on Role of E-CRM in providing
progressing water system projects and attempt safe and easy Banking services and
two new ventures for lifting water from the
preferences of Customers of Mumbra
Godavari and Krishna waterway.
Road Ahead Region for E-CRM during Covid19
The agribusiness part in India is pandemic Lockdown period
depended upon to make better energy in the
accompanying relatively few years due to Mrs. SAIMA SHOEB KHAN
extended interests in the plant establishment, RESEARCH SCHOLAR,
for instance, water framework workplaces, SHRI J.J.T.U
warehousing, and cold storing. Components, for
instance, decreased trade costs and time, Dr.HARISH PUROHIT
improved port entrance the chiefs, and better RESEARCH GUIDE, DEPARTMENT OF
money-related inspiring powers would add to COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT,
the division’s turn of events. Additionally, the SHRI JJT UNIVERSITY, JHUNJHUNU, RAJASTHAN
creating usage of innately changed harvests will
likely improve the yield for Indian Farmers. ==============***********===============
Abstract:
References: Covid19 Pandemic have changed the
ECONOMIC REFORMS - THE INDIAN scenario of the operation of World Commercial
EXPERIENCE activity. Such Crisis was never appeared before
Indian Economy: A Performance Review in the Human history which influenced not only
- New Century Publications the Physical and mental wellbeing of the humans
h t t p : / / w w w. i b e f. o r g / i n d u s t r y / but also change the narratives regarding the
infrastructure-sector-india.aspx commercial world and its activity.Customer
http://projectvendor.com/agriculture- Relationship Management is the most important
sector-india-past-present-future/ factor in today competitive commercial world.
Even Service sector like banks is not out of it.
 Customer Relationship management (CRM)
became essential for survival and growth of
banks in India. With rapid growth and
development in Information and Communication
Technology, CRM is expanding itself to Electronic
form called E-CRM. In the above context, this
paper makes an empirical study on level of
awareness about the E-CRM facilities provide
by the banks of Mumbra and also use of
different E-CRM facilities by the Customers of
Mumbra. Mumbra is semi urban area which is
rapidly developing in field of Infrastructure and

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education and having greater scope for the customers to avail the benefits of the banking
Service Sector like Banking. services. But for availing the benefits of E-CRM,
Keywords: Covid19, Customer Relationship one must have knowledge about the CRM and
Management, Banking Sector, E- CRM, E-CRM.
Customers. CRM has been explained by certain
Introduction: management philosophers and experts in their
The Covid19 pandemic have changed the own studying pattern. Some of the definition of
pattern of the Societies. This pandemic affected the CRM can be given as follows:
the whole population of the earth and all the · “The purpose of a business is to
activities performed by the human being. It create and keep a customer.”
created challenge of survival for everyone. New This business truth is given by Peter
safety norms like Social distancing and Drucker in his book The Practice of
Lockdown became essential in absence of Management (1954) is a apt and insightful
instant cure of the Corona Virus. The tragedy definition of CRM (Customer Relationship
was that people were in need of every essential Management).
services for survival but without being physically · “A business process of understanding,
involve.In the era of globalization, there is collecting and managing all of the information
intense competition in the entire sector of in a business environment relating to a
economy and being the fastest growing field, customer. The goal of CRM is to more effectively
Service Sector is also experiencing the same. communicate with customers and improve
The Banking Services are the need of hour. customer relationships over time.” – James
Banking Services are very essential for Wong, Avidian Technologies
supporting the both Industry and Agricultural CRM follows the mainstages :
Sector. The Citizens of the country are related Acquisition to Extension to Retention
to banks in direct or indirect way. The ever- With advancing Information and
increasing demands of the customers are Technology, Customer Relationship M anagement
compelling bank to increase their efficiency and st rat egies have t aken Elect ronic form. E-CRM
to fulfill the expectation of the customers. To became t he modern t echnique of connect ing
attract new Customers and to retain the existing banks t o it s Cust omers. For ext ending CRM t o
one’s is the major challenge for every bank larger num ber of Cust om ers E-CRM plays
operating in the market. important role and make it easy t o banks t o be
In this competitive market to achieve the in touch with their Cust omers and also satisfying
competitive edge over others, Customer Cust omers wit hout being bounded in t he t ime
Relationship Management (CRM) can be used limit . The Elect ronic Cust omer Relat ionship
as the effective tool. In the 21st century CRM expands t he t radit ional cust omer Relat ionship
has been the center of attraction for both, M anagem ent t echniques by int egr at ing
Customers and for Banks. Different banks are t echnologies of new elect ronic channels such
following different strategies of Customer as w eb w ireless and voice t echnologies and
Relationship Management (CRM) in order to combines t hem wit h E-business applicat ion int o
make their current and potential Customers t he overall ent erprise cust omer Relat ionship
happy and satisfied. CRM is related to reaching M anagement st rategy. They furt her say “ t he
the touch points of the Customers. abilit y t o capt ure, int egrat e and dist ribut e dat a
In the pandemic situation also, E CRM gained at the organizat ion’s web site t hroughout
have been a very essential options to the the enterprise”. The purpose of e-CRM is t o serve
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the customers in better way, retain valuable (Data as per Banks available data)
customers and enhance analytical capabilities The above techniques mention in the
in an organization. Table no.2 also includes services provided by
There is difference in Traditional CRM the banks to other banks and commercial outlets
techniques and E-CRM. This difference is as they too are the customers of the banks.
presented in the table no. 1 This Study is related to Role of E-CRM
Traditional CRM E-CRM
services provided by the banks of semi urban
Telemarketing Emails blasts area like Mumbra and also aboutthe Awareness
Direct mails Web Registration
Inbound Calls Online Reply
among the Customers about the E-CRM
Press Release Instant messaging techniques and services provided by the banks
Responses Online Customer Services
Meetings Web Demo’s
of Mumbra. In Mumbra, there are National,
Product Demo Video Conferences Public, Private and Co-operative banks operating
Referrals Automated Services
with lakh of Customers. As the subsidies linked
(Table no. 1. Data as per information available) directly to the banks account like LPG, the
The changed or added approach of the number of Women Customers has also
CRM is to provide better services to the increased. And hence the awareness of all the
Customers and also create Customer Loyalty customers regarding E-CRM techniques used by
which can give competitive edge to the Banks.
banks is important as it can make banking easier
The objectives of e-CRM are:
· To provide best and efficient services for the customers.
to the Customers. Objectives of the Study:
· To attract new customers and retain the This Study is concern with the Customers of
existingcustomers. Banks of Mumbra about the E-CRM techniques.
· To enhance Customer Loyalty. The following are the objectives of the Study:
· To help to serve customers faster. · To know the Awareness level among
· To simplify the procedures and make the Bank customers regarding to E CRM and the
easy the deal for both seller and buyers. E CRM provided by the banks of Mumbra.
· To reduce cost and to save time.
· To Study about the E-CRM services
· In face of pandemic the E-CRM also
helps in social distancing. provided by the banks of Mumbra.
The banks are using E-CRM more than · To Study about the extent of use of E-
any other service providers. The e-CRM CRM services by the bank Customers of Mumbra
techniques are used by banks to make the during Pandemic period.
banking process easy and efficient for both the Hypothesis of the Study:
banks and the Customers. As banks as directly H0: E-CRM have no significant role in helping
related to the transactions and payments of people of Mumbra to avail the banking services
Money, E-CRM services of banks become most easily a safely in the period of pandemic.
essential to serve the needs of customers H1: E-CRM have significant role in helping
especially off the time.
The following are some of the E-CRM techniques people of Mumbra to avail the banking services
and Services followed by the banks: easily a safely in the period of pandemic.
Table no.2 E-CRM Techniques used by Indian Research Methodology and Data Collection:
Banks. The Data for the Research is collected
both through Primary and Secondary Methods.
Automated Teller Machines (ATMs)
Phone Banking / Tele Banking There are total 12 banks in Mumbra of which 5
INFINET and VAST Network
Electronic Clearing Services
Internet Banking – e-Banking Wireless Banking Services
Mobile Banking are National (Public banks), 3 private banks and
Data Warehousing and Data Mining
Total Branch Mechanization (TBM) Point of Sale Terminal
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) 4 co-operative banks. This study is conducted
Communication Technology (SWIFT)

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by including data of 2 national bank(Canara and regarding awareness and usage of the E-CRM
Indian bank), 1 private bank (AXIS Bank) and 1 facilities provided by the banks of Mumbra.
co -operative bank (Abhinav Co-operative Bank). There is notable difference between the
A Close endedquestionnaire is prepared and the awareness level of Males and Females
responses were taken from total 100 Customers
Customers. The male customers are much more
(25 customers each bank). The findings are
presented from the analysis of the responses. aware than female customers about E-CRM
The Secondary Data is collected through the facilities. The awareness level is also increased
banks of Mumbra about the E-CRM services in the time of pandemic as people tends to use
provided by them. more of the E-CRM services in the crisis period
Findings of the Study: as a safety measure.
E-CRM is the one of the important factors The preference and the usage level have
for the Customers to select the banks for been increased significantly during the Covid19
subscribing their services. Especially in the time crisis. In the time of lockdowns people choose
of Crisis like Covid19 E-CRM. This Study reveals
to use the E-CRM services provided by the banks
different facts and finding about use of E-CRM
by the Customers of Mumbra. The Banks of more than their previous use. The apprehensions
Mumbra are providing number of E-CRM regarding the security of E-CRM services were
facilities to the customers like ATM, Mobile ignored and hence the usage level increased.
banking, Quick SMS Alerts, Net banking, Online The usage level is different by the males and
Transaction, Droboxes for Cheques, Passbook females’ customers. But both seems to increase
printing machines etc. But the awareness about the level of usage of E-CRM services post
and usage of these E-CRM facilities varies from pandemic lockdown period.
Customers to Customers. The respondents The following is the data showing the
Customers of the study include equal number changing trend of usage level.
of male and female Customers. But the
awareness level and the usage rates are Usage level of E-CRM by the bank customers
different in both males and females’ customers Pre & Post pandemic lockdown period:
which is evident with the analysis of the data E-CRM
Usage during Pre-Pandemic lockdown period
Males Females Total
Usage during Post Pandemic lockdown period
Males Females Total
presented below. facilities
(ATM)
(50)
38
(50)
38
(100)
76
(50)
48
(50)
45
(100)
93
Analysis of Data: Net/ Mobile 40 30 70 48 40 88
The data collected through the responses banking

Online 38 20 58 45 35 80
Transaction
of Customers where they were provided with the Drop boxes 30 28 58 40 30 70
for Cheque
Close Ended Questionnaire. The Criteria for Passbook
Entry
35 35 70 48 40 88
finding the awareness and the usage level was Machine
limited to some of the basic E-CRM facilities

which is presented below.
Responses by Male and Female Customers of
Bank
(Table no. 3 : Data as per responses of
Customers of banks, Mumbra)
E-CRM facilities Awareness (Total 100)
Males Females Total
(50) (50) (100)
(ATM) 50 45 95
Net/ Mobile banking 35 25 60

Online Transaction 45 20 65
Drop boxes for Cheque 40 25 65
Passbook Entry Machine 38 18 56 Figure no. 1 (Data as per responses of the Total
The above data of table no. 3 shows the number 100 bank Customers)
response of the male and the female Customers The above data clearly shows that there
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is difference in the usage level of E-CRM been proved correct that the E-CRM have
services pre and post pandemic lockdown significant role in helping people of Mumbra to
period. People preferred more E-CRM services avail the banking services easily and safely in
in the lockdown period. The Male customers and the period of pandemic.
female customers both increased the usage of
E-CRM services provide by the bank during References:
lockdown period. This preference by the 1. Handbook of CRM: Achieving
customers and increased usage of E-CRM Excellence in Customer Management
services clearly indicates that the E-CRM have 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECRM
played significant role in serving the customers 3. Response of the Customers of banks
of Mumbra safely and easily during pandemic of Mumbra
crisis time. E-CRM provides better options to the 
customers for being safe and secure and easily
availing the E-CRM banking services
Suggestions:
The following suggestion can be considered to
increase the awareness and usage of E-CRM
facilities:
· The promotion of E-CRM facilities by
the banks especially among the female
customers.
· Making E-CRM more customer friendly
by providing Online training to the Customers.
· Providing manuals in local, al
languages for better understanding of services.
· Including Offline Services like SMS
banking if possible, which can easily use on non-
Smart Phones.
· Coping up the needs of the customers
by past records.
Conclusion:
E-CRM is essentially become important
for the Banks and for the Customers in Mumbra
especially during the Pandemic crisis. E-CRM in
banks has enabled banks to reach more
customers and also to provide safe and secure
platform for fulfilling the commercial services
needs to the customers. E-CRM help the banks
in understanding their needs and wants and
providing them various services. All this make
the customers loyal and happy. In the crisis like
Covid19, E-CRM has played significant role to
ensure the safe and easy availability of the
banking services. Hence the hypothesis H1 have
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Research paper also suggested suggestive
20 measures for the economy in this COVID-19
situation.
Impact of COVID-19 on Indian Keywords: COVID-19, Growth rate, NPAs,
Lockdown etc.
Economy Introduction:
Covid-19 will experience mild to
Dr.Shivaji A. Pawar moderate symptoms it influencing the economy
Assistant Professor, on large scale. Recession in all sectors started,
Mulund College of Commerce production in all sectors already stopped,
exports also affecting, workers are losing their
==============***********=============== jobs, daily wage earners facing serious
Abstract: problems. Indian economy starts showing down
Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is an trends in the economic activities of the state
infectious disease caused by a newly discovered because of lockdown in the country. The impact
corona virus. Most people who fall sick with of coronavirus pandemic on India has been
COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate largely disruptive in terms of economic activity
symptoms and recover without special as well as a loss of human lives. Almost all the
treatment. Because of this situation Indian sectors have been adversely affected as
Economy going to face many problems. Already domestic demand and exports sharply
our growth rate is very lower because of last plummeted with some notable exceptions where
two years policies adopted by the government high growth was observed. An attempt is made
of India such as demonetisation, to analyses the impact and possible solutions
implementation of GST etc. And this year Indian for some key sectors.1
economy start showing down trends in the The research paper highlighted Impact
economic activities of the state because of of COVID-19 on Indian Economy with respect to
lockdown in the country. Production in all sectors Food and Agriculture, inAviation and Tourism
already stopped. Government transferring all Sector, Telcom, industry and service sector,
resources to the health of the public therefore financial sector, labour market, banking sector
our economy going to face many challenges in and simultaneously thrown light on measures
the coming days, i.e. low production, increasing undertaken by the Government of India.
level of unemployment, low export, problem of Research paper also suggested suggestive
migration, low level of aggregate demand etc. measures for the economy in this COVID-19
Apart from this our banking sector is also going situation.
to face many challenges such as increasing Objectives:
NPAs of the public sector banks. No doubt RBI 1. To study the impact of COVID-19 on
already announces policy packages to the the Indian Economy.
banking Sector. The study also highlighted 2. To study the measures adopted by the
Impact of COVID-19 on Indian Economy with Government to face the challenges of Covid-19.
respect to industry and service sector, financial 3. To suggest the appropriate measures
sector, labour market, banking sector and to overcome from COVID-19.
simultaneously thrown light on measures Research Methodology:For the present paper
undertaken by the Government of India. researcher has used secondary data, i. reports
published in various articles, newspapers,
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websites, interview, and internet. Commercial banks in India will be increase 2 to
Review of literature: 4 percent by the end of March 2021.3
Global credit rating agency Moody’s The pandemic covid-19 is causing
Investor Services on Monday said the Indian adverse effects to the global economy. India has
economic revival will likely to be shallow. In its taken the cue to respond immediately to the
report, ‘Coronavirus clouds growth outlook just pandemic, with strict lockdown rules across the
as the economy showed signs of stabilization’, country. Asian Development Banks has
Moody’s said the economic revival of India is estimated that lockdown would reduce the GDP
likely to be shallow. “India’s economy has by 2.3 percent. India’s GDP Composition is
decelerated rapidly over the last two years. Real Dominated by service Sector (appx. 55%),
GDP (gross domestic product) grew at a meagre followed by
4.5 per cent in Q3 2019,” Moody’s said.2 Industrial Sector (31%) and agriculture
Improvements in the latest high and Allied sector (14%). 4 Government has
frequency indicators such as PMI (Purchasing announced various relief packages to face the
Managers’ Index) data suggest that the economy challenges of covid -19.
may have stabilized, Moody’s said. While the Impact of COVID-19 on the Indian Economy:
Indian economy may begin to recover in the That the pandemic would push the global
current quarter, it will be slower than previously economy towards a recession is now loud and
expected, Moody’s said. “We have revised our clear, with many global multilateral agencies
global GDP growth forecast down, and we now marking down global growth expectations.
expect G-20 economies to collectively grow at Financial markets too are pricing in weaker
2.4 per cent in 2020, a softer rate than last year, growth ahead. India, which has mostly averted
followed by a pickup to 2.8 per cent in 2021,” major damages from all sorts of large global
the rating agency said. According to Moody’s crises in the past, seems to be withstanding the
assumptions, the virus outbreak will cause latest burst of pandemic too, asit reports far
disruption in Q1 economic activity. “Under our fewer infections compared with major and
baseline forecast, the spread of the coronavirus emerging economies. The truth, of course, will
will be contained by the end of Q1, allowing for be known only in hindsight. But surely, the Indian
resumption of normal economic activity in Q2. economy is not completely insulated from the
“We have revised our global GDP growth global economic shock. The effects of our own
forecast down, and we now expect G-20 lockdown are also beginning to tell. While the
economies to collectively grow at 2.4 per cent pandemic has tested the nation’s healthcare
in 2020, a softer rate than last year, followed by economy the most, the lockdown’s broader
a pickup to 2.8 per cent in 2021,” the rating impact could bring fresh challenges in the
agency said. coming quarters.
According to Moody’s assumptions, the Food and Agriculture
virus outbreak will cause disruption in Q1 Since agriculture is the backbone of the
economic activity. country and a part of the government announced
“Under our baseline forecast, the spread essential category, the impact is likely to be low
of the coronavirus will be contained by the end on both primary agricultural production and
of Q1, allowing for resumption of normal usage of ago-inputs. Several state governments
economic activity in Q2. have already allowed free movement of fruits,
There is one more fear expressed by vegetables, milk etc. Online food grocery
Bank of America NPA of the Public Sector platforms are heavily impacted due to unclear
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restrictions on movements and stoppage of in adding new subscribers. As a policy
logistics vehicles. RBI and Finance Minister recommendation, the government can aid the
announced measures will help the industry and sector by relaxing the regulatory compliances
the employees in the short term. Insulating the and provide moratorium for spectrum dues,
rural food production areas in the coming weeks which can be used for network expansions by
will hold a great answer to the macro impact of the
COVID-19 on Indian food sector as well as larger Impact on Industry and Service Sector:
economy. The lockdown is expected to have a
Aviation and Tourism Sector serious impact on both the industrial and
The contribution of the Aviation Sector services sectors, which are facing a double
and Tourism to our GDP stands at about 2.4% whammy from a slump in export demand and
and 9.2% respectively. The Tourism sector served hit to domestic demand. Initial data suggests
approximately 43 million people in FY 18-19. services are taking the bigger blow, while
Aviation and Tourism were the first industries industry is also facing headwinds.
that were hit significantly by the pandemic. The The Indian Economy is expected to lose
common consensus seems to be that COVID will over Rs.32, 000 crore (US$4.5 billion) every day
hit these industries harder than 9/11 and the during the first 21-days of complete
Financial Crisis of 2008. These two industries lockdown which was declared following
have been dealing with severe cash flow issues the corona virus outbreak.Under complete
since the start of the pandemic and are staring lockdown less than a quarter of India’s
at a potential 38 million lay-offs, which $2.8 trillion economy is functional. Up to 53%
translates to 70 per cent of the total workforce. of businesses in the country will be significantly
The impact is going to fall on both, White- and affected. In the industrial sector, subsectors
Blue-collar jobs. According to IATO estimates, such as food products, cement, steel, other
these industries may incur losses of about 85 items used in construction, export items such
billion Rupees due to travel restrictions. The as gems and jewellery, and textiles, face the
Pandemic has also brought about a wave of threat of permanent loss of demand, or a
innovation in the fields of contactless boarding scenario where even pent-up demand may not
and travel technologies. compensate for the loss. But the services sector
Telcom could be hit harder because a larger part of it
There has been a significant number of either support industrial activity or are
changes in the telecom sector of India even discretionary in nature. Some of this, however,
before the COVID 19 due to brief price wars will be offset by growth in telecom revenue (due
between the service providers. Most essential to higher usage of data) and higher media
services and sectors have continued to run consumption
during the pandemic thanks to the Impact on Financial Sector:
implementation of the ‘work from home’ due to The pandemic has roiled financial
restrictions. With over 1 billion connections as markets across the globe. Almost all asset
of 2019, the telecom sector contributes about classes have seen large volatility and witnessed
6.5 per cent of GDP and employs almost 4 million significant decline in values. The sharpest fall
people. Increased broadband usage had a direct was in crude oil prices, which slipped below the
impact and resulted in pressure on the network. $30 per barrel mark. India has not been insulated
Demand has been increased by about 10%. from the financial market turmoil. In March, FPIs
However, the Telco’s are bracing for a sharp drop withdrew $15.9 billion, the largest monthly
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outflow till date, from the Indian markets. This make informed decisions amid the crisis.
resulted in over 4% depreciation in the rupee 2. Under its Ujjawala scheme, the
against the US dollar. The Sensex tumbled 23%, government is providing free LPG refills for the
while sovereign bond yields exhibited high next three months to over 8.3 crore poor women.
volatility, oscillating more than 30 basis points 3. Earlier this week, the finance ministry
between the peak and trough of the month. announced that it will make an immediate
Moreover, as seen in most crises, corporate bond release of Rs 18,000 crore in tax refunds to
spreads and term premiums widened individuals and businesses.
significantly. 4. The government decided to double the
Impact on Indian labour market: collateral-free loan amount for women in self-
A nationwide lockdown and social help groups to Rs 20 lakh.
distancing across India hascaused a large 5. Wages under MGNREGA to be hiked
proportion of India’s workforce, which comprises to Rs 202 from Rs 182. The move would bring in
the informal sector, has taken a hit. The most Rs 2,000 in addition to workers.
affected are daily-wage earners and those with 6.. Last month, Finance Minister Nirmala
no job security. In India, casual labourers form Sitharaman announced a relief package worth
~25% of workforce. These labourers would take Rs 1.70 lakh crore in the wake of the Covid-19
the first hit, due to the shutdowns and layoffs. outbreak.5
The most-affected industries – construction, Suggestive Measures:
mining, a large section of manufacturing, and 1. Government has to be to ramp up
transport – have a sizeable proportion of casual testing, production of masks, medical gear and
labourers; for example, they form ~83% of the hospital capacities, all of which require fiscal
construction workforce. Even in the salaried support
category, ~38% do not have job security, 2. Governments should supporthouseholds
implying that they do not have a valid job and firms during lockdown period, by providing
contract, are not eligible for paid leave and do t hem in cash/ kind t o avoid ext reme suffering
not have social security benefits. and prevent incom e loss, layof f s and
Thus, the continuation of lockdown bankrupt cies
would have serious consequences for the 3. Once t he lockdow ns are lift ed, t he
livelihoods of these categories of workforce, f ocus should be on incr easing aggr egat e
possibly leading to permanent job loss in some demand t o drive back t he economy t o operat e
cases. close t o it s potent ial. This is, essent ially, a role
Measures undertaken by the Govt. of India: of fiscal policy
Government of India have announced 4. As pointed out earlier, most advanced
financial assistance for the poor and issued economies are operat ing at near zero or even
advisories for establishments given the to negat ive int erest rat es, implying t hat t hey have
ensure on-time payment of wages. However, pret t y much exhaust ed t he monet ary space. As
with the extended lockdown, cash flow such, monet ary policy act ions t ake t im e t o
pressures of the firms, both big and small, may t ransmit , w hereas fiscal policy can act much
exacerbate and states may have to announce quicker, by gett ing money
further relief measures. 5. Government should st art all sect ors
1. The government recently introduced as ear ly as possible w it h proper social
the AarogyaSetu mobile application to educate dist ancing, t her eby econom y w ill recover
citizens about novel corona virus and help them quickly.
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6. Government must announce big
packages to all sectors quaky instead of only 21
extending the lockdown period.
Conclusion: A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
No doubt the government in all respect ONLINE ADVERTISINGON
announcing various packages, subsidies, health
facilities to overcome from this situation. As we CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR
fight this pandemic together, governments, TOWARDS CLOTHS
businesses, civil society and citizens require
great resilience and adaptability. With an Mrs. Manali Ranade - Barve
approach that includes the whole society,
together we can and will fight this corona virus
pandemic. Tackling this unprecedented ==============***********===============
challenge requires a systems approach and the Abstract: The coronavirus pandemic has
mobilization of all stakeholders to respond. changed the face of marketing and advertising
Here’s how the Indian government, the private over the last year. In such a situation internet
sector and common people in their individual plays an important role for customers in finding
capacity can contribute. most of their needs. It helps in communication,
shopping, information search and many more
References things.Due to the situation consumers have to
1https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ be online for their personal as wll as for the
readersblog/midweekread/impact-of-covid-19- office work. Mean time they use the internet
on-indian-economy-26770/ for surfing where they will notice the different
2 www.hindustantimes.com types of advertisement on the screen. The
3 Global credit rating agency Moody’s current study investigated the effectiveness of
Investor Services Report.SS internet advertising on customer behavior
4 Loksatta Marathi newspaper, date towards clothing. This study is based on primary
6.5.2020. data collected from internet users by using a
5 Report published by Asian structured questionnaire. It was found out from
Development Bank in the month of April 2020. the study that male and female are influenced
by internet advertising but females are not more
Footnotes influenced than male. Similarly, the age group
1 https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ and income group are not factors that determine
readersblog/midweekread/impact-of-covid-19- how much internet advertisement is able to
on-indian-economy-26770/ influence the consumer buying behavior.
2 Global credit rating agency Moody’s Key Words: Online Advertising, Consumer
Investor Services Reports behavior
3 Loksatta Marathi newspaper, date Introduction
6.5.2020. The coronavirus pandemic has changed
4 Report published by Asian the face of marketing and advertising over the
Development Bank in the month of April 2020. last year. Marketers are trying to adjust to a new
5 www.hindustantimes.com world with changing consumer habits and new
strategies that keep brands relevant. The

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increased use of social platforms from users branch which deals with various stages a
during lockdown led to a decrease in the consumer goes through before purchasing
advertising cost. Many industries benefited from products or services for his end users. Factors
this sudden change making the most of the that affect consumer behavior are economic
reduced competition and the cost-effective ad status, beliefs and values, culture, personality,
results.Consumers spend more time reading or age and education.
watching the news than ever before. Marketers Literature review
now have the opportunity to capture more eye- Online Advertising is the form of
balls by advertising on these popular websites, promotion that uses Internet and World Wide
at a lower cost than the pre-corona period.As a Web to deliver marketing message to attract,
consequence, the Internet has become an retain and enhance the customers. A consumer
important channel that firms can use to reach can have idea and information of even a small
out and connect to consumers which has lead business enterprise with respect to large
to the emergence of online advertising. business enterprises regarding products and
Traditionally, television, radio, services. Focus on different trends of online
newspaper, magazines, and billboards are advertising also has been done which results
among the major channels that place ads. with the fact that online ads have become a
Online Advertising is significantly cheaper than challenge for the print ads as various online
traditional advertising because of this targeted applications, social site help to lead towards the
nature. The prevalent pay-per-click model lets data instantly than other advertisement media
you pay only when someone chooses to see you. existing. This is an attractive awareness
The main goal of online advertising is to choose creating tool of promotion of the business.
the right ads to present to a user engaged in a Online Advertising is a booming sector on which
given task. In general, advertising is a marketing the research is going on.
mean that attracts potential customers to According to Lewis the development of
purchase a product or to subscribe to a service. the hierarchy of effects: a historical perspective,
In addition, it is a way to establish a brand USA, 1987:role of an advertisement is to attract
image through repeated presence of an the customers. AIDAstands for Awareness,
advertisement (ad) associated with the brand Interest, Desire and Action.
in the media. Awareness - The consumer becomes
For the purpose of marketing messages aware of a category, product or brand (usually
and to attract customers internet advertising is through advertising).
being used. Examples of online advertising Interest - The consumer becomes
include contextual ads on search engine results interested by learning about brand benefits &
pages, banner ads, Rich Media Ads, Social how the brand fits with lifestyle.
network advertising, advertising networks and Desire - The consumer develops a
email marketing, including e- mail spam. If the favorable disposition towards the brand.
advertiser has opted for a response feature, the Action - The consumer forms a purchase
viewer may visit the brand’s website, or interact intention, shops around, engages in trial or
with the advertiser through other touch points makes a purchase.
such as email, chat or phone. Russell Colley (1961) developed
The term “consumer behavior” refers to DAGMAR which stands for Defining Advertising
actions and decisions that influence a Goals for Measured Advertising Results. It
customer’s purchase. Consumer behavior is a includes four levels
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From unawareness to awareness - Objectives:
consumer must be aware of product or company. To Know the effectiveness of internet
Comprehension - what the product is and advertising by studying the different types of
its benefits. advertising.
Conviction - mental conviction to buy the To understand the role of internet
product. advertisement of cloths to attract customers and
Action - finally buy the product. measuring advertising results.
1. PhD Thesis “Effect of Online Advertising on To know which element affects the
Consumer An Analysis” by Gitanjali Kalia cloths buying decision
The purpose of this research is to study To understand the barrier to online
the online advertisements on informational purchase of cloths.
websites in terms of layout, types, color, size, Hypotheses:
etc. After analyzing the online advertisements, H0-1 There is no significant difference of Gender
the study was also conducted on the effect of factor andperception about online advertising
these online advertisements on consumers. H0-2 Respondent will be influenced by Online
2. International Journal of Online Marketing Advertisement.
(IJOM) July 2020, Volume 10, Issue 3 H0-3 There is huge impact of age factor in
“Social Media Advertisements and Buying perception about online advertisement.
Behaviour: A Study of Indian Working H0-4 There is huge impact of Discount or Sale
Women” by Yuvika Gupta & Samik Shome given by the company while buying Cloths.
Social media has become a norm for the H0-5 There is no barrier while buying cloths
majority of companies due to progressive change online
in the mindset of consumers. In the current Research Design and Methodology:
scenario, working women play an important role Data collection the study is based on
in the purchase decision of the family. Moreover, primary data collected from internet users by
some studies revealed that in some cases using a structured questionnaire. The
working women solely make product purchases. questionnaire is divided into four parts. The first
According to the Pew Research, women (73%) part asks the general profile of the internet users
lead over men (65%) in the use of social media. and in the second part effectiveness of internet
The purpose of this study is to identify the factors advertising is studied by analyzing the different
that are influencing the working women types of advertising. In the third part role of
purchase behaviour. internet advertisement to attract the customers
3. International Journal of Online Marketing are studied and finally in the fourth part studies
(IJOM), Jan. 2020, Volume 10, Issue 1 the barriers of online purchases. In this study to
“The Role of Online Trust in Forming Online understand the level of agreement Likert scaling
Shopping Intentions” by Bandar Alharthey technique is used. In order to study the role of
(Arab East Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) internet advertisement to attract customers and
The main focus of this study is to for measuring advertising results AIDA Model
investigate the impact of online shopping trust and DAGMAR model.
towards online shopping intentions in the Limitations of the study:
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, while the online The main limitation of the study will be
shopping experience of consumers will be time constraint.
assessed for moderation between attitudes and The sample size is limited to 50 internet
intentions. users.
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The study will be conducted in Thane hypothesis H0-1 and hypothesis H0-2.
City only. We can see that there is great online
Findings of the survey will be based on impact factor on the respondent. So we can
the assumption that the respondents will give conclude that there no age factor affects the
correct information. buying decision of the cloths. Hence, Hypothesis
Sample H0-3 (There is huge impact of age factor in
The sample size will be 50 from Thane perception about online advertisement) will not
City only. be accepted.
Sampling Design: H0-4 There is huge impact of Discount or Sale
For the research Purposive Sampling given by the company while buying Cloths
method will be use to collect data.
Gender Number Yes No May be Percentage
Primary Data will be collected through Age Impact Male 25 14 4 7 56
Questionnaire.
Female 25 14 3 8 56
Data Analysis
Data collected for the study is collected From the above table we can conclude
using questionnaire. Along with this AIDA model that the Discount or the sale offer by the
is used to find the four dimensions of company can influence the decision of the
advertisement effectiveness. The model respondents both male as well as female (56%)
suggests that advertisement effectiveness is the while buying the Thus, the hypothesis will be
combination of Attention, Interest, Desire and accepted.
Action. DAGMAR model includes four levels: H0-5 There is no barrier while buying cloths
Awareness, Comprehension, Conviction, Action. online
A new model is created by including Attention, Gender Number Return Refund Delivery Time Quality
Policy Policy Issue
interest, Desire, Awareness, Comprehension,
Barriers Male 25 07 01 03 14
Conviction, Action. And on these dimensions
Female 25 08 05 03 09
Likert scales are used to ask questions in the
questionnaire. The analysis will be done on the From the above table we can conclude
basis of percentage and mean of the data. that while buying cloths online; the consumers
H0-1 There is no significant difference of face some barriers like: Return policy, Refund
Gender factor and perception about online Policy, Delivery time and Quality Issue etc. Both
advertising Male and Female respondent find the Quality
H0-2 Respondent will be influenced by Online Issue is the most important factor at the time of
Advertisement. buying cloths online. Hence the Hypothesis H0-
5 will not be accepted.
Gender Number Yes No May be Percentage
Findings and Conclusion
Advertisement Male 25 18 1 6 72
Effectiveness
Female 25 16 4 5 64
The study is based on the effectiveness
of internet advertising on consumer buying
Advertisement effectiveness is more behavior towards cloths. It was found out from
among male customers (72%) compared to the study that male and female are influenced
female (64%). Similarly, we cannot find any huge by internet advertising but males are more
difference of Gender factor about online influenced than female.
advertisement. From the above table we can Similarly, the age group and income
conclude that the respondents are influenced group are not factoring that determine how much
by the Online Advertising; and thus accept the internet advertisement is able to influence the
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consumer buying behavior.
Customers are more cautious about the 22
quality of the product. Other than this Refund
policy, return policy and delivery time will also INFLUENCE OF COVID-19 ON
be the barriers to buying decision for cloths.
The discount and the sale factor can
TOURISM IN KONKAN REGION
influence the consumer’s buying decision of the
cloths. Ms. Priya Ramesh Yeole
So, from the study it was found out that Assistant Professor, Department of Accountancy,
proper methods should be used to attract new PTVA’s Sathaye College, Vile Parle (E), Mumbai
buyers for purchasing the cloths online. Online
Advertisement should have the capability of Dr. Raj Ankush Soshte
retaining the existing customers. Assistant Professor, Department of Accountancy,
N.S.S College of Commerce & Economics,
Bibliography Tardeo, Mumbai
www.google.com
www.shodganga.com ==============***********===============
https://www.igi-global.com/gateway/ INFLUENCE OF COVID-19 ON TOURISM IN
article/258988#pnlRecommendationForm KONKAN REGION
https://www.worldwidejournals.com/ ABSTRACT:
indian-journal-of-applied-research-(IJAR)/ Growth of a country is essentially related
article/a-study-on-the-effectiveness-of- to health of its citizens. A healthy population
internet-advertising-on-consumer-buying- largely contributes to the productivity and
behaviour-towards-mobile-phones/ progress of the country. Since 1950, India has
MTQ5MDE=/?is=1&b1=25&k=7 made remarkable efforts to enhance public
h tt p s :/ / w w w. res e a rc h g a t e . ne t / health of citizens. However, it is noteworthy that,
publication/318429556_IMPACT_OF_ONLINE- increasing population and industrialization has
ADVERTISING_ON_CONSUMERS resulted in environmental problems along with
the enhancement of health services. Contagious
 diseases not only affect the lives of individuals
but also their working capacities.
In the present context of COVID-19,
huge impact on tourism industry is being seen.
Due to COVID-19 disease, Maharashtra
government stuck down companies, railways,
social affairs which has directly influenced
economy and share market too. As per CII report,
Indian economy falls below 5% in F.Y. 2021 if
urgent policy action isn’t taken. There is
worrisome spread of Corona Virus is being seen
in India at present. In addition, it is even seen
that, continuous flow of foreign tourists in
Konkan region has increased health risk to local

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people due to the pandemic of COVID-19. This summer vacation and enjoy the holidays by
paper has manifested influence of COVID-19 witnessing the endless sea. Hotels and resorts
disease on the Tourism industry in Konkan remain generally full during this season.
Region. However, now there is a different picture seen
Keywords: Covid-19 Pandemic, Konkan Region, this year. Businesses are waiting for tourists and
Tourism Industry, Disease, Foreign tourists etc. at present, only a few local businesses have
INTRODUCTION: reported their bookings.
Every year tourists visit to Konkan region Each year, millions of tourists flock to
including Ratnagiri, Raigad and Sindhudurg places like Anjarle, Kelshi, Karde, Ladghar,
districts for vacations and carnival seasons. The Guhagar, Murud, Ganpatipule, Ratnagiri, Tarkarli,
corona pandemic has influenced travel and Malvan etc. in Konkan region and the shores of
tourism industry in India and Konkan region has these places in Konkan have always been
not remained an exception. The corona crowded with tourists. Thousands of tourists
pandemic followed by the lockdown has resulted made their bookings in advance to spend holiday
in complete closure of tourist’s arrivals. Due to in Konkan region. Hotels, lodges, MTDC resorts
the limitations in travelling, the travel and remain 100 percent full at any point of time in
tourism industry has been hit hard, as a range year. However, Corona pandemic has made huge
of service providers has been forced to shut influence on tourism over here. The temples are
down their businesses leading to severe closed down. Tourists have turned their back to
unemployment in tourism sector. COVID-19 Konkan region due to corona pandemic.
pandemic has led to considerable uncertainty OBJECTIVE:
and chaotic condition among people due to the 1. To evaluate the influence of Corona
spread of virus throughout the country during Pandemic on tourism in Konkan Region.
summer vacation period. Hence, the vacations 2. To assess the effect of Corona
went empty without tourists. Many tourist Pandemic on livelihood of people in Konkan
destinations in konkan region are currently Region.
scarce with tourists. Districts of Ratnagiri, 3. To congregate information about
Raigad, and Sindhudurg are favourite tourist initiatives taken by government to boost tourism
destinations in Konkan. This year all these tourist in Konkan Region in post pandemic period.
destinations have worn an isolated look DATA BASE AND METHODOLOGY:
because of COVID-19 restrictions. Summer For the present research work, relevant
vacation period in Maharashtra saw the highest data has been collected from primary and
number of COVID-19 patients in the country. secondary sources. Most of the research works
Konkan region usually experience a good are based on secondary data i.e. district census
number of tourists during summer vacation handbook, statistical abstract and other reliable
period. Be it the famous for beaches and places government publications articles, news report
like resorts and all, it is ready to welcome prints, journals, etc.. Data collected on different
tourists throughout the year. Despite unlock, aspects of tourism have been processed and
people still hesitate to move out for towards given spatial dimensions.
tourist places. Though restrictions have REVIEW OF LITERATURE
removed now, the businesses are still locked. 1. Ashokan K K (2011) has inspected the
The cost of running the shop and small business understanding of the tourists’ approach who visit
is still unaffordable and lose making affair. A the state of Kerala while studying potentials of
large number of tourists visit Konkan region in Kerala with special reference to Beach Tourism.
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Indian Economy has witnessed significant hoteliers. Sometimes lodging professionals get
change in tourism industry after liberalization. bookings a month in advance. However, due to
The major reason of the enhancement of tourism the Corona epidemic, businesses are waiting for
is the fastest growing urban localities. It is even tourists. Hotels and resort professionals have
noteworthy that, the state of Kerala has shown received meager bookings this time.
a consistent growth in the domestic and foreign Raigad district has exotic places like
tourists’ visits. Ashokan has presented the Alibag, Kihim, Mandwa, Versoli, Akshi, Nagaon,
conclusion that the state of Kerala has remained Revdanda, Kashid, Murud, Diveagar,
at the center of attraction for the travelers due Harihareshwar, Shrivardhan beaches. Tourists
to its backwaters, monsoon season, adventurous throng here to have fun and joy. But this year,
activities and the milieu of Ayurveda which is resort owners seem to be more cautious due to
the need of time. In addition, he has opined that, death of tourists at these places due to Corona
Kerala has proved to be the dwelling of best Pandemic.
beaches in India. It is quite surprising that Near about 1 lakh tourists visit this
11.16% foreign tourists have visited Kerala in Malvan fort every year. This year the number is
the year 2008. not even 10 percent. Boat service is run from
2. M B Potdar (2003) in his study of Sidhudurg to reach Malvan Fort by Passenger
‘Tourism Development of South Konkan’ detail Transport Welfare Association. As per ground
study of all the religious and coastel tourist reports, number to tourist visiting this place has
places Ratnagiri and Sindudurg. He express that been significantly reduced & operators of boat
there is lot of potentials of Tourism in south service do not find it affordable to run their
konkan. He also studied that actual impact of business.
economic and social effect in this region. The Malvan has around 3,000 rooms to
south konkan region reveals a treasure of accommodate about 10,000 tourists. However,
tourism. only few of them have been booked, said Nitin
PRESENT SCENARIO: Walke, Chairman of the Trade Association in
Representative of Ganpatipule Malavan. Pandemic time has been very difficult
Devasthan said that, although the Bhakt Niwas for the tourism business in Sindhudurg.
of Ganpati Devasthan, which was closed due to Businesses were expected to be reviving during
Corona, reopened from November 1st 2020 but vacations however, that too did not happen.
not even five rooms were booked on Saturday- Tourism professionals are worried as the outlook
Sunday in a week. Every year during vacations, for tourism economy recovery remains highly
the Bhakta Niwas becomes 100 percent full. uncertain.
MTDC’s tourist accommodation at Ganpatipule The beaches of Konkan always attract
was almost full during holidays in last year. The tourists. Tall coconut groves and Kaularu houses,
rooms in the manager’s quota were also filled. the endless beaches and the roaring waves can
In contrast to the last year, the number of tourists be seen as soon as we reach in Konkan Region.
visiting MTDC tourist accommodation has been The beaches are famous attractions of Konkan
very meager this year. Although government has region. The beaches in the Konkan, which are
relaxed the lockdown and opened up tourism, always crowded with tourists, are now
there are only few bookings at the lodges and dampened due to lockdowns and curfews.
resorts in Raigad district. Tourists always flock to the beaches of Dapoli,
Summer vacations can be seen as a Anjarle, Guhagar, Kelshi, Palande etc in Ratnagiri
source of income for lodges, resorts and district. Due to the increasing transition of
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corona, lockdown-like rules were enforced in the are ready to follow guidelines and restrictions
state and the beaches in Konkan were closed. if necessary, but not at all in favor of lockdown
One of them is Palande beach in Dapoli. This in any case.
beach is close to Dapoli city. Therefore, there is If the hotels and other allied business
a large trainload of tourists who come here are closed all year round, it will be difficult for
regularly. But now the only thing that can be them to reopen. The workers who left at the time
heard on the shore is the serene silence and of the first lockdown never returned. Moreover,
the sound of the waves. Hotels, shops, taparis huge cost of maintenance had to pay during this
on the shore are closed and we can see silence period by the businessmen. This entire situation
everywhere. Currently, we can see birds roaming forced many to close their businesses. Some
through the waves on this shore. young or new entrepreneurs started everything
It was seen that tourists turned their by taking loans. They could not repay their loans
backs in the same way even during the first and trapped in vicious cycle. Hotels and shops
lockdown in Konkan. However, the lockdown have to close after 8 pm. This has created a
rules were relaxed and the Konkan was once negative impact on income of the businesses in
again open to tourists. The business of the locals Konkan region. They earn most of their income
was also boosted. But, once again, Corona during festive seasons. But if lockdown imposed
raised its head and the clock ticked. This picture during that period, how could they earn their
is not only of the shores of Dapoli, but the living? They look at the government to assist
situation is similar everywhere in the Konkan. them in case of lockdown imposed again.
Essential service shops are rarely open in some Considering Konkan, there is a huge
areas due to forced lockdowns. Therefore, there turnover dependent on tourism. Many allied
is an astonishing calmness in the Konkan belt businesses are dependent on tourism. However,
at present. In the last few days, many servants due to the talk of lockdown and increasing
have reached Konkan. Therefore, the roads, number of patients in the last month, the number
markets and beaches in the Konkan are of tourists visiting Konkan has decreased
uninhabited, even though the villages are substantially. Moreover this season is important
crowded. Not only this, the traffic on the for them to recover from last year’s losses. It
Mumbai-Goa highway has also seen significant can be hoped that at least in the future their
reduction. No vehicles are seen in this area business will be revived. However in the current
except vehicles used for essential services. situation, all businesses have become evidently
Therefore, it can be said that the curfew has scrawny.
completely changed the image of Konkan. The hospitality industry is one of the
At present, all the businesses in Konkan major contributor to GDP. Konkan’s economy is
are in big trouble. The lockdown was announced based on tourism. Businessmen have managed
last year and it has hit all businesses based on to give workers 50 percent salary or some other
it since beginning. Considering Ratnagiri and concessions last year. But, the whole things
Sindhudurg districts, a large number of people have become harder now. Even if the hotel or
are dependent on tourism for their livelihood. any business is closed, it does not mean that
Suddenly Corona Pandemic occurred and the there is no cost spent or invested. They have to
subsequent lockdown decisions hit the Konkan pay some basic things like light bill, water
economy harshly. However, it must be noted charges and various taxes. Therefore, they
that, this time the decision of lockdown is not should be considered when deciding on a
affordable to people living in this region. They lockdown etc. Therefore almost all stakeholders
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in tourism industry express their opposition to regarding tourism industry were, setting aside
the possible lockdown in future. Rs 12 crores to sponsor non-government
exhibitions and events related to theatre,
literature, sports etc, Giving out tourism land to
private companies for development on a
minimum 30-year lease and Goods and Services
Tax (GST) returns to tourism projects. As part of
efforts to keep the tourism industry ready for
post-pandemic times, the tourism department
has conducted an internal survey to understand
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES: the most popular tourism avenues in
Honorable Minister of Tourism, Aaditya Maharashtra, so that officials could work on
Thackeray suggested using Covid downtime to infrastructure and frame policies accordingly. At
prepare Maharashtra as post-pandemic tourist the same time, the department is revamping the
hub. Since the beginning of the year, the state tourism website and plans to include more
virtual experiences involving prime attractions.
Maharashtra tourism department has sent at
References:
least 5 major policy decisions to state cabinet, 1. Https://react.etvbharat.com/english/
all of which have been approved. The first five- national/state/maharashtra/covid-shadow-on-
star resort in Konkan’s beach-lined Sindhudurg maharashtra-tourism-industry/na20201116
district, the state’s maiden agro-tourism policy, 083759965
beach shacks are some of these decisions. 2. Https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/
Around the World, the tourism industry has been n e w s / maharashtra/covid-19-impact-
among the worst hit by the Covid-19 Pandemic. maharashtra-come-8-beach-shacks-along-
But through this assault, the Maharashtra konkan-coast-boosting-tourism
tourism department has been buzzing with 3. Https://marathi.abplive.com/news/
maharashtra/amid-the-sigh-risk-of-coronavirus-
activity, courting a whole new level of limelight. tourists-skip-their-plans-for-vacation-in-konkan-
The idea is to have the industry ready for revival region-982731
when the threat of Covid-19 lifts. Other 4. Https://marathi.abplive.com/news/
proposals still in the works include setting up a maharashtra/big-impact-on-tourism-in-konkan-
board to promote and fast-track approvals for throughout-the-year-what-do-the-people-of-
live events and slashing the number of konkan-think-about-the-lockdown-980387
permissions required for setting up hotels in 5. Gajbhiye, L., 2016. A Study of
Maharashtra to 10 or less. Contribution of Tourism towards Economic
CONCLUSION: Development with reference to Ratnagiri District
of Maharashtra. M.A. Eco. (SET, NET). Swami
Government held a meeting with
Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University,
hospitality representatives to discuss plans Nanded.
aimed at boosting the industry once the COVID- 6. Annual report (2019-20) Ministry of
19 crisis eases. The time is quite troublesome. Tourism of India.
Aviation and Tourism are the two sectors worst 7. https://sindhudurg.nic.in
affected by the corona pandemic, but 8. https://ratnagiri.gov.in
government using this time to consolidate all 9.https://www.maharashtratourism.
infrastructure and policy framework, so that gov.in
when things start returning to normalcy, 10. Goyal, shikha. “what is the impact
Maharashtra tourism industry will be ready to of corona virus on indian economy?”. Jagranjosh,
take off. The three policy major policy decisions 2020.
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real situation.
23 Evaluating the impact of the Covid 19
pandemic on Indian economy and possible
Covid 19 – Union Budget& It’s measures for some key sectors.
To analyse the formation of a
Reality in Indian Economy Government Financial Response Task Force for
Government Outcomes Covid 19 Coronavirus.
Dr. Rashmi S. Dhobale Evaluating the effectiveness of
H.V.Desai College Pune pandemics all over the country and how it affects
our social behaviourand the reality on the Indian
==============***********=============== economy.
Introduction: As our new fiscal year begins, the To study financial packages provided by
Novel Coronavirus has infected more than a government in the 2021-22 budget.
million people in more than 200 countries. Like Scope of the study: The aim of the study is to
all human beings, the perception of the common identify the coronavirus all over the country.
good that affects the lifestyle, business, Research Methodology: The present paper
economy and is widely taken by all of us. One briefly summarizes some of the key sectors of
of the most serious consequences of this the Indian economy and the central
epidemic is game-changing effects on our social government’s outline of the Union Budget 2020-
behaviour, as well as on the legacy network and 21. This research is based on primary data and
pattern of economic activity. In the fourth secondary data. The scope of the present study
quarter of Financial Year 2020, India’s analyses the effects of the Covid 19 pandemic.
growthshave slowed to 3.1 % as the Indian All administrative expenses of the Ministry under
economy has been affected by the coronavirus the respective pillars for the purpose of analysis.
pandemic across the country. Notably, there has Secondary data has been collected from the
been a nationwide pandemic recessionacross Internet and books.
the countrypandemicand the current, according Impact of Covid 19 on the Indian economy.
to the World Bank, has “increased the existing The result of Outbreaks of coronavirus all over
risk from India’s economic point of view”.As the country have had devastating effects on
Covid-19 India spreads rapidly in India, India in terms of largescale economic activity
policymakers are worried about how to fight the as well as human casualties. With a few notable
virus and reduce its impact on the economy. In exceptions, high growth was observed to
addition to supporting the spread of the disease analyse the impact and possible measures on
and those affected, the policy maker needs to some key areas.
be prepared for the long-term challenges and Food and Agriculture: As agriculture is the
opportunities that may arise after the crisis is backbone of the country and a part of the
over. The 2020-21 budget was presented in the government has declared it an essential
shadow of the worst crisis in India in the last category, it will also reduce the impact on
half century. The culmination of the slide below primary agricultural production and use of
the economy started in 2016-17 is Covid-19. agricultural inputs
Objectives of the study: This study is mainly Aviation and Tourism: The contribution of
to understand the Covid 19 Pandemic disease aviation and tourism to our GDP is 2.4% and 9.2%
and its impact on the Indian economy and the respectively. In the financial year 2018-19, the
tourism sector served an estimated 43 million
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people. Aviation and tourism were the first Mission (Urban)” aims to provide universal
industries to be severely affected by the water supply to 4,378 urban local bodies with
pandemic. 2.86 household tap connections. 2,87,000crore
Telecom: Due to the implementation of “work will be spent in a year. 35,000 crore for
from home” due to restrictions, most of the coronavirus vaccine. 2021-22 for Health &
essential services and areas are running during Welfare¹ 2,23,846 crore and Rs 94,452 crore for
the pandemic. With more than 1 billion FY 21 BE an increase of 137 %.
connections by 2021, the telecom sector Environment: Launch of Urban Clean India
accounts for about 6.5% of GDP and employs Mission 2.0 which will be implemented over a
nearly 4 million people. Increased broadband period of 5 years from 2021-2026 with a total
usage had a direct effect and resulted in allocation of Rs. 141, 678 crores. As a solution
pressure on the network. to the problem of air pollution, the government
Pha rmaceu ticals:Cov id-19pandemicthe has allocated Rs 2,217 crore for 42 urban
pharmaceutical industry is growing all over the centres&announcedvoluntary vehicle scrapping
country from pandemic diseases, especially policyfor the recruitment of old and unusable
India, the world’s largest producer of generic vehicles.
drugs. The market has grown exponentially to Manufacturing Sector: Production Linked
55 billion and exporting hydroxychloroquine Incentive Scheme (PLI) has been announced for
globally. 1 sector to boost the manufacturing sector. For
Oil and Gas: The Indian oil and gas industry is this, the Centre has promised to provide Rs 1.97
important in the global context it is the third lakh crore in five years from the financial year
largest energy consumer behind the USA and 2022.
China alone, accounting for 5.2% of global oil Infrastructure: The Finance Minister said that
demand. Declining vehicle and industrial a bill would be tabled to set up a development
production reduced the movement of goods and agency to finance infrastructure. FF announces
passengers (large and individual) and closed all ¹ 20,000 crore to capitalize DFI. The “National
over the country, reducing the demand for Revenue Pipeline” of potential Brownfield
transport fuel (2/ 3rd demand in the oil and gas infrastructure will be launched. Dedicated
sector). freight corridor properties will be inspected by
Union Budget 2021 of the Finance Minister in rail after commissioning and maintenance.
Parliament. Emphasis was placed on the budget Operations and management concessions at the
to encourage India to be budgeted in the first next airports will be monitored.
budget of the new decade and the budget of Roads and Highways: A 3,500 km of National
the Great Depression.The budget was based on Highways are being constructed in Tamil Nadu
6 pillars to ensure the overall development of with an investment of ¹ 1.03 lakh crore. In
the country: Kerala,the 1100 km long National Highway works
Health Services: The Prime Minister’s Atma at an investment of ¹ 65000 crore.The poll-bound
Nirbhar Swasthya Bharat Yojana is a new scheme 675 km of West Bengal the Centre has allocated
to be launched in six years at a cost of about ¹ ¹ 25000 crore for the highway project. The
64,180 crore. This will be in addition to the government has ¹ 34,000 crore to complete1,300
National Health Mission. On the nutrition diet, km of national highways in Assam in the next
the government will merge supplementary three years. The Ministry of Road Transport
nutrition programs and nutrition campaigns and &Highways has spent ¹ 1,18101 lakh croreof
launch Mission Nutrition 2.0. The “Water Life which ¹ 1,8230 crore will be capital.
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Railways: ¹ 1,10,055 crore for railways, of which Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
¹ 1,07,100 crore will be for capital expenditure. (MSMEs) :¹ 15,700 crore for the MSME sector
The centre plans to design Vista Dome LHB in the 2021 budget. Customs duty on long
coaches on the tourist route. products of semis, flat and non-oy alloys, alloys
Energy Sector: Improvement-based results- and stainless steels was reduced to 7.5 %. The
based power distribution sector scheme with an government waived the tax on steel scrap until
outlay of Rs 3,05,984 crore in five years. March 31, 2022.
Ports, Shipping and Waterways: Seven Digitization: The government has allocated ¹
projects worth over ¹ 2,000 crore will be awarded 1.500 crore to promote digital payment methods.
by major ports in public-private partnership The government allocated ¹ 3,726 crore for the
mode in FY21-22. In the global tenders launched upcoming Census-India’s first digital census.
by the Ministry and CPSE, a scheme will be Affordable Housing: Eligibility to deduct
launched to promote the flagship of merchant additional interest of ¹ 1.5 lakh till March 31,
ships in India by providing grant assistance ¹ 2022. Affordable housing projects can take tax
1,624 crores to Indian shipping companiesin 5 leave for another year until March 31, 2022In
years. the context of the pandemic all over the country,
Financial Capital:The government has given an we evaluate the budget 2021&its 6 framework.
additional capital of ¹ 1,000 crore to the Solar Six Pillars: Let alone control pandemic all over
Energy Corporation and ¹ 1,500 to Indian the country as the epidemic is not completely
Renewable EnergyDevelopment Agency. under control and the extraordinary effects of
FDI: The FDI limit in insurance companies ranges the lockdown are still being felt. Which would
from 49% to 74% and is regulated with foreign be categorized under a specific pillar. For
ownership and safeguards. example, all administrative expenses of the
Companies and Start-ups: Capital turnover for Ministry are covered under the respective pillars.
small companies ranging from “more than Rs. Pillars 1 - Health and Welfare: Department of
50 lakhs” to “not more than¹ 2 crores” and Health and Family Welfare; Department of
“more than ¹ 2 crores” to more than ¹ 20 crores. Health Research; Ministry of AYUSH;Department
Agriculture: Agricultural credit has been of Drinking Water and Sanitation; Department
increased by ¹ 16.5lakh crore in Financial Year of Food and Public Distribution;Ministry of
2022. 40,000 croreshave been allocated to the Environment, Forests and Climate Change; And
Rural Infrastructure Development Fund. The Ministry of Women and Child Development.
“Operation Green Scheme” will include 22 Health and Wellness.
perishable products in addition to the existing Pillars 2 - Infrastructure: Ministry of Road
tomatoes, onions and potatoes. 1,000 mandis Transport and Highways; Ministry of New and
will be integrated into e-NAM. The government Renewable Energy; Ministry of Petroleum and
increased customs duty on cotton from 0 to Natural Gas; Department of Water Resources,
10%, on raw silk and silk yarn from 10 % to 15 River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation;
%. Ministry of Civil Aviation; Ministry of Housing
Migrant Workers and Laborers: The and Urban Affairs, Ministry of Ports, Shipping
government has launched a portal, which will and Waterways; Department of Financial
collect information related to mill, building, and Services; Department of Telecommunications;
construction workers, which will help other Ministry of Energy; And Ministry of Railways.
types of schemes for migrant workers to create Pillar 3 - Inclusiveness: Ministry of MSMEs;
health, housing, skills, credit, food. Department of Agricultural Research and
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Education; Department of Agriculture, Co- electronic production Various states have
operation and Farmers Welfare; Department of financial assistance to the poor in the
Fisheries; Ministry of Labour and Employment; unorganized sector.During Lockdown Phase 1
Ministry of Minority Affairs; Rural Development the Modi government announced the world’s
Department; Ministry of Tribal Affairs; And the largest food security plan for 80 crores
Department of Social Justice and Empowerment. (800,000,000 people) in the country, ¹ 170,000
Pillar 4 - Education: Department of Higher crore will be provided for the Prime Minister’s
Education; Department of School Education and Poor Welfare Scheme (PMGKY) which will
Literacy; And Ministry of Skill Development and provide both cash transfers and food security;
Entrepreneurship. Using the approach outlined With the intention that no one should go hungry
above, Table 1 provides costs as a percentage during the lockdown, PMGKY has the
of each of the four pillars of GDP.As from the components for three months:Per person extra
following table, all the pillars, except one, are 3 kg of wheat or rice free, Household 1 kg free
very light on capital expenditure. The exception pulses in each house,Ujjwala beneficiaries free
is Pillar 2, which deals with infrastructure. LPG, Rs 500 per month to 200 million women
2019 -20 2020 - 202 0 - 20 21 -
Jan Dhan account holders, 2000 to 87 million
2 1(B E ) 21( RE ) 22( B E ) farmers in 10 days under PM Prime Minister
P illa r 1 R e ve n u e e x p 1.09 1. 07 2.87 1.85 Kisan Yojana;Senior Poor Senior Citizens,
C a p ita l e xp 0.01 0. 01 0.03 0.02
Widows and Disabled Rs.1000, Collateral loan
T o ta l 1.11 1. 08 2.89 2.03
of Rs. 20 lakhs to women’s self-help groups.
P illa r 2 R e ve n u e e x p 0.64 0. 70 0.84 0.57
Atmanibhar Bharat Abhiyan(ABA):Self-reliant
C a p ita l e xp 0.84 0. 93 1.19 1.33
T o ta l 1.48 1. 63 2.04 1.89

India does not mean moving away from the rest
P illa r 3 R e ve n u e e x p 1.29 1. 34 1.84 1.41
of the world. Foreign direct investment is
C a p ita l e xp 0.00 4 0.005 0 .0 03 0 .0 05
welcome Technology translates to a self-reliant
T o ta l 1.29 1. 34 1.85 1.42 India as a large and important part of the global
P illa r 4 R e ve n u e e x p 0.44 0. 44 0.45 0.43 economy.India’s total economic package of ¹ 20
C a p ita l e xp 0.01 0. 01 0 .0 02 0.0004 lakh crore (US $ 280 billion) has been announced,
T o ta l 0.45 0. 45 0.45 0.43 10% of GDP. This package has been launched
A ll 4
P illa r s
R e ve n u e e x p 3.46 3. 55 6.00 4.26 on 12th October 2020. Changes in FDI Policy on
C a p ita l e xp 0.86 0. 96 1.23 1.36
18 April 2020, according to the Department of
T o ta l 4.33 4. 50 7.23 5.77 Industry and Internal Trade, India changed its
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policy to curb
Looking at all the four pillars together, the Indian companies.India’s annual fuel
the cost of income has increased from GDP consumption will fall by 5.6% by 2020. Demand
(3.46%) (2019-20 from) to GDP (6.00%) (2020- for diesel will fall by 6%. India’s fuel demand
21), but 2. points4 % growth (2.54%) point when before the lockdown in the first half of June 2020
compared to 2021-22), capital expenditure was 80-85% However, the Indian Oil Minister
increased by only 0.37 % over the same period said that it would take a long time for the Covid-
(0.50 %).as a budget for infrastructure. 19 to be restored to its previous level due to
Expenditure on Ministry-wise Classification of increased demand.
Pillarsas % of GDP. Conclusion:Covid-19 poses an unprecedented
Covid-19 Economic Response Task Force: In his challenge to India. Given the large population,
address to the nation, Prime Minister Narendra the precarious state of the economy, especially
Modi announced the establishment of the Covid- in the pre-Covid-19 period, and the dependence
19 Economic Response Task Force on March 19, of the economy on informal labour, lockdowns
2020.Which initiated consultations with the RBI and other measures at social distance will be
and ministries to study the most affected areas highly disruptive. The Central and State
such as :Aviation, hospitality and MSMEs, The Governments have recognized and responded
Union Cabinet approved ¹ .40,995 Crores for to this challenge but this response should be
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just the beginning. Policymakers need to be
prepared to respond in order to minimize the 24
impact of shocks on both the formal and informal
sectors and to facilitate the path of V-shaped
recovery. At the same time, they must ensure Challenges and problems before
that reactions are included in the rule-based rural marketing in Indian economy
framework and limit the exercise of discretion
to avoid long-term damage to the economy. Dr.S.D.Nikam
References:
· “India’s economic activity almost at pre- B.Y.K.College of Commerce Nashik
lockdown levels but Covid looms: Nomura”. The
Economic Times. 15 September 2020. ==============***********===============
· Lockdown relaxation‘ — more than half Abstract
of India’s economy may reopen from Monday, Sometimes rural marketing is confused
says Nomura”. Business Insider. 18 April 2020.
with agriculture marketing but there is difference
· Chaudhry, Siraj A. (26 March 2020).
“Covid-19 puts India’s food supply chain to a between the two. The later denotes marketing
stress-test”. The Hindu @businessline.26 March of produce of rural areas to the urban consumers
2020. or industrial consumers while rural marketing
· Covid-19: Impact on the Indian involves delivering manufactured or processed
Economy, Indira Gandhi Institute of input or service to rural consumers and also
Development Research, Mumbai, April 2020 include outflow of rural product into urban
· Covid-19 and Macroeconomic market. Agricultural marketing is the part of rural
Uncertainty: Fiscal and Monetary Policy marketing.
Response Vol. 55, Issue No. 15, Keywords : Rural, Market, Agricultural,
· Economic & Political Weekly, 11 Apr,
2020 Consumer, Product, Transportation., Goods,
· http://www.igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/ Introduction:
WP-2020-013.pdf The emergence of rural markets as highly
· IMF projects India’s growth rate at 1.9% untapped potential emphasizes the need to
in 2020, forecasts global recession due to explore them. Marketers over the past few
· COVID-19:https://economictimes. decades, with innovative approaches, have
indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/imf- attempted to understand and tap rural markets.
projects-indias-growth-rate-at-1-9-in-2020- Some of their efforts paid off and many markets
forecasts-globalrecession-due-to- covid19/ still an enigma. Rural marketing is an evolving
articleshow/75142792.cms?utm_s ource=
concept, and as a part of any economy, has
contentofinterest &utm_medium=text&utm_
campaign=cppst untapped potential; marketers have realized the
· Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, opportunity recently. Improvement in
April, 2020 infrastructure and reach, promise a bright future
· Impact of Covid-19 on the Indian for those intending to go rural. Rural consumers
Economy, FICCI, March 20, 2020 are keen on branded goods nowadays
· Biman. Mukherji (23 March 2020). Many marketers seem to take rural
“Coronavirus impact: Indian industry seeks market as agricultural marketing, but it is a
relief measures to aid economy”. Livemint. 23 wrong view of the subject.
March 2020.
In fact, by rural market, we mean the
· Sharma, Yogima Seth (24 June 2020).
“Unemployment rate falls to pre-lockdown level: performance of business activities that direct
CMIE”. The Economic Times. 24 June 2020.
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the flow of goods from urban to rural areas (for market as agricultural marketing, but it is a
manufactured goods) and vice versa (for wrong view of the subject.
agricultural produce) and products In fact, by rural market, we mean the
manufactured by rural non-agricultural workers. performance of business activities that direct
Rural market is not an independent entity by the flow of goods from urban to rural areas (for
itself. manufactured goods) and vice versa (for
In fact, there are sociological and agricultural produce) and products
behavioural factors which affect the economy manufactured by rural non-agricultural workers.
of rural market. By and large, markets may be Rural market is not an independent entity by
described as an environment of the country side itself.
and the habitants thereof. In fact, there are sociological and
People are the market for marketers. behavioural factors which affect the economy
Rural marketing is basically dealing with various of rural market. By and large, markets may be
inputs, projects and services meant for the rural described as an environment of the country side
market. and the habitants thereof.
Sometimes rural marketing is confused People are the market for marketers.
with agriculture marketing but there is difference Rural marketing is basically dealing with various
between the two. The later denotes marketing inputs, projects and services meant for the rural
of produce of rural areas to the urban consumers market.
or industrial consumers while rural marketing Sometimes rural marketing is confused
involves delivering manufactured or processed with agriculture marketing but there is difference
input or service to rural consumers and also between the two. The later denotes marketing
include outflow of rural product into urban of produce of rural areas to the urban consumers
market. Agricultural marketing is the part of rural or industrial consumers while rural marketing
marketing. involves delivering manufactured or processed
Objectives : 1.To study the concept of rural input or service to rural consumers and also
marketing. include outflow of rural product into urban
2.To study the problems and challenges of rural market. Agricultural marketing is the part of rural
marketing in India. marketing.
Research Methodology : Some problems associated with rural market
This study is based on secondary data. include:
This data is to obtained from various books. 1. Wide and Scattered Market:
Definition Wide and scattered market is difficult
According to G.N. Murthy Rural to reach in both the aspects – promotion and
marketing is the study of all the activity, agency distribution. Rural India is spread in the entire
and policy involved in the procurement of farm county in around 6 lakhs villages of different
inputs by the farmers and the movement of rural sizes while urban population is concentrated in
products from farmers to consumers. around 3200 cities. Most of villages are
Marketing in rural areas has a varied extremely small with population less than 500
conceptual dimension as the events occurring people. Only one percent (6300) villages have
in markets are necessarily taking place in a set a population of more than 5000. It is challenging
of conditions affecting the rural dwellers and tasks to choose target markets and to serve them
institutions hinterlands. effectively.
Many marketers seem to take rural 2. Problem of Designing Products:
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Products sold successfully in urban restricts their buying ability and pace of
markets, may not necessarily be successful in adopting products.
the rural markets due to difference in utility value 7. Lethargic Life Style:
of the products. Mind-set of rural segments Lack of desire for a new life style is most
seems quite astonishing and different. Existence critical issue for a marketer. They cannot be
of considerable heterogeneity among rural folks easily convinced to try, use and adopt certain
poses challenges for marketers to incorporate products with better qualities and innovative
their uneven expectations in the products. features Product modification does not create
3. Transportation Bottleneck: desirable and positive effects on rural folks.
Transportation is the nerve centre for Customs, established beliefs, superstitions, etc.,
any type of business. Most of villages are not restrict their behaviour. Unfortunately, their
properly connected with main roads. Every year opinion leaders lack scientific approach.
during monsoon thousands of villages are Innovative and superior products are difficult to
disconnected for a longer time. Lack of proper be introduced successfully in rural areas.
transportation hinders marketing activities. 8. Language Problem:
Agro-based products cannot be sent to Language is a main constrains in
marketing centers, and industrial products communication strategies. Multiplicity of
cannot be supplied to rural population safely in languages spoken in rural areas makes
time. In certain areas, even construction of road marketing activities difficult. Languages differ
or railway is difficult to construct and maintain. from state to state, and area to area in the same
4. Seasonal and Irregular Demand: state. While designing advertising, personal
Rural demand is characterized as selling, and publicity strategies, marketers
seasonal and irregular. So, companies cannot cannot fulfill linguistic expectation of all rural
concentrate on rural segments as it is difficult people. Promotion programme always lacks
to plan. In the same way, demand depends on versatility.
income of rural customers, and income is quite 9. Urban Marketers v/s Rural Customers:
uncertain because they depend on agriculture, The executives in companies cannot
and agriculture depends on monsoon. understand the consumer psychology of rural
5. Uncertain and Unpredictable Market: markets. Lack of awareness and understanding
Market response is difficult to scale. They about consumer behaviour in rural markets
don’t have stable and predicted behaviour. In create problems in formulating marketing
such a situation, the effective marketing strategies. Rural and urban customers
strategies do not make a sense. Rapid changes significantly differ in terms of habits, tastes,
are difficult to incorporate and, hence, there are uses, preferences, and other such aspects. So,
more chances to suffer. Overwhelming response any attempt to satisfy rural customers with urban
of rural population to some products mind (marketing executives born and brought-
experiences sudden fall. Market planning up in urban climate) results into vain endeavor.
remains ever challenging in rural segments. 10. Backwardness:
6. Low Living Standards: Rural customers are economically
Rural customers have low income, low backward. More than 30 per cent of the rural
purchasing power, low literacy rate, and, masses live below the poverty line. Poverty
therefore, low standard of living. But, picture is confines them to spend even for basic
now changing and marketers can have better necessities. Backwardness also affects their
opportunities than ever. Low standard of living mentality to change. Their poor purchasing
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power and rigidity are main constraints for
marketers to serve them. 25
11. High Inventory Costs:
Since rural demand is limited and THE IMPORTANCE OF A DIGITAL
uncertain, an effective inventory management
is difficult. Besides, the retailers serving in rural MARKETING STRATEGY TO SMALL
areas don’t have adequate knowledge and BUSINESS
aptitude to decide optimum inventory.
Unnecessary stocks cut their profit margin, and Mehjabeen Javed Shaikh
they lose customers in case of inadequate Asst. Prof in Dept. of Commerce,
stocks. Burhani College, Mazgaon, Mumbai
12. Inadequate Marketing Support:
Normally, producers and wholesalers do ==============***********===============
not extend full support to rural retailers in terms ABSTRACT
of liberal credit, financial assistance, and other With the emergence of the IT Sector,
facilities that they offer to traders of urban businesses across different industry verticals
areas. In same way, rural customers and retailers have been changing their ways of management,
are not given adequate space in designing sustenance and communication. Digital
overall marketing programme. opportunities have been spreading like forest
Findings : fire giving birth to e-commerce, and opening
1.Understand the concept of rural doors wide for tons of business online. The
marketing importance of digital marketing for small
2.There are various challenges and business and large is rapidly growing as the
problems of rural marketing internet and it springing up with a new
3.Understand how to solve various mechanism to explore every day is only making
problems of rural marketing the space larger for the business sector to
progress. We can now do what we’ve never done
Reference: before and communicated with TG’s across
1. Indian Economy, Ruddra Datta, places unthinkable and unreachable a few years
K. P.M. Sundharam (2016) S. Chand publication ago.
New Delhi. INTRODUCTION
2. Marketing Management by V.S. Digital Marketing refers to the marketing
Ramaswamy and S.Namakumari activities of a company that are carried through
3. Rural Marketing in India-Strategies and the electronic devices or the internet. The type
Challenges by Ruchika Ramakrishna of marketing uses various digital strategies by
4. Indian Agriculture, by N.Janardhan businesses to connect with its customers. In
Rao (2005) ,ICFAI University,Hydrabad,India. simple words, digital marketing is the marketing
5.Agricultural Economics ,by Mishra J.P that is done online. There are various methods
(1995), Sahitya publication,New Delhi. under the spectrum of digital marketing, which
are as follows-
 Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
Pay-Per-Click (PPC)
Content Marketing

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Social Media Marketing (SMM) ever-increasing.
Affiliate Marketing IMPACT OF DIGITAL MARKETING ON SMALL
Email Marketing BUSINESS
Inbound Marketing Let us understand the changes led by digital
The good news is that, as a business marketing and how it impacts the businesses
entity, you will able to make your choice from operate: -
the various digital channels to develop brand Customer Communication – Digital platforms
awareness and generate leads. The performance and social media has enabled easy and instant
of each channel is measurable and hence you communication between the brand and the
can evaluate your company’s performance audience. And the best thing is, it helps to
across each channel and derive the best connect with the global audience.
decision. However, the digital marketing Content Distribution – Have you ever thought
strategies and plans will differ depending on the of the volume of content distributed via digital
type of your business – whether it is B2B or B2C. marketing? The answer is ‘Huge’. Every day, a
REASONS WHY SMALL BUSINESS NEEDS A business can share huge content with the
DIGITAL MARKETING: audience via social media, emails, applications,
The digital technology has drastically newsletters and so on. This way marketer can
changed the way businesses operate today. easily spread their message to a large audience.
Now, ad agencies approach their ad campaigns Customer Information – With the help of the
in a remarkably different way. Big businesses technology, companies can track the data of the
and brands are not only the ones who benefit customers. The analysis of the data can help
from online marketing. In fact, the small your business to get to know customer likes and
businesses can also benefit immensely from preferences. Based on which, you can make vital
digital marketing. Hence, businesses today are business decisions. Say, you want to introduce
utilizing the digital universe to create brand a new product and then you refer to a customer
awareness, impact and drive customers. information. By knowing the pattern followed
Digital Marketing has an unbelievable impact in the data, you will be able to know which
on the people’s interactions, habits, and product will work and which will not.
lifestyle. Let’s see how:- Transparent information – Customer’s
· With the increasing accessibility of the information is important to the company. In the
internet, the number of people going online is same way, today, the customers are also
ascending every day. As of 2018, approximately interested in everything about the company they
3.03 billion people (which is half of the world are making their purchases from. If the brand
population) are on some type of social media. shares its information and reveals its true
· Search Engines drive around 93% of all personality online, customers feel that the brand
website traffic. is transparent. In response, the customers get
· 82% of people use their phones to make more inclined towards brand loyalty.
an online search before they make the decision Encourage Innovations – Digital marketing
to purchase from a store. offers a platform to reach customers in an
· 50% of consumers are inclined towards innovative way. When there is a stiff competition
a particular brand if the name appears more than in the market, having an innovative approach
once during their search. helps brands to stand out.
The aforementioned statistics clearly Digital marketing is creative and helps
indicate that the impact of digital marketing is you to keep up with the trends.
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IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL MARKETING: information they need and will likely end up not
Any businesses, including small brick- visiting the business in person.
and-mortar businesses, should be taking Easily Look into the Analytics and Adapt
advantage of digital marketing right now. Strategy
Marketing online provides tons of opportunities Analytics makes a huge difference in
marketing and reaching target consumers. With
for small businesses, even those that have a
traditional marketing methods, it’s difficult to
small budget. Digital marketing can be done on determine exactly how effective the method
just about any budget and scaled as the was and what can be adjusted to make it more
business grows to continue fitting their needs. effective in the future. With digital marketing,
The following are some of the things small however, this is much easier.
businesses can do if they start marketing their Become Trusted by Today’s Consumers
business online. Just having an online presence and a
Reach Customers Where They Are website makes a business appear more
Consumers are online, and they’re online trustworthy. Digital marketing also allows small
business owners to engage with consumers
often. They’re on social media websites, using
online, making it easy for them to reach out to
search engines to find the information they potential customers and see what needs to be
need, and playing games or watching videos. done to make a sale. Any type of small business
Small business owners who want to reach more can take advantage of this opportunity.
potential customers need to be online because DIGITAL MARKETING TRENDS IN 2021 THAT
that’s where their customers are. No matter who IMPACT A SMALL BUSINESS:
the business is designed to cater to, the The time has arrived when marketers
customers are online and may be waiting to must scrutinize their marketing strategies and
discover the company so they can see what’s KPIs to make sure they are positioned to
offered near them. successfully adjust their marketing tactics in the
coming year.
Make it Easy for Customers to Find the Conversational Marketing
Business Conversational marketing has become
When consumers are looking for one of the most exciting trends in digital
something, they most likely start with a search marketing that has brought together messaging,
on Google. Most of these searches are for conversational interfaces, innovative processing
products or services “near me” so they’re looking of search queries, and rapid adoption of smart
for local businesses that have what they need. speakers.
If a small business doesn’t have an online Conversational marketing is composed
presence, these consumers won’t find that of three steps—engagement, understanding,
and recommendation. The lead conversion ratio
business and will likely end up going to a
becomes higher, as well. With conversation
competitor instead. marketing, the web portal transforms into a more
Have the Online Presence that Customers human-centric buying experience from being a
Expect generic catalog. Marketers get a chance to learn
Once a consumer does learn about a a lot about customers and buyers by having an
business, they’ll likely look online to get more exact context. They can comprehend which
information. They may pass the storefront on features are useful to them and where the pain-
the way to work and decide to look up the hours point lies. The lead conversion ratio becomes
to see when it’s convenient to stop in the store. higher because you get tailored insights into
what a customer wants. It cut shorts the long,
If the small business doesn’t have a web
painful process of the traditional sales cycle and
presence, they’re not going to find the brings better returns on investments.
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Video is No Longer a Choice borders in terms of popularity. Influencer
If your organization has not already marketing is the most used way of marketing on
implemented video making get on board now. TikTok. Research shows that more than 85% of
You cannot afford to miss the bus. There is no the marketing happening over TikTok is through
comparison between video and text-content social media celebrities that generate brand
when it comes to selling services and products awareness and sales.
online. CONCLUSION
Falling data costs make it possible for The benefits of digital marketing have a
consumers to watch more and more video long way to go and for your business to sustain
content than ever before. Watching videos in this ever-growing market, you need to scale
about anything under the sun, at any time, has up. Dig into this world of possibilities and
become possible due to handheld smart phones. opportunities with an expert aside and there’s
Personalized Email Campaigns just no looking back. Digital marketing has in it
Despite the prevalence of social media, the potential to help your brand reach heights
instant messaging, etc., the good old email is of unimaginable and unexplored success and
yet to lose its charm. Billions of emails are sent growth. Since the internet has become an
daily for academic, scientific, legal, industrial, inevitable part of the modern world, today’s
commercial, and personal purposes. As long as competitive marketplace requires intelligent
the email is here to stay, email marketing would digital marketing strategies for the launch and
go on, too. So, keep in mind: if personalization growth of any business. Especially start-ups and
in your emails is missing, you are missing out. small businesses need a higher level of a digital
For a personalized email marketing experience, marketing plan to generate and enhance their
you need to collect your customers’ data and communication with potential customers. If you
craft emails targeting specific requirements of are a start up or small business owner, you
customers. After collecting enough data about should choose the most profitable digital
your potential customers, you can plan marketing strategies to achieve your specified
accordingly and tailor your emails by having an marketing objectives while promoting a product
approximate customer profile. or service to hit the marketplace.
Face book Lagging… BIBLOGRAPHY:
Face book is no longer the king of social 1. https://evergreendm.com/why-
media marketing as it used to be some years digital-marketing-is-crucial-for-small-business-
before. Forbes’ research tells us that more than today /#:~:text= Dig ita l%20market ing %2
half of its users are above the age of 60. I am 0also%20allows%20small,take%20advantage%2
not suggesting that Face book has become a 0of%20this%20opportunity.
thing of the past for social media marketing; yet, 2.https://www.maxeffectmarketing
it can be said for sure that it is lagging behind .com/why-digital-marketing-for-small-business
other channels in catching up with the younger 3 . h tt p s : / /w w w. s m a l l b u s in e s s
generation. Younger people are more prone to
bonfire.com/2021-digital-marketing-trends/
trying new products and experiences. The
interactive and more visual experiences offered #:~ :text= Email%20aut omation%20has%
by TikTok, Snapchat, and Instagram appeal to 20made%20its,email%20marketing%20is%
them more. 20not%20new.&text=This%20has%20the
Instagram Leading %20potential%20to,powerful%202021%20
Side by side, we also see a meteoric rise digital%20marketing%20trends.
in the popularity of Instagram with younger 4. https://www.forbes.com/sites/
generations. Currently, it has more than a billion forbescommunicationscouncil/2021/01/04/how-
users. Most of its users are below the age of small-businesses-can-revamp-their-digital-
30. Other avenues of social media marketing,
marketing-in-2021/?sh=700006975216
such as TikTok, have cut across the national
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linkage between change management process
26 and online teaching-learning process in
education system amid the COVID-19 outbreak
ONLINE LEARNING DURING so as to overcome the persisting academic
disturbance and consequently ensure the
LOCKDOWN PERIOD IN COVID-19 resumption of educational activities and
IN INDIA discourses as a normal course of procedure in
the education system.
Dr.Vilas B.Zodage Key Words: Online teaching-learning modes
HOD, Accountancy, Associate Professor, Perception COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak
Sant Rawool Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Kudal Lockdown period online education
Dist.- Sindhudurg(MS) 1. INTRODUCTION
Most Governments around the world
have temporarily closed educational institutions
==============***********=============== tocontrol the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic.
ABSTRACT: With an increasing number of states,
The whole educational system from Provinces and even whole countries
elementary to tertiary level has been collapsed closing institutions of learning and over 91% of
during the lockdown period of the novel theworld’s student ’s population are not
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) not only attending schools/colleges (UNESCO).
in India but across the globe. This study is a Severalother countries have implemented
portrayal of online teaching-learning modes localized closures impacting millions of
adopted by the Mizoram University for the additionallearners. UNESCO is supporting
teaching-learning process and subsequent countries in their efforts to slower the
semester examinations. It looks forward to an immediateimpact of school closures particularly
intellectually enriched opportunity for further fu- for more vulnerable and disadvantaged
ture academic decision-making during any communities and trying to facilitate the
adversity. The intended purpose of this paper continuity of education for all through
seeks to address the required essentialities of remotelearning. The World Bank is also actively
online teaching-learning in education amid the working with ministries of education inseveral
COVID-19 pandemic and how can existing countries in support of their efforts to utilize
resources of educational institutions effectively educational technologies to provideremote
transform formal education into online education learning opportunities to students while the
with the help of virtual classes and other pivotal educational institutions are closeddue to Covid-
online tools in this continually shifting 19 pandemic. “The corona virus pandemic has
educational landscape. The paper employs both led to an unprecedentedrise in present time,”
quantitative and qualitative approach to study said Global Partnership to End Violence
the perceptions of teachers and students on Executive Director Dr.Howard Taylor. “School
online teaching-learning modes and also closures and strict containment measures mean
highlighted the implementation process of more and morefamilies are relying on technology
online teaching-learning modes. The value of and digital solutions to keep children
this paper is to draw a holistic picture of ongoing learning,entertained and connected to the
online teaching-learning activities during the outside world, but not all children have the
lockdown period including establishing the

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necessaryknowledge, skills and resources to companies in the year 2019.And from then many
keep themselves safe online” (UNICEF). In start-ups have come up to give tough
thispandemic situation of Covid-19, competition toByjus’s. Li Kang, Ai English
Key words:coronavirus, COVID-19, education, Executive Director said, “Online Learning is
online learning, technology, Ed-Tech thefuture and if there was no virus, that
2. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY realization would have taken another fewyears
2.1. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY but this has accelerated the process.”EdTech
1. To study of Ed-Tech Start-ups and Start-ups are tapping all the right opportunities
online learning. by providing freeonline courses to students
2. To reviewonline platforms adopted by amidst this crisis. UNESCO also suggested that
educational institutions duringthe pandemic theseEd-Tech Start-ups and learning apps can
Covid-19. help students during such hard times.Digital
3. To review Online Learning. payment companies, such as Paytm, Mobiwik,
2.3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Tez, PhonePe, and so on,grew rapidly during and
The study is descriptive and tries to after demonetization. Now, in this pandemic
understand the importance of online learning outbreak,Ed-Tech start-ups are hoping for
in the period of a crisis and pandemics such as improved performance. Ed-Tech start-ups
the Covid-19. The problemsassociated with aretrying hard to make most out of this situation
online learning and possible solutions were also by providing several free coursesand e-
identified basedon previous studies. resources to the students. Although the
2.4. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY availability of electricity and astable internet
1. The study has been conducted on connection is still a bigger challenge in their way
secondary data. as a lot of Indiancities especially small cities
2. The study focuses on during pandemic still face frequent electricity shortages. As per
COVID 19 in India. thereports, initiatives by these companies are
3.ED-TECH START-UPS AND ONLINE LEARNING already bringing them gains.Their customer
If we go back in history and see Ed-Tech base is improving a lot, it might be for a
through the ages, we can observe thatwriting temporary periodbut even if they can retain a
slates were used in Indian schools during the few customers it is for their good only.Educators
1100s. In the year 1440,first printing press was or teachers in the form of facilitators face a lot
invented by Johannes Guttenberg; in the 1600s, of trouble whileworking on these Ed-Tech start-
Abacushelped students in understanding ups in the form of how to start using it when
fundamentals of Math; and in the year touse it, how to reduce distractions for students,
1913,Thomas Edison promoted film clips as a how to hone students’ skills viaEd-Tech. The
replacement for teachers. In 1927,Sidney Pressy participation by students is not enough,
invented the first teaching machine famously educators must put considerableeffort to
called the MCQmachine. In the 1960s, online increase student engagement, retain their
education originated at the University ofIllinois attention, take feedbacks,and assess them in
and in 1994, India’s Ed-Tech journey finally several ways. This will create an effective
began in India with thelaunch of Edu-comp. andmeaningful learning environment. Ed-Tech
recently, around 2010, Ed-Techs start-ups cannot replace a teacher but it canenhance
entered themarket intending to disrupt the instruction. During such tough times, when
education sector. A learning applicationByju’s Covid-19 has forcedschools and colleges to
became one of the most valued Ed-Tech remain completely lockdown for few weeks due
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to theseriousness of the situation, Ed-Tech schedule videos ahead of time to gain
companies can prove to be of great help excitement.
tostudents (Brianna et al., 2019). According to 5. YouTube Live-is a platform for demonstrating
the reports by KPMG and Google,the EdTech a product with live interaction, hosting an
sector will boom and is likely to reach around 2 educational session to teach audience with
Billion Dollars by2021. Some of the famous screen sharing or using awhiteboard, having
EdTech start-ups include Byju’s, Adda247, features with Location tags and advanced
Alolearning, AptusLearn, Asmakam, Board scheduling.
Infinity, ClassPlus, CyberVie,Egnify, Embibe, 6. UberConference- Unlimited Video and audio
ExtraaEdge, iStar, Jungroo Learning, GlobalGyan, calls with talk, chat and Collaboration features
LidoLearning, Pesto, Vedantu, Edubrisk, ZOOM 7.FreeConference is ideal for smaller teams or
Classroom, ZOOM Business,Toppr, Unacademy, meetings, feature include Screen
Coursera, Kahoot, Seesaw, Khan Academy, e- sharing, Document sharing, Text sharing etc.
pathshala,GuruQ, and the list is long. SWAYAM 8. Dingtalk– Communication platform that
portal is an interesting educationalprogram that supports video conferencing, task andcalendar
is initiated by the government of India to achieve management, attendance tracking and instant
three importantobjectives of our educational messaging.
policy, that is, access, equity, and quality.The 9. Lark – Collaboration suite of interconnected
main objective of SWAYAM is to provide online tools, including chat, calendar,creation and
learning and reduce thedigital divide. It provides cloud storage, in Japanese, Korean, Italian and
a large number of free courses for school, English.
distance,graduate, and postgraduate education. 10. Teams – Chat, meet, call and collaboration
During the Covid-19 crisis, SWAYAM isof great features integrated with Microsoft Office
help for students across the country. software.
ONLINE PLATFORM ADOPTED BY 11.TrueConf Online-HD video with Collaboration
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS DURING THE tools (screen sharing, remote desktop control,
PANDEMIC COVID – 19 recorded calls, file transfer and shared virtual
There are many live-video communication whiteboard).
platforms are available in web, but some ofthe 12. Slack Video Calls- is good for teams looking
free online platforms are as listed below which for a supplementary video callingsolution for
can be used by learners of allcategories: small teams, features include individual calls
1. Zoom – Cloud platform for video and audio and messenger services.
conferencing, collaboration, chat and webinars. 4. REVIEW OF ONLINE LEARNING DURING
2. Google Meet – Video calls integrated with LOCKDOWN
other Google’s G-Suite tools. Video meeting Online Learning encourages more
recordings, Screen sharing, Join calls using productive use of time which keep individuals
Google Calendar safe from pandemic situation like spread of
3. Skype – Video and audio calls with talk, chat Covid-19.It has greater access to experts/
and collaboration features. specialists (nationally and internationally) and
4. Facebook Live- is a great fit for businesses, learners can access 24/7 at their own pace and
influencers, or individuals who are looking to time. It allows geographical reach even to rural
broadcast demos, videos, or showcase their or remote locations. It is a cost-effective
company culture while streaming live, followers technology which is quite affordable and
on Facebook can comment and chat live, enhances. Communication between educators
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and students. One educator can teach Globalization of education has been deteriorated
variousvirtual classes simultaneously which remarkably due to limited mobility and limitedly
reduces travelling to various places. It confined exchange programmes of academic
canaccommodate more learners at a particular activities among the countries during the
time.Online class/conference session can be COVID-19 lockdown. The third world countries
saved in website for future reference e.g. class are facing policy paralysis in handling the
notes can be saved and distributed via network sudden shifting scenario of educational
for references by students. The digital planning, management and organization during
recordings of the classes/meetings can be this pandemic with their fractured technical
uploaded in website to review later.In order to infrastructure, academic incompetency and lack
conduct exams, institutions may consider using of resources; especially among them, low and
online examination software which may help for middle-income countries would suffer the
conducting online examinations. This will setbacks most as they were already running out
prevent institutions in facing delays in its annual of finance (Thomas, 2020). But noticeably
academic calendar for lockdown. Very useful to everyone must learn to live and survive with the
some emergency service personnel like police, present crisis as it is the beginning only; in the
doctor and nurses etc. who are unable to spare long run, no can afford the negligence towards
a specific time to learn during lockdown can use digital transformation in HEIs. To develop
the online recordings and pursue their multimodal approaches to achieve course
education.Useful to women and physically content objectives for better learning outcome
handicapped learners who can learn at home. can be a better idea to deal with the complexity
But some of limitation about online of online education. Undauntedly, the
learning during lockdown period. governments must ensure the availability of
Not all children have the necessary reliable communication tools, high quality
knowledge, skills and resources to keep digital academic experience, and promote
themselves safe online. Spending more time on technology-enabled learning for students to
virtual platforms can leave childrenvulnerable bridge the disparities originated in the education
to online sexual exploitation.Learners from low- system before and after COVID-19 catastrophe
income families and disadvantaged groups are which is also inevitably necessitated for
the more likely to suffer during online learning uninterrupted learning. Few steps should be
as they may not afford high-speed internet accounted in the wake of this pandemic; to
connectionand required technical gadgets. It develop such a curriculum that reflects the
widens gap between privileged and unprivileged perceptible change in the content knowledge and
learners.It may lead to laziness with some learning experience of students as well as
students being at their home and may lack self- enable them to think critically.
discipline.The atmosphere of a face-to-face
meeting is lost. Interpersonal relationship REFERENCE
between students and teachers or between 1. DD news. UGC forms committee to
students may hamper.The security of personal encourage online learning amid lockdown.
data may be compromise as one can hack the Retrieved on April 16, 2020 from http://
digital devices without latest software updates ddnews.gov.in/national/ugc-formscommittee-
and antivirus programs. encourage-online-learning-amid-lockdown
5. CONCLUSION 2. Google search. Best Free V ideo
Liberalization, Privatization and Conferencing Tools. Retrieved on April 15,
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2020from https://www.owllabs.com/blog/video-
conferencing-tools 27
3. Joshua Stern. Introduction to Online
Teaching and Learning. Retrieved on April TOURISM INDUSTRY -
17,2020 from http://www.wlac.edu/online/
documents/otl.pdf
OPPORTUNITES AND CHALLENGES
4. UGC notice. An Appeal for Inviting IN INDIA
ideas/ suggestions for “Bharat Padhe Online
campaign”. Retrieved on April 16, 2020 from Mr. Dayanand Vishwanath Thakur
https://www.ugc.ac.in. Research Scholar,
5. UGC notice. LET COVID 19 not stop Sant Rawool Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Kudal
you from learning- ICT initiatives of MHRD& Dist.- Sindhudurg(MS)
UGC. Retrieved on April 16, 2020 from https://
www.ugc.ac.in.
6. UNESCO. COVID-19 Educational
==============***********===============
Disruption and Response. Retrieved on April14, ABSTRACT:
2020 from https://en.unesco.org/covid19/ The importance of tourism to economic
educationresponse development has been recognized widely due
7. UNESCO. Distance learning solutions. to itscontribution to the balance of payments,
Retrieved on April 14, 2020 fromhttps:// GDP and employment. Since last few years,
en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse Indian tourismindustry has been growing at a
8. UNICEF. Children at increased risk of rapid pace and it has vast potential for
harm online during global COVID-19pandemic. generating employment andearning large
Retrieved on April 16, 2020 fromhttps:// amount of foreign exchange. So it is imperative
www.unicef.org/turkey/en/press-releases/ to study the growth and development ofIndian
children-increased-risk-harmonline-during- tourism industry. In the present paper the
global-covid-19-pandemic growth and development of Indian tourism
industryhas been studied. For this purpose, data
 has been collected from secondary sources such
as Bureauof Immigration, Ministry of Tourism,
Govt. of India and World Travel and Tourism
Council. Toanalyze the collected data,
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) has been
calculated. Resultsshowed that tourism is the
largest service industry in India, with a
contribution of US$34.008billionto the national
GDP and 7.4 percent to the total employment in
the year 2011. India witnessed morethan 5
million annual foreign tourist arrivals and more
than 740 million domestic tourist visits in theyear
2011. Moreover, it is suggested that the central
and state government should take initiatives
todevelop tourism in India.
Keywords: Growth, Development, India,

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Tourism Industry one day with or without an overnight stay, but
1. INTRODUCTION maximum time period should not be more than
Tourism is among the fastest growing one year.
industries in the world. Tourism today is one of 2. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
the booming sectors in the economy of many 2.1. SELECTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF
countries. India’s large area, historical RESEARCH TOPIC
monuments, National parks and bird Tourism in Indi is important for the
sanctuaries, geographical divisions, heritage country’s economy and is growing rapidly. The
culture and biodiversity provide a strong base world Travel and Tourism combine calculated
for the development of tourism. It is an industry that Tourism generated Rs.16.91 Lacs crore.
without chimney. Economic growth, Foreign Indian medical tourism sector was estimated to
exchange earnings, contributions to Government be worth US $ 3 billion. In this situation this
revenues, generation of employment and income paper focus on input of Tour and Travel Industry
and regional development are recognized as the and Indian economy.
major economic benefits of tourism. As per the 2.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, December 1. To review the tourism industry in India.
2013, India’s rank in the World Tourism Receipts 2. To evaluate opportunities and
during 2012 was 16th and rank in international challenges of Tourism in India.
tourists arrival was 41.The rank of India was 7th 2.4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
among Asia &the pacific Region in terms of The paper is based on secondary data.
tourism receipts during 2012(press information The data has been collected from internet,
bureau: GOI, ministry of tourism) and is the journal, reports and books. Graph and percentile
largest foreign exchange earner for the country. method has been used to analyze the data.
A very high employment potential has been 2.5. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
noticed in tourism with approximately 90 jobs 1. The study has been conducted on
creation per Rs. 10 lacs of investment (Annual secondary data.
Report 2015-16) [10]. Present paper is based 2. The study focuses on impact of Travel
on secondary data highlighting the importance Industry on Indian economy.
of tourism. The aim of the paper is to highlight 3. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM
how the tourism industry is playing a vital role IN INDIA
in the economic growth of India. The tourism India is full of attractions so lots of
industry employs a large number of skilled and tourists visit here. Table no. one presents
unskilled people. Hotels, travel agencies, thenumber of Foreign Tourists Arrivals (FTAs) in
transport get a huge benefit from this industry. India during the period of 21 yearsi.e. 1991
Tourism promotes national integration, cultural through 2011 along with growth rates. Tourism
activities and the travel point or axis.’ Tourism in India has registered asignificant growth in
is not same as travel. Tourism can measure by recent years. In May, 1992 the National Action
three different criteria’s: Plan for tourismwas announced to motivate
1. It requires the displacement from the private sector for their participation in the
known environment. tourism sector.Moreover, the credit for the
2. The purpose of the travel must be any increase in foreign tourists’ arrival goes to the
reason other than remuneration from the place PlanningCommission because it allotted funds
visited. for the development of tourism infrastructure
3. Duration of the stay can be minimum during the eighth five year plan. There had been
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a remarkable growth from the year2002 to 2005 2002, results evidently show the significant
in foreign tourists arrival due to the various growth in foreign exchange earnings.FEEs from
efforts made by governmentof India including tourism during the year 2010 were US$ 14193
promoting India through the ‘Incredible India’ million as compared to US$11394 million during
campaign in overseasmarkets which led to the year 2009 and US $ 11747 million during
increase in tourism growth by about 65 percent the year 2008. Thegrowth rate in FEEs in US$
during the periodof three years i.e. from the level terms during the year 2010 was 24.6 percent as
of 2.38 million in 2002 to 3.92 million in 2005.For comparedto a decline of 3 percent in the year
the Indian tourism sector the year 2008-09 has 2009 over the year 2008. But, there is decline
been a year of challengeand response with a inforeign exchange earnings in the year 2011.
drop seen in number of foreign tourists due to Thus, growth rate observed in the year2010 was
impact of theglobal economic crisis, out broken substantially high. The compound annual growth
of H1N1 influenza and terrorist attacks at rate (CAGR) in FEEs inIndia during the period of
TajHotel and other significant locations in 21 years i.e. from the year 1991 to 2011 was
Mumbai. Nevertheless Indian tourism 11.55 percent.the statistics of domestic and
sectoroutperformed the global growth of 2 foreign tourists who visitedIndia during the year
percent in international tourists’ arrival in2008. 1991 to the year 2010. As seen from this table,
FTAs, in India during the year 2010 were 5.77 there has beena continuous increasing trend in
million with a growth rate of 11.8percent as domestic tourist visits, with the compound
compared to the FTAs of 5.16 million and growth annualgrowth rate (CAGR) of 13.50 percent.
rate of -2.2 percentduring the year 2009. The 4. OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN
major reason for growth rate in foreign tourists’ INDIA
arrivalin the year 2010 was Commonwealth Opportunities:
Games. The 9.01percent growth rate in FTAsfor The current scenario looks very positive.
the year 2011 over the year 2009 for India is We are optimistic that with the newgovernment
much better than World TourismOrganization giving priority to tourism, there would be
(WTO)’s growth rate of 7 percent for the world welcome steps to boost thesector. More
during the same period. international tourist arrivals can be expected
The compound annual growth rate and may reach 15 per centgrowth, and thus help
(CAGR) in FTAs in India during the period India achieve one per cent of the share of global
1991through 2011 was 6.85 percent.Tourism is tourism asprojected by the Union Ministry of
an important sector of Indian economy and Tourism. The target is to achieve the 16-million-
contributes substantiallyin the country’s Foreign tourist mark by 2020. This will give a lot of
Exchange Earnings (FEEs) also. Table no. two opportunity to tour operators, touristguides,
depicts theforeign exchange earnings from hoteliers, and transporters. It will also give an
tourism in India during the period 1991 through opportunity to the governmentto collect more
2011and also its growth rate over previous year. taxes. Medical Tourism is a great opportunity
The “Incredible India” campaign was one of the for India. Also, more and more conferences and
most successful campaign andits results were conventions are taking place in India and the
reflected in increase in the foreign exchange country hasbecome an ideal location for MICE
earnings (FEEs) also.As highlighted by the table Tourism. Ecotourism, nature-oriented tours,
no. two above, the international tourism receipts etc.,are catching up in various locations in
werestagnated around 3000 million before the India. With a growing number of young out
launch of “Incredible India”. After its launchin bound travelers, transition from the middle class
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to upper middle class and desireto visit another for the travel and tourism range from physical
country, the number of outbound tourists is ever infrastructure such as part of entry to modes
growing, and so is theopportunity to serve them. of transport to urban infrastructure such as
More and more jobs will be created and access roads electricity, water supply,
opportunities ofgrowth in Tier-II cities will be telecommunications etc.
available. Travel and tourism play an important The sector related to the travel and
role inIndia’s economy compared with other tourism industry includes airlines surface
nations, India ranks 14th in the world in termsof transports accommodation and infrastructure
its tourism sector’s contribution to the GDP. and facilitation system. The poor infrastructure
Tourism creates diversified employment has been a major reason why the international
opportunities in different sectors like tourist has been skipping the country. Access
accommodation, food and beverage and connectivity: To harness India’s tourism
establishments transportation services, travel potential, several efforts are being taken for
agencies, tour operation companies, natural and opening new destination and exploring niche
cultural attention and jobs, both throughdirect segments. However infrastructure facilities such
employment within the tourism industry and as air, road connectivity and hospitality services
indirectly in sectors such as retail and at these destination and the connecting cities
transportation. When these people spend their are inadequate. This remains a major hurdle for
wages on goods and services, it leads to what the development of tourism. Amenities:
is known as the “multiplier effect,” creating Amenities at various tourist locations and en
more jobs. The tourism industry also provides route need to be improved these include basic
opportunities for small-scale business amenities such as drinking water, well
enterprises, which is especially important in maintained and clean waiting rooms and
rural communities, and generates extra tax toilets, first aid etc. Human resource: Availability
revenues, such as airport and hotel taxes, of skilled manpower is a major challenge faced
which can be used for schools, housing and by the travel and tourism industry, to stain
hospitals. Tourism, particularly nature and growth in the travel and tourism industry, trained
ecotourism it helps promote conservation of manpower or workforce is required. Information
wildlife and natural resources such as rain & communication: Though the official
forests, as these are now regarded as tourism languages of the republic of India are Standard
assets. It also helpsgenerate funding for Hindi and English yet the government of
maintaining animal preserves and marineparks India has given 22languages of the 8th
through entrance charges and guide fees. schedule the status of official languages.
By creating alternative sources of Because of such diversity in the regional
employment, tourism reduces problems such as languages the foreign tourist has to face the
over-fishing and deforestationin developing problem of communication with the locals.
nations. Security & safety: India is highly lacking on this
Challenges: attribute of competitiveness. The major reasons
10% of the national income comes from being the internal community riots and also the
the Tourism sector but because of some reason terrorist attacks faced from time to time. The
the tourism sector lags behind the other major country is highly unsafe for females and there
sector. Some reason are 1. Lack of proper is poor discipline as well as political instability
infrastructure, 2. Safety and security 3. in the country. Lack of publicity: Lack of publicity
Inaccessibility and so on. Infrastructure needs for good tourist destinations among
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thetravelers and also lack of good education to 2. DR. RUPAL PATEL(2012) “INDIA’S
the locals on receiving guests and hosting them. TOURISM INDUSTRY – PROGRESS AND
Also, lack of publicity on cuisines and cultures. EMERGING ISSUES” A Journal of Economics and
Bank and ATM facilities: Most tourist locations Management
do not have Bank and ATMfacilities. Another 3. India tourism statistics at a glance
issue with an adverse effect on India’s tourism 2013
is its widespread environmental pollution 4. World travel and tourism council
5. CONCLUSION “TRAVEL & TOURISM ECONOMIC IMPACT 2015
The Tourism industry in India is a very INDIA”
promising Industry and has power to become 5. Market Research Division, Ministry of
one of the leading employers of Indians. India tourism, GOI, 2009 “Tourism Statistics 2008”
has been recognised as a destination for 6. www.indianmirror.com/indiantourism
spiritual and cultural tourism for domestic and industry
international tourists. Tourism industry has 7. www.economywatch.com
emerged as an important instrument in the 8. www.indiatourism.com
economic development of Indian economy,
particularly in remote backward rural areas .Due 
to its strong backward and forward linkages it
generates employment in different profiles and
thus increases living standard of people who are
directly or indirectly linked with this
economically immense profitable activity. The
Indian tourism has a clear bright future because
the demand for travel and tourism in India is
expected to grow by 8.2 per cent between
2010and 2019 and will place India at the 3rd
position in the world. Besides huge foreign
exchange earnings and escalation of world class
infrastructure development India’s travel and
tourism sector is expected to be the 2nd largest
employer in the world, employ 40,037,000 by
2019. So I want to conclude that tourism industry
is positively contribute to Indian economy.
Supply of tourism Products and services must
regularly be upgraded to meet the changing
needs of the market. Professional management
and additional infrastructure is required so that
the Indian can enjoy their heritage to fullest
extent.
6. REFERENCE
1. Dr. Vijayaragavan, T.(2014) ‘IMPACT
OF TOURISM IN INDIAN ECONOMY”
International Journal of Development Research
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India.
28 Keywords: cashless economy, digital payment
system, impact of COVID on business, pandemic
Impact on COVID 19 on related crisis
Impact on COVID 19 on Electronic Payment
Electronic Payment System in System in India
India Introduction
COVID- 19 has caused protracted and
some severe disruptions on the lives of people
Mrs. Simran R Kalyani
across the world in the developed as well as
Assistant Professor,
the developing nations. The pervasive impact
H.R. College of Commerce & Economics Mumbai
of the pandemic, that has affected each and
every aspect of the society, keeps unfolding as
==============***********=============== this huge crisis progresses. It has left profound
Abstract marks on the livelihoods of people and also on
With the expected estimate of $127 the economies of the countries which are
billion, fintech has become the fastest expected to be there for a long time once the
developing sectors across the globe, giving pandemic is over. As a part of global response,
employment to thousands of individuals and the industry of digital finance has played and
generating different sources of earnings for has been playing an important role for providing
countries across the globe. In the year 2020, the and for developing innovations and services
significance of the fintech industry has played which have mitigated the disruptions which
an important role for curtailing the impact of have been brought through the pandemic on
COVID-19 on businesses. Different measures different aspects of the lives of people. In
were taken during lockdown phase for assuring emerging and developing contexts, significantly,
that businesses have continuous access to there’s been a substantial increase in the
different modes of payment digitally to an extent interest for sufficient potential that financial
that the potential of the infection is curtailed technology carries on preserving the businesses
by avoiding flow of cash in the market and by as well as livelihoods of people and continues
adopting digital modes of payments. to be immensely threatened by this crisis,
Safeguarding the current trends and thereby sustaining and enabling within the
pushing the use of digital modes of payment societies, cash flow, flow of credit, investments,
further, the digital modes of payments need to and deposits at the regional and national levels.
help the advanced countries for weathering the The private and the public sectors response has
impact of COVID-19. Also, it needs to be helped in promoting and accelerating process
combined with the effective efforts for fighting of inclusion of digital finance in the developing
financial crime and assuring protection of the context significantly in different nations where
users. A survey was conducted on the sample the system was lagging behind as compared to
of 197 respondents to know the impact of Covid the regional trend (Sowmya and Hebbar, 2020).
19 on electronic payment system and mean and In terms of demand for digital payments options,
t test was applied to get the results. The study the developing as well as the developed nations
concludes that there is a significant impact of have witnessed an immense growth in
Covid 19 on the electronic payment system in subscription and usage of the financial services
since people are now looking for alternate ways
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of running and managing the financial aspect India also witnessed an increased usage of the
of their businesses and lives for surviving the online grocery shops, payment portals and
extended lockdowns, social distancing and EdTechs for paying the utility bills(Zhou et. al.,
overall disruptions in the livelihoods. In terms 2020).
of supply, the traditional finance institutions RBI has also urged the consumers for
have been compelled to revise their model of making digital payments in place of cash for
business as well as mechanism of delivery facilitating social distancing. With the help of
through heavy investment in the digital channels digital payments, even the cost for cash is
of payments. This has accelerated the process reduced for an economy, which is increasing now
of digitalisation of the financial offer which was since experts are advising that currency notes
in place. From the viewpoint of development, should harbour corona virus potentially and they
the accelerated shift towards development and should be sanitised(Khanna et. al., 2020).
use of digital payments option is proving to be For example, the transactions on UPI or
a boon for the financial inclusion amidst Unified Payments Interface has also increased
disruption brought by the pandemic. Before the by about 33% since Apr, 2020 to June, 2020. The
pandemic, digital finance used to be the total cash which has been in circulation in Indian
fundamental enabler for the financial inclusion economy has also been high. In July, 2020 total
for the developing as well as emerging countries currency worth Rs. 25.8 trillion had been in
especially when it was about reaching the circulation, and a rise of about 22.9% over the
isolated individuals. period of Jul, 2019.
In the context of COVID-19, the rapid The high circulation of cash in the
surge in the interest for digital payments on part economy is driven mainly through transfers of
of the governments, general public and the direct cash from government to the low income
businesses there has to be substantial merchants and micro households and the
implications of increased potential of the digital tendency amongst the households for using cash
payment mechanism (Singh and Misra, 2020). during emergencies and uncertainties. As
Literature Review economy is reopening, it’s even more imperative
COVID-19 has put an unprecedented to leverage benefits of the digital payments for
strain on economy of India. The GDP is being facilitating resilient recovery of the economy.
expected to shrink by about 4.5% this year. The Addressing the impediments towards the
consumption expenditure mainly accounts for adoption of digital payments and transactions
more than 60% of GDP of India and would be and use entails which may help in resolving
amongst some of the worst hit by pandemic. frictions (Gopalan and Misra A, 2020).
The global adoption of the digital payment Repairing poor service, and developing
systems, helps in facilitating billion of a strong mechanism for redressal is the need of
transactions that happen daily. They are being the hour. Such interventions would help in
expected to play an important role for minimising supplementing the efforts that the government
an economic fallout of the pandemic (Sahoo is mainly making for promoting adoption of
and Ashwani, 2020). digitalpayments in the country and formalising
The merchants and the consumers are the economy. The examples of these kind of
using the instruments of digital payments. They efforts include several amendments under
mainly promote social distancing which is why Finance Act of 2019 that demands all the
they also help in business continuity while the businesses having a turnover of more than Rs.
restriction on movements are being imposed. 500 million to offer facilities to accept the
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payments through only prescribed modes. payment platforms to access cash transfers
Currently, these modes of payment are from the government, and who need to withdraw
restricted to the debit cards which are powered small amounts of cash to service different
by UPI, and RuPay. Similarly, the vision document needs. It is important for industry to contemplate
of RBI for the period of 2019 to 2021 outlines how to create an appetite to service high-volume
the blueprint for empowerment of exceptional transactions(Chan et. al., 2020).
payments experience. It aims at the Digital payments which were once a tool
empowerment of Indians with an access to the of convenience have now become necessity in
wide range of options of E-payments which are today ’s times. With most of the sectors
considered to be convenient, safe, secure, contributing towards digital payments in the
affordable and quick. India has also been listed state of a flux now, it would be still quite early
amongst the top innovators in the sector. UPI in to assure the effect of the pandemic on the
India is being appraised across the world and digital payments in the long run.
also India is one of the few countries to adopt Objective of the study
the Chip and Pin innovation method for digital 1. To find the impact of Covid 19 on
payments. electronic payment system in India.
In June, 2020, ORF or the Observer 2. To find the significance of electronic
Research Foundation organised a conference for payment system during Covid 19 in India.
identifying the main challenges in the current Research Methodology
regulatory framework which is preventing the A sample of 197 respondents was
adoption of the digital payments as well as for surveyed with the help of structured
exploring the potential options of the policy for questionnaire to know the impact of Covid 19
the decision makers(Singh, Sunuwar and Shah, on electronic payment system and significance
2021). of electronic payment system during Covid 19
It was discussed that the digital in India. The primary data was collected through
payments mainly serve the diverse needs of random sampling and mean and t-test was
users in India. Most of the population resides in applied to get the appropriate result.
the rural areas and they are self-employed. The Findings of the study
micro, small and the medium enterprises Table 1Impact of Covid 19 on electronic
contribute about 28.9% of the GDP of India and payment system
account for about 49% of total exports. Micro SI. Impact of Covid 19 on electronic payment system Mean
t value Sig
No. score
merchants constitute about 99% of total 1. Electronic payment had assured that businesses have continuous access to
4.10 16.78 0.00
MSMEs(Singh et. al., 2020). different modes of payment digitally
2. Electronic payment had witnessed an massive growth in subscription and

Imposing artificial caps on the number usage of the financial services during Covid 19 pandemic
3.97 12.27 0.00
of transactions that a consumer can undertake 3. Electronic payment system had helped in running and managing the
financial aspect of the businesses
3.76 10.85 0.00
inhibits adoption of electronic payment systems. 4. Covid 19 pandemic had accelerated the process
financial sector through electronic payment system
of digitalisation of the
4.03 14.01 0.00
For instance, several banks limit the number of 5. Electronic payment system had facilitated billion of transactions and 4.11 13.66 0.00
helped the economy to kept on running during Covid 19 pandemic
transactions on Aadhar-enabled payment 6. Covid 19 pandemic had witnessed an increased usage of the online grocery
systems to only one per day. These limits appear shops, ad payment portals for paying the utility bills through electronic 3.90
payment system
13.73 0.00
to have been imposed because service providers 7. Electronic payment system had played an important role in minimising an 3.73 9.23 0.00
economic fallout during Covid 19 pandemic
benefit from high-value transactions rather than 8. Electronic payment system had helped the general public to access their
3.80 11.42 0.00
a high number of low-value transactions. This 9. money for basic necessity during pandemic
Electronic payment system had rebooted the economy during pandemic

is dissonant with the needs of low-income and in new normal
4.01 13.74 0.00
10 Electronic payment system had negatively impacted the businesses in the

households and MSMEs, who require digital form of refunds and charge backs during pandemic
4.07 13.16 0.00

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Table 1 shows the Impact of Covid 19 on encouraging use of the digital modes of
electronic payment system in India. It is found payments have been incorporated across the
from the table that Electronic payment had world. Recognising the opportunities which the
assured that businesses have continuous access pandemic presents for improving the access to
to different modes of payment digitally with the the digital modes of payment is being
mean score 4.10 and Electronic payment had considered to be a silver ray of hope for the
witnessed an massive growth in subscription economies which seek at broadening the
and usage of the financial services during Covid financial inclusion. Since these countries are
19 pandemic with the mean score 3.97. trying to emerge from the effect of the
Electronic payment system had helped in pandemic, the authorities are revising the
running and managing the financial aspect of objectives of their policies for ensuring that
the businesses with the mean score 3.76 and fintech industry continues to flourish despite of
Covid 19 pandemic had accelerated the process the effect of pandemic.
of digitalisation of the financial sector through The study concludes that there is a
electronic payment system with the mean score significant impact of Covid 19 on the electronic
4.03. It is also found from the table that payment system in India as it hasassured that
Electronic payment system had facilitated billion businesses to have continuous access,had
of transactions and helped the economy to kept witnessed an massive growth infinancial
on running during Covid 19 pandemic with the services,helped in running and managing the
mean score 4.11 and Covid 19 pandemic had financial sectors,accelerated the process of
witnessed an increased usage of the online digitalisation of the financial sector,facilitated
grocery shops, ad payment portals for paying billion of transactions,played an important role
the utility bills through electronic payment in minimising an economic fallout,had rebooted
system with the mean score 3.90. The table also the economyas it has negatively impacted the
shows that the respondents believe that businesses in the form of refunds and charge
Electronic payment system had played an backs also.
important role in minimising an economic fallout
during Covid 19 pandemic with the mean score References
3.73 and Electronic payment system had helped 1. Sowmya PK and Hebbar CK, (2020),
the general public to access their money for basic Customer Perception on the usage of ATM – A
necessity during pandemic with the mean score study with reference to Mangalore City.
3.80. Electronic payment system had rebooted International Journal of Multidisciplinary
the economy during pandemic and in new normal Educational Research, 9(11- 5), 126-131
with the mean score 4.01 and Electronic payment 2.Singh A.K. and Misra A., (2020), Impact
system had negatively impacted the businesses of COVID-19 and comorbidities on health and
in the form of refunds and charge backs during economics: Focus on developing countries and
pandemic with the mean score 4.07. In order to India, Diabetes& Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical
test the significance of the statements t test Research & Reviews, 14(6), 1625-1630
was applied which shows that the value in the 3. Sahoo P. and Ashwani, (2020), COVID-
significance column for all the statements is 19 and Indian Economy: Impact on Growth,
less than 0.05 which means that all the Manufacturing, Trade and MSME Sector, 21(5),
statements are significant. 1159-1183
Conclusion 4. Zhou P., Lou X.,Y, Wang X.G., Zhang L.,
Different policy measures for Zhang W., (2020), A pneumonia outbreak
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associated with a new coronavirus of probable
bat origin Nature, 579, 270-273 29
5. Khanna R.C., Cicinelli M.V., Gilbert S.S.,
Honavar S.G., Murthy G.V.S.(2020), COVID-19 Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic
pandemic: Lessons learned and future directions
Indian J. Ophthalmol., 68, 703-710 on Consumer Behaviour
6. Gopalan H. and Misra A., (2020),
COVID-19 pandemic and challenges for socio- Pooja Singh
economic issues, healthcare and National Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce,
Health Programs in India, Diabetes & Metabolic M. V. P Samaj’s K.R.T. Arts, B.H. Commerce
Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(5) and A.M. Science (K.T.H.M.) College, Nashik
757-759 Savitribai Phule Pune University
7. Singh, D.R., Sunuwar, D.R. and Shah,
S.K., (2021), Impact of COVID-19 on health ==============***********===============
services utilization in Province-2 of Nepal: a Abstract-
qualitative study among community members The Covid-19 pandemic has fundamen-
and stakeholders. BMC Health Serv Res 21, 174 tally changed the world as we known it. It has
8. Singh DR, Sunuwar DR, Adhikari B, impacted virtually all aspects of our lives. People
Szabo S, Padmadas SS. (2020), The perils of are living differently, buying differently and in
COVID-19 in Nepal: implications for population many ways, thinking differently. Consumers are
health and nutritional status. J Glob Health, responding in a variety of ways and have differ-
10:1–4 ing attitudes, behaviours and purchasing hab-
9. Anderson R.M., Heesterbeek H, its. Some feel tense and perturbed, fuelling
Klinkenberg D and Hollingsworth T.D., (2020), panic-buying of staples and hygiene products.
how will country-based mitigation measures At the other end, consumers remain unaffected
influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? with it. Due to Covid-19 outbreak consumer pri-
Lancet, 395,931–934 orities have become centred on the most basic
10.Chan JF-W, Yuan S, Kok K-H, To KK-W, needs, while non-essential categories flump. E-
Chu H and Yang J, (2020), a familial cluster of Commerce has also seen a thrust as new con-
pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel sumers migrate online for shopping- an upsurge
coronavirus indicating person-to-person that is likely to be sustained post-pandemic. In
transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet, this pandemic there is a sudden change in con-
395, 514–23 sumer behaviour andfor an organization to sur-
 vive and grow, it is essential for it to identify
the needs and wants of their consumers. A com-
prehensive yet meticulous knowledge of con-
sumers and their consumption behaviour is es-
sential for a firm to succeed.This paper high-
lights, examine and depicts the impact of Covid-
19 pandemic on consumer behaviour.
Keywords:Covid-19, Pandemic, Consumer
behaviour, Consumers, E-Commerce
Introduction:
Consumer behaviour is the process,
[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.1027.940 (IIJIF)
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through which the ultimate buyer makes the with the satisfaction of consumers. Thus, it be-
purchasing decisions. Consumer buying comes important for companies to understand
behaviour is influenced by various factors like the actions of consumers in the marketplace and
cultural, social, personal and psychological. The what the primary causes for such actions are.
Covid-19 pandemic, lockdown and social dis- The study of consumer behaviour is the study
tancing directives have distorted the consumer of how individuals make decisions to spend their
buying behaviour. Consumers are still learning available resources on consumption related
to live in this pandemic while adopting new hab- items. It includes the study of what they buy,
its. For example, since physical movement is why they buy it, from where they buy it, how
restricted, consumers are migrating into often they buy it and how often they use it. Con-
virtualworlds at an unprecedented rate and are sumer Behaviour is multidisciplinary and has
exposed to newer influences.Consumers are roots in different disciplines like psychology,
now more health conscious and spending more sociology, marketing, social anthropology and
on protective healthcare products (e.g., face economics. The aim of consumer behaviour is
masks), and staples(e.g., non-perishable food, to understand the decision-making process of
household supplies, personal care items). The consumers, individually as well as in groups and
pandemic has dramatically changed consumer examine how emotions have an effect on their
behavioursand companies are also wondering decision to buy.
whether these consumption behaviours will per- There are various factors that influence
sist after the pandemic is over or not. the consumer buying behaviour which includes
Objectives of the Study 1.Cultural Factors
The important objectives of the study are: It is considered as a set of rules, values,
1. To understand the concept of con- beliefs, behaviour and concepts that is common
sumer behaviour. to and binds together the member of a society.
2. To study the effects of Covid-19 pan- Culture is one of the most important factors that
demic on consumption and consumer behaviour. have an effect on consumer behaviour. It forms
3. To study changes in Consumer the basis for market segmentation, design of the
behaviour are temporary or permanent post product, the packaging of the product, promo-
Covid-19 pandemic. tion strategies. It also comprises sub-culture and
Consumer Behaviour social class in it.
Consumers are distinctive in themselves, 2. Social Factors
their needs and wants are different from one Family, friends, formal social groups, col-
another; their consumption pattern and con- leagues at work influence the consumer’s buy-
sumption behaviour are varied.An organizations ing behaviour significantly.
success to a large extent depends on how well 3. Personal Factors
they can connect with their consumers.A con- There are different personal factors,
sumer can be defined as a person or group of which affect the buying decision process. The
persons who purchase or consume a products personal characteristics of an individual such
or services. They buy the products for personal as age and life cycle stage, occupation, person-
use and not for resale or manufacturing. A con- ality and life style have a direct impact on the
sumer could be an individual, a group of indi- consumer’s decision to purchase a product.
viduals, a business, an organization or an in- 4. Psychological Factors
dustrial undertaking.Marketing starts with un- Consumer responses are influenced by
derstanding the needs of consumers and ends four psychological processes which includes mo-
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tivation, perception, learning and attitude. These their expenditure.
all elements of psychological factor have a great 3. Increase use of Digital Technology
impact on consumer buying habits. As people were trapped indoors during
Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic on Consumer the nationwide lockdown, they have spent lot
Behaviour of time on shopping online. Consequently, e-
As the Covid-19 pandemic continues to commerce platforms are witnessing increase in
spread, customer buying behaviour and spend- sales, which is driven by customers trying online
ing patterns are dramatically changing. Some grocery shopping. Not only online shopping but
developments have been sudden and involun- consumers have adopted several new technolo-
tary, such as social distancing, wearing masks, gies and their applications. Teachers have
stopping public transport, restrictions on travel, shifted to using google meet and zoom applica-
etc.All consumer behaviour has strong location tions for teaching online to the students, meet-
and time dependencies. Behaviour and habit ings of companies and cases of court taking
changes are also directly linked to the extent of place through online applications etc. Most con-
exposure to newenvironments. Behaviour can sumers like social media including Facebook,
differ significantly from one location to another WhatsApp, YouTube, WeChat, LinkedIn, and oth-
depending on cultures, geographies, etc. The ers. Marketers used above these social media
pandemic is making this dimension of consumer apps to promote their products and to stay con-
behaviour more complex than it ever was. Fol- nected with their customers.
lowing summarizes the effects of Covid-19 pan- 4.Rise in demand for OTT Content
demic on consumption and consumer behaviour. The pandemic has led to a digital accel-
1.Consumers doing Bulk Shopping eration that’s clearly seen in developing coun-
During the pandemic, panic shopping tries like India. The streaming services such as
was at its peak. People started shopping for Disney, Netflix, and Amazon Prime is breaking
things inpanic, greater numbers, frequency, and the odd habits of physically going to cinema
volume. Prior to the Covid-19 outbreak, consum- halls or theatres for watching films because of
ers were generally use to get anything they government directives of social distancing and
needed within a day or two. However, the situa- lockdown.It is also enhancing convenience and
tion is not same as it was earlier. Due to the personalization in consumer behaviour. This rise
uncertainties prevailing in the country due to in demand provides opportunity to the provid-
the pandemic customers are in surge for shop- ers of OTT platforms to capitalize on the per-
ping in bulk amount specially to fulfil their ba- ceived change to the best of their advantage.
sic and hygiene needs. 5. Increased awareness of health
2. Price- conscious Consumers Consumers have continued to raise
The pandemic and the subsequent eco- awareness of personal hygiene and the desire
nomic recession have created or will create fi- for safety in everyday life. Covid-19 pandemic
nancial hardship for many consumers.People have made them more health conscious than
trying to decrease their consumption, increase ever. Today, customers are more concerned
family savings, delay investments and major pur- about the quality and safety of the products. This
chases to manage their savings.That’s why change in consumer behaviour have prompted
there is a sharp decline of consumer spending them in purchasing more of healthy products to
on clothing, cosmetics, and luxury goods. This maintain their personal hygiene and health.To
has given rise to a new segment of consumers respond to this, some companies are using
who’re cautious while spending and minimizing theirexisting factories and equipment to manu-
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facture the items in need. For example,clothing their most basic while cutting back on non-es-
companies like Prada, Gap, Eddie Bauer are us- sentials. They are now focusing on their per-
ing their factories toproduce face masks. sonal health and hygiene and this will remain
6. Vocal for Local same in upcoming years also. There is a shift
Covid-19 has brought many countries to from offline to online activity. This shift is going
an unexpected fork in their development trajec- to decrease to some extent as consumers pre-
tories. The pandemic has brought people back fer going for shopping with friends and family.In
to their local level. The local shops gained mar- addition, someconsumers prefer to try on the
kets and benefited their customers when online clothing products and physically see and touch
shopping was at a halt due to the nationwide theproducts. Thus, these consumers will shop
lockdown. Consumers are preferring to buy lo- in stores again when they feel it’s safefor
cal goods and brands as they are hesitant to themand the same goes for entertainment too.
step out of their safety zones to resume previ- Customers have very well acquainted them-
ous consumption patterns. This has boosted the selves with OTT platforms but going in theatres
local markets of the country. In present condi- and watching films is a completely different
tion also the biggest example of Vocal for Local experience. It is not that it will totally vanish
is the development of Covid vaccine in India i.e., but to some extent this shift from offline to
Covishield and Covaxin. online will decrease post pandemic. Work from
Consumer Behaviour Temporary or Perma- home culture will slowly come to an end once
nent- Post Covid-19 Pandemic the conditions become far better post Covid-19
The impact of Covid-19 on society is pro- pandemic. Online teaching will remain in the
found and sudden. Research shows that it can picture post pandemic too along with the offline
take between 18 and 254 days to form a medium once the colleges and schools gets open
newhabit; on average it takes about 66 post Covid-19.
days.Today, consumers are settling into new Conclusion
chain ofbehaviour for considerable lengths of The lockdown and social distancing to
time in response to the multiple swings of combat the covid-19 virus has dramatically
thispandemic. This length of time is enough for changed consumer behaviours.With time flex-
new habit formation. This has led to lasting ibility butlocation rigidity, consumers have
changes in consumer behaviour and motivation. learned to improvise in creative andinnovative
Which of these new behaviours will be tempo- ways.Consumers have indulged themselves in
rary or permanent? In order to answer this ques- learning new habits which is technology driven
tion, it is necessary to grasp how much consumer and some habits are been modified by them.
behaviour and motivation have changed. It is Changes that provide positive experiences are
expected that most habits will return back to likely to last longer, particularlythose driven by
normal. However, certain changes will remain convenience and well-being, such as digital
in existence post covid-19 also as consumers adoption, value-basedpurchasing and increased
have find a new way of living which is easy and health awareness. These changes have also
affordable to them. The demand for local prod- made businesses to continuously track the
ucts, digital commerce and omnichannel ser- trends both during and after thepandemic.For
vices such as home delivery, chat features and example, companies can monitor customers’
virtual consultations is surging, and is likely to social mentions andconduct market research
endure beyond this pandemic also. (e.g., survey) to listen to the needs of custom-
Consumers are now more focused on ers tobetter understand customers’ needs and
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concerns. By doing so, they canadjust their mar-
keting 4Ps (e.g., product, price, place, and pro- 30
motion) to betterserve their customers.
THE NEED OF REVOLUTIONARY
References CHANGES IN INDIAN EDUCATION
1) Rajan Saxena, “Marketing Manage-
ment”, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Lim- SYSTEM
ited ( Fourth Edition).
2) Dr.Londhe Babasaheb Mahadev, Dr. Dr. Seema S. Waghela
Anjali Kalkar and Dr.Preeti Mahesh Kulkarni, Cosmopolitan Valia C. L. College of Commerce
“Principles of Marketing”, Thakur Publication Pvt. Andheri (W.), Mumbai
Ltd. (2019)
3) https://www.swissre.com/institute/ ==============***********===============
research/topics-and-risk-dialogues/health-and- ABSTRACT:
longevity/covid-19-and-consumer-behaviour. Education system is the strength of the
html nation whereas the skilled based practical edu-
4) https://www.northeastern.edu/ cation is the backbone of entire education sys-
orgcomm/2020/06/06/how-covid-19-is-impact- tem. It not only provides the better employment
ing-consumer-behaviors-and-organizational-re- opportunities to the young generation but also
sponse-strategies/ boost the economic efficiency of the nation. The
5) https://brandequity.economictimes. skills that must be develop as a part of formal
indiatimes.com/news/industry/covid-19-likely- education. Everywhere there is demand for skill
to-alter-consumer-behaviour-permanently-sur- driven society. But in 20th century still our edu-
vey/77483504 cation system preparing students only for marks
6) https://www.infinitiresearch.com/ and competitive exams. The education given to
thoughts/how-the-covid-19-pandemic-is-influ- the students should be skilled based so that
encing-customer-buying-behavior their hidden qualities and skills can be explored
7) https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ adequately and they can able to fulfill the re-
readersblog/marketing-swan/impact-of-covid- quirement of future work environment. Today’s
19-on-consumer-behaviour-19164/ world is full of competition, to survive in such
8) https://yourstory.com/2020/05/covid- challenging situation the skilled based educa-
19-consumer-retailer-behaviour-lockdown tion is only the option before our Indian educa-
9) https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/ tion system
lead/being-vocal-on-the-right-local/article Keynotes: Skill, Kaushal, Yojana, Strength, Com-
31790400.ece petition, Explore, Survive
 INTRODUCTION:
The whole world has realized that the
economic success of any country is directly de-
termined by their education system. Education
is the strength of the nation whereas the skilled
based education is the backbone of entire edu-
cation system. It not only provides the better
employment opportunities to the young genera-
tion but also boost the economic efficiency of
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the nation. India is one of the highly educated search study, “The skilled based India is the need
country, and recognized third largest education of the hour” has a wide scope. It is not only
system in the world next to the United state and restricted towards the Indian education system
China. In the past many decades, our country but also applicable to various developing as well
has witnessed revolutionary changes in the way as developed countries across the world. The
education has been provided by inculcating researcher with the help of present study tries
modern ways of teaching and learning; which to find the changing trend in education system.
produced numerous legends that left their ev- The present study also highlights the new chal-
erlasting impression on the world history. India lenges and opportunities in Indian education
is the developing country and continuously mak- system. The study focused light on the innova-
ing progress in education field. Although there tive schemes introduced by Government of In-
have been lots of challenges to education sys- dia for enhancing the education system in In-
tem of India but at the same time there are lots dia. The study also pointed out the present edu-
of opportunities are also available to overcome cation system in India and actual problems fac-
these challenges. There is need to adopt revo- ing by Indian youngsters in practical work envi-
lutionary steps in Indian education system to ronment.
make it more pragmatic, and research oriented METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY:
to create a successful and legendary human The present study of “THE NEED OF
being. Skilled based study definitely will help to REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN INDIAN EDUCA-
boost the Indian education system at the great TION SYSTEM” has been based on secondary
level. as well as primary data. The primary data have
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: been collected with the help of Google form
The present study deals with the con- questionnaire. The sample size for the present
cept related to revolutionary changes needs to study is 200; the responses are collected from
implement in Indian education system. Keeping students studying in various colleges situated
in view, the following objectives were designed in Mumbai and Thane district whereas the sec-
for the study. ondary informative data has been collected from
1. To study the present education sys- reference books, research publications, research
tem in India. journals and websites.
2. To find out the upcoming challenges CURRENT SCENARIO OF EDUCATION SYSTEM
facing by young generation in India. IN INDIA:
3. To highlight the new opportunities In developing country like India, even
available in Indian economic system. today when we talk about skill people connect
4. To identify the revolutionary and in- this concept with vocational skills that give
novative schemes introduced by Government of employment opportunities in corporate sectors.
India under Pradhan Minister Kaushal Vikas These skills can be acquired through short term
Yojana. as well as long term courses. Skill India is an
SCOPE OF THE STUDY: initiative introduced by the Government of In-
In the era of advanced and innovative dia in the year 2015 with the vision to provide
education system, the skill based education training and generate employment opportuni-
would play a very prominent role. It not only pro- ties to around 40 crore Indian citizens. Pradhan
vides the best knowledge to the students but Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana scheme launched
also opens the doors of various employment with an aim to enable youth to take up training
opportunities across the world. The present re- and increase the potentials within themselves
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to live better standard of living. education is very essential in today’s competi-
There are various types of courses identified tive world. Everywhere there is high demand for
under Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana such skilled candidates. So in such challenging situ-
as: ation, provide an adequate skill to our student
1. Kaushal and Rojgar mela 2.Monitoring guide- is our prime duty. The Indian education system
lines 3. Placement guidelines 4. Short term train- should take active initiative to explore the hid-
ing 5.Entrepreeurship development den qualities and skills of the students.
programmes 6. Management and development To focus light on the present education
programme 7. Skill development programmes system in India, the researcher has taken opin-
based on dairy product, fashion designing, elec- ion of 200 college students of different colleges
tronic, carpentry and so on. situated in Mumbai and Thane district. The opin-
The researcher in present research study ions primarily about PMKVY, skill based knowl-
does not want to describe about Pradhan Mantri edge, future job opportunities and present edu-
Kaushal Vikas Yojana and their various schemes cation system in India. It is stated with the help
for upliftment of the Indians. The research has of Graph: 1 as follows:
been undertaken to focus on the skills that must Graph : 1
be developed as a part of formal education. Ev- Responses about the revolutionary skill based
erywhere there is demand for skill driven soci- education in India
ety. But in 20th century still our education sys-
tem preparing students only for marks and com-
petitive exams. Marks are no longer gives more
importance in the eyes of recruitment compa-
nies whereas competitive exams can allow few
handful candidates to opt for premier jobs. The
biggest question is about those majorities of
students who can’t make it to these institutes.
There is need of the hour that every student
should be prepared from college to acquire skill
required for future work environment. The World
Economic Forum have highlighted that globally The Graph: 1 clearly indicate that only
the skill needed in the future workforce are very 21 per cent respondent out of 200 aware about
different than what they are acquiring now. There Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana whereas
are various advanced professions would be 79 per cent totally unaware about these
available from the next 5-7 years for which how schemes. The responses about basic skills ac-
we can ensured that our student with lack of quired by respondent is that only 42 per cent
skill are ready to grab those opportunities. out of total respondent are acquired basic
Though Government policies have given clear knowledge of computer, sketching, dance and
guidelines on learning outcome it means skills so on whereas 58 per cent are still not even
to be achieved at each grade. But our educa- thinking about such types of basic skills. The
tion system provides less attention to ensure responses about job guarantee after Graduation
that learning skills are really inculcated and stated that only 39 per cent respondent are sure
measured in each student or not. about job guarantee whereas 61 per cent re-
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS OF THE STUDY: spondent are not sure about future job. The re-
Revolutionary and skill based practical sponses about educational syllabus should be
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skill based rather than theory is also measured Special emphasis should be given to teaching
in the present study. 92 per cent respondent as well as research based project. At the same
highly recommended that higher education time, there is need to build research centre and
should be skill based rather than theory. regular interaction with industrial sector. Young
With the help of valuable responses generation is the real strength of the nation. Pro-
gathered for the present study, the researcher viding skill based education, not only give them
proved that the skilled based education is an best job opportunities but also lead to improve
effective tool to grab the employment opportu- their standard of living and at the same time, it
nities. The data collected through primary as also help to boost the efficiency and productiv-
well as secondary source is fulfilled the objec- ity of the country.
tives of the research study.
SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: REFERENCE:
In higher education system, there should Singh Nirmal and Thakur Devendra,
be involvement of industrial corporate sector for “Marketing Principles andTechniques”, Deep
improving curricular syllabus, live project, coun- and Deep Publications, New Delhi 2013,pg. no.
seling about career and placement of right per- 256.
son at right place. Certo Samuel and Certo Trevis, “Modern
There is need of implementation of in- Management”, Dorling Kindersely Publications,
novative and revolutionary approach to repre- India 2007, pg. no. 511.
sent Indian education system at global level. Advani Ashok, “Business India, The
There is need of upgrading education Magazine of Corporate World:, June-July, 2015.
system in terms of student exchange and col- Pg. no.63.
laboration with reputed International education Robbins Stephen. P., “The Manage-
institute. ment”, Dorling Kindersley Publication, India
Government should take some effective 2015, pg no. 288.
initiative to build strong collaboration between Advani Ashok, “Business India, The
Indian education and Top level International edu- Magazine of Corporate World:, July-August,
cation institutes. 2018. Pg. no. 60.
At college level, there is need to pay www.skillindia.com
adequate attention towards student by provid- www.educationsysteminindia
ing courses in which they can give their best
and achieve excellence. 
CONCLUSION:
Education is the strength of the nation
whereas the skilled based education is the back-
bone of entire education system. As per the fu-
ture work environment, it is essential to take
effective revolutionary measures to enhance the
current education system in India. Every year
lakhs of students passed out with their degrees
but as compare to that they are getting inad-
equate job opportunities due to lack of skill and
technique. To improve the higher education sys-
tem, we need to improve teaching pedagogy.
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vere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus
31 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which originated from Wuhan
city of China. In a short span of about two
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic months, COVID-19 spread worldwide and in-
fected millions of people. Considering the seri-
on Automobile Sector in India ousness of the health problems due to this con-
tagious disease the World Health Organisation
Dr. Vishnu J. Bhandare has declared it as a global pandemic and ap-
Associate Professor in Commerce, pealed to the governments of all countries to
Siddharth College of Commerce and stop international travel in order to control its
Economics, Fort, Mumbai further spreading through infected travelers/
tourists. It also suggested that the lockdown is
==============***********=============== the only method to stop the further spread and
Abstract: reduce infections of COVID-19 pandemic and
The COVID-19 pandemic impacted al- almost every country has adopted this method.
most all sectors of business and society world- General Impact of Lockdown on the Society
wide. Certain sectors like aviation, tourism, re- To reduce the spread of novel Corona
tail, capital markets, MSMEs, oil, real estate, Virus infections, our Prime Minister announced
financial services, manufacturing, exports, etc. a nationwide lockdown from 24th March 2020.
have been drastically hit. The automobile sec- This affected everyone, especially poor people
tor has been equally affected by this pandemic. like daily wage earners, migrant workers, small
This paper evaluates the automobile sector’s shop keepers, workers in the unorganized sec-
volume of sales of three leading companies in tor, etc. Chief Ministers of all States strictly
the pre-pandemic period and ongoing pandemic implemented, monitored & managed the
period. These companies are Tata Motors Ltd, lockdown, irrespective of its adverse effects on
Maruti Suzuki India Ltd, and Mahindra and the life of the people. The pandemic and restric-
Mahindra Ltd. The analysis of this study is basedtions have impacted the rural and urban econo-
on secondary data gathered from the compa- mies adversely. Despite that, the lockdown con-
nies’ websites, their press release reports, and tinued for over six months, since it was the only
online media. The data is presented through option to tackle the pandemic. This affected
tables and graphs using percentage change, export-import firms and the entire corporate
trends, and comparison of the volume of sales sector including automobile sector Sales vol-
of two financial years. umes and revenue of the automobile industry
Key Words: pandemic, COVID-19, lockdown, have significantly reduced. The present study
automobile, vehicles, CV, PV is an attempt to analyze the impact of Covid-19
Introduction: on the automobile sector with respect to the
Origin of COVID-19 Global Pandemic: volume of sales and its related aspects.
The COVID-19 global pandemic is a se- Objectives of the Study:
vere health crisis that started in China and The objectives of the present study are
spread over the entire world within a period of to assess the performance of three automobile
two to three months. In India, it started spread-companies; Maruti Suzuki India Ltd, Tata Mo-
ing from March 2020 when in February and tors Ltd, and Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. with
March some tourists traveled to India from respect to their volume of sales in units and its
China. The Corona Virus Disease caused by Se- related aspects. The study also analyses the
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overall impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pan- (Sources: Self prepared-https://indian compa-
demic in general and particularly on the auto- nies. in › top-10-companies-in-india-a.)
mobile industry in India. 1. Analysis & Interpretation volume of sales
Methodology of the Study: of Tata Motors Ltd.
The study is based on the secondary data Table -2
regarding sales volume, which is obtained from The Sales figures of TML for March 2019, 2020
the press release report of these leading com- & 2021 andF Y 2019-20 and F Y 2020-21
panies available on their websites. The data Mar-19 Mar-20 Mar-21 % Change 2019-20 2020-21 % change
related to market capitalization, revenue, mar- MI &&LCVHCV 18,327

6,730
1,601
1,033
11,030
NA
-90%
-85%
1,51,105
56,996
75,485
41,949
-50%
-26%
ket share, and number of employees of seven Carriers Passenger
7,239 1,637 NA -77% 4,207 37,698 -30%
leading automobile companies also considered SVC cargo

and pick up 21,621 1,065 NA -95% 2,06,384 1,55,723 -25%
in the beginning for justifying their status as A:Domestic

Total
Sale 53,917 5,336 36,955 -90% 4,18,692 3,10,855 -34%

market leaders. The data is presented through B: CV Exports 5,619 1,787 NA -68% 51,085 29,845 -42%
Total CV 56536 7,123 NA -87% 5,19,777 3,40,700 -34%
tables and its percentage change & trend com-
parison has been discussed of pre-pandemic (Sources: Self prepared, https://www.tata
and ongoing pandemic period. Accordingly, con- motors.com/press/tata-motors-registered-do-
clusions have been drawn by the author. mestic-sales-of-11012) NA – Not Available
Acronyms and Abbreviations Used: Tata Motors Ltd (TML) posted total sales
PV- Passenger Vehicles, CV- Commercial of 56536 units in March 2019 for Commercial
Vehicles, UV- Utility Vehicle, LCV- Light Commer- Vehicles and 7123 units in March 2020. Thus
cial Vehicle, M&HCV- Medium & Heavy Com- sales dropped by 87% due to the Covid-19 pan-
mercial Vehicle, MCV- Medium Commercial Ve- demic. Similarly, sales of the financial year 2020-
hicle, HCV- Heavy Commercial Vehicle, ILCV- In- 21 have been significantly dropped by 34%.
termediate and Light Commercial Vehicle, OEM Again, export sales of Commercial Vehicles
- Original Equipment Manufacturer, COVID- Co- dropped by 68% in March 2020 as compared to
rona Virus Disease March 2019. The annual CV export sales regis-
Profile of Automobile Industry in India: tered51085 units in FY2019-20 and29845 units’
The Indian automobile industry is one of in FY 2020-21; it is dropped by 42%. The picture
the driving forces of the economy, contributing of total domestic sales of different category
about 49% to the country’s manufacturing GDP vehicles like M & HCV, LCV, and Passenger Car-
and 7.5% to its overall GDP. The sector’s value riers is more or less the same and decreased
chain employs about 32 million people. The fol- over the pre-pandemic year.
lowing table gives the brief quantitative profiles 2. Analysis & Interpretation volume of sales
to date of seven leading automobile companies of Maruti Suzuki India Ltd.
have been operating in India. Table-3(a)
Table:01 A comparison of MSIL’s absolute sales volume
Top 7 Automobile Companies in India 2021 figures of past six years
N o. N ame of R evenue Market Cap , R s Emp lo yees Promoter M arket Sh are
C omp any R s in Cr. in Cr. Ho lding % %
1. Tata M ot ors L td. 2,96,917 41,562 82,797 38.37 PV -6.3 Financial Years 2015-16 2016 -17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
C V- 4 5.1 Domestic Sales Volume
2. M arut i S uzuk i Ind ia 83,281 1,99,130 33,180 5 6.21 PV - 53 (PV+LCV) 13,05,331 14,44,541 16,53,500 17,53,700 14,36,124 13,23,396
L td.
3. M ahin dra & 53,017 70,725 42,875 18.90 PV- 7.4
Trend Percentage 100% 110% 127% 134% 110% 101%
M ahin dra Ltd. C V-
25.3Tractor-
40.2 UV - 25 (Sources: Self prepared, https://www.maruti
LC V -4 4.5
4. H ero Mot oCo rp
L td.
32,871 57,180 8,551 34.63 36.0 suzuki.com › press-releases ›)
5. B ajaj Au to L td. 30,598 84,763 8,064 53.52 18.7
6. Asho k L eyland Ltd 28,476 20,314 11,966 51.13 M &H CV Bus
segment- 41.2
7. TV S Mot or 15,129 20,178 5,121 57.40 N ot Av ai lable
C ompany Lt d.

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hicles (Gypsy, Ertiga, S-Cross, Vitara Brezza, and
XL6) at 25,563 units in March 2019 and 11,904
units in March 2020, sales dropped by 53.5%
due to the same reasons. But, thereafter in
March 2021, sale has increased to 26,174 units
and it is 120% over the previous year, 2020
· Company posted total sales for Domes-
tic Passenger Vehicles 1, 45,031 units in March
The above table and histogram for MSIL 2019 and 76,240 units in March 2020. Here, also
show the past six financial years’ sales volumes sales dropped by 47.5% due to pandemic. But,
increased consistently between 2015-16 and thereafter in March 2021, sale has increased to
2018-19 but thereafter, it declined due to the 1, 46,203 units in March 2021which is 92% over
COVID-19 pandemic. Note that the percentages the earlier year, 2020.
are taken with 2015-16 as the base and not y-o- · MSIL recorded total sales for Light
y. (Sources: Self prepared, https://www.maruti Commercial Vehicles 2582 units in March 2019
suzuki.com › press-releases) and 736 units in March 2020, again sales
Table-3 (b) dropped by 71.5%. But, in March 2021, sale has
The sales figures of Maruti Suzuki for March increased to 3315 units which are 350 % over
2019, 2020 & 2021 and FY 2019-20 and F Y the previous year, 2020.
2020-21 · Total export sales of MSIL were 10463
Category : Sub-
segment (Models) Mar-19 Mar-20 Mar-21
% Change
of Mar 20
% Ch an ge
of Mar 21 2020-21 2019- 20
%
Change
units in March 2019 and 4712 units in March
A: Passen ger veh icles :
Mini (Alto,S-Presso) 16,826 1 5,988 24,635 -5% 54% 2,26,159 2,74,776 -18 2020; it is dropped by 55% due to lockdown. But,
Compact (WagonR,
Swift, Celerio, Ignis,
thereafter in March 2021, sale has increased to
Balen o, Dzire, Tou r S)
82,532 4 0,519 82,201 -51% 103% 719647 7,87,610 -9
11,597 units in March 2021 and regained ear-
Mid-Size(Ciaz) 3,672 1,863 1,628 -49% -13% 13852 25,258 -45
Total Passenger
vehicles
1,03,03
0 5 8,370
1,08 ,48
2 -43.5% 86% 9,59,658
10,87,64
4 -12
lier position. It is 146 % over the previous year,
B: Utility vehicles
(Gypsy, Ertiga, S- 2020.
Cross, Vitara Brezza,
XL6)
C: Vans (Eeco)
25,563
16,438
1 1,904
5,966
26,174
11,547
-53.5%
-64%
120%
94%
2,29,101
1,05,081
2,35,298
1,18,404
-3
-11
· Total Domestic + Export Sales, MSIL
Total Domestic
Passenger Vehicle s 1,45,03 1,46 ,20 12,93,84 14,41,34 recorded 1, 58,076 units in March 2019 and
Sales 1 7 6,240 3 -47.5% 92% 0 6 -10
Ligh t Commercial
Vehicles (Su perC arry) 2,582 736 3,315 -71.5% 350% 29,556 21,778 -36
83,792units in March 2020, it is dropped by 47%
Total Domestic sales
(PV+LC V)
1,47,61
3 7 6,976
1,49 ,51
8 -48% 94%
13,23,39
6
14,63,12
4 -9.5
due to pandemic. But, thereafter in March 2021,
-53
Sales to oth er OEM
Total Domestic sales
0
1,47,61
2,104 5,899
1,55 ,41
0 180% 38,326
13,61,72
25,002
14,88,12 sale has increased to 1, 67,014 units in March
+OEM 3 7 9,080 7 -46.5% 97% 2 6 -8.5
Total Expo rt Sales
Total Domestic +
10,463
1,58,07
4,712 11,597
1,67 ,01
-55% 146% 96,139
14,57,86
1,02,171
15,90,29
-6 2021 and regained earlier position which is 99
Export Sales 6 8 3,792 4 -47% 99% 1 7 -8
% over the previous year’s sales.
(Sources: Self prepared, https://www.maruti · The above table is clearly indicating
suzuki.com › press-releases ›) that, as compared to financial year 2019-20,
· Maruti Suzuki India Limited (MSIL) (pre- pandemic year) during a financial year
posted total sales for Passenger Vehicles, 1, 2020-21, (Pandemic year) MSIL domestic as well
03,030 units in March 2019 and 58,370 units in as export sales of all categories vehicles has
March 2020, sales dropped by 43.5% due to significantly dropped. Highest fall in sales has
COVID-19 pandemic. But, thereafter in March been recorded of other OEM (53%) followed by
2021, sale has increased to 1, 08,482 units in Passenger vehicles (45%) and Light Commercial
March 2021 which is 86 % over the previous vehicles (36%)
year’s sales. 3. Analysis & Interpretation volume of sales
· MSIL recorded total sales for Utility ve- of Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.
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Table -4 sales have reduced to only 6%during the pan-
The Sales figures of M &M Ltd. for Jan 2021, demic year whereas; total sales of Tata Motors
Jan 2020 and F Y 2019-20 and F Y 2020-21 Ltd and M & M Ltd. have reduced to 34% and
Jan 20 Jan 2 1 % C hange
33% respectively. It means MSIL’s sales perfor-
F Y20 FY21 % Ch ange
U tility Vehicl es 19,455 20,498 5% mance is not affected much as compared to TML
1,65,619 1,23 ,507 -25 %
Car+Va ns 342 136 -60% 7,0 37 1,618 -77 %
Passenger
19,797 20,634 4%
& MML, where types of vehicle sales are con-
1,72,656 1,25 ,125 -28 %
Vehicles
A: Total P V
Domestic Sales
39,594 41,268 4%
cerned, passenger vehicle sales have been af-
3,45,312 2,50 ,250 -28%
LC V <2 T 4,518 991 -78% fected relatively less than the commercial ve-
35,201 20,973 -40 %
LC V 2 T – 3.5 T 17,317 11,846 -32% 1,35,433 1,05 ,971 -22 %
LC V > 3.5T +
1,016 551 -46%
hicles of all the three companies.
10,320 2,897 -72 %
M &H CV
3 Wh eelers
(in clud ing electric 8,137 2,841 -65% 57,923
· MML’s Light Commercial vehicles, 3
13,707 -76 %
3Ws)
B: Total CV
wheelers, Cars and Vans, the volume of sales
30,988 16,229 -48% 2,38,877 1,43 ,548 -40%
Domestic Sales
C: Total Expo rts 1761 2286 30%
has drastically reduced between 60% and
24,633 14,428 -41%
Total D omest ic &
Exp ort Sales
72,343 59,783 -17% 78%during in January 2021 as compared to Janu-
6,08,822 4,08 ,226 -33%
ary 2020 and also during FY2020-21 as com-

(Sources: Self prepared, https://www.mahindra.
pared to FY 2019-20.
com/news-room/press-release)
· MSIL’s volume of sales in most of the
· Mahindra & Mahindra Limited (MSIL) categories vehicles has not reduced by more
recorded total domestic sales for Passenger
than 10% in FY 202-21, except the Mid-Size Pas-
Vehicles, 30,988units in January 2020 and senger Vehicles &Light Commercial Vehicles
16229units in January 2021, dropped by 4%. But, (Super Carry) which has reduced to 36% and 45%
as compared to sales of FY 2019-20 with FY respectively in the pandemic period.
2020-21, it dropped by 28% · TML’s volume of sales in most of the
· MSIL recorded total domestic sales for categories of vehicles has reduced between 25%
Commercial Vehicles, 39,594 units in January and 50% in the financial year 202-21. But, in
2020 and 41,268 units in January 2021, increase comparison to March 20 sales with March 21, it
by 48%. Nearly, the same fall (40%) has been has reduced between 68% and 90% in all the
recorded in entire FY2020-21 as compared to categories of vehicles.
FY 2019-2020. References:
· MSIL recorded total Export sales for https://indiancompanies.in › top-10-
Commercial & passenger Vehicles, 1766 units companies-in-india-a..
in January 2020 and 2286 units in January 2021, https://www.tatamotors.com › company-
sales increased by 30 %. But, during entire fi- profile
nancial year 2020-21 it is dropped by 41% as https://www.marutisuzuki.com › press-
compared to previous financial year, 2019-20. releases › aprilMaruti Suzuki sales in March 2021
· MSIL recorded total Domestic and Ex- and FY 2020-21
port sales for Commercial & passenger Vehicles, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
72,343 units in January 2020 and 59,783 units readersblog/covid-19-and-its-impact-on-india/
in January 2021, sales dropped by17 %. Simi- covid-19-and-its-impact-on-indian-society-
larly, in comparison to sales of FY 2019-20 with 27565/
FY 2020-21, it is dropped in by 33% Maruti Suzuki - Wikipedia
Overall Findings & Conclusions: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/
· It is observed that when the COVID 19 256521#sars
pandemic & lockdown was at peak level during https://www.tatamotors.com/press/
the financial year 2020-21, the volume of sales tata-motors-registered-domestic-sales-of-
adversely affected but thereafter, when infec- 11012-units-in-march-2020/
tion cases started declining and the lockdown https://www.mahindra.com/news-room/
was partly withdrawn, it has regained sales per- press-release/mahindra-s-farm-equipment-sec-
formance like pre-pandemic financial year. tor-sells-29817-units-in-india-during-march-
· In a Company-wise analysis of total 2021
domestic and export sales, it is noticed that MSIL
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There is focus to establish economical
32 price of products in the given situation.
2 lack of price control. The price control
Hike in essential commodity of the essential product is really necessary to
identify product development and the clear ba-
prices in Covid 19 crisis sis of rationale based pricing in the present situ-
ation this shall actually help to keep the price
Nital Kothari consistency in accordance with affordability of
Jaihind college Mumbai the basis.
3.Limited stock availability. The stock
==============***********=============== availability needs a contineous effort to retain
Abstract: the market share.This is a real help needed to
In the crisis of Covid 19 and health help the common attitude.There is a focused
issues,inflation further attacked common people approach in helping for determining the right
with 20 to 30%rise in the prices.This rise in notstock for the business continuity and manage-
just explaining how there is an extra load on ment of business situation.
the common people,but also how there is rapid 4 Irregular supply.Essential products in
hoarding of essential commodities like oil,which India are hence needed for providing regularity
can be fatal to ensure enough savings with of supply.There is an imperative need for these
products to be available in right quantity for all
people .Here it is important to note that it is not
especially in the pandemic. The national respon-
just oil,but products likepetrol,dieseletcwhich is
directly impacting lives of millions of Indians. sibility of all to all regulatory bodies is to pro-
It is highly expected from regulatory authoritiesvide such system for good business manage-
to take control of situation before the hike be- ment and hence promoting change for market
comes more severe. One has to realize that in improvement.
this pandemic the price control of the essen- 5 Global oil pricesThe Global oil prices
tials is the least help which can be a immediate are helping all consumers to support changes
relief in the hyperinflation situation. in system and also the factors which lead to
On same lines there is a priority need to create guidance of controlling the price requirements
legislation to control prices.This mechanism al- in the market.These oil prices are not only well
lows help in providing proper idea of price rangeregulated but also well controlled to achieve long
to be maintained.This practice also calls for term purpose in the market.This way it is help-
furthercoverage of disaster management Act to ing to all the consumers for such help so that
ensure a controlled mechanism to oversee price there is growth of business and consistent mar-
mechanism. ket response.
Key words: Healthhoarding,disaster,essentials 6 Issue of oil price change
Introduction 7 Panic hoarding by consumers The con-
In this research paper author aims to sumers of given business are the role models
determine main reasons for variation in prices who determine how there can be consistency
of essentials in covid19 situation. of stable returns and also which factors are
helping the business and its surroundings to
1.No close substitute Author aims to un-
derstand what are reasons that there are no stabilise but also to create a periodic review of
prices for better management of market condi-
close substitutes for the essential things like in
the covid situation tions.
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8.Increase in logistic costs The logistic costs in is helping to provide guidance of better market
the given business are the main ingredients changes.
which are supporting to know how there can be 2.Mayank andUmesh in their paper in
growth in the market.This logistic cost is even 2020 on ‘Need for new norms in essential ser-
giving better idea to flourish and sustain impor- vices’ have provided basis of better response
tant ideas to streamline business changes in the system to improve level of good returns in
market. business.There is thus a focused attention to
Objectives of research define right market choice of business.
Following are the purpose research. 3.Chauhan and Girish in paper of 2017
1.To understand how prices increased in have highlighted the ‘Requirement of better and
pandemic situation reasonnorm in price standards’. There is a com-
2.To suggest purchase only on need and plete effort to help in satisfying rationale of
not for panic hoarding complete price orientation for stabilizing the
3.To suggest mechanism of controlled prices and thus helping business to improve the
pricing for essential commodities market standards.
Hypotheses of Research 4.Suresh & Dhârmendra in paper of 2018
Null Hypotheses have described the’Importance of pricing norms
Essential prices were in control in pan- for essential products These essential products
demic are hence very specific to handle the conditions
Alternative Hypotheses of good and reasonable pricing
Prices of essential prices became north- 5.Prajal & Sunder in their paper in 2018
bound in pandemic titled ‘The right and better idea for essential
Assumptions product pricing’ have provided need for better
Following are the primary assumptions focus on customer benefits via strengthening
of research. control of the prices This is also a good coordi-
1.Control system of pricing It is assumed nating factor which is leading to know basis of
that regulatory authorities are supervising price proper dissemination and regular review of
changes for essential products. prices of the essential commodities.
2.All business and its associated condi- Research Methodology
tions are based on knowing stipulations of con- Following is the basic Methodology in present
trolled price in the market. research
3.It is necessary to develop market sup- 1.The sample size is 270 respondents.
port which is helping to create real business sup- 2 The method of collecting data is by
port for providing essential services. random sampling method so as to help in unbi-
4.It requires creating focus on essential ased collection of data without ignoring price
commodity prices to ensure a proper set up and factor in market.
controlling prices of essential commodities 3.There is use of statistical tools like co-
Review of Literature efficient of correlation and regression for bet-
1.Dhiren and Mishra in their 2020 pa- ter analysis of data.
per on ‘Connecting the Real prices of Essentials’ 4.Further the degrees of freedom are 5
have made a sincere effort to define real price have been referred to provide systematic record-
of the essentials and how there can be real help ing.
in managing better and controlled prices.There 5.The researcher is ensuring compara-
is thus a strong sense of business reforms which tive analysis so as to ensure quality of research
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in business. There is need for government to ensure
6.Researcher is referring to international a system of regular and systematic change,
prices and regulatory mechanisms as to ensure which leads to operating properly in the given
better consistency in research. market. There is also a better and definite way
Rationale or Significiance of study of the business which is enabling the business
1.Essential commodities are basic need for all to monitor effectively the changes in the mar-
There is a sincere effort by researcher ket.
to ensure that the essential commodities are Data Analysis and Interpretation
provided to all at a reasonable price and also to 1.Significant rise in prices
deliver the most reasonable supply at adequate Researcher has noted that there has
price in the market. There is hence a strong base been significant rise in the prices of the com-
for the business to increase the role of the es- modities in the market which is leading to a in-
sential commodities and in increasing the flationary market condition. There is also a prob-
preposition of controlled price regime. lem for the business in determining how there
2.To increase luggage weight standards in trav- can be support for the right returns and thus to
elling create a better and uniform design of business
In these times of emergency there is a to satisfy change in the given market.
strong need to permit double luggage weight to 2.Need for price control measures
passengers. It is the base on which there can There is hence a real need to control the
be consistency in the prices and also the basis prices in the market, which is determining how
of providing the right and the reasonable sys- the business can be supporting the right and
tem of managing the price in the given design the balanced growth of business for not just sup-
of essentials. This is the most fundamental idea porting the business but also for ensuring a right
of the researcher to promote price control and and good system of the progression in the mar-
ensure no price significant price rise for essen- ket.
tials in market. 3.Ensuring Price Review Process
3.To give real price management assis- The Price review is the most well devel-
tance to determine reasonable price in market. oped process which is helping to know how the
This is especially useful to ensure that there is business could be useful in managing and also
clarity of developing business system for maximizing the change for satisfying the price
achieving the objectives of fairness and trans- control need in the market.There is a further fo-
parency in the system. cus on the efforts of the business to create a
4.To help in ensuring the price protec- better and direct design of the system which
tion: The price protection in the given system is thus develops a price stability in the short term.
certainly a significant initiative to develop a right 4.Developing price bands
and focused approach of better business man- One of the simple initiatives suggested
agement. It is also creating a right and favor- by the researcher is that there is a price band in
able design of good change in the market. This the case of business which allows the real and
is ensuring a good design and favorable design relative consistency of the price retention, in the
of the factors leading to better control on the given market. This is hence a very prompt mea-
price factors. sure to design the real and better design for the
5. To determine base of better and right business system to enforce the change and also
guidance to consumers through essential ser- derive the maximum advantage of a balanced
vices helpline price system.
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5.Increasing product substitution: There The researcher urges upon the regula-
is a strong recommendation by the researcher tory authorities to ensure a better and controlled
to ensure that the products really support in in- price system in the market. This is very helpful
creasing the quality and the base of the pro- in finding how there can be a logical base for
duction which helps to provide how better and price continuity in market.
how clear the business can be for determining 2.Involvement of socially responsible citizens
better system of business support. Hence there The researcher suggest involving the
is real need of business to evolve a dynamic socially responsible citizens with price move-
and better perspective of price control regime. ments, this is helpful to ensure that business
Limitations continuity sustains and flourishes with the price
The main limitations of research are control process.
1.Prices are linked to global prices 3.There is strong need for accepting the price
As a matter of fact most of the essen- determination process
tial commodities prices are linked to the prices It requires a better and reasonable cri-
of global system, which is really a big concern teria for determining the process of the busi-
for facing the challenge of the business to de- ness which is very useful in maximizing the price
velop a solution to the management of the stability ,hence benefitting the common people
prices. in process.
2.Developing consumer consciousness 4.Audit of price process
The real problem is that the consumer There is a need for complete and regu-
consciousness is practically missing in realiz- lar audit of the pricing process in the business,
ing the changes and the patterns which create this is thus helping in finding the business ori-
a situation of managing the real and manage- entation for making the prices more reasonable
able price for the business continuity. and stable in the market.
3.Supply issues in Pandemic situation Conclusion
There is certainly a serious supply issue 1.The researcher also aims to determine
in the pandemic situation which is leading to basis of price bands for the essential commodi-
the problem of achieving a balancing of re- ties which can be very effective in the price man-
sources for the market to achieve a real busi- agement process. There is a further focus to
ness advantage.This creates issues in determin- determine the price stability reform for the busi-
ing business positioning to find the most rea- ness.
sonable price in the market. 2.A Basic price regulation policy is the
4.There is problem of determining regular pro- need of the hour for the government and the
duction regulatory authorities in the business, which is
The researcher has gathered sufficient helpful to ensure a better price continuity and
data which proves that production is somewhere thus price stability in long term.
not sufficient to get the base of good advan- 3 The immediate need is to cultivate a
tage for the market. There is also a problem for regime of the business based improvement,
distribution of essential commodities which in- which is helpful in ensuring a better idea of the
creases the price. business in developing the rightful and the pur-
Suggestions and recommendations poseful price stability in the market.
The researcher makes the following sug- 4.There is thus a need for price based
gestions monitoring of the whole process of business
1 A monthly price review continuity which is finding idea for creating and
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ensuring a better price management within cus-
tomer affordability. 33
5. There is hence a support needed by
the consumers and traders to create a common Use of Ayurvedic Medicine as a
filter of better and sustainable price in the given
market.
effective tool to combat Pandemic
Health Issues
Bibliography
1.Essential commodities pricing in In- Ashutosh Saxena
dia.45. Sachin&Bhatt 2020.Theguide to essen- Jaihind college Mumbai
tial services.
2.Price fluctuations of Indian commodi- ==============***********===============
ties. 231.Gunesh&Nath.2019.Ensuring essential Abstract:
services norms In the present pandemic situation, the
3.Focus on price mechanism in India. ayurvedic medicines have proved to be more
76.Mishra&Rath.2020.Providing guidance on effective and long lasting remedy as compared
essential products. to other common and mostly used medical op-
4.How essentials influence Indians. tions. There are lot of reasons why Ayurveda is
2139. Mukesh and Dutta.2019.Future of Essen- certainly more recommendable health wise in
tial with reference to India the given pandemic. The Ayurveda is one of the
5.Exploring the Indian Essentials. .372.
leading therapies in India practiced since ages
Mehta and Dewan 2018.The emerging dimen- as a cure for majority ailments.
sion of Essential supply chain There is a growing awareness among
6.Future scenario and changes in people about the purchase of the Ayurveda
essentials..701.Kamal &Kunal.2018.How to medicine due to its better control and more re-
transform essentials supply in India? lief in this pandemic.It is this therapy which is
7.Developing better essential supply inhelpful to support even the poor people facing
India.578.Swarup &Shyam.2019.Reforms in In- crisis in the market. This is further an emerging
dian essentials supply chain trend even in the government hospitals which
is supporting the improvement of the business.
 This technique is not just found to be very safe,
but also one of the effective system of improv-
ing the health and the coordination of the health
concern of the people.
There is now an initiative of AYUSH de-
partment of the Govt of India to enagage and
inform the people about the benefits and the
effectiveness of Ayurveda in India.
Key words: medical, Ayush,health benefits,safe
Introduction
In the present paper the researcher aims
at determining how Ayurveda can be a cure for
the health issues and providing economic means
of medicinal help to people,
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1.No side effects of Ayurveda: The Ayurveda 8.Swadeshi concept along with many reasons
is the most important therapies having no side this ayurvedic therapies are found to be very
effects in India and the various foreign coun- effective in treatment of the people, which is
tries. definitely a big support to increase greater idea
This is thus creating help for managing and the focus of the people in maximizing their
the support for the system and managing help involvement in the health business.
for business system Objectives of research
2 Increase of Immunity. The price control of Following are the purpose research.
ayurvedic formulations is hence a important 1.To understand how health is supported
means in satisfying the medicinal needs of the by Ayurveda therapy.
poor people in India. There is a further support 2.To suggest Ayurveda as a cheap and
with the help of the Ayurvedic medicine for sup- effective health therapy.
porting the health returns and the long term 3.To suggest mechanism of effective ap-
market needs for the improvement of immunity. plication of ayurvedic products.
3.effective support in pandemic. The Ayurveda Hypotheses of Research
therapy is thus helpful in pandemic. It is a bet- Null Hypotheses
ter solution for solving pandemic based hazards Ayurvedic is a just another alternative
in India. This is hence a very rightful approach therapy in India.
to make the choice for Ayurveda as a safe Alternative Hypotheses
therapy. Ayurveda is supporting India to become
4 Global acceptance: There is further of global a global Medical Hub.
acceptance of Ayurveda as a important link with Assumptions
understanding the people’s health, suggesting Following are the primary assumptions
a very convenient solution and managing a bet- of research.
ter treatment of patients with good attention. 1.ayurvedic concepts are fully essential
5 Use of home remedies Ayurvedic concepts to increase and justify the price requirements
makes extensive use of the home remedies and of common people.
herbal solutions, which are very useful to help 2.It has shown impactful and health ef-
in patients needs in the long term. There is a fective solutions for the cause of better recov-
proper attention of the Ayurvedic products for ery of the masses.
satisfying the changing expectations and hence 3.It is necessary to develop market sup-
transforming the business attention on the same port which is help to recover from the pandemic
lines. and hence very effective for the overall busi-
6 Long lasting health benefits: Time and again ness.
it has been proved that Ayurveda products are 4.Ayurveda is now a full fledged medi-
effective in managing the business support in cal science to improve the long term health and
long term and thus creating set up for good un- boosting immunity for the masses.
derstanding of the health and hygiene of people. Review of Literature
7.use of natural ingredients There is a better 1.Telang andDhanoa in their 2019 pa-
blending and use of the natural ingredients in per on ‘Ayurveda and Health Benefits’ have
the system.this is altogether creating all the clearly explained about how it is an essential
logics and the satisfaction, which helps to in- technique of good health and the support for
crease coordination of the business for realiz- satisfying health needs for the vulnerable eco-
ing the ayurvedic potential. nomic groups.
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2.Mohan and Umair in their paper in efits for all
2019, on ‘Need for new norms in essential health 6.Researcher has referred a series of tra-
services’ have provided basis of better immu- ditional and modern journals to authenticate the
nity system to improve level of fitness of Ayurveda benefits in critical ailments also.
people.There is thus a focused attention to Rationale or Significiance of study
definehealth support for all. 1.Ayurvedto be earmarked as essential com-
3.Chagan andGitesh in paper of 2020 modity
have highlighted the ‘Requirement of better and It is more to do with the Ayurvedic ef-
reason system in betterhealth standards’. There fect which is helping the people to identify as
is a complete effort to help in satisfying health an essential commodity. The ayurvedic generic
needs of people which is very effective of the products like Chyawanprash, kesari kalp etc must
business which is helping the people in achiev- be identified as an essential product for every
ing objectives. house.
4.Surendra & Dasgupta in paper of 2018 2.To increase standards of good health
have described the’Importance of Ayurvedic We all have identified Ayurveda as a
Products as a essential products,’ These essen- basic and curative therapy in understanding and
tial products are thus very supportive in increas- involving the real and good support for manag-
ing right and proper approach for helping in good ing the business changes. It is further help in
recovery of patients. empowerment of the business in the overall
5.Prajal & Sunder in their paper in 2021 solution which is leading to growth of business
titled ‘The right and better idea of using based returns.
ayurvedic concepts for people’s good life’ have 3.To give real quality of good life.
provided need for better focus on customer ben- Ayurveda is hence a very reliable and accurate
efits via strengthening control of the prices This system by which there can be a supportive health
is also a good coordinating factor which is lead- to provide guidance and good system of improve-
ing to know how Ayurveda supports business ment and support for all.
level needs. 4.To enable natural healing process: It
Research Methodology is due to the Ayurvedic therapy there is real and
Following is the basic Methodology in proper support to create a right and the better
present research coordination in the business for business de-
1.The sample size is 390 respondents. velopment. this is hence a empowered approach
2 The method of collecting data is by towards maximizing health benefits for all.
collecting samples as per random sampling 5. To determine base of better and right
method so as to ensure better and reliable base guidance to customer guidance. It is hence pro-
of the data collection. viding a thorough and better base for all the cus-
3.There is use of statistical tools like tomers to refer to Ayurveda as a holistic and
business forecasting and the Moving averages better science for rational improvement and sig-
method for the Tabulations and effective pre- nificant help in improving the health based co-
sentation of the data. ordination.
4.Researcher has referred the degrees Data Analysis and Interpretation
of freedom are 5 for improving the health ideas 1.Cost effective and time tested therapy
for the business level continutity. Researcher has noted that this therapy
5.The researcher is referring to health is found to be very helpful to improve the over-
benefits of Ayurveda in making the health ben- all help in health system.This is increasing abil-
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ity of system for the long term continuity and ing more use of the ayurvedic formulations by
the management of the business. the masses. There is help from the masses to
2.Need for better health measures increase business based guidance for creating
There is certainly need for the right and suitable business changes.
the balanced health measure for the business. 4.There is problem of ensuring better health
These measures are hence very useful to en- support
sure better recovery and also the right idea for The researcher has focused attention to
ensuring proper health management. increase the right and the better idea for pro-
3.Ensuring Health and fitness viding the health facilities. This is creating good
Its due to to the Ayurveda system there efforts to increase the reliability of the business
is certainly a development of the fitness and and hence in satisfying changes as per the mar-
the health consciousness in the people.This is ket.
very focused for the overall support and the right Suggestions and recommendations
change of creating management of good busi- The researcher makes the following sug-
ness support. gestions
4.Developing better brands 1 A cost effective health solution
There is a constant support by the brands The researcher urges upon people to
to create a system of better and consistent re- refer to Ayurveda as a good support for the over-
turns in the better market place. This is increas- all support.This way there is help for creating
ing a basis of good support and the empower- help in increasing business benefits.
ment of the business in the market. 2.Involvement of alternative health benefits
5.Increasing reliance of people on ayurvedic The researcher suggest involving health
system :It requires for the business to ensure a benefits for masses which is certainly a good
good and the better system to develop a healthy initiative for overall good health.
immune system with help of Ayurveda and thus 3.There is strong need for ayurvedic orienta-
ensure a long and disease free life. tion
Limitations It requires a better ayurvedic orientation
The main limitations of research are for increasing interest of people especially
1.limited specialists youngsters in ayurvedic concept.
Even in India where the prevalence of 4.A very effective process
Ayurveda is more, there is more attention to un- There is a need for Ayurvedic under-
derstanding how it can transform and make the standing for the business.This is creating a big
change for understanding system of improve- push in increasing business sentiment for the
ment and also the system of holistic treatment. right transformation.
2.Developing health based focus Conclusion
There has been increased focus of 1.The researcher also aims to determine
people to shift towards the Ayurveda as a very ayurvedic solutions for the system and thus cre-
close system of good health and thus ensuring ating help in overall health improvement.
a rightful and the gainful approach for manag- 2.A Basic price regulation policy is to
ing the well ness of the individuals. increase derivation of business to increase help
3.Medicine shortage problem in Pandemic inincreasing right and better adaptation of the
situation ayurvedic system
There is certain problem of medicine 3 The immediate need is to cultivate a
shortage in pandemic which is certainly requir- regime of the Ayurvedic design. this is increas-
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ing a better and supportive help in increasing
help in business design. 34
4.There is thus a need for price based
monitoring of the whole process of Ayurveda as A STUDY OF QUALITY OF SERVICES
a complete healing remedy which is affordable
for all.
PROVIDED BY PMPML IN PUNE
5. There is thus a complete solution to REGION
health benefits through Ayurveda which is in-
creasing help in ensuring better coordination for Dr. Reshma R. More
all. Research Guide, Assistant Professor,
Department of Accountancy,
Bibliography Bhavan’s Hazarimal Somani college, Mumbai
1.Ayurveda the No side effect sci-
ence..23. Surendra & Ghosh 2019.The guide to Mr. Rohan Gaikwad
good health services. Research Scholar,
2.Price fluctuations of ayurvedic rem- Dr. Ambedkar college Research Centre, Mumbai
edies in India.201.Ganvesh & Malhotra .2018.En-
suring Basic health benefits with Ayurveda. ==============***********===============
3.Focus on ayurvedic regime in India in ABSTRACT
India.176.Rinkesh & Mangesh.2019.ayurveda Public transport service is a need of so-
and the transformations in the Indian medical ciety. The role of State Road Transport for urban
science. as well as the rural population cannot be ig-
4.Indians getting impacted by Ayurveda nored. Public transport as its networking is
in India. 2019.Lavesh and sunder.2020. ayurveda spread all over rural and urban areas of
and the health concepts in modern India. Maharashtra. Pune is one of the most
5.How Ayurveda is transforming Indian popularcity, next to Mumbai in Maharashtra. An
health system..202.Mungesh and Sharma 2021. increase in population leads to an increase in
The emerging dimension of Ayurveda in Indian traveldemand. Pune Mahanagar Paravian
context Mahamandal Ltd. (PMPML) is the public trans-
6.Future scenario and changes in port bus service provider for the Pune and Pimpri-
Ayurveda..301.Jinesh&Komal .2019. Ayurveda is Chinchwad cities of the Pune Metropolitan Re-
emerging as social support from India. gion. It plays a vital role in providing affordable
7. Ayurveda as a latest science of Good public transport service in Pune Metropolitan
Health.88.Swapnesh&Shridhar .2020.Reforms in Region. Therefore, the present paper is an at-
health system with ayurvedic reference tempt made to examine the quality of service
provided by PMPML in this region. The study also
 tries to cover commuters’ respondent towards
improvement in the services of PMPML for their
betterment.
Keywords:Public transport,PMPML, Quality of
service.
1. INTRODUCTION
Pune is a metropolitan city and cultural
capital of Maharashtra state (Peshwas). In the
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18th century, the city was the chair of Peshwas related to satisfaction of the passengers. He
who was the king of the Martha Empire. It is reveals that because of the growth of private
famous for itsexcellencein education, hill sta- and personalized mode of transport there is con-
tions, and historical places. Pune is also known tinuous degeneration in the quality of services
as the Deccan Queen. It is the second-largest rendered by the public transport system and
city in Maharashtra after Mumbai. PublicRoad expectation levels of the passengers are rising.
Transport system is the movement of passen- 3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
gers between short and medium distance. There 1) To Study, PMPML is a public road
is only one line of Pune suburban Railways that transport in the Pune region.
connects Pune to Lonavala with covering sev- 2) To analyses the perception of the pas-
enteen stations. Pune has got its own Metro, sengers towards services provided by PMPML.
and the project has been just started it is pro- 4. HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
posed to be completed the first phase. Earlier H0: There is no significant agreement in the
the city was called the city of bicycles but at rankings given by the respondents towards sug-
present, it has turned into the City of motor- gestion for the improvement of PMPML bus ser-
cycles. Passenger road transport is a prime pub- vices
lic utility service. Pune city is connected by Pune 5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
MahanagarParivahanMahamandal Limited To undertake the present study the in-
(PMPML) Bus which is part of Pune Municipal formation has been collected through primary
Corporation. Thus, the rural area of Pune is also and secondary sources. The primary data is col-
connected by Buses of Maharashtra State Road lected with a questionnaire distributed among
Transport Corporation (MSRTC). In Pune, road 40 people residing in Pune and using the ser-
transport is operated by the local body as well vices of PMPML bus service.The secondary data
as private vehicles like Rickshaw, six-seater, Ola, has been gathered from sources such as the
Uber, etc. are available. Internet, Official website of PMPML. Official
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE website of Pune District,Census Report 2011,
· Iphan F. etal. (2014)1, in their paper Central Institute of Road Transport Pune, refer-
‘Passengers’ perception of service quality of In- ence Books, Journals, Quarterly, Annual reports
tercity Public Transport: A Banjarmasin Case of PMPML.The collected data is compiled and
Study’. The main objective of the study is to iden- analysed for the study. To testing the hypoth-
tify the passenger’s satisfaction towards the esis statistical tools like average, percentages,
quality service provided by public transport. Mean and Ranking method is applied with the
They reveal that the main priority of public trans- help of statistical package software. Graphs
port is to improve supportive facilities such as have also been used for the presentation of find-
waiting, restroom, cleanness, as well as quick ings.
disposal of passenger’s queries. 6. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS OF THE STUDY
· Sai Kumar K. (2011)2,in his paper ‘Qual- 6.1 PMPMLas Public Road Transport service
ity of services in State Transport Corporations: in Pune:
A Study of Andhra Pradesh State Transport Cor- Public Road transport, being the back
poration APSRTC’. He covers the quality of ser- bone of the transport system, faces heavy pres-
vices in terms of various factors such as the sure of transport created in this region. It has a
number of trips operated, fleet utilization, regu- great impact on the quality of life of people.
larity, breakdowns, rate of accidents and num- Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Ltd
ber of vehicles off the road which are directly (PMPML) is the main public transport organiza-
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tion in Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad city. On 19'’’ respondents.
October 2007 Pune Municipal Transport (PMT) Table-2 Personal profile of Respondents
and Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Transport Gender Age Occup atio n
Particulars
(PCMT) organizations have merged and PMPML M ale Female 15-
30
31-
45
45-
60
Abo ve
60
Ser vic e B usiness Studen ts Ot hers
came into existence. PMPML provides the larg- Frequ ency

Percent
20
50.00
20
50.00
27
67.50
12
30.00
01
2.50
Nil
Nil
10
25.00
05
12.50
18
45.00
07
17.50
est road network services. Pune Mahanagar Tot al Respo nden ts = 40
Paravian Mahamandal Limited (PMPML) is the Source: Self Complied (Primary Data)
lifeline of Pune. At present more than 10 lacks The above Table-2 shows that 50 Per-
passengers daily travel by PMPML buses which cent of respondents are male and the remain-
includes trips per day on an average of 21,218 ing 50 Percent of respondents are female. Out
approximately. at the lowest cost to its passen- of 40 respondents, a maximum i.e., 67.50 Per-
gers throughout the year. It covers 2045 Buses cent of people belonging to 15-30 yrs. age
371 Routes, 4000 Bus stop and 13 Depots like group,followed by 30 Percent belonging to 31-
Swargat, Shivajinagar, Kothurd, Katraj, Hadapsar, 45 yrs. age group, 2.5 Percent population to 45-
Market Yard, Pune Railway Station, Nehrunager 60 yrs. age group and none of the respondents
(Pimpri), Jakat Naka (Aundh), Sadgurunagar are belonging to above 60 yrs. Agegroup. The
(Bhosari), Wagholi, Bhekraingar, Shewalewadi. same table also shows that the occupation of
Table -1 Number of Passengers travelled by respondents from a total of 40 respondents out
PMPML of which 25 Percent are serviceman (employ-
Year No . of Passeng ers Trend of P asseng er ees), 12.5 Percent are businessman,45 Percent-
2015 10, 95,372 100.00
2016 10, 37,778 94.74 age arestudents, and 17.5 Percentage are be-
2017
2018
8 ,81,387
8 ,17,883
80.46
74.67
longing from others. It shows that maximum
2019 8 ,09,417 73.89 responses have come from the students’ cat-
Source:Official website of Pune Mahanagar egory.
Paravian Mahamandal Ltd.
Figure -1 Respondents’ opinion towards Figure-2 Respondents' opinion towards travel by PMPML
The above Table-1 shows that passen- the frequency of travel bus
gers travel trend by PMPML for calculation of 18% 22% No other

Service
Economical
32%
18% 10% Available
trend 2015 is taken as the base year. This table 32% 38%
More Thehigh
shows the declining trend of passengers every frequency rate
of PMPML chargedby
year. From 2015 to 2019 around 25 percentof Daily Monthly
Twicea week Weekly
Occasionally
buses
23%
Private
Service…
passengers are declined due to various factors.
5.2 Data Analysis and Interpretation: Source: Self Complied (Primary Data)Source:
According to John Ruskin “Quality is Self Complied (Primary Data)
never an accident. It is always the result of in- The above figure-1 show that 22 Percent
telligent effort”. The quality of services provided of respondents are travel daily by PMPML. Simi-
is a part and parcel of the performance of any larly,10 Percent,32 Percent,18 Percent,and 18
organization. Every passenger who travels on a PercentareusingPMPMLtransportation services
bus desire to reach their destination within the for travelling purpose i.e., monthly, occasionally,
expected time with safety and security. There- twice a week, and weekly respectively.
fore, the present study tries to examine the The figure-2 show that 32.5 Percent of
commuter’s opinion towards the Quality of ser- respondents travel by PMPML services because
vice provided by PMPML in this area. A sample it is economical, 7.5 Percent of respondents are
size of 40 respondents is taken for the present travel by PMPML due to the high rate charged
study. Following table -3 shows the details of by private transport services providers, 22.5
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Percent of respondents express their opinion satisfied, 16 are satisfied 2 are moderate and
that PMPML bus service is more frequent and 15 respondents said they not satisfied with the
37.5 Percent of respondents travel by PMPML safety measure provided by PMPML buses for
because there is no other option for travel is the passenger. Out of total respondents overall
available. 21 respondents are satisfied and 05 are
Figure 3- Satisfaction of Respondents towards dissatisfiedwith the condition of the bus stop.
services offered by PMPML Further, the satisfaction level of respondents
towards other various services provided by
PMPML, out of 40 respondents 22 are satisfied,
whereas 14 customers are dissatisfiedwith the
other facilities and amenities services of
PMPML. At the last for the disposal of passen-
ger complaints out of 40 respondents 9 are highly
satisfied 11 are satisfied, and 11 respondents
are dissatisfied with disposal of passenger com-
Source: Self Complied (Primary Data) plaints.
The above Figure – 3show that the sat- Table-3Ranking againstsuggestion for the im-
isfaction level of respondents towards service provement of PMPML bus services
provided by PMPML. The details of which are Particulars Mean Rank
as under.Out of 40 respondents, 15 are satis- Increase freq uency of buses
Increase number of buses
2.45
2.56
6
5
fied with seating arrangement, 6 are moderate Improve the condition of Bu s stop 3.18 4
Mo re p unctuality in service 3.7 3
9 are dissatisfied and 10 are highly dissatisfied. Pro vide more facilities and amenit ies 4.2 2
Quick disposal of passenger’s complaint 4.8 1
For bus fare charges of PMPML, 11respondents
said they are highly satisfied whereas 18 are Source: Compiled with the help of statistical
satisfied, 8 are moderate and only 2 are dissat- software package.
isfied and 1 is highly dissatisfied for the bus The study also tries to find out the opin-
fare charges. Opinion of the respondents for ion respondent for the better improvement of
punctuality out of 40 respondents 12 are satis- PMPML the services to the commuters. Taking
fied, 2 are moderate, 11 are dissatisfied and into consideration with the help of the Ranking
more than one third i.e. 15 respondents said they Method set the eight-level of ranks. As table 3
are dissatisfied with the punctuality of bus ser- shows the majority of respondents is given the
vice. For the regularity of buses out of 40 re- first rank to Quick disposal of passenger’s com-
spondents,13 are highly satisfied and 16 are plaint, second rank for providing more facilities
satisfied whereas only three respondents are and amenities, the third rank for more punctu-
dissatisfied with the regularity of PMPML bus ality in bus services so all the commuters reach
service. For the frequency of PMPML bus ser- their destination as per expected time. For the
vice, more than two-thirdsof respondents are improvement of bus sop condition, they gave
satisfied and only 9 respondents are dissatis- forth rank. Next to that, the respondents have
fied with the frequency of bus service. Out of given 5th rank to Increase the number of buses.
40 respondents,5 respondents are highly satis- As per overall observation PMPML buses, they
fied with the Behaviour of Drivers and conduc- work as the backbone of these areas and the
tors, 20 are satisfied, whereas, 11 are dissatis- frequency of these buses is quietly good com-
fied with the same. For the safety of pared to other services. Therefore the respon-
passengersout of 40 respondents, 7 are highly dents had given the lowest rank i.e. the sixth
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rank for the increased frequency of buses. Management, Vol. X, No. 3.
7. CONCLUSION: · Goel T. (May) Urban Bus Transit Sys-
The concept of Quality of Service is in- tem in Delhi: Assessment of the Quality Service.
deed an important aspect of any networking Indian Journal of Transport Management. 24 (5),
device. May,389-394.
According to Mahatma Gandhi “A cus- · Agarwal M. (1966). Urban transporta-
tomer is the most important visitor on our tion in India. Allied Publication Ltd.
premise, he is not dependent on us. We are de- · Dhawan B. (2015). Geography of Trans-
pendent on him”. Every passenger who travels port and Trade. Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd.
on a bus wishes to reach his destination com-
fortably within the expected time.Public trans- Web Sources:
port is running on service motive rather than the · www.google.com
profit motive.PMPML takes pride in being the · https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport
backbone of transportation of one of the fast- _in_India
est-growing cities of Maharashtra. At presently · www.pmpml.org
it is the most trusted mode of transport to the · http://www.sakaaltimes.com
Pune region. Today PMPML is facing competi-
tion from private players. To competewith them, 
it needs to provide customer satisfaction with
the help of effective services. Therefore, the
organisation has needed to take extra initiative
towards overall quality improvement such as
quick disposal of all the complaints, provides
various services and amenities such as proper
lighting, CCTV, safety alarms, public toilets fa-
cility near bus stops, chairs and benches, and
shelters. The punctuality of bus service is pos-
sible without cancellation of the scheduled
trips.Everyday life of a community to realize its
full potential this measure considers the effi-
cient placement of bus stops with proper shel-
ters.
REFERENCES:
· Iphan F. Radam, and et al. (2014). Pas-
sengers’ perception of service quality of Inter-
city Public Transport: A Banjarmasin Case Study’.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineer-
ing. E-ISSN: 2278-1684, P-ISSN: 2320-334X, Vol.
11, Issue 6 Ver. V. online:www.josrjournals.org
· Sai Kumar K. (2011). Quality of services
in State Transport Corporations: A Study of
Andhra Pradesh State Transport Corporation
APSRTC. Online – ‘IUP Journal of Operations
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organisations and industries especially small
35 businesses, have started to use from the tradi-
tional way of managing financial records to
A Study of Accounting Softwares adopting accounting softwares. With the use of
different software for accounting and other pur-
& It’s utility in pandemic situation poses has ease accounting work, these types
of accounting software give a variety of options
Asst. Prof. Nitin Ramchandra Wadhvinde to manage and control the work, like work any-
Department of Accountancy, where and anytime. As it is different all together
VPM’s K G Joshi College of Arts & N G Bedekar that no one knows when the outbreak of
College of Commerce (Autonomous), coronavirus and lockdown will end and situa-
Thane MS tion will be normalise. In such a case, account-
ing software will help the business organisation
==============***********=============== to run and manage their day to day business
Abstract: - activities very easily in the current scenario of
The COVID-19 pandemic has created lot COVID-19 epidemic. Due to the pandemic situ-
of problems to the human beings. It is estimated ations the industries have shifted their work
that every region is going to affect due this pan- from manual i.e. physical to work from home.
demic. This pandemic has mainly created prob- And in the situation of work from home account-
lem on trade and business of the country, which ing work can be done with the help of account-
ultimately destroying the economic growth of ing software. Accounting softwares are widely
the country. It mainly caused the health issues used by small business organisation to large
among the human beings and ultimately the multinational companies.
economic well-being of the whole world. Today a. Accounting Softwares: -
whole world is going through the economic un- With the change in technology there are
certainty. Business organisations and industries many accounting software available in the mar-
have been facing this challenge of survival and ket. There are many businesses who have a cer-
sustainability since the inception of COVID-19 tain accounting structure for which, they need
pandemic. Even after a year the problem con- software and there are different types of soft-
tinues. People are looking for an alternative or ware developed for different purposes like
opportunity to help them sustain and grow their Simple accounting, Inventory management,
business. Cloud-based accounting and Tax accounting
The current paper is focused on differ- software, etc.
ent accounting softwares are being used for ac- In this current situation of COVID-19, the
counting purpose specially during COVID-19 pan- accounting system is playing a vital role for the
demic situation. business organisations. It helping the
Keywords: - COVID-19, business, economic organisation to operate their accounting with
growth, accounting software. the ability of maintaining business operations
I) Introduction: - through remote access, automated software
Accounting of the business organisations reporting, electronic data exchange, cloud based
display the financial health. For large compa- accounting, and real-time data control.
nies maintaining books of accounts is compul- b. Following are some accounting softwares
sory whereas for small organisations want to used by the business organisations: -
know the profitability. Nowadays business
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ing Based on New Technologies: Evidence from
Korea”. According to the researcher’s finding Ko-
rean companies have developed different pro-
grams to fed accounting data using Big Data
Technology and AI. Korean government adopted
this system to review the tax reports.
Susan Peter Teru et al (2019) have writ-
ten in their paper titled as “The Impact of E -
Accounting in Modern Businesses” concluded
that with the use of e-accounting is a new im-
proved model using internet. E-Accounting helps
c. Silent characteristics offered by the Ac- the organisation to save time and reduces the
counting Software: - cost of maintaining records.
It helps to manage cash inflow and cash III) Research Objectives: -
outflow. 1. To understand problem faced by busi-
Expense tracking, Voucher preparation nesses during COVID-19 pandemic.
and invoicing of billsis possible. 2. To study the use of accounting
Control and Management of Inventory. softwares in preparation of financial reports.
Payment gateway integration is avail- 3. To understand different E-Accounting
able to immediate payment softwares.
Vendor management system and Payroll 4. To Study the E-Accounting softwares
Management of employees. usage, advantages in pandemic situations.
Income tax, Bank reconciliation state- IV) Research Methodology: -
ment preparation and GST filing The present study is based on qualita-
Management of sales order, purchase or- tive information gathered through reliable
ders & quotations. sources of physical as well as digital it includes
Reporting system, analysis, interpreta- books, periodicals, magazines, online journals,
tion of data reconciliation. websites, newspapers, etc. The paper is purely
II) Review of Literature: - based on the secondary data.
Al-Zoubi (2017) in his one of the research V) Analysis & Interpretation: -
paper on the titled as “The Effect of Cloud Com- 1. Problems business organisations are facing
puting on Elements of Accounting Information during COVID-19 pandemic: -
System”, has studied the cloud computing re- a) Work from home: Due to pandemic business
duces the requirement of building office and it organisations have asked their employees to
allows to use anywhere as per the requirement work from home to maintain social distinctions.
of the business organisation. b) Small Scale Industries disrupted: Small busi-
Hajera Fatima (2016) in her research ness organisations are severely disrupt due to
articles titled as “Impact of E-Accounting in the pandemic situation. Causing high impact of
Today’s Scenario”. According to the researcher survival and sustainability.
in today’s world a fast development in account- c) Manual operations: There are many small
ing helps in preparation of accounting records and medium scale industries using manual op-
in short duration to the users. erations.
Sora Yoon(2020) written a paper titled d) Cloud computing: There are number of ac-
as “A Study on the Transformation of Account- counting softwares but the problem lies with the
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use of these software without the support of subscribe to these softwares for the better ac-
cloud networking. counting at hassle-free usage.
e) Issue of system integration: Industries fac- g) Help to improve Supply Chain Manage-
ing problem of lack of system integration which ment: Now during the current situation it is very
ultimately not resolving the problem of account- difficult for the management of the company to
ing at remote location. take part in the day today activities of the busi-
f) Issue of other services: Businesses faces ness. They can access and review at any time
problem of inventory management, issue of ac- and from anywhere. It helps to improve the sup-
counts payable and receivable. Also suffering ply chain management, inventory management,
problem of production not possible due to pan- purchasing, GST, etc. of the organisation.
demic situation. h) Versatile Modules: Basic accounting includ-
2 Advantages of using Accounting Software ing purchasing, selling, billing, preparing invoices
in COVID-19 pandemic situation: and many more transaction are easily done with
a) Cloud-based accounting: Most of the ac- accuracyBookkeeping includes billing, invoicing
counting softwares provides cloud-based tech- and transactions. These accounting software
nology which helps the business organisation make sure that all tasks here will be completely
to access and controls data anywhere, anytime, done with high accuracy and can be maintained
either using mobile or any other devices with- easily with little effort which reduces the
out complex technical complications. workload of the business organisations.
b) Cost Cutting & Cost Reduction: Every busi- VI) Conclusions & Suggestions: -
ness organisation wants to reduce the cost. So from the above analysis it is quite
During such pandemic situation it faces a finan- clear as during the tough situation of COVID-19
cial crisis, they want to reduce costs more than business organisations had to forced their em-
ever. The main advantage of using accounting ployees to work from home. And these account-
software is that it saves a many resources than ing softwares provides different features and
manual processing. benefits for the company to ease out work.Due
c) New way - Work from Home: Accounting COVID-19, all businesses are facing huge im-
softwares with internet allows employees to pact economically and financially also, no mat-
work from home. It increases efficiency of the ter how old or new businesses are. Everyone
employees as they save lot of time and get more has to rethink for their business remodelling and
time at the disposal. operating their business with some other alter-
d) Real-Time Settlement: This is one of the big- natives, including work with their business
gest advantage of accounting softwares, as the plans.The new business module need to be
entries posted get immediate reflected at other adopted strongly & update the work culture.
ends. Then only the business can be effectively man-
e) Collaboration with other processes: Thenew aged the operation of business without any
adopted technology helps the organisation to worries or complications in COVID-19 pandemic
streamline their other processes and helps to situation.
access the data whenever required. As the data
is mostly stored at server and inter departments References: -
can easily access at any place in the world. 1. Al-Zoubi (2017) “The Effect of Cloud
f) Selection and Availability of Accounting Computing on Elements of Accounting Informa-
Softwares: As there are many softwares avail- tion System”, Global Journal of Management and
able in the market. Company can purchase or BusinessVolume-17, No.3-D.
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2. Hamid and Khorramin, “Impact of E-
Accounting in Today’s Scenario”,International 36
Journal of Engineering and Management
Research,Volume-6, Issue-1, January-February- Consumer perception towards
2016, pp 260-264.
3. Sora Yoon (Oct 2020) “A Study on the
green products to raise Immunity
Transformation of Accounting Based on New – a fight against Covid 19
Technologies: Evidence from Korea”,
sustainability MDPI, pp 1-22. Dr. Bharati Makhijani
4. Susan Peter Teru et al (2019) “The Im- Asst. Professor,
pact of E - Accounting in Modern Businesses”, S K Somaiya college, Somaiya Vidyavihar
International Journal of Accounting & Finance University, Mumbai
Review; Vol. 4, No.2; 2019, pp 1-4.
https://www.diva-portal.org/ ==============***********===============
https://assets.kpmg/ Abstract
www.icai.org A green product is one which is sustain-
able product, and it is designed to minimize the
 environmental degradation and control the
spread of different types of pollution. Green
products have two main goals i.e., increasing
the efficiency of resources and reducing the
wastages. Green products promote the eco-
nomic development for the future generations
also. Green products are energy efficient; they
are durable, and they require very less mainte-
nance. They are made without using chemicals
and toxic compounds. Even when they are used,
they do not produce any toxins. Green products
are made from recycled material and they can
also be recycled and they are biodegradable.
Nowadays most of the people are aware of the
green products and they are interested to use
the green products. In this pandemic time, it is
very necessary that we should have good im-
munity. So green products help to raise immu-
nity and help us to fight the disease in a direct
or indirect way. This paper will put light on the
people’s perception and preference for the green
products and their importance to raise immu-
nity.
Keywords: eco-conscious, ecofriendly, green
products, biodegradable, sustainable, pandemic
Introduction
Environmental degradation has been
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carried out since long time. Over population has changes which people want to make in their life.
raised the need for producing products and ser- For adopting green, it is necessary to reduce the
vices on very large scale at any cost. Due to air, garbage, rethink for using the chemical prod-
water, soil and other pollutions, global warm- ucts, reuse the articles instead of buying again
ing, sudden change in weather, etc. people are and again control use and throw articles, repair
suffering. The common ingredients used in the the things which are not working properly,
daily use products like shampoo, deodorants, repurpose the things, and recycle the products.
perfumes, cosmetics, toothpaste etc. are The rise of environmentalism in the recent times
paraben, propylene glycol, petrolatum, phtha- has led to the sustainable practices and it pro-
lates, etc. these products are hazardous to the vides the opportunity to the green marketers to
health. 9 out of 10 people worldwide breathe raise the policies for sale of green products. In
polluted air. There are 1 trillion plastic bags in this pandemic time, it is very necessary that we
landfills and it is impossible to decompose for should not go out for buying unnecessary things
next 1000 years (What Is A Green Product? n.d.) and make use of the things available with it. It
Most of the people have now become more eco- will be really better to grow vegetables and
conscious, they are trying to change their fruits at home if possible. Avoiding to buy more
lifestyle. They are moving towards the organic, things than required will also lead to the less
ethically developed, and ecofriendly products requirements. Using home made things and
and services. However, people are very cautious avoiding social contact is very necessary. It is
about the high prices which appears to be bar- generally assumed that people those who are
rier for buying the green products. Consumers environment conscious they are more attracted
which are more concerned about the environ- towards the sequential messages given by the
ment protection generally support the chemical advertisers regarding the green products. They
free green products and they are likely to buy will see for brands which are giving green prod-
the products which are ethically developed. The ucts. People know very well that garlic, black
green products have some labels like FSSAI, ISO, cumin, ginger, green tea, etc. when they are or-
EnergyStar, Ecomark, Mark of Earthen pot. These ganic foods, they are boosting our immunity.
products are given voluntary certificates by cer- Green food which is free from toxin will raise
tification organizations for ecofriendly manufac- the immunity power of people and will lead to
turing and sustainable consumption. These the healthy life.
ecofriendly certificates differentiate these prod- Review of literature
ucts from other products and consumers can Hughner (2007) found that while many
easily make their green choice. Many of the consumers showed a positive attitude towards
hotels, restaurants and cafes use the paper cups, purchases of organic food products (67%), only
plates, wooden spoons paper straw etc. these a small number of consumers (4%) purchased
products are helpful for environment protection those products.
and recycling. Sustainable eating is also becom- According to Chan (2001) Green pur-
ing famous among people because it is good chasing refers to the purchase of environmen-
for health as it includes antioxidants and im- tally friendly products and avoiding products that
munity boosters. Using green products in home, harm the environment.
using solar energy instead of conventional According to Sanjeev Kumar, Radha
sources of energy, using LED lights instead of Garg, and Anita Makkar in their paper, “People
common lights, wearing ecofriendly clothes in- in general have lot of concern and strong desire
stead of common brands, etc. are the common to do something towards environment but they
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did not know how they can contribute. Hence day life.
marketers and Government cannot be individu- Scope of the study
ally held responsible but environmental protec- This study has a wider scope to under-
tion agencies, media, must create awareness stand the importance of green products as im-
about green products as a mean to save the munity boosters.
environment.” Limitation of the study
According to Rezai, G., Teng, P. K., Time period for conducting this study
Mohamed, Z., &Shamsudin, M. N. (2013) “To was limited. The number of respondents are also
encourage consumers to go green, a better limited.
marketing strategy should be developed by the Research methodology
government or the NGOs. Consumers may be Secondary data was collected from the
more inclined to adopt green behaviour due to search engines like google scholar, Wikipedia,
the opinion of their reference group such as fam- etc. where as primary data was collected by ran-
ily, friends or relatives but they also need to be dom sampling from 80 people through a struc-
educated about the underlying benefits that tured questionnaire.
come along when adopting green behaviour.” Data analysis and interpretation
Consumers frequently use green prod- The following data shows that about55
ucts, products with at least one environmental people are interested inorganic food consump-
attribute (e.g., products made from recycled tion so it shows that people are more interested
materials or biodegradable products) (Tezer & in green non toxic products.
Bodur, 2020) Today the world needs a new seri- Question which food
ous innovation, which would lead for a better do you like
to eat
environment. The basic objective of the study organic food 55
is to realize the requirement of innovative green inorganic food 18
products for today’s global market and also try I do not think about organic
and inorganic
5
to identify the negative impact of non-green what ever is available 2
products. (Rajasekaran&Gnanapandithan, n.d.)

green satisfaction and green loyalty is observed
as a lead for the green marketers, which can be
used to make the consumers habitually pur- qu estion yes No
chase green products, thus avoiding products Do yo u feel that green pro duc ts are having more nu trients, vitam ins an d min erals tha n non- 67 13
that harm the environment and human health. green pro ducts.
(Academia.Edu, n.d.) Do yo u feel that organic green p rod ucts are m ore costlier th an th e common produts. 65 15
National Geographic (May 2008) Indians Do yo u feel that being v egetarian will make y ou more health y than no n vegetaria n 45 35
are the last among the countries who are adopt- Do you feel that peop le those who ea t green food a re mor e healthier tha n the people wh o eat 56 24
fast fo od, non green food pro ducts etc.
ing environmental awareness at the most.
Do you feel th at green pro ducts raise the im munity of th e peop le. 54 26
Zhou, Z., Ringø, E., Olsen, R. E., & Song,
S. K. (2018). States that “Soybean meal (SBM) is
one of the most commonly used vegetable in-
gredient to replace fish meal in fish diets. SBM
is limiting in some essential amino acids and
contains numerous antinutritional factors and
antigens that can affect intestinal microbiota
and innate immune system”
Objective of the study
This study is done to find out people’s
interest in green products and their immunity
to fight disease. It is to see that they are sup- This data shows that mostly people are
porting the use of green products in their day to knowing that green products raise their immu-
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nity, they are good to be healthy, vegetarian Procedia- Social and Behavioral sciences- Vol-
people are more healthy than non vegetarian, ume 170, 27 January 2015, pages 99-108.
organic green products are costlier than the Rezai, G., Teng, P. K., Mohamed, Z., &
common products and green products are hav- Shamsudin, M. N. (2013). Is it easy to go green?
ing more nutrients, vitamins and minerals than Consumer perception and green concept. Ameri-
non-green products. can journal of applied sciences, 10(8), 793-800.
Conclusion Sultan, M. T., Buttxs, M. S., Qayyum, M.
It is advisable that companies should not M. N., &Suleria, H. A. R. (2014). Immunity: plants
show that their products are unique products as effective mediators. Critical reviews in food
and they must not charge high prices for their science and nutrition, 54(10), 1298-1308.
products on the basis that they are green. Con- Sattanathan, G., Tamizhazhagan, V.,
sumers also do not have proper knowledge about Padmapriya, S., Liu, W. C., & Balasubramanian,
the organic food so they are not much eager to B. (2020). Effect of Green Algae
buy the organic food. Going green will increase Chaetomorphaantennina Extract on Growth,
the immunity of the people so people must be Modulate Immunity, and Defenses against
encouraged by the NGOs as well as government Edwardsiellatarda Infection in Labeorohita. Ani-
organizations so that more and more people mals, 10(11), 2033.
must be using green products. Vaccination and Zhou, Z., Ringø, E., Olsen, R. E., & Song,
prevention methods will really be helpful to con- S. K. (2018). Dietary effects of soybean prod-
trol the covid 19 pandemic, but along with this ucts on gut microbiota and immunity of aquatic
a lot of care is to be taken by people to have animals: a review. Aquaculture Nutrition, 24(1),
social distancing, and having immunity to fight 644-665.
the disease. If a substantial amount of people Webliography
have immunity it will lead to herd immunity and http://www.publishingindia.com/
we can easily get success to control this dis- GetBrochure.aspx?query=UERGQnJvY2h1cmVzfC8xND
ease. E2LnBkZnwvMTQxNi5wZGY=
http://www.isustainableearth.com/
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“Consumer Awareness and Perception https://www.onyalife.com/eco-friendly-
Towards Green Products: A Study of Youngsters products/
in India- Sanjeev kumar, Radha Garg, and Anita https://www.ecoideaz.com/showcase/
Makkar are-eco-labels-essential-for-green-products-in-
International Strategic Management india
Review- volume 3 issue 1-2, June-December https://www.ecoideaz.com/green-direc-
2015, page 128-143. tory/iktara-2/
“The influence factors on choice behav- https://greenerideal.com/guides/10-diy-
ior regarding green products based on theory of beauty-product-tips/
consumption values”- Pei-Chunlin, Yi-Hsuan http://begoodclothes.com/
Huang- Journal of Cleaner Production- volume http://www.isustainableearth.com/
22, Issue 1, February 2012, pages- 11-18. green-products/what-is-a-green-product
“The Effects of Environmental Concern h t t p s : / / w w w. c o n s e r v e - e n e rg y -
on Purchase of Green Products in Retail”- Sergio future.com/21-good-reasons-to-go-green.php
Silva Braga Junior, Dirceuda Silva, Marcelo Luiz,
D S Gabriel, WaleskaReali de Oliveira Braga-
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in the market only for securing the profit, it is
37 unlawful but many sellers are involved in it and
it is harmful from the point of view of common
STUDY OF BLACK MARKETING consumers. Black marketing has adverse effects
on social,economic, and political scenario.The
DURINGCOVID AND ITS IMPACT ON
black marketing is an unlawful object of sellers.
PATIENTSSPECIAL REFERENCE TO Black marketing having negative effects on vari-
MEDICAL FACILITIES OF THANE ous parts of the society, the sellers avoid to pay
DISTRICT the appropriate taxes to the government. The
consumers are ready to buy the same products
Dr. RAVINDRA S. NETAWATE at a higher price, ultimately common consum-
HEAD DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, ers are being exploited by the sellers. These
D.G. RUPAREL COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE consumers are deprived from buying the goods
AND COMMERCE, MUMBAI .The government couldn’t have the proper rev-
enue form the businessmen. Quality of the prod-
uct couldn’t maintain ultimately many occasions
==============***********=============== the consumers get the inferior quality goods.
INDEX Review of Literature:-
Sr. N o.
1
PARTIC ULAR
In troduction
PAGE NO .
04
According to Friedrich Schneider and
2
3
Review of Li teratu re
O ri gi n of the P rob lem
05
05
Dominic Enste (2000) According to theses re-
4
5
Ratio nal of the Study
O bjec tiv es of Th e Study
06
06
searchers, the black marketing is taken place
6
7
Research M etho dolo gy
Col lecti on of Data
06
06
due to heavy taxes and social security , the trad-
8
9
Analysi s of Data
Limitations of the Stud y
07
10
ers or retailers involved in the black marketing,
10
11
Find ings
Suggestions
10
12
SAAM T.V. Channel Reporter said that two per-
12
13
Con clusi on
Bibliograp hy
12
13
sons were arrested in Mumbai while selling the
remedesivir injections at a higher price.
Abstract- Black marketing in commerce is not ABP Marathi News Channel reporter has
a new concepts, it is an unethical concept but reported that due to shortage of Oxygen 29 pa-
many sellers are using it right from the begin- tients were dead at Nasik due to lack of proper
ning in different business, it was also going in supply of oxygen.
health care business which is a noble as well Origin of the Problem-:
as social commitment with the society, in the The origin of the said problem has come
true sense Doctors are assumed as a god in our in to light,when the corona virus has spreader
Indian culture, but this sector has lost its im- all over the world and the medical practitioner
age under the business of black marketing of had no proper option of medicine to cure the
medicines, The hospitals are taking undue its diseases, in this situation, the artificial short-
advantages and they are charging too much cost age has been created by the manufacturers and
of beds, medicines, Ambulance charges, oxygen the middleman such as stockiest, dealers and
charges etc. in spite of effective treatment of the wholesalers. Many sellers have sold this
stipulated disease. There are more chances of medicine beyond the limits of customers finan-
losing the deaths. cial capacity, which is very unethical, the gov-
Introduction- ernment has no controlled on such illegal ac-
The Marketing concepts has been de- tivities.
veloped since 1920, Black marketing took place Rational of the study-
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The above study will be useful from the interviewed by 100 respondents, the following
perspective of the society, that they will get the outcomes have been received Table No. 1.1Rates
clear cut idea about the prices and supply of of Medical Facilities
such medicine and other related facilities.The Sr . No. Facilities N ormal Rate Rs. Bl ac k Rat e Rs.
government will get the idea that how to con- 1.

2.
Remedesivir Inject ion
Ho spital char ges
1299
3,000
80,000
15000
trol on the prices of such medicines, what kinds 3.
4.
Oxygen Cyli nder
Ambulan ce charges
2300
1500
22,000
4000
of regulations need to be implemented and how 5. Funeral Charges 30 1500
the exploitations of the societies should be When we interviewed with the respon-
stopped.The above study will keep control on dents and others who knows the situation dur-
the selling habits of the Medical stores, phar- ing the corona virus , the respondents had given
macist, private hospitals owner to charge a rea- their response, In the table the normal rate of
sonable price on their services. the Remedesivir has been indicated Rs.1290/
Objectives of the Study-: and in the present situation it is sold illegally (
1. To study the present situation of the Black Marketing) for Rs.80, 000/ and the needy
medical service provider. people bought it at this unlimited price. The
2. To find the causes of black marketing hospital charges in normal condition it was per
3. To study the impact on consumers of day Rs. 3999? And in the present situation it is
black marketing. Rs. 15,000/ by private hospitals.The oxygen cyl-
4. To give suitable suggestions to over- inder is an essential for the corona diseases
come on this problem. patients, in normal situation the cost of Cylin-
Research Methodology- der is Rs.Rs.2300/ and in present situation, it is
The researcher has used the experimen- getting in black marketing by Rs. 22,000/Ambu-
tal and observation research methodology to find lance charges in normal situation was just Rs.
the validity of the problem. researcher has ob- 150/ Maximum and in present condition it is
served and interviewed the respondents with the charged up to Rs. 4000/ and the funeral charges
given problem of Thane region. The hundred re- as per the corporation’s rule is only Rs. 30/ and
spondents have been selected from the various by malpracticing it i
types of respondents like as patients, relatives,
medical stores, hospital employees of Hospi-
tals and Thane corporation.
Data Collection-
The primary data is collected from the
hundred respondents by circulating question-
naire, observation and interview through the
open ended types of questionnaire. The second-
ary data has been collected through the news- Sr . No. Faci lit ies Respo nse % Yes Respon se % No
papers, references, T.V. Channels and business 1. Remedesi vir Injec tio n 94% 06%
2. Hospi tal c harges 98% 02%
websites 3. Oxygen Cylinder 99% 01%
4. Ambulanc e charges 96% 02%
Tools and Techniques-To analyze the collected 5. Fu neral Charges 97% 03%
data, the tables and charts have been prepared In the table No. 1.2 the respondents
to as a statistical tools.Karl Pearson’s statisti- have given their response about the black mar-
cal method has been used to analyze the data keting of the above facilities from the different
Data Analysis-: service providers. 94% respondents have agreed
Through the data we have observed and that there is a black marketing of remedesivir
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injections were as 06% respondents are not of Conclusion-:
sure, they might be from the medical service The above research has indicated that
providers. 98% respondents are of the opinion the Pandemic situation in India is too much criti-
that the hospital charges are more than five cal the doctors, nurses and other supporting staff
times than the normal charges, every private have been totally tired by continuously work-
hospital is assuming that it is a profit making ing more than a year,without taking break.
business. The government has shown its inabil- Therefore these worriers must be considered by
ity itself of providing the, oxygen facilities, many government
deaths have been taken place only because of
shortages of Cylinders which is Very insulting Bibliography-:
things for the human beings, 99% respondents 1. Marketing Management (2009)By P.B.
are agreed were as 97% respondents have told Sherlekar, Himalaya publishing House.
that the corporation employees are charging 2. Marketing Management (2010) by Dr.
extra money from the relatives for the funeral K. Karunakaran, Himalaya Publishing House.
. The ambulance charges are beyond the expec- 3. Marketing Management –Global Per-
tations of the respondents .. in the normal situ- spective to the Indian context (2016) by Dr. V.
ation it was Rs. 1500/ S. Ramaswamy & Prof. Namakumari.McMillan
Findings- Publication
1. After the analysis of data, it is found 4. Marketing Management (2010) By
that the medical stores owners have been cre- Rajansaxena, Pearson Education Publication.
ating shortage of medicines for getting the 5. T.V. News Channel
higher profit.
2. The private hospitals ordered to the 
relatives of patients to have such costly medi-
cines by black marketing which is totally illegal
and not possible to the patient’s relatives.
3. The central government has no plan-
ning of distributing the crucial medical facili-
ties to all the states, even Maharashtra is a big
state but the central government has not been
taken any special action plan for Maharashtra’s
corona virus affected Patient.
Suggestions-
1. The government should make a proper
plan for the controlling the situation.
2. The government should increase the
oxygen plants near the hospitals area.
3. There should be controlled on mal-
practices of medicines, hospitals charges and
other equipment.4.Political leaders should stop
the social program so that people will not come
together.5.The marriage ceremony, Temple
darshan and Pooja, Melas, shoul ban to unlim-
ited period
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ducting online webinars, conferences, and ex-
38 tracurricular activities. It’s also an excellent
option to master a new hobby or acquire new
ONLINE EDUCATION IN INDIA skills. With the pandemic poses and the ease
of online learning, the demand for e-learning
DURING COVID-19 LOCKDOWN has significantly risen.
As with other teaching methods, online
Mr. Pradeep H. Tawade classes have a set of positives.
Asst. Professor, Department of Accountancy, SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:-
NSS College of Commerce and Economic, Tardeo This paper mainly discusses about the
impact of Coronavirus (COVID - 19) on Indian
==============***********=============== education system. It strives to describe the ad-
ONLINE EDUCATION IN INDIA DURING COVID- vantages and disadvantages of online learning
19 LOCKDOWN in India.
ABSTRACT:- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:-
With educational institutes closed due The prepared paper is a descriptive study
to the COVID-19 pandemic, the government has in nature. The study has been carried out based
been encouraging online education to achieve on the collection of the relevant secondary data.
academic continuity. Most high-end private and Secondary data collection was based on vari-
public institutions have made the switch ous sources such as published books, articles
smoothly using online platforms such as Zoom, published in different journals & newspapers,
Google classrooms, Microsoft teams, etc., while periodicals, conference paper, working paper
many still find it a herculean task. The chal- and websites, etc.
lenges of online education are multifaceted. It OBJECTIVES:-
is time that we Indians, as a society, understandThe objectives of study were based on:
the realms of online education – in India, for 1. To study the concept and overview of
India. Impact of Coronavirus on online education in
Keywords:educational institutes, COVID-19, India.
government, online education, India etc. 2. To understand the advantages of
INTRODUCTION: online education in India during Covid-19
In nearly all parts of the world, the lockdown
COVID-19 pandemic triggered all the teaching 3. To understand the challenges with
methods, making the learning process shift to online education in India.
online classes. Many schools in India have 4. To analyse the future of online edu-
adapted to the new normal of e-learning. Some cation in India.
educational institutions who had prior adoption MEANING & DEFINITION OF ONLINE LEARING:-
of technology have quickly transitioned with sig-Online learning, also referred to as e-learning
nificant success. While some take this in stride,or electronic learning, is the acquisition of
for a few, it’s an entirely new channel of deliv-knowledge which takes place through electronic
technologies and media. In simple language,
ery. So, online learning is seeing varying degrees
of success. online learning is defined as “learning that is
With the advent of Covid-19, one of the enabled electronically”. Typically, e-learning is
easiest and safest ways is e-learning. E-learn- conducted on the Internet, where students can
ing now applies to academics as well as con- access their learning materials online at any
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place and time. E-Learning most often takes it online along with supplementary and comple-
place in the form of online courses, online de- mentary notes, videos, and comments, over
grees, or online programs. some time. In that case, it becomes a valuable
Online learning has a vast amount of uses across source from where students can learn.
all sectors of society. While technology is enabling, it can also
THE ADVANTAGES OF ONLINE LEARNING IN be limiting, particularly in a county such as In-
INDIA DURING COVID-19 LOCKDOWN: dia, where primary access is a challenge. Very
1. Efficiency – E-learning is an extremely effi- few students have access to a laptop or fast-
cient means for Indian educational institutions streaming internet. This makes attendance as
to deliver lessons. With the click of a few but- well as class participation an issue.
tons, both the student and teacher can achieve Being present in front of the computer
tasks such as serving assignments, completing for hours together is difficult. Sometimes, be-
tests, and interacting with others. The option to cause of a slow network connection or a lag,
record the lesson and review it later is a tre- the teacher isn’t audible.
mendous benefit with online classes! CHALLENGES WITH ONLINE LEARNING IN IN-
2. Less absenteeism – Whether or not COVID DIA:-
students, attending classes from the comfort of 1. Not suitable for everyone – Every student
your home leaves little room to maneuver and has a different style/way of learning. While some
miss class. prefer kinesthetic learning, others favor audi-
3. Increased access and reach – Learning can tory and visual. With online learning, students
occur anywhere as long as the student and need to sit in front of their devices, listen, and
teacher both have a device handy with connec- understand the lesson. This may not suit all
tivity. As opposed to physical classes where the learning styles.
institute requires the student to be physically 2. Deficiency in focus – At some point, online
present, online classes are accessible from any classes can get monotonous, and this is when
corner of the world. students tend to lose focus. Boredom is a com-
4. Encourages shy kids – A class atmosphere mon occurrence when face-to-face interaction
with many students can intimidate the shyer is absent. The power of keeping online classes
kids. It’s easier for the more withdrawn children interactive, engaging, informative, and crisp to
to open up during online classes. Being in a so- help students grasp everything is vested in the
ciable environment and surrounded by every- hands of the teacher.
thing commonplace ensures students can be 3. Technology issues – This is pertinent with
more forthcoming with participation. COVID-19 and education, wherein any break in
For many, Covid-19 has been a time of connectivity can cause a major issue in continu-
change, especially in working and studying. ing the learning of the child, which can be detri-
While you cannot replicate all that is taught in mental.
a classroom situation, there’s plenty to learn 4. Lacks of social interaction – Humans are so-
online. cial beings, and we learn a lot by merely being
While face-to-face teaching has its mer- around others. Online learning takes all forms
its, online learning flourishes with the plethora of physical interaction away. Being around other
of online tools and innovative methods. students helps discuss ideas, talk out theories,
TRANSITION TO DIGITAL:- or engage in meaningful conversation, which is
Suppose a gifted mathematics teacher an essential part of learning.
digitally records his/her entire class and uploads 5. Training teachers – The main bottleneck is
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the need for Indian teachers to adapt their teach- FUTURE OF ONLINE EDUCATION INDIA:-
ing methods to the instrument. Not all teachers If both students and teachers work in
are technology-friendly in India. They need to unison, where universities ensure online classes
invest plenty of time to align themselves with are taken to nodal places, and the institution
takes the responsibility to connect students
the latest technology to make sure they can con-
there, there’s a high chance of success.
duct online classes seamlessly. Moreover, a Within hours of learning about the
physical setting is more dynamic, and instruc- lockdown and online learning, most educational
tors can stimulate feedback. When it’s online, institutions in India could gather students and
professors need to find creative ways to engage teachers and commence the learning process.
students. This proves the infrastructure is present; it
6. Manage screen time – Continuous screen hasn’t been tapped yet.
time can be hazardous to health. A countermea- Let’s face it-This is a large part of future
sure is incorporating regular breaks, limiting learning. This instrument is excellent during
times like the pandemic. Also, it caters to regu-
screen time for youngsters, avoiding studying
lar classroom hiccups due to natural disasters,
under dim lighting, and regularly performing riots, heavy rain, heat, and cold waves and
basic eye exercises. It’s also essential for kids hartals.
to maintain good posture to avoid any back and Today, you cannot limit knowledge and
neck problems. A few precautions should be learning by geographies; your willingness to
taken in order to ensure they are safe and learn and your mindset is the only restriction.
healthy. Online learning has found its feet in the Indian
While all learning modes come with their market, it’s yet to be seen how it treads forward,
positives and negatives, this crisis effortlessly but it will undoubtedly take many with it as it
illustrates that e-learning will form an essen- progresses.
Every form of technology comes with its
tial part of the learning-teaching process. distinct set of benefits and disadvantages; how
NOT JUST ABOUT CLASSES:- you use it determines how or how much it can
Looking beyond classes, many people influence you. The same applies to online learn-
feel it’s not easy to connect to a laptop, speak ing. If you use it properly, it’s nothing short of a
into a microphone, and listen and learn at the blessing. It’s imperative to maintain a healthy
other end. balance, to pave a prosperous future for chil-
Education isn’t just about learning; it’s dren.
a lot more – interactions, free-flowing open dis- CONCLUSION:-
cussions, broadening ideas, mentoring each stu- Online Learning is the most common
method of distance learning today. During the
dent, and debates. While most educational in-
lockdown period for Covid-19, online learning
stitutions attempt to meet such elements to the is the best platform to keep learners/educators
fullest, there’s a lot lost in translation on the engaged and safe by maintaining social distanc-
online platform. ing. Govt. of India has initiated different online
Eye contact is another advantage of learning platforms to continue educational ac-
face-to-face teaching. When teachers make eye tivities during lockdown period which are also
contact with their students, they can instantly been recognised by UNESCO and World Bank.
gauge if they are paying attention or spacing Online Learning method utilises various appli-
out. cations of the internet to distribute classroom
materials and help learners and educators in-
With the shift to online and COVID edu-
teract with one another. Using the various tech-
cation, many students do not have access to nologies available for Online Learning, educa-
facilities like a vast library. tors can provide a more interactive distance
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learning experience by delivering real-time, syn-
chronous video conferencing. Online learning is 39
considered as future learning process and this
platform has a potential of overall change in
pedagogy of teaching learning in the modern A study of Indian Real Estate
world. However, necessary steps must be taken Industry of India
to train all stakeholders of education on online
learning platform. Government/educational in-
stitutions should adopt the policy to provide free Dr. Dhiraj Raghunath Ovhal
internet and free digital gadgets to all learners NSS College of Commerce and Economics,
in order to encourage online learning as a re- Tardeo-Mumbai
sult of which people would get engaged during
lockdown and remain safe from pandemics.
Online Learning is the best method of learning
==============***********===============
at this time of lockdown due to the outbreak of Abstract :-
Covid-19 and further in-depth statistical study It is universal phenomena and the ba-
may be undertaken on impact of online learning sic need of civilized society to have affordable
during lockdown period. accommodation or shelter. When we think about
REFERENCES:- the accommodation or shelter, there is Real es-
· World Bank. How countries are using tate industry come forward to not only provide
edtech to support access to remote learning shelter but also provide all amentias and fa-
during the COVID-19 pandemic. Retrieved on
cilities related with housing projects. It is one
April 16, 2020 from https://www.worldbank.org/
en/topic/edutech/brief/how-countries-are-us- of the sector of infrastructure service and one
ing-edtechto-support-remote-learning-during- of the attractive sector for the Foreign Direct
the-covid-19-pandemic. Investment to grow to US$ 25 billion in the next
· DD news. UGC forms committee to en- 10 years. Since 2018, the concrete measurable
courage online learning amid lockdown. Re- initiative of the government for the real estate
trieved on April 16, 2020 from http://ddnews. sector in the form of RERA, GST and easy loan
gov.in/national/ugc-formscommittee-encour- for the housing with various schemes for the
age-online-learning-amid-lockdown. middle class population are supported growth
· UNICEF. Children at increased risk of of Indian Real Estate . It is expected the Indian
harm online during global COVID-19 pandemic.
Retrieved on April 16, 2020 from https:// Real Estate growth USD650 billion by 2025 and
www.unicef.org/turkey/en/press-releases/chil- it would have capacity to cross USD850 billion
dren-increased-risk-harmonline-during-global- by 2028. It is supported 6 to 7 percent growth to
covid-19-pandemic. the GDP of country along with created 75 mil-
WEBSITES:- lion direct and indirect job opportunity to the
· www.google.co.in. society. The government has taken steps for the
· https://indiabioscience.org/columns/ f affordable housing to all people of India.
education/online-education-in-india-the-good- ’Housing for All by 2022’,or Pradhan Mantri Awas
the-bad-and-the-ugly. Yojana (PMAY, Urban and Grameen) with a goal
·https://www.orchidsinternational of building 20 million affordable houses by 31
school.com/blog/child-learning/online-learn- March 2022 The private equity investments in
ing-in-lockdown/. Indian real estate improved 15 per cent year-
on-year in January - March 2018 reaching USD3
billion1 billion and are estimated to grow to
USD100 billion by 2026 for tier 1 and 2 cities
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benefiting the most in future. The largest inflow value of investment grade real estate under con-
of FDI through real estate in India is the second struction increased from USD174 billion in
inflow after service sector. Q42012 to USD243 billion in Q22018. Residen-
Keywords :- Real Estate, Affordable House, tial, commercial and retail are the three key as-
RERA , set classes, which have primarily been contrib-
Introduction :- uting to the sector’s growth
The government has taken an efforts to City wise demand supply for Housing (2016-
promote affordable housing in the country. It is 2020)
launched an initiative, ’Housing for All by City Cumulative Demand (2016-20) (in thousand ) Cumulative Supply (2016-20)
2022’,or Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY, Ahmedabad 245
(in thousand )
50
Urban and Grameen) with a goal of building 20 Bengaluru
Chennai
686
444
220
97
million affordable houses by 31 March 2022 for Delhi-NCR 1000 253
Hyderabad 518 75
urban poor through financial assistance of INR2 Kolkatta 361 91
Mumbai 711 128
trillion (USD29 billion)21.As part of the initia- Pune 190 108
Total for 8 Cities 4156 1023
tive, the government granted infrastructure sta-
tus to enable affordable projects to avail ben- Source:- Cushman & Wakefield and GRI
efits such as lower borrowing rates, tax conces- From the above table is exhibiting that the top
sions (100 per cent tax immunity for 8 cities are having demand for housing. The first
developers)and increased private investment. and largest demand goes for the Delhi NCR fol-
Real Estate includes land, design/con- lowed by Mumbai, Benaluru, Chennai
struction, development, investment, lending etc. Hyderabad, Kolkata, Ahemadbad, Pune for the
as well as development /construction of houses, year 2016-20 respectively.
Warehouses, residential and non residential Research Methodology:-
project ,etc. Due to the emerging economy in The data has been collected through
the world and highest population always cre- multidisciplinary sources. It is mainly consists
ated huge scope for the Indian Real Estate Busi- of reports collected from Real Estate Industry,
ness. and various Government website of real estate
Indian real estate — Market size (USD billion) . The relevant information is obtained from the
research papers, articles published in various
journals and magazines, leading Newspapers,
etc. The Internet survey is also one of the parts
of collection of data.
Objectives:-
The objectives of study are as follow
1. To study the Real Estate Sector of In-
dia.
Source:- KPMG in India analysis, Assessing the 2. To study Market Size of Real Estate
Economic Impact of India’s Real Estate, CBRE Sector.
Report, September 2017 3. To analyses the Investment opportu-
The sector is estimated to grow to nity in Real Estate Sector.
USD650 billion by 2025 and surpass USD850 4. To study the government Initiatives
billion by 2028. India has consistently improved for Real Estate Sector.
its ranking on the global real estate in 2018 Meaning:-
which has instilled confidence in investors. The The term ‘real estate’ means to land as
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well as building. The word ‘land’ includes— the country.
air above and the ground below and any build- Investments/Developments:-
ings or structures on it. It covers residential There is lot of the investment opportu-
houses, commercial offices, trading spaces such nities are available in the real estate .Indian real
as theatres, hotels and restaurants, retail out- estate sector has witnessed high growth in the
lets, industrial buildings, factories and also gov- recent times with rise in demand for office as
ernment buildings. Thus the term real estate well as residential spaces. Real estate attracted
connotes immovable property which can be ei- around Rs. 43,780 crore (US$ 6.26 billion) in in-
ther land or building or both. vestment in 2019. The retail segment attracted
Definition:- PE (Private Equity) investment of around US$ 1
According to Russell Sage “Real estate billion in 2019. Institutional investment in the
is an imperishable asset, ever increasing in sector stood at US$ 712 million during the quar-
value. It is the most solid security that human ter ended March 2020. Real estate attracted
ingenuity has devised. It is the basis of all se- around US$ 14 billion from foreign PE between
curity and about the only indestructible secu- 2015 and Q32019. Exports from SEZs reached
rity.” Rs. 7.96 lakh crore (US$ 113.0 billion) in FY20
Market Size:- and grew ~13.6% from Rs. 7.1 lakh crore (US$
There is huge potential and growth ex- 100.3 billion) in FY19.
pected in the real estate in coming years. By According to the data released by De-
2040, real estate market will grow to Rs. 65,000 partment for Promotion of Industry and Internal
crore (US$ 9.30 billion) from Rs. 12,000 crore Trade Policy (DPIIT), construction is the third-
(US$ 1.72 billion) in 2019. Real estate sector in largest sector in terms of FDI inflow. FDI in the
India is expected to reach a market size of US$ sector (including construction development and
1 trillion by 2030 from US$ 120 billion in 2017 construction activities) stood at US$ 42.97 bil-
and contribute 13% to the country’s GDP by 2025. lion between April 2000 and September 2020.
Retail, hospitality, and commercial real estate Government Initiatives for real estate busi-
are also growing significantly, providing the ness:-
much-needed infrastructure for India’s growing The government has planned to provide
needs. Indian real estate increased by 19.5% affordable house to all residents of India upto
CAGR from 2017 to 2028. Office space has been March 2022 which is also expanding the hori-
driven mostly by growth in Information Technol- zons of real estate in India. Government of In-
ogy firms and offices , Banking Finance service dia along with the governments of respective
Industry , consulting and manufacturing sectors. States has taken several initiatives to encour-
Warehousing space is expected to reach 247 age development in the sector. The Smart City
million square feet in 2020 and see investment Project, with a plan to build 100 smart cities, is
worth Rs. 50,000 crore (US$ 7.76 billion) during a prime opportunity for real estate companies.
2018-20. Housing sales reached 2.61 lakh units The Atmanirbhar Bharat 3.0 package announced
in 2019 across seven major cities. Home sales by Finance Minister Mrs. Nirmala Sitharaman in
volume across eight major cities in India jumped November 2020 included income tax relief mea-
by 2.5x to 33,403 units from July 2020 to Sep- sures for real estate developers and
tember 2020, compared with 9,632 units in the homebuyers for primary purchase/sale of resi-
previous quarter, signifying healthy recovery dential units of value (up to Rs. 2 crore (US$
post the strict lockdown imposed in the second 271,450.60) from November 12, 2020 to June
quarter due to the spread of COVID-19 in the 30, 2021). In October 2020, the Ministry of Hous-
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ing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) launched an af- 10 price appreciating housing markets interna-
fordable rental housing complex portal. On Oc- tionally. The Government has allowed FDI of up
tober 27, 2020, the government announced the to 100% for townships and settlements devel-
application of Real Estate (Regulation & Devel- opment projects and target Under Pradhan
opment) Act, 2016 in the union territory of Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) (PMAY (U)), 1.12
Jammu & Kashmir. This has paved the way for crore houses have been sanctioned in urban
any Indian citizen to buy non-agricultural land areas, creating 1.20 crore jobs.
and property, as opposed to the eligibility of only
local residents earlier. Reference and Bibliography
In order to revive around 1,600 stalled i. CA Rajkumar S. Adukia (2012) Hand-
housing projects across top cities in the coun- book on Real Estate
try, the Union Cabinet has approved the setting ii. Indian real estate and construction:
up of Rs. 25,000 crore (US$ 3.58 billion) alter- Consolidating for growth (2018)
native investment fund (AIF). Under Pradhan iii. Indian Real Estate Sector (2018) An-
Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) (PMAY (U)), 1.12 nual Handbook
crore houses have been sanctioned in urban iv. https://www.ibef.org/industry/real-
areas, creating 1.20 crore jobs. estate-india.aspx
Government has created an Affordable v. https://economictimes.indiatimes.
Housing Fund (AHF) in the National Housing com/
Bank (NHB) with an initial corpus of Rs. 10,000 
crore (US$ 1.43 billion) using priority sector lend-
ing short fall of banks/financial institutions for
micro financing of the HFCs.
On July 31, 2020, India formally ap-
proved 423 SEZs, of which 248 were already in
operation. Most special economic zones (SEZs)
are in the IT/ BPM sector.
Conclusion:-
According to the data released by De-
partment for Promotion of Industry and Internal
Trade Policy (DPIIT), construction is the third-
largest sector in terms of FDI inflow. FDI in the
sector (including construction development and
construction activities) stood at US$ 42.97 bil-
lion between April 2000 and September 2020.
There is lot of the investment opportunities are
available in the real estate .Indian real estate
sector has witnessed high growth in the recent
times with rise in demand for office as well as
residential spaces. Real estate attracted around
Rs. 43,780 crore (US$ 6.26 billion) in investment
in 2019. Demand for residential properties has
surged due to increased urbanisation and ris-
ing household income. India is among the top
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vantage of the start-up schemes. This paper
40 studies the role of start up in creating entrepre-
neurship, creation of more jobs to our demo-
Start -up, Demographic Dividend graphic dividends.
Key words: Corona pandemic, social capital,
and Employability: An outlook of attributes, relevance
Job seekers since Emergence of Introduction to Start up Scheme
Corona pandemic Government announced and launched
‘startup scheme on 16th January, 2016 with an
Dr. Rajesh Harichandra Bhoite objective to build strong base and ecosystem
HOD- Business Economics, to encourage innovation through startup scheme
Anjuman-i-Islam’s Akpar Peerbhoy College of to boost boost employment, economic growth
Commerce and Economics, Mumbai and development. It has started developing start
up ecosystem to enable youngsters in getting
engaged in entrepreneurship and to have self
==============***********=============== owned business. The youngsters are given op-
Abstract: tion to have either a private limited company,
It is a fact that since 2016, there has or registered partnership or limited liability part-
been continuous fall in employment level in In- nership set up to enjoy the benefits of startup.
dia. Large number of active workforce is not The main condition is that the company should
having jobs or has to compromise with under- not be old than five years. It means, it must be
employment. Being called ‘demographic divi- recent or started before less than ten years. The
dend’, they are not able to get jobs to prove their other condition is also that the turnover should
skills, talent and efficiency as jobs are declin- not be more than 25 crore in preceding year.It
ing years after years. They are being known as should not be a reconstructed or splited com-
‘discouraged unemployed’ as they do wait for pany. There has to be some innovativeness in
job but are not able to get it on time. Being one product or services. The startup India registra-
of the highly populated countries, India needs tion is good as it has scope for employment
to create jobs by increasing manufacturing sec- generation and wealth creation. The best part
tors or alternative to it. CMI also agreed on the of it is that there will be no inspection for three
fact that the condition still be more worsening years unless there is some serious complaint.
in coming years. The hasty decisions on GST Start up registration has also given tax exemp-
have also been one of the responsible factors tion with some condition of its set up. The pro-
behind it. Informal sector provides more than cess of registration is also very fast. The patent
85 percent of jobs to the uneducated, semi- registration fees are exempted up to 80 mar-
skilled labour. Therefore, Government is giving kets along with 50 percent discount is given for
clear indication to the people that there will al- trademarks. Stat up is not a synonym for small
ways be a job crunch so better the youngsters business. The main purpose of startup India is
start their own business or get engaged in the to convert job seekers into job providers. GOI
process of start up. Rural area has great dis- report says that 4.7 lac jobs have been created
tress and there is serious problem of even regu- by 39000 starts up. More than 41000 startup
lar low paid jobs. The hope of getting govern- have been recognized under DPIIT. The notable
ment job is now simply a dream. Therefore the thing is that 44 percent of startup has more than
small and marginal entrepreneurs can take ad- one women director.
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Statement of the problem H1: There is good scope for employment gen-
There are number of small business eration in employability in Start-up scheme
where the active workforce get engaged in. they Hypothesis 1
invest small amount of capital and manage their H0: There is no association between employ-
livelihood anyhow. The major young population ability and attributes of successful business-
works in different sectors, may be organized or men.
unorganized. The fear of losing job is aserious H1: There is as association between employ-
problem since 2016 and the government is not ability and attributes of successful business-
able to provide jobs any more. At the same time, men.
startup scheme has been launched by the gov- Methodology:
ernment so that the potential entrepreneurs can A) Primary Data:
get registered with it, enjoyed the various ben- Data is collected from 200 respondents
efits offered and can play a role of job provider to how start up scheme is useful in creating self
by employing other population. Therefore start employment, jobs and what qualities are needed
up has its own importance. But the question is to have good entrepreneurial skills.
that how can a big capital be managed to get B) Secondary Data:
into some kind of innovative commercial busi- To supplement primary data, secondary
ness. Is that so easy? The main question arises data was collected from various reference books,
is about if the younger population is aware of articles and published sources on employment,
such schemes, are they positive towards it? Are demographic dividend and startup.
they able to get with it and set up their own C) Sampling Technique:
company or business? This all questions can only
be answered from their opinions. During corona
pandemic, people experienced loss of jobs and
fall in income suddenly. A mass number of
people got jobless due to lockdown effect. So
this paper is an attempt to understand the prob- Literature Review:
lem of unemployment, the reason for startup and Campbell (1985) being a pioneer in business
the attributes to become a successful entrepre- incubator concept, his model was improved by
neur from the view point of job seekers. next scholars like Samuelsson. He mentioned
Objectives of the study detailed understanding of BI with innovation and
Objectives: networking dimension. Weinberg (1991) stud-
To highlight the role of startup in creat- ied the development of business incubation cen-
ing entrepreneurship and employability. ters and also undertook social engineering by
To analyze the views of demographic involving people from different walks of life.
dividends towards employment status in India Bergek & Norrman (2011) he mentioned the
and startups good scope for entrepreneurship. perspective of BI and termed them one of the
To explore the various attributes among methods of economic process and innovation
demographic dividends to have successful busi- at national level. It not only support start-up but
ness or startup. also ensures that they sustain the initial hic-
Hypothesis cups related setting up business challenges.
Hypothesis 1 Lalkaka (2014) contributed to the innovation
H0: There is no much scope for employment theory related to Business Incubator and suc-
generation in Start-up scheme cess of the new generation entrepreneurs with
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capital and financial support including govern- Unemployment is one of the major so-
ment and related agencies. Khadelwas, cial problems in India. How today’s young popu-
Preetam (2004) found that the discrimination lation looks or percepts it was the purpose of
and gender gap is very high in organized sector this segment of questionnaire. 44.8 percent
as compared to private sector. He got data from
strongly agreed that finding job is too difficult
DGET, Ministry of Labour. The main objective
was to find out gender disparity. today. In total, more than 66.5 percent respon-
Balwant (2012) tried to find out the impact of dents felt that there is continuous increase in
ICT on employment generation and observed unemployment level and loss of jobs. More than
that there is increase in employment after the 56 percent mentioned that the policies of the
ICT emergence in nation. It has led to creation government have failed to create jobs. Almost
of more jobs for urban youth. Subhani (2011) average number of respondents stated that self
studied employment structure in India and also employment is the only option to have liveli-
mentioned growth rate of employment in the hood. 68.9 percent stated that he earning is more
non-agriculture sector. He found that the growth
in self employed business than being employed.
of employment is very slow in agriculture
sectorBhattacharya & Arup (1993) tried to find Lacking suitable jobs, there is rise in stress level
out employment behavior in India. He highlighted is agreed by 70 percent of the respondents. To
that the growth of Indian economy was slow have sustainability in the business, the business
during 1980s but after reform the consistent skills need to be developed is agreed by more
growth was not observed uniform in all the sec- than 67.3 respondents. Looking into socio-eco-
tors. nomic impact of not having jobs, more than 60
Analysis of the Data percent respondents feel that there are more
In order to understand the startup chances of getting addicted to demerit goods
scheme of the government especially in the sce- by young population. Lacking jobs and failure
nario of not having jobs, 200 questionnaires
were got filled from educated respondents to to have source of livelihood, nearly 60 percent
know their views on the same. In which 58 per- respondents mentioned that youngsters may
cent were graduates, 21 percent were having adopt unfair means of earning, which is noth-
secondary Education and 21 percent were post ing but a damaged state of society.
graduates. Nearly 66 percent were not employed Table 2: Causes of Unemployment
properly. All 66 percent supported to startup Alarming unemployment in India has
scheme and wished to have own business. Only many socio-economic causes. Different respon-
4 percent did not support. Rest was not sure on dents agreed on different causes of unemploy-
either thought. 79 percent showed their inter- ment in India today. Population growth is the
est to know more about startup and avail ben-
major factor what 67.3 percent respondents
efits. The main problems found are lack of
knowledge among the youngsters and so 50.4 agreed. Only 38.7 stated the defective educa-
percent respondents felt unsure about its fruit- tion system can be the cause of it. But yes it
fulness. depends upon quality of education what 62.5
Table 1: About Unemployment in India percent respondents felt. More than 60 percent
respondents agreed that the government poli-
cies are not concrete or job friendly. Almost 81.9
percent respondents mentioned that fall in
manufacturing sector is a major reason behind
job loss among the average educated class. 73.8
percent believed that the background of train-
ing and skills is responsible factor behind un-
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employment. There is a problem of migration in neurs ‘. To the statement on financial indepen-
the country. The reason behind is imbalance dence due to start up nearly 81 percent respon-
regional development and it is supported by dents mentioned it as importance. Nearly 85
more than 68.1 respondents. Nearly 64.9 per- percent respondents believed that the startup
cent felt that the reason behind increase in un- will certainly leave more scope for entrepreneur-
employment is mismatch between demand and ial development. 82 percent felt that it provides
supply of job. an better chance to be entrepreneurs and 87
Table 3: Benefits of Government Startup percent believed that it is an better opportunity
Schemes: to get into the process of changing small busi-
ness to big startup.
To what extent start up skills is going to

be useful was asked to the respondents. In
which, except 16.1 percent, who strongly dis- Table 5: Attributes and Qualities needed for
agreed, all agreed that it will create more jobs. entrepreneurship / Start up
Nearly fifty percent agreed that it will increase Entrepreneurs are not born always but
the number of entrepreneurs. Average number they are made. Some attributes they do have in
of the respondents felt that it will result in in- them by birth and some they need to acquired
crease in wealth of the nation. Except 34.7 per- through training and skill up gradation. On ask-
cent, all stated that easy loans will be provided ing questions to the youngsters about qualities
to registered startups. Only average number of they need to have their own startup, many
respondents felt that that it will engage younger agreed to have or not have attribute among
population appropriately and the same number them. 54 percent agreed there has to be cre-
feels that it will empower young population in ativity and innovativeness. 6.3 percent men-
the country. tioned that without self confidence, no one can
Table 4: Important of Start-up be lead entrepreneurship. 56.9 percent men-
According to data collected out of 200 tioned that good communication helps in devel-
respondents 39.9 percent said very important, oping start-ups. 62.9 percent believed that the
39.1 said important, 15.3 said so-so, 2 percent knowledge of technology is must for develop-
said less important and 3.6 percent said no im- ing business. 60.1 respondents believed that
portant to the statement ‘ Startup increases social skill helps in gaining goodwill and grow-
Matter of dignity as new generation entrepre- ing business. 62.2 agreed that without passion,
neurs ‘.According to data collected out of 200 it is not possible to sustain in the business. Av-
respondents 46.4 percent said very important, erage numbers of respondents agreed on self
38.3 said important, 9.3 said so-so, 4.4 per- discipline. 65.3 believed that planning and con-
cent said less important and 1.6 percent said trolling should be the core function of business.
no important to the statement ‘Startup increases Only 46 percent believed that professionalism
Matter of dignity as new generation entrepre- helps in having owns start-up. And 64.1 percent
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mentioned that without risk there is no business. ing entrepreneurship through start up has re-
ally been a good initiative by the government. It
is also well taken by the youths but the main
problem observed is that we are failing to reach
the benefits or information of such schemes and
programmes to the youngsters. No scheme can
give results and become successful unless it is
made understood among the targeted group.
Hypothesis Testing The idea behind ‘ be a job provider and not a
Hypothesis 1 job seekers’ really sounds like a great mission.
H0: There is no much scope for employment But for this, the young population has to be
generation in Start-up scheme trained, provide finance and made feel easy in
H1: There is good scope for employment gen- doing business. Here the great responsibilities
eration in employability in Start-up scheme. lie from the side of policy makers. The demo-
Results: graphic dividend of the country is truly an asset
The results of the linear regression if their productivity is enhanced and treated as
model were significant, F (1,246) = 65.63, p< human capital. I would recommend to link Skill
.001, R2 = 0.21, indicating that approximately India Mission should be linked with startup as
21% of the variance in Employability is explain- the entrepreneurs can also be created.
able by Startup Govt Scheme. Startup Govt
Scheme significantly predicted Employability, B References
= 0.56, t(246) = 8.10, p< .001. This indicates that 1. Campbell (1985) ‘Stalking of Latent En-
on average, a one-unit increase of Startup Govt trepreneur: Business Incubation towards
Scheme will increase the value of Employability Economy,’ EDR, page number 43
by 0.56 units 2. Weinberg and others (1991), The chal-
Hypothesis 2 lenges related to the inter organizational design
H0: There is no association between employ- patterns and management at the level of BIs,
ability and attributes of successful business- The review of Policy based Studies, Pages 149–
men. 160
H1: There is as association between employ- 3. Bergek & Norrman (2008), Framework
ability and attributes of successful business- of best practices being followed by the Busi-
men. ness Incubator, Pgs 20–28. 10.1016/2007.07.008
Results: The result of the correlation was ex- 4. Lalkaka R. (2014), International Con-
amined based on an alpha value of 0.05. A sig- ference on Business Centers, Facilitators for
nificant positive correlation was observed be- economy and social Development, Best corpo-
tween Qualities and Employability (rp = 0.15, p rate practices and Business Incubation in Brus-
= .018, 95% CI [0.03, 0.27]). The correlation co- sels and Centre Belgian Presidency
efficient between Qualities and Employability 5. Bhattacharya, B.B. and Mitra Arup
was 0.15, indicating a small effect size. This (1993), “Employment and Structural adjustment:
correlation indicates that as Qualities increases, A Look at 1991 Census data”, Economic & Po-
Employability tends to increase. Table 1 presents litical Weekly, Vol. 28, No. 38, PP.1989-1995.
the results of the correlation. 6. Khandelwal, Preetam (2004), “Em-
Conclusion ployment in Organized sector in 1990s: An Analy-
The grounds and purpose of encourag- sis form Gender Perspective”, Indian Journal of
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Industrial Relations, Vol.40, No. 1, PP. 17-3809-
115. 41
7. Mehta, Balwant Singh (2012), “Em-
ployment in the Information and Communica- Financial opportunities and
tion Technology Sector”,The Indian Journal of
Labour Economics, Vol. 55 No. 4, PP.687-696.
challenges of Fishermen
8. Chowdhury, Subhanil (2011), “Employ- Co-operative societies with
ment in India: What does the latest data show?”, reference to Mahim West Region
Economic & Political Weekly, Vol. XLVI, No. 32,
PP.23-26. Mr. Hemant Pandharinath Patil
9. https://www.startupindia.gov.in/ 10. Asst.Prof. Dept. of Commerce,
https://dipp.gov.in/sites/ 11. https://www.ibef. D. G. Ruparel College Matunga, Mumbai
org

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Abstract :
As per Maharashtra co-operative
society’s Act 1960 Fishermen co-operative so-
cieties are formed all over the states predomi-
nantly across the sea beds or at the river beds
where fishermen are predominantly situated and
carrying on their fishing activity. All co-opera-
tive societies are working as per by-laws men-
tioned in co-operative law, similarly there are
bye-laws (code of conduct) applicable to Fish-
ermen co-operative societies, Maharashtra.
Major requirement to fishermen are Boats, nets
etc. Fishermen co-operative societies are
formed to help the fishermen to provide them
with the different things require to do the fish-
ing business for example nets, diesel, provide
them loans to build boats, purchase and sell fish,
net etc. The main objective of theses societies
is to provide all the support to carry on fishing
activity. They also act as small “Pat Pedhi” for
fishermen. Many societies engaged in accept-
ing term deposit from its members. They use
this capital as working capital to run day to day
activities. They are also engaged in providing
diesel for machine boats at subsidized rates
called as “Partava.” Their source of finance is
Capital invested from its members, term loan
provided by banks and in few cases term de-
posit accepted from its members. The impor-

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tant thing to be noted is that these societies There are three Fishermen Societies in
are require to take all require financial assis- Mahim west to assist all Fishermen to carry out
tance from Co-operative banks only. These so- their Traditional fishing activities.
cieties can avail financial assistance from non 1. Mahim Machhimar Vividh Karyakari
co-operative banks provided approval from Sahakari Society Ltd.
“Sub-Registrar (Upanibandhak) or above. These 2. Mahikavati Mahim Fishermen
societies are also require to carry out its audit Sarvodaya Sahakari Society
on yearly basis as per norms and code of con- 3. Mahim Nakhva Machhimar Sahakari
duct from Maharashtra co-operative societies Sanstha
Act 1960. 2. Research methodology
Key words : Fishermen, Machine Boats, Partava, Purpose of study
net, co-operative banks, Fishermen cooperative The study was intended the financials
society (MSC) of Fishermen society with special reference to
Introduction : Mahim West
Co-operative society Objectives of study
A co-operative is any organization where To study the Financial opportunities and
the members having common economic prob- challenges of fishermen co-operative society
lems are voluntarily agreed to voluntarily co- with special reference to Mahim West, Mumbai.
operate i.e. to work together to achieve com- Method of data collection
mon economic as well as social goal jointly. The data was collected using secondary
There is a management committee appointed data sources namely journal magazines busi-
by members among the interested members by ness articles websites government records etc.
way of election. Co-operative society can ap- Scope of study
point skilled non-member on salary basis super- An attempt was made by the researcher
vised by managing committee to restrict the scope of study to co-operative so-
Fishermen co-operative society cieties in Mahim West, thus the scope was pre-
Fishing is the most traditional business defined to Mahim West, Mumbai.
in India. It is part of primary business. Fishing 3. Analyses of Findings
generally takes place in sea, ocean and river. One of the most GDP / GNP contributing
Finance is backbone of any business. Tradition- sector is Fishing. It contributes around 40% to
ally many fishermen are poor. Fishermen co-op- the country’s export. Fishes are demanded not
erative societies are consist of fishermen hav- only within India but also outside India. This
ing common social and economic goals. There business create employment opportunity. Fish-
are different requirements of fishermen which ing business takes place in sea, as well as in in
require fixed as well as working finance, and river water. In Mumbai river fishing is very rare,
since fishing business is uncertain, no private since Mumbai is island which is occupied by
as well as government banks come forward to Arabian sea, ocean fishing is done on large scale
meet financial requirements of fishermen. Fish- in Mumbai. This business takes place within 10
ermen co-operative societies are formed to full months i.e. from August to May every year. June
fill various requirements of fishermen. Fisher- and July predominantly is considered to be the
men societies are spread all across the Mumbai breeding periods of fishing industry. Therefore
like Mahim, Worli, Vorsova, Uran etc. But here fishing is ban in this period by government. Fish-
we are focusing on Fishermen Societies located ermen are issued license on renewal basis, and
at Mahim West, Mumbai. in the month of June and July license is not is-
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sued by the Authority ses fishermen co-operative society is to sell die-
FSC at Mahim West sel to fishermen for machine boats and trawl-
FSC comes into existence with increas- ers. There are three type of fishing find i.e. fish-
ing needs to fishermen. The main objective of ing on the bank, fishing in 500 vav and deep
FSC is to be a supporting hand to the fishermen sea fishing. One Trawler stay for around 15-20
members. Provide each and every things which days in sea for fishing and one machine boat
are necessary for carrying the business. There stay for around 8-10 days in sea for fishing.
are no any specific rules regarding area / loca- Number of days vary according to availability of
tion of particular FSC. Lets take example of fish, season for instance during monsoon boats
Mahim, there are three FSCs in Mahim viz / trawlers have to stay for
MMVKSS, MMFSS, MKMSS. Since it is voluntary
organization one can create any number of so-
cieties in any particular vicinity. Because of this
there is possibility of internal conflicts among
the societies and its members. There is one
reflief regarding membership is that as per the
Maharashtra co- operative society Act 1960 one
member is allowed to take membership of one
FSC at a time. He / she is not allowed to accept
membership of multiple FSC within vicinity or
outside vicinity.
Membership of FCS
Membership of co-operative society is
voluntary. Membership to FCS are given to the
person who is engaged in fishing business. No According to the recent study fishing in-
other person is given membership. Each mem- dustry record the drop in the number of boats
ber have to purchase minimum number of shares and fishermen in this industry because of vari-
and contribute to the share capital. Below chart ous reason. Survival and profitability of fisher-
shows the membership of FSC at Mahim west. men co- operative society is majorly depends
It has been noticed that due to continues losses upon number of fishermen engaged in this busi-
in this business there is large variance between ness. Multiple factors are responsible for reduc-
total members and active members. tion in the production of fishes like pollution,
Name of Co-operati ve Soc iety No of Mem bers No of Active m embers industrial waste, people throwing pooja waste
MMVKSSL 2173 872
in the sea specially at Mahim creek along with
MMFSSS 312 20
MKMSS 618 64 plastic bags, people throwing plastic wrappers,
plastic water bottles in sea area etc.
2500
Membership Another problem with fishermen is to sell
2000 their fish. All types of boats catch fish accord-
1500
1000 ing to their capacity. Fish is perishable product
500
and one can not preserve the fishes for long
0
MMVKSSL MMFSSS MKMSS time. There are no proper cold storage facility
No of Members No of Active members available at or near the port to preserve the
fishes for longer period. Once the fish is sold at
Main source of income and profit for the- port, small retailer purchase then and there it-
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self and take it in the local market for sale. Un- Since non availability of sufficient number of
like agro societies, FSC are not given any autho- cold storage, it is very important that sufficient
rized license to purchase the fish from boat ice on jetty where action of fish takes place. Even
owner at controlled price and sell it to retailer. there are insufficient number of ice producing
As a reason boat owner has to sell their fish to industry. MMVKSSL have their own land reserve
the private broker at whatever price they offer, for the ice production and is pending from mul-
These private broker in turn then sell the fish to tiple things from past 28 years.
retailer at higher price and retailer in turn add 4. Benefit by Government :
some profit and sell it to final consumer at Government provides various benefits to
cheaper price. All this happen just because so- the fishermen, but these benefits to reach to
cieties are not given authority to buy fish at con- the target beneficiary through the FSCs. Gov-
trolled price. ernment provides concession on the diesel.
In the point above we discussed above Government is also provides various training to
about the private broker who purchase fish from the fishermen to encourage towards the tradi-
boat owner on port. About 90 to 95% of these tional fishing business. Let us see in detail the
brokers are not related to fishing business tra- various benefits by government.
ditionally. These brokers are not necessary be · Concession in diesel purchase by boat
members of FSC. That means these brokers are owners. This concession is credited in FSC ac-
not necessary be fishermen. This FSC must be count and FSCs in turn pay this concession back
given opportunity to but this fish from open in the boat owners account. Since past few years
market and enhance more fishermen or its mem- there is no cash transfer, all these money in
bers to undertake this purchase and sell at con- transfer to the boat owners directly in their ac-
trolled price. Due to this final customer also will count.
get the fish at cheap price. · NCDC (National Co-operative Develop-
Fishing business is uncertain. It is to the ment Corporation) give loan to fishermen to buy
many extent affected by weather, especially or to construct the boats to the fishermen
rainy season. Single trip of boats depends upon through FSC. FSC receive this loan and credit it
season. In monsoon boats are in sea for around in the bank account of individual boat owner.
8-10 days and in other season boats are in sea · NCDC also help to set up inland fish
for around 12-15 days. Since main income source marketing centers along with these FSC
for FSC is to sell diesel their profitability affected · Government with the help of NCDC in-
with the season. It is also affected in much more tending to install GPS (Global Positioning Sys-
manner because of reduction in boat users. Be- tem). All the GPS instrument are distributed to
low details show the reduction of number of the boat owners with the help of FSCs. These
boats. GPS instruments are very important to trace and
FSC also engaged in production and sup- track the boats going inside the sea for fishing.
ply of net to fishermen and boat owner. Require- · Government to conduct the training with
ment of net is depend upon availability of fish the help all FSCs of interest youth for fish farm-
in sea. Trawlers are doing deep sea fishing. ing. At present fish farming is available for fish
Deep sea fishing is less affected by pollution likes Prawn, Lobster, crab etc. Government to
and industrial waste. But fishing near the sea provide breeds and food for the fish.
and mid sea fishing is largely affected by pollu- 5. Conclusion:
tion, industrial and other waste. Hence demand FSCs are the institution which does not
for net is also reduced over the period of time. primarily aims resolving problems At present
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availability of fish is declining continuously as Jinkook, Fahzy Abdul-Rahman, and
a result number of boats are also declining ac- Hyungsoo Kim. “Debit card usage: an examina-
cordingly. Traditional Koli communities fish sell- tion of its impact on household debt.” Financial
ing business which is core identity of Koli com- Services Review. 16.1 (2007): 73.
munities is reducing drastically. Fish is major Mercatanti, Andrea, and Fan Li. (2014).
contribution of export sale of India. FSCs are the “Do debit cards increase household spending?
institution which are trying to bind all Koli com- Evidence from a semiparametric causal analy-
munities together. While government gives sup- sis of a survey.” The Annals of Applied Statis-
port for strengthening the FSCs in many ways tics. 8.4: 2485- 2508.
but many fishermen are not aware the different Morewedge, C. K., Holtzman, L., & Epley,
benefits from government. Majority transactions N. (2007). Unfixed resources: perceived costs,
of FSCs are on cash basis. consumption, and the accessible account effect.
For any financial requirement FSCs have Journal of Consumer Research, 34(4), 459–467).
to heavily depend upon co-operative banks. Padmini Sivarajah. (2016, Nov. 11).
Many of these co-operative banks are not pro- Demonetisation: Madurai Corporation makes
moting cash less transactions and less efficient record tax collection on a single day. The Times
as well. This purely impact on productivity of all of India.
FSCs. Prelec, D., and G. Lowenstein. (1998).
There are more than one controlling body “The Red and the Black: Mental Accounting of
or code of conduct of FSCs like fisheries board, Savings and Debt.” Marketing Science. 17:4–28.
co- operative society’s act. All FSCs are oper- Raghubir, P., Srivastava, J., (2008). Mo-
ated on code of conduct called bye-laws. Since nopoly money: The effect of payment coupling
there are more than one controlling bodies, there and form on spending behavior. Journal of Ex-
is always confusion. perimental Psychology-Applied, 14(3), 213- 225.
Unlike agriculture there is no any sepa-
rate ministry for marine fishing. Fishing is part 7. Websites :
of primary business. For any natural disaster or www.world-tourism.org /
any unplanned losses fishermen have no voice market_research/facts/market_trends.htm
in ministry. As a result if there is any loss due to www.qsrinter national.com/products/product
natural calamities. Government waived off all overview/NVivo.htmwww.wikipedia.org/wiki/
agriculture loan due to losses but fishermen demonitisation
loans are still not waived off. Also there are no www.mapsofindia
any special institution for training regarding fish-
ing industry. We have agriculture industry in In- 
dia, but we do not have any institution for teach-
ing fishing techniques.
6. Bibliography :
Braga, F.D., Isabella G and Mazzon J.A.,
(2013). Digital wallets as a payment method
influence consumer in their buying behaviour,
Available at Internet desk. (2016, Nov. 12).
Recalibration of ATMs will take up to three
weeks, says Jaitley. The Hindu.
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Keywords: opportunities, demographic factors,
42 gymnasiums, health driven
1.1: Introduction:Ordinary active work benefits
A study on consumer preferences both the body and brain. It can decrease hyper-
tension, help oversee weight and diminish the
towards the need for app-based
danger of coronary illness, stroke, diabetes, and
virtual gym services during different malignancies. It likewise improves bone
lockdown with special reference to and muscle strength and builds equilibrium,
Mumbai city adaptability and wellness. For more established
individuals, exercises that improve balance help
Dr. (Mrs) Pooja Ramchandani to forestall falls and wounds. For youngsters,
Research Guide& I/C Principal, standard active work helps support sound de-
Ph. D Centre: H. R College of Commerce & velopment and advancement and lessen the
Economics Mumbai, Maharashtra danger of infection in later life, and through
normal action, kids can create essential devel-
Shri. Shetty Rahul S. opment abilities and fabricate social connec-
Research Scholar, tions. Centered actual exercise additionally
Ph. D Centre: H. R College of Commerce & builds the creation and arrival of serotonin, a
Economics Mumbai, Maharashtra mind-set controlling chemical, that can make us
careful and keep depression under control. This
features the significance of approaching
==============***********=============== wellness items and gear up during a pandemic.
1.0: Abstract:As COVID-19 propelled to mani- With the changing perceptions of clients & with
fest opportunities in closed doors, giving an in- advancements in technological aids people have
sight to construct alternative strategies of fram- become more health conscious.
ing fitness goals.Recreational and wellness cen- As a result of the bounty of time close
tres were one of the first open places to pull by, individuals are getting more aware of their
the shade down with growing concerns of the wellbeing and running after bettering them-
spread of the Covid. Different choices like parks, selves which was unimaginable before due to
jungle gyms, arenas were additionally closed the absence of time. In any case, with the
and individuals missed out on the chance to go lockdown, the exercise centres and other
out for a walk or cycle. With treadmills and hand wellness places likewise assumed a lower pri-
weights gathering dust, India rushed to discover ority. Likewise, custom android applications ad-
substitutes to go to the gymnasiums for day- ministering for iOS forums can tie up with bud-
by-day exercises. The present study attempts ding fitness start-ups to incorporate diverse
to highlight the client perceptions toward app- applications that can give significant data like
based virtual gym services aiding the importance reminding to wash hands, cover the face while
of physical fitness in pandemic. It also attempts going out, and so forth with notices matched up
to highlight the significant factors responsible across gadgets or wearable watches etc.
to welcome change with open arms validating This new propensity has witnessed a
its purpose in the lockdown. The study also brings charming shock considering an enormous num-
to light the prominent demographic factors play- ber of individuals who are currently strictly fol-
ing a pivotal role towards the conscious health lowing a home exercise routine were not prac-
driven approach under the new norms. ticing consistently before the COVID-19 actu-
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ated lockdown. Being at home or not being able highlighted the need of virtual gymnasiums
to play any game or hit the gym, doesn’t imply through their report which analysed thatvirtual
that one can’t remain dynamic. With changing or online workout is the cutting-edge fitness
demographic aspirations of consumers, it is as- unrest. It is the accommodation-based fitness/
certained that there is a paradigm shift in the wellbeing administration to the clients to get to
growing concerns of health consciousness a coach or teacher on the web/virtually as op-
among the masses. posed to visiting the fitness office. Typically, the
1.2: Review of Literature: fitness preparing recordings are given on the
Manuel Jesús Baena-Arroyo(et.al) 2020 in online dashboards or fitness apps that are over-
their research paper titledAnalysing Consumer seen by the fitness educator. Likewise, the vir-
Loyalty through Service Experience and Service tual fitness sensors in cell phones and wear-
Convenience: Differences between Instructor able empower different virtual fitness applica-
Fitness Classes and Virtual Fitness Classes iden- tions, for example, rest checking and running
tified highlightedthe incorporation of virtual mood following to improve clients’ ways of life
wellness classes is prompting an expansion in and wellbeing. The various types of on the web
the offers accessible to buyers, growing the or virtual fitness contributions permits availabil-
hours that purchasers can exercise and prompt- ity of wellbeing and health to each person from
ing a more prominent inconstancy of client ad- shift laborers to housewives, and any individual
ministrations. The current examination expects who may not be sharp or ready to visit the exer-
to go further into the information on the cise centre.
wellness community area in the Spanish setting 1.3: Research Methodology:
by assessing the inadequately broke down 1.3.1: Objectives of research:
space of coordinated exercises, either with an 1) To study the relationship between
educator or in a virtual mode, and how these selected demographic factors & preferences of
are seen by the clients of the users. virtual training.
Monika Chaudhary, P.R. Sodanis and Shankar 2) To study the training methods pre-
Das (August 2020) in their research article titled ferred during the pandemic & the subsequent
“Effect of Covid-19 on Economy in India: Some issues encountered.
reflections for policy and programme” brought 3) To study the significant factors for
to light that COVID-19 pandemic has adversely choosing a virtual gym set up
affected the manufacturing and the services 1.3.2: Scope of research:
sector may it be hospitality, tours and travels, The scope of study was restricted to
healthcare, retail, banks, hotels, land, educa- south Mumbai for a limited number of variables
tion, health, IT, recreation, media etc. The eco- and time period.
nomic stress has started and can grow rapidly. 1.3.3: Research design:
While lockdown and social distancing end in The research design deployed for the
productivity loss on the one hand, they cause a research was descriptive research design as
pointy decline in demand for goods and services researcher wanted to study specific demo-
by the consumers within the market on the op- graphic factors responsible for choosing a train-
posite, thus resulting in a collapse in economic ing set up due to Covid-19 pandemic by answer-
activity. However, lockdown and social distancing W-H questions.
ing are the sole cost-effective tools available 1.3.4: Sampling design:
to stop the spread of COVID-19. Simple random sampling technique was
Gaikwad, Rake 2020 in their research report followed to collect the data from the popula-
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tion. A sample of 50 individuals across differ- 1.3.8: Statistical Techniques:
ent strata were considered as the sample points. The techniques deployed by the re-
1.3.5: Methods of data Collection: searcher was One way ANOVA and Chi square
The data collected for the research was test of Independence.
primary as well as secondary in nature. The pri- 1.3.9: Limitations:
mary research was based on survey whereas the 1) Time and Cost were the major limita-
secondary data was collected from reference tions
books, articles and research journals. 2) Only limited demographic factors
1.3.6: Hypothesis: were considered for the research
H0: There is no relationship between training 3) Sample size was limited in nature
method preferred during pandemic and age of 1.4: Data Analysis & Interpretation:
the respondent. 1.4.1: To study the first objective an attempt is
H1: There is a relationship between training made by the researcher to prove hypothesis
method preferred during pandemic and age of using Chi-Square test of independence.
the respondent. H0: There is no relationship between training
H0: There is no relationship between training method preferred during pandemic and age of
method preferred during pandemic and occupa- the respondent.
tion of the respondent. H1: There is a relationship between training
H1: There is a relationship between training method preferred during pandemic and age of
method preferred during pandemic and occupa- the respondent.
tion of therespondent. Interpretation:
H0: There is no relationship between training Table 1 Ch i-S qu are Te st s The above hypoth-
method preferred during pandemic and workout V alue df
Asym p. S ig .
(2-sided )
esis is tested at 5%
during pandemic. Pear son Chi-Sq uare 21.548
a
12 .043 LOS
Lik elih ood R atio 18.85 5 12 .092
H1: There is a relationship between training Lin ear-b y-L inear
P value = 0.043 <
5.594 1 .018
method preferred during pandemic and workout Asso ciatio n
0.05
N of Valid Cases 50
during pandemic. S o urce: SP SS Thus, researcher
H0: There is no relationship between training Rejects H0
method preferred during pandemic and type of Therefore, there is a relationship be-
issue faced in virtual gym. tween training method preferred during pan-
H1: There is a relationship between training demic and age of the respondent. Age although
method preferred during pandemic and type of a number for fitness preachers yet plays a sig-
issue faced in virtual gym. nificant role in understanding the forms prac-
H0: There is no relationship between rating given ticed from home considering the health issues
for training method preferred during pandemic & ailments encountered with aging.
and fitness goals. H0: There is no relationship between training
H1: There is a relationship between rating given method preferred during pandemic and occupa-
for training method preferred during pandemic tion of the respondent.
and fitness goals. H1: There is a relationship between training
1.3.7: Data Collection: method preferred during pandemic and occupa-
The method deployed by the researcher tion of the respondent.
was primary data collection method through an Interpretation:
unstructured questionnaire as their research The above hypothesis is tested at 5% LOS
tool using Google form. P value = 0.670 > 0.05
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Thus, researcher Rejects H1 Ta ble 4 Ch i-Squ are T est s Interpretation:
Therefore, there Val ue df
The above hypoth-
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sid ed)
Tab le 2 Chi-S qua re Te st s
is no relationship be-
As ymp .
Pearso n C hi-Squ are 7.012
a
4 esis is tested at
.135
Lik eli ho od Rat io 9.507 4 .050
Val ue Df
tween training method
Sig. (2 -
si ded )
L inear -by-Li nea r
5% LOS
5.402 1 .020
Pearso n C hi-
3.19 3 a 5
preferred during pan-
. 670
Asso ciat ion
N of Val id Cases 50
P value = 0.135 >
Squar e
Li kelih ood R atio 3.3 46 5 demic and occupation
. 647 So urce: SP SS 0.05
Lin ear-b y- Lin e ar
Associat io n
.41 8 1
of the respondent. It sig-
. 518
Thus, researcher
N o f V alid C ase s 50
So urce: SP SS
nifies that a client of any Rejects H1
occupation may it be a Therefore, there is no relationship be-
housewife or a corporate executive is exposed tween training method preferred during pan-
to health issues directing them towards an ex- demic and type of issue faced in virtual gym.
clusive physical activity matching the abilities This explains the nature & perception of people
& core strength of the prospective clients. towards changing environmental conditions &
1.4.2: To study the second objective an attempt their adaptability to the same. Clients with old
is made by the researcher to prove hypothesis school of thought will be a highly reluctant to
using Chi-Square test of independence. this change mechanism. As it is rightly said ne-
H0: There is no relationship between training cessity is the mother of invention welcoming
method preferred during pandemic and workout change with open arms is the only solution to
during pandemic. achieve our fitness goals without a break.
H1: There is a relationship between training 1.4.3: To study the third objective an attempt is
method preferred during pandemic and workout made by the researcher to understand the pref-
during pandemic. erences for fitness goals in pandemic.
Interpretation: The above objective was tested by One-
Table 3 Chi-Square Tests The above hypothesis Way ANNOVA also to understand the significant
Value df
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
is tested at 5% LOS factors.
Pearson Chi-
64.066 16 a
.000
P value = 0.000 < 0.05 H0: There is no relationship between rating given
Square
Likelihood Ratio 26.410 16 .049
Thus, researcher for training method prefer during pandemic and
N of Valid Cases 50 Rejects H0 fitness goals.
Source: SPSS Therefore, there H1: There is a relationship between rating given
is a relationship be- for training method prefer during pandemic and
tween training method preferred during pan- fitness goals.
demic and workout during pandemic consider- Interpretation:
ing the changing scenario & precautionary Table 5 Chi-Square Tests The above hy-
guidelines implemented by the government in Value df
Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
pothesis is
a phased manner. Similarly appropriate training Pearson Chi-Square 26.583 16
a
.046
tested at 5%
methodology helps in achieving results with Likelihood Ratio 23.321 16 .105 LOS
N of Valid Cases 50
patience & mental balance with special refer- Source: SPSS
P value = 0.046
ence to prevailing lockdowns. <0.05
H0: There is no relationship between training Thus, re-
method preferred during pandemic and type of searcher Rejects H0
issue faced in virtual gym. Therefore, there is a relationship be-
H1: There is a relationship between training tween rating given for training method preferred
method preferred during pandemic and type of during pandemic and fitness goals. Fitness be-
issue faced in virtual gym. ing an addiction for people connecting fitness
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®
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goals with mental peace & stability; resource- nence of online or virtual fitness programs
ful training from a virtual instructor with acces- among middle age & older grown-up age groups
sible tools may help to achieve fitness goals in because of their developing spotlight on health
this grave situation and fitness is required to additional drive the
Reason for Joining the Virtual Gym development of the virtual fitness market in the
impending years.
ANOVA
Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
Stay Fit Between Groups 38.712 23 1.683 3.238 .002
Within Groups
Total
14.033
52.745
27
50
.520
References:
Utilization of time Between Groups
Within Groups
3.912
3.500
23
27
.170
.130
1.312 .248 1) M. J.-A. et.al (2020). Analyzing Con-
Continuity in regular
Total
Between Groups
7.412
29.705
50
23 1.292 3.426 .001
sumer Loyalty through Service Experience and
workout Within Groups 10.179 27 .377 Service Convenience: Differences between In-
Total 39.884 50
Frequency of Workout Between Groups 13.097 23 .569 .829 .674 structor Fitness Classes and Virtual Fitness
Within Groups 18.550 27 .687
Total 31.647 50 Classes. Sustainability 2020, 12(3), 2-16.
Gender Spec ific Session Between Groups 6.447 23 .280 1.051 .447
Within Groups 7.200 27 .267 2) Monika Choudhary, P. S. (2020). Effect
Total 13.647 50
Training method for Virtual
Gym
Between Groups
Within Groups
38.712 23 1.683 3.238 .002 of COVID-19 on Economy in India: Some Reflec-
14.033 27 .520
Total
52.745 50 tions for Policy and Programme. Journal of
Type of training Between Groups 12.633 23 .549 .793 .712
Within Groups 18.700 27 .693 Health Management, 169-180. Retrieved Janu-
Total 31.333 50
ary 15, 2021, from https://journals.sagepub.
Source: SPSS com/doi/full/10.1177/097206342093554
Interpretation: 3) Gaikwad, R. R. (2020, July). Global Op-
P value for Stay Fit, Continuity in regu- portunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2020-
lar workout, Training method for Virtual Gym, 2027. Allied Market Research. Retrieved from
< 0.05 https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/virtual-
Therefore, staying fit, continuity in regu- online-fitness-market
lar workout, appropriatetraining methods for 4) Mathur, T.; Das, G.; Paul, U.K. Conve-
Virtual Gym, are significant factors for choice nience, Satisfaction, and Post-Purchase Behav-
of avirtual gymhighlighting an innovative trend ior in India’s Health Insurance Market. J. Glob.
to find opportunities in adversity for dedicated Mark. 2016, 29, 218–232.
clients for whom fitness patterns may be vary-
ing but is a mantra for a nourished well-being. 
Conclusion and Suggestions:The on request
virtual fitness streaming suppliers are
insightfully planning their contributions to ar-
rive at various exercisers of all fitness levels
and to offer an assortment of coaching styles,
difficulty levels with a pinch of soothing music.In
some sense, COVID has incidentally improved
community to health since it has improved the
quality, number, and recurrence of virtual ser-
vices. When contemplating a primary concern,
it deals with public security highlighting the at-
tention of clients but there are many other situ-
ational factors focussing on the health attributes
of the prospective clients. Developing promi-
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fected near about all the sectors in an economy,
43 but the educational sector is affected at a
greater extent.Because the complete system of
A Study of Job Satisfaction of teaching and learning has been changed. As a
result it has also changes the level of job satis-
Teachers During Covid-19 in
faction of teachers.
Commerce Colleges With Special A satisfied teacher can contribute in a
Reference to Latur City better way for the well-being of a students. For
the students the teachers are the source of
Miss.Bagwan Samreen Nizam knowledge, inspiration, director, guider, and so
Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, on.If college teachers are satisfied and well mo-
Rajarshi Shahu Mahavidyalaya tivated at that time only they can perform their
(Autonomous), Latur roles with their best possible ways.For motivat-
Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada ing, inspiring and for providing good citizens to
University, Nanded the society and working youth to the nation
teachers satisfaction plays very vital role.
Dr. Pushpalata Santosh Trimukhe (Kawale) Latur city is situated in Maharashtra
Research Guide, Department of Commerce, state. It is emerged as ‘Educational Hub’
Rajarshi Shahu Mahavidyalaya inMaharashtra.It is one of the largest city in
(Autonomous), Latur Marathwadaregion. The education and research
Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada quality of Latur city attracts the students from
University, Nanded all over Maharashtra. As a result it is well known
for its ‘LaturPattern’ in case of education.
==============***********=============== Review of Literature
Abstract S. Suganya (2020),‘Job Satisfaction Level on
The present study is aimed at under- Online Teaching among Higher Secondary School
standing the job satisfaction of teachers during Teachers During Covid-19 Pandemic’, provided
the pandemic period. The term job satisfaction in his study that there is a relation between vir-
plays very important role in the working life of tual teaching and learning process and in case
an employees. As satisfied employees tends to of online teaching. And also expresses the fact
work hard and in an efficient manner.As far as that in case of online teaching the job satisfac-
teachers are concerned their satisfaction is verytion of teachers is decreasing.
important as they are performing the role of na- Objectives of the Study
tion builders. At the current stage the entire 1. To understand the level of job satis-
world is facing the problem of covid-19.So, it isfaction among Commerce College teachers dur-
a need of hour to understand the level of job ing covid-19.
satisfaction of teachers.Because the teachers 2. To study the factors affecting job sat-
are the foundation of an education system. isfaction during covid-19.
Keywords:Job Satisfaction, Education System, 3. To give suggestions to overcome the
Covid-19. problems of online teaching.
Introduction Statement of Problem
Today the whole world has affected with In each and every profession job satis-
covid-19.This pandemic has bring various dras- faction is important from employees and em-
tic changes in the society.No doubt it has af- ployer point of view, because it was always
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observedand experienced that a satisfied em- 2. Operational
ployees always work in an efficient manner. In The study covers understanding of dif-
general sense, it is considered that salary is ferent factors affecting job satisfaction of Com-
prominent factor for teachers job satisfaction. merce College teachers in Latur city only.
But now a days due to change in education sys- Limitations of the Study
tem, teachers satisfaction also varies. Due to 1. The present study is conducted only
this there is a need of understanding level of for commerce colleges in Latur city.
teachers job satisfaction emerges. 2. The responses are collected through
Significance of the Study Google form which includes only 50samples..
In an educational system the major fac- 3. From the collected samples only, the
tor that requires attention is teachers job satis- results are drawn.
faction, because job satisfaction and job per- 4. No hypothesis is set in the present
formance are related with each other. The study.
present study analyses the job satisfaction of 5. As the questionnaire contains Yes/No
Commerce College teachers in Latur city during type questions that’s why only percentage
the covid-19 period.As the period of emergency method is used for analysing data.
brings lot of changes with it. So, it also evolved Job Satisfaction Analysis and Interpretation
the educational system.That’s why it is required I. Analysis of Personal Information
to understand the factors affecting job Table 1: Age
satisfactionof teachers during this pandemic Age Nu m ber of resp ond ent s P ercen tag e
period. 21-30 33 66
Methodology of the Study 31-40 14 28
The present study is based on primary 41-50 2 4
A bove 50 1 2
as well as secondary data.
1. Primary Data The above table represents age of the
For collecting primary data structured teachers. As it indicates 66% teachers are be-
questionnaire is used which includes 18 ques- low 30 years of age.
tions in two parts.Part I is associated with per- Table 2: Gender
sonal information and part II is related with, Gender Number of respondents Percentage
determinants of job satisfaction which covers Male 24 48
Yes/No typequestions. Female 26 52
2. Secondary Data
Secondary data is collected from various The above table indicates that out of
research articles and websites for reference pur- total respondents 52% teachers are female.
pose only. Table 3: Designation
3. Statistical tools to be used De si gn a ti on N um b er of re spo nde n ts Per centa ge
The data is analysed with the help of Professor 2 4
table and charts. And also the percentage A ssociat e Pro fesso r 3 6
method is used to analyse the data as the ques- A ssistant Pro fessor 29 58
tions are of Yes/No type. Lectu rer 16 32
Scope of the Study

1. Geographical From the above table it is clear that out
The study covers commerce colleges in of 50 respondents 29 respondents are assistant
Latur city only. professor where as 16 respondents are lecturer.
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Table 4: Basis of Appointment 56% of teachers are not satisfied with the sys-
Basis of Appointment Number of respondents Percentage tem of Work From Home.
Perman ent 16 32
Con tract Basis 27 54
CHB 7 16
The above table represents basis of ap-

pointment of teachers and it indicates 54%
teachers are appointed on the basis of contract
whereas only 16% teachers are permanent.
Table 5: Salary
S alar y N umb er o f respo nden ts Per centage Figure 3: 86% teachers are not satisfied with
B el ow 10 ,000 1 2 online teaching as they thinks that it requires
10,001 t o 20,000 29 58
an extra efforts.
20,001 t o 30,000 3 6
As per Go vt./ UG C pay scale 17 34
The above table represents the salary

of teachers as the table indicates majority teach-
ers are having salary less than Rs. 20,000 and
only 34% teachers enjoys the salary as per gov-
ernment norms.
II. Analysis of Determinants of Job Satisfac-
tion
Figure 4: 86% teachers are satisfied with the

online platforms adopted by institutions for
online teaching where as 14% teachers are not
satisfied.
Figure 1: The above chart indicates satisfaction

of teachers in respect of their salary. And it in-
dicates that 68% teachers are satisfied with
their salary.
Figure 5: The above chart shows teachers sat-

isfaction in relation to institutional support. 80%
of teachers are satisfied with the support pro-
vided by an institute during this pandemic pe-
riod, and 20 % teachers dissatisfied.
Figure 2: From the above chart it is clear that

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ate interest in the students and teachers are
also required to take an extra efforts, for adopt-
ing and handling advanced teaching platforms.
Majority teachers are satisfied with institutional
policies and support during this pandemic pe-
riod, but they are not satisfied with Work From
Home System.Because the system of work from
home suffers from too many drawbacks as-
Figure 6: The above chart indicates the satis- home environment setting, family interruption,
faction of teachers in relation to students and lack of basic facilities, etc.As a result teach-
behaviour in online class. It shows 78% teachers are of opinion that this system does not pro-
ers are dissatisfied with students attitude due vide proper work life balance.Even the teachers
to lack of attentiveness, response, and are not satisfied with students attitude during
attendence etc. the online class, because it involves one way
Findings teaching process.So, it requires awareness and
1. Female teachers are more as com- proper guidelines to the students to attend the
pared to male teachers. classes with the positive approach. As a result
2. 54% teachers are working on a con- online teaching can also become two-way in-
tract basis and this is major percentage as com- teracting and interesting process.
pared to permanent and CHB teachers.
3. Out of total respondent 29 teachers References
are getting a salary more than Rs. 10,000 but Suganya S. And Sankareshwar B. (2020),
less than Rs. 20,000. Job Satisfaction Level on Online Teaching among
4. 68% teachers are satisfied with their Higher Secondary School Teachers During Covid-
salary. 19 Pandemic. ShanlaxInternational Journal of
5. Only 32% teacher’s feels that present Education, Vol. 9, Issue No. 1, Dec, 2020, pp 138-
system of online teaching is satisfactory. 145.
Suggestions Vyas N. R. And Dr.Trimukhe (Kawale) P.S.
1. Awareness about online teaching sys- (2020), A Study of job Satisfaction among Col-
tem among the students is required. lege Teachers in Latur City. Shodh Sanchar Bul-
2. Requirement of proper guidelines for letin- An International Bilingual Peer Reviewed
students to attend online classes. Referred Research Journal, Vol. 10, Issue No.
3. Adaptation of appropriate teaching 37(II), Jan- Mar, 2020, Page No. 294-300.
platforms is necessary www.wiki.org
4. Institutions are required to provide ad- www.districtadministration.com
equate training facilities to embrace the ad- www.emerald.com
vanced technologies in online teaching.
5. Contractual teachers should also get 
adequate amount of salary as per their qualifi-
cations.
Conclusion
The present study indicate that, the sys-
tem of online teaching is not satisfactory as
compared to offline teaching. As it does not cre-
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telecommunication media are enabling the si-
44 multaneous printing newspapers from several
centers. Electronic book publishing is another
A Study on the role of Advertising rapidly growing activity. Personal computers,
access databases over telecom media, and print
on Electronic Media: An analysis of
out a mass of information in whatever formats
its impact on Buying behavior with it is wanted. They are a great aid for informa-
special emphasis on Television and tion storage, retrieval and processing.
Internet Advertising Radio, Television and Internet are the
most important electronic media, in which this
Varsha Rahul Singh study concentrates only on Television and
M.Com, B.Ed, M.A (Economics), M.Phil, Internet and also on Television and Internet ad-
Navneet College of Commerce And Science vertising and hence, here afterwards, researcher
talks only on Television and Internet in general
and Television and Internet advertising in par-
==============***********=============== ticular. These media have been selected for the
Abstract :- study with the intention that both Television and
To communicate with one another is a Internet media form second group of advertis-
compulsive urge of human beings. Civilizations ing commercial media.
and cultures progress to the extent communi- Keyword:- Media, Advertising, Television, Ra-
cations have made them possible. Speech (un- dio, Electronic media
aided for its propagation) has a limited distance Introdcution:-
range. Communication within the family and Television and mass Communication
every closely living family helped the primitive It is widely believed that mass media
communities. As movement also was limited, has an Important role to play in achieving na-
there could have been thousands of languages tional goals. The UNESCO report^ on various
as despaired in the expression ‘Babel of aspects of communication and society provides
tongues.’ After speech, the next important de- eight following functions of mass media: (1) Dis-
velopment was writing. It helped preservation semination of information; (5) Education; (2) So-
of Ideas, of thoughts, of agreements and their cialization; (6) Cultural Promotion; (3) Motiva-
transmission from generation to generation. tion; (7) Entertainment; and (4) Promoting de-
Until paper and printing were invented, even bates and discussion; (8) Integration. Television,
writing could help only to a limited extent for the electronic medium, performs all these func-
communication between far-flung communities tions effectively and with perfection. Television
and societies. Printing helped the multiplication is one of the nicest inventions of man. It has an
of information and knowledge and their easy edge over other forms of mass media, viz., ra-
availability to tens of thousands of people. Even dio and newspapers, etc. It has overcome the
though paper and printing extended the range barrier put up by illiteracy, which is the main
of communication, they could not influence the hurdle with the print media. It provides a unique
rapidly of transmission. communication process, in a way helping mass
Audio and videocassette recording and communications becoming very simple and
their multiplication in million is enabling the speedy. It is a multimedia system predominated
spread o instruction and training and entertain- by the visual medium. It is recognized that there
ment and education. Electronics, computers and is an urgent need for mass education and com-
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munication media for accelerating social tion was done by drawing individual frame-up
change, creating awareness and inculcating to many of them, for every second of the ani-
scientific temper among the masses. It will also mation. So for 10-minute film you’d painstakingly
inculcate desired attributes and attitudes create thousands of individual frames and film
among the masses necessary for national de- them in proper sequence, a time consuming af-
velopment fair. Using the computer to do the same task is
Impact of Technology on Advertising much more productive. Packages like ‘animator
The need for advertising developed with pro’ offers a host tools and generate the inter-
the expansion of population and the growth of vening frames to simulate action and motion
towns with their shops and large stores; mass automatically. Since 2D or cell animation is gen-
production in factories; roads and railways to erally populated by bitmaps, one can use im-
convey goods; and popular newspapers in which age processing, paint, special effects and illus-
to advertise. The large quantities of goods be- tration programs to create sophisticated char-
ing produced were made known by means of acters, background and scenes for animation.
advertising to unknown customers who lived far Going beyond 2D or plane animation there’s
from the place of manufacture. This process de- solid object or 3D animation - the stuff movies
veloped some two hundred years ago in are made of. This is more complex, since it in-
industrialised countries volves the creating of every object in the scene
Techniques used in Electronic media with proper texture, perspective, lighting, shad-
(a) Computer Graphics: Computer graphics have ows and movement. In fact, 3D animation de-
always been one of the most visually spectacu- mands good modeling and visualization abili-
lar branches of computer technology. The com- ties. Mapping is important in 3D modeling since
puter has bought new power, versatility, speed it frees you from the effort of having geometri-
and value that enable one to create high qual- cally defined every tiny detail. Packages like 3D
ity images or animations for a variety of uses. study ship with whole host o texture libraries,
With the various software available, one can which you can use for the objects - from brick
quickly create complex shapes and edit them in walls to textile finishes. However, the process
a variety of ways to build three-dimensional of modeling and mapping multiple objects is
objects. One can virtually create any kind of quite time consuming. To speed it up one can
material, by combining colour settlings, trans- use 3D object libraries, which are like clip art.
parency, and special effects. The materials that Once the objects in the scene have been cre-
can be created are water, glass, and granite, ated, and the position of the lights and cam-
marble among many others. eras defined, the process of animating can be
(b) Morphing: Another interesting area within started.
computer graphics is morphing. Morphing is the Statement of the Problem
transition from one image to another in a vary T&IA are becoming increasingly impor-
short span of time, such that the move appears tant and visible tools for both profit and non-
to be continuous to the viewer. Using various profit firms. This research addresses that gap
software tools it is now possible to create real in the Television and Internet Advertising litera-
life 3D effects. We take a look at the process ture. Hence, problem of the present research is
involved. 16 as given below:
(c) Animation: 2D animation is displaying a The present study is an attempt to ana-
rapid succession of images to create the illu- lyze the impact of Television & Internet adver-
sion of movement. Conventionally, 2D anima- tisements on buying behavior in Indian scenario.
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Given the emergence of both Television & that is followed in completing a study.^ A re-
Internet promotions, there is a substantial gap search design is the logical and systematic plan-
in our knowledge on both T&IA. Hence, this ning and directing of piece of research. The de-
study tries to develop both information and com- sign results from translating a general scien-
prehensive understanding and analysis of T&IA. tific model into varied research procedures. The
The appeal of doing theoretical research in T&IA design has to be geared to the available time,
is obvious for academics and equally promising energy, and money; to the availability of data;
for practitioners as well. A greater understand- to the extent to which it is desirable or possible
ing of T&IA 26 holds the promise of several key to impose upon persons and social
benefits for practitioners. Such a comprehensive organisations, which might supply the data. A
analysis helps in understanding buying behav- research design is not a highly specific plan to
ior, which will be important for practitioners to be 27 followed without deviations, but rather a
understand why their T&IA efforts do or do not series of guideposts to keep one headed In the
succeed as well as aiding academics to build a right direction/ Research Design used in this
comprehensive literature on T&IA. research work is ‘descriptive research design’.
Objectives of the Study A great deal of marketing and advertising re-
There exists a substantial gap both in search can be considered descriptive research,
information and analysis of T&IA as stated in which is used for number the following purposes:
preceding paragraphs. Taking this substantial (1) To describe the characteristics of certain
gap in to consideration, the following specific groups/respondents. (2) To estimate the propor-
objectives have been set for the current re- tion of people in a specified populations who
search. In order to understand and analyze: behave in a certain way. (3) To make specific
1. the impact of Television and Internet predictions. As the name implies, the major ob-
Advertisements on consumers’ buying behavior; jective of descriptive research is to describe
2. buyers’ involvement while going something - usually market characteristics or
through the ads on Television and on the functions.^ A clear statement of the problem,
Internet. Involvement in terms of thoughts, ideas, specific hypothesis, and detailed information
and images that will occur in the consumers’ needs descriptive research, in contrast to ex-
mind while watching and looking at the ads on ploratory research. Descriptive research design
Television and on the Internet respectively. is used in this research to describe the charac-
3. the impact of T&IA in marketing of teristics/opinions/attitudes/perceptions/
goods and services; behaviour of relevant groups/respondents at
4. overall opinions on the marketing-mix Bangalore urban district. So, descriptive re-
elements; and 5. the present status and future search design is a type of conclusive research,
prospects of T&IA; This study leads to an analy- which has as its major objective the description
sis of T&IA and their impact on buyers’ behav- of something - here, in this research it is - “Ad-
ior, attitudes, opinions and fills the substantial vertising on Electronic Media - an analysis of
gap that exists both in terms of information, lit- its impact on buying behaviour” (With special
erature and comprehensive understanding of emphasis on Television and Internet Advertis-
buyers’ behavior towards T&IA. ing)
Research Design of Current Research This study is based on the prior formu-
A research design is simply the frame- lation of preplanned and structured design, spe-
work or plan for a study used as a guide in col- cific hypotheses, primary and secondary data.
lecting and analyzing data. It is the blueprint Descriptive research study basically has two
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types viz; cross-sectional design and longitudi- ence of television ads on purchase decisions,
nal design. This study basically follows cross- persuasive message on television, do make a
sectional design, specifically ‘single cross-sec- great impact on buying behaviourH 4: Firms’
tional design’ in which sample of respondents strategies for marketing-mix elements on tele-
is drawn from the target population and infor- vision & Internet advertising are strong.
mation is obtained from this sample once. H 6: Past & present experience of respondents
The Weak Link: Attitude to Behavior for the Internet ads Are good, Internet ads are
A crucial assumption made in many at- making a great impact on buying behaviour.
titude and persuasion studies is that, ultimately, REVIEW OF LITERATURE – AN INTRODUCTION
attitude(s) affect people’s behaviors. However, Research into persuasion and tine effects
this link was always subject to some debate. La of persuasive communication have been con-
Piere conducted a classic early study into this ducted since World War I. Research is the strong
relationship^°. La Piere and a young Chinese belief that persuasion is an attempt to effect
couple toured the U.S. in the early 1930s, stop- attitudes - hence the attitude, persuasion and
ping at 251 hotels and restaurants. In only one literature on buying behaviour are closely linked,
case were they denied service. Surprisingly, in if not inseparable. Given this, a number of rep-
a follow-up questionnaire responded to by 128 resentations about how persuasive communi-
of these businesses, 92% of the restaurants and cations affect attitudes; behavior and intentions
91% of the hotels replied “no” when asked “will have been fon/varded over the years.
you accept members of the Chinese race as It is likely that research into persuasion
guests in your establishment?” Although fraught began with the ancients. Aristotle, in his clas-
with weaknesses, the study was an early pre- sic works on rhetoric, analyzed and wrote about
cursor of the difficulties in establishing the at- \X\ However, like many great social and scien-
titude to behavior that haunted persuasion re- tific advances it was, unfortunately, war that
searchers for years gave rise to the roots of modern persuasion re-
FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS search. Lasswell’s (1992) dissertation, Propa-
To understand and analyse consumers’ ganda Techniques in ttie World War, likely
experiences with television, computers and founded persuasion research, as we know it to-
Internet in general and television and Internet day. Observing war-time propaganda by both
advertising in particular the following hypoth- sides of early theories, exemplified by Lasswell,
esis has been formulated: believed that by simply hitting their target pro-
H 1: Consumers’ experiences with television, paganda messages would be effective (post
television ads, Internet and Internet ads in gen- hoc, these theories have been labeled as “bul-
eral are strong let”^ or “hypodermic needle”^). Although rather
H 2: Advertisements on television and Internet simple by today’s standards, two important
In marketing different types of products / ser- foundations were laid in this, and other, early
vices are strong works on propaganda: First, it was an emphasis
H 3: Status of television and Internet ads in for- on the study of attitude change; Second, it was
mulating marketing strategies for products / concerned with research into mass communi-
services today is strong. cations as a communication vehicle. Both of
H 4: Firms’ strategies for marketing-mix ele- these areas remain of paramount importance
ments on television & Internet advertising are in persuasion research today, especially in pro-
strong. motion.
H 5: Emotional routes of television ads, influ-
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REFERENCES
• Shodhganga .inflibnet.ac.in 45
• www.scholars .net
• www.targetpublicationss.org A Concise Study on Cyber
• Docs.google.com
• www.iosjournals.org Crime in India With Reference
• www.researchgate.net to Mumbai
• www.ijariit.com
• www.etimm.ase.ro
Dr. Anand Mahadeo Kasle
• Articles on working and non-working
Assistant Professor,
women
G.J Advani Law College, Mumbai
• Ahujam.kgupta&Raman (2003) an em-
pirical investigation of online consumer pur-
chasing behavior (electronic version) april 2005 ==============***********===============
• Electronic copy available at http/ ABSTRACT
ssrn.com/abstract=246682 Cyber Crime is an evolvingalarm as well
• online shopping trend 2013- most as a veracity of society. The researchershapes
popular categories T(2014) online shopping a comprehensivemetaphysical base for redefin-
trends 2013. most popular categories. top pur- ing cybercrime. The outcome of the catalogu-
chase drivers ing is the empathetic that most of the require-
• tuttle -B &Tuttle B(2014) - more popu- ments of crime is present in the cyber viewpoint
lar (yet less satisfying than ever) but there may be situations where evidencing
• the economic times (2005) online the crime would require symphonicassistance
shopping more popular yet less satisfying than and coordination between several agencies and
ever - 117% growth departments. It is important to understand the
• online shopping all the rage as teens shades of the concept and arrive at a particular
snub traditional retail outlets( online available perspective about the nature of the crimes com-
at mitted currently. One more developing thought
 in the area of cybercrime is that the contour,
modus operandi and impression of cyber related
crimes are extremely dynamic and thus finding
requires definiteproficientconventions. This is
why reporting of cyber criminals would help in
envisaging the crime to a certain extent. The
researcherabides upon accepting the trends in
cybercrimes in India with reference to Mumbai.
Further, crime by intention and cases registered
under IPC and other elements are studied from
the Indian perspective so that a nuanced view
of cybercrimes in India can be established with
reference to Mumbai.
A CONCISE STUDY ON CYBER CRIME IN INDIA
WITH REFERENCE TO MUMBAI
Statistics released by Mumbai Police show
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2,435 registered cases of cybercrime in Mumbai i.e. Economic capital of India.
Mumbai in 2020, which is higher than the 3.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CYBERCRIMES–
2,225 cases registered in 2019. Of these, 207 There are several ways the researcher
or 8.5% were detected in 2020. In 2020, cases can catalogue the various cybercrimes. The
of obscene messages and morphed images researcherdivides them into two very broad cat-
sent through email, messaging apps and so- egories: one, those crimes committed by fero-
cial media increased. cious or potentially forceful criminals, and two,
1.1 INTRODUCTION- nonviolent crimes. Types of ferocious or poten-
The invention of Computer has made the tially violent cybercrime include: Cyber terror-
life of humans easier, it has been using for vari- ism; Assault by threat; Cyber stalking and child
ous purposes starting from the individual to pornography. Cybercrimes include three main
large organizations across the globe. In simple offending patterns. The focus of the offending
term we can define computer as the machine can either be the integrity of the system (hack-
that can stores and manipulate/process infor- ing) or the computer can be used to commit an
mation or instruction that are instructed by the offence, else the content of the computer itself
user. Most computer users are utilizing the com- can be the object of the offending.
puter for the erroneous purposes either for their 3.1.1 Child exploitation: In 2005, the Virtual Glo-
personal benefits or for other’s benefit since de- bal Task Force defined child sexual abuse online
cades This gave birth to “Cyber Crime”. This had as the sharing and downloading of images of
led to the engagement in activities which are children being physically and sexually abused
illegal to the society. The researcher defines and approaching children online with the aim
Cyber Crime as the crimes committed using com- of developing a sexual relationship in the ‘real
puters, electronic devices or computer, internet world’, also known as ‘grooming’.Child exploita-
network and are usually take place over the cyber tion is not an invention of the Internet age by
space especially the Internet. Now comes the any means. However, the Internet has become
term “Cyber Law”. It doesn’t have a fixed defi- the new playground for consumers of child por-
nition, but in a simple term we can defined it as nography and a market place for those who pro-
the law that governs the cyberspace. Cyber laws vide it.
are the laws that govern cyber area. Cyber 3.1.2 Cyber Harassment: The term is normally
Crimes, digital and electronic signatures, data used to refer to the use of the Internet, e-mail,
protections and privacies etc. are comprehended or other electronic communications devices to
by the Cyber Law. The UN’s General Assembly harass another person.
recommended the first IT Act of India which was 3.1.3 Digital Piracy: The development of the
based on the “United Nations Model Law on personal computer has led to widespread use
Electronic Commerce” (UNCITRAL) Model. of the Internet, which allows for an exchange of
2.1OBJECTIVE OF STUDY- information and the production of behaviours
The principle objective of this research that include crime. One form of crime on the
paper is to spread the knowledge of the Internet is digital piracy. The researcher defined
cybercrimes or offences that take place through digital piracy as the act of copying digital goods
the internet or the cyberspace, along with the that include software, documents, audio (includ-
laws that are imposed against those crimes and ing music and voice), and video for any reason
criminals. other than to back up without explicit permis-
The researcherfurthermoreexasperating sion from and compensation to the copyright
to emphasis on cybercrime situation in city of holder using computer technology.
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3.1.4Hacking: Unauthorized access may occur 4.2 KEY RESULTS-
both on individuals’ personal computers, as well · The difficulties arising when trying to
as in the workplace. ‘One major form of unau- define and identify cybercrime, crossnationally
thorized access is known as hacking. Hacking is comparative statistics on cybercrime are much
the act of gaining unauthorized access to a com- rarer than for other crime types.
puter system or network and in some cases · At the Indian level, law enforcement
making unauthorized use of this access’. respondents to the Study perceive increasing
3.1.5Intentional Damage: The enterprise’s com- levels of cybercrime, as both individual offend-
munications networks can be harmed through ers and organized criminal groups exploit new
zapping, the process of damaging or erasing data opportunities, driven by profit and personal gain.
and information, causing problems for both the · Cybercrime is advancing in the focus
enterprise and the customer. of the public due to increased media reporting
3.1.6 Spam: Email spam could be one of the most of cybercrime cases, cybersecurity issues and
prevalent crimes in the sense that almost every other cyber-related news.
email user probably has received at least a few · Criminological theories and socio-eco-
unsolicited commercial email.The researcher nomic approaches offer possible explanations
defined Spam mail as the distribution of bulk e- for the recent growth in cybercrime activities.
mail that offers recipients deals on products or · In our country across all provinces, the
services. detonation in connectivity has come at a time
4.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY- of economic and demographic transformations,
The survey research method is used. with rising income inequalities, constricted pri-
Questionnaire and interview were used for data vate sector outlay, and abridged financial
collection. Researcher developed questionnaire liquescency.
on the basis of literature and related researches. 5.1 CONCLUSION –
Surveys were used to gather information from This research paper is concerning cir-
the two commercial institutions from Mumbai cumstances, pigeonholed by the constant
to explore different types of cybercrimes and growth of cybercrimes activities. Even though
their impacts. Data obtained from 100 individu- the level of consciousness of cyber threats has
als from each commercial institution to make a increased, and law enforcement acts nation
total of 200 as sample size of the study. Out of level to combat them, unlawfulincomes have
200 people 200 responded which is 100%. The reached astoundingstatistics. The effect to so-
survey respondents were small but informative ciety has become unjustifiable, since the na-
and accurate because the instrument was re- tional economic crisis. It’s necessary to work
viewed before procedure. The researcher col- together to avoid the costs the inclusive com-
lected the data from the respondents through munity suffers, which we can no lengthier with-
email and online interviews after the distribu- stand. The jeopardy of commercialdownfall is
tion of questionnaires to the two commercial tangible, due to the extraordinary cost for ini-
institutions and scoring was done after the col- tiatives in mitigating counter measures, and the
lection of data. Five-point rating scale was used damage caused by countless attacks. Currently
to record score of all positive statements ranged clienteles have come to suppose that establish-
from 5-1 for different response categories. ments have aexistence on the Internet, includ-
Strongly agree (SA), Agree (A), Undecided (U), ing a website and e-mail aptitudes. Use of the
Disagree (DA) and Strongly Disagree (SDA). The Internet is a hazard that most companies have
data was analysed in terms of percentage. to take. The delinquent is to curtail the risks
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associated by so doing. If there is no technol-
ogy, expectant the cybercrimes would not be 46
originatinganyplace. As it has been discussed
in this research paper, the precautionary mea- COVID 19 PANDEMIC AND ITS
sures should be taken to avert the society as
well as the organizations from the cybercrimes
IMPACT ON VARIOUS SECTORS OF
instead of circumventing the usages of the tech- INDIAN ECONOMY
nology.
The legal systems round the nation are, Dr.Pushpalata Trimukhe
with each transitory year, struggling to contriv- Associate Professor, HoD, Dept of Commerce,
ance new measures to warfare cybercrimes. Rajarshi Shahu Mahavidyalaya
However, with a lot of advanced ways that of (Autonomous), Latur
functioning within the cyber area, a lot of ambi- Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada
guities are designed which can get to be over- University, Nanded
flowing in by the Indian laws including Indian
penal code, Information and technology act, etc. ==============***********===============
ABSTRACT
REFERENCES- Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is
1.Cyber Crime (2003) by R.K. Suri and T.N.
an infectious disease caused by a new type of
Chhabra, Pentagon Press, New Delhi, India. virus. The disease originated in Wuhan, China
2. Dalla, H., and Geeta. (2013). “Cyberand has since spread globally. On March 11,
Crime – A Threat to Persons, Property, Govern- 2020, the World Health Organisation declared
ment and Societies.” International Journal of the COVID-19 to be a global pandemic.COVID
Advanced Research in Computer Science and 19 pandemic created slowdown in economy. This
Software Engineering. Volume 3, Issue 5 slowdown in domestic demand and job losses
3. Goyal, M. (2012). Ethics and Cyber resulted in a decline in domestic and interna-
Crime in India, International Journal of Engineer-
tional trade.This research paper focuses on im-
ing and Management Research, 2(1), Pp. 1-3 pact of the outbreak of pandemic Covid-19 on
4. Joseph, G. (2013). India has 42 mn Indian Economy. Covid-19 makes adverse impact
Cybercrime Victims every Year, Business Stan- on many sectors of Indian Economy. This paper
dard, June 24, 2013. depicts the impact of Covid-19 on different sec-
5. Kaur, R. (2013). “Statistics of tors of Indian Economy. This paper also furnishes
Cybercrime in India: An Overview.” International
the policy framework of government in this re-
Journal of Engineering and Computer Science, gard.
Volume 2, Issue 8, pp. 2555-2559. Key Words: Covid-19, Indian Economy, Pan-
6. Norton. (2013). 2012 Norton demic, Opportunity
Cybercrime Report, Mountain View: Norton by INTRODUCTION
Symantec. COVID-19 is a disease caused by a new
7. Rohas Nagpal (2002): “Defining Cyberstrain of Coronavirus. CO stands for corona, VI
Terrorism”. In the ICFAI Journal of Cyber Law, Vol.
for virus and D for disease.The first confirmed
1, No. 1 (November) 75 at p.77. case in India was on January 30, 2020. India wit-
nessed an explosion of COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-
 2 in late January 2020. Since then, there has
been a consistent rise in the number of cases
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within the country.Coronavirus Outbreaks across For this research, data is collected from a num-
the countryare affecting India on a large scale ber of magazines, journals, and government
in terms of economic activity as well as human websites. The focus of this research is on de-
casualties. There are some notable exceptions scriptive research design.
to domestic demand and exports which have IMPACT OF COVID 19 ON DIFFERENT SECTORS
seen high growth, adversely affecting almost all OF ECONOMY
sectors. 1. Food & Agriculture
Considering the extent of the disruption As agriculture is the backbone of the
caused by the epidemic, it appears that the cur- country and a part of the government has de-
rent recession is fundamentally different from clared it an essential category. Food and agri-
the recession. Demand and rising unemploy- culture have always been in a competitive ad-
ment are set to change the business landscape. vantage due to the free movement of fruits, veg-
It is a demand of time to adopt new principles etables, milk, etc. as compared to other sectors.
such as diversion to localization, cash conser- Many agricultural workers are unable to lift
vation, supply chain flexibility and innovation themselves out of poverty and food insecurity.
which will help businesses take a new path in During this pandemic, the continuous work of
this uncertain environment. food supply chains is important to prevent food
COVID19 has engulfed the Indian crisis and reduce the negative impact on the
economy. The corona virus-induced lockdown global economy. The policy response from gov-
has hurt the country’s GDP growth, causing sig- ernment is very essential to support
nificant disruptions in multiple sectors. Highly agribusiness and working conditions of agricul-
automated manufacturing can save infrastructure workers.
ture resources and increase quality while reduc- 2. Trade and Industries
ing production costs. The resulting reduction in Sudden closures of majority production
human working hours will benefit us and enable units have damaged the supply chain and it re-
companies to continue uninterrupted in the sulted in a heavy increase in raw material prices.
event of another crisis. In some sectors, there are price increases which
Consumer behaviour is also drastically are gold, masks, sanitizers, smart phones, medi-
changing from traditional methods due to in- cines, consumer durables, and so on. The avia-
creasing confidence in technology, technical tion and automobile industries have been af-
efficiency and online payment areas. This forces fected very badly. The aviation and transport
us to adapt to emerging developments such as industries have come to a halt due to the lack
work from home, video-conferencing technology, of aero plane landings and take-offs around the
and other relevant aspects. world, as well as prohibition on travelling.
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 3. Transportation Sector
1. To study the impact of COVID 19 on In COVID 19, Government has provided
different sectors of Indian Economy. several guidelines, including physical separa-
2. To understand the opportunities for tion and the wearing of masks.Alongwith this,
Indian Economy in COVID 19. Government proposed several guidelines for
3. To give suggestions to overcome the transportation sector also, such as, people
COVID 19 pandemic. movement in public transportation in official and
4. commercial complexes, including physical sepa-
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ration inside public transportation, transit ser-
The study is based on secondary data. vice curtailment, and metro service halting. This
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norms includes the physical separation norms their Rs. 33 lakh crore in the month of March,
that limit the number of passengers per train, 2020. This could be the beginning of a reces-
and other public transport. During the COVID- sion in the Indian market. Investment in such a
19 period, people’s perceptions of public trans- collapsed market is a wise decision for the new
portation safety varied greatly. In transportation entrants in stock market. Some good sectors for
sector, all the stakeholders employers, workers investment in stock market are the pharmaceu-
and the government become supportive at their ticals, healthcare and fast-moving consumer
levels. goods market.
4. Tourism and Hospitality Sector 7. Health Sector
Tourism is a mainsector of jobs and The COVID-19 crisis had affected ad-
growth of economy. In the COVID 19 pandemic, versely on health sector. It has created many
this industry has been suffering from a slow- challenges in all over the world like challenges
down from the outbreak of this virus. Not only of recruiting, deploying, retaining and protect-
the hotels and restaurants but also the tourism ing adequately trained, supportive and motivated
industry are affecting due to this pandemic. In health workers. It focuses on the need for sus-
the next one or two years, social distancing pro- tainable investment in the healthcare system.
tocol, constraints, and people’s anxiety will There is a high time to give facilities and sup-
leave this sector untouched. There is precari- port to health workers and provide strong work
ous impact of COVID 19 on tourism enterprises conditions, training and equipment, personal
and workers. For overcoming this situation protective equipment and occupational
timely, large-scale and coordinated policy ef- safety.Social interaction is essential to building
forts are required at international and national a protective health system, and therefore both
levels. have an important role to play in responding to
5. Electronics and automobile crises and shaping the future created for health
Due to COVID 19, the electronics and au- emergencies.
tomobile sector has been facing great difficul- 8. Education Sector
ties and this sector is under a great deal of Due to outbreak of COVID 19, all teach-
stress. Some major obstacles are factory clo- ing fraternity has turned towards online teach-
sures, supply chain disruption, and a collapse ing compulsorily as all the educational institu-
in demand. India depends on foreign countries tions like schools and colleges have closed.
for raw material. India imports 70-80 % of inter- Many teachers and their organizations in India
mediate goods from China (Wuhan), with the have accepted these challenges and overcome
automotive sector accounting for 40-50 % of the it successfully though there are various difficul-
total twenty best India imports electronic com- ties in online teaching. Government has framed
ponent parts from all over the world. Due to this the policies for schools and colleges for han-
pandemic, there is a lack of raw material, so dling this situation successfully.
production would be more expensive. Small and 9. Construction Sector
medium companies are affected by job losses Covid-19 pandemic has affected the con-
of the workers working in this sector. struction sector which is sensitive to the eco-
6. Stock Market nomic sector. Construction has the potential to
Due to the outbreak of pandemic, the stimulate recovery of economy by creating jobs
stock market has taken a dive. In less than a in economy. Construction sector helps for trans-
month, the Sensex has plunged nearly 8,000 forming the territories towards sustainability
points. Investors in the stock market had lost and digitization. There is requirement coopera-
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tion and social dialogue with international labour areas. For the improvements in the agriculture
standards to promote human-centered recovery sector, Government must allow e-commerce to
of the construction sector from this pandemic. work with high precautions.
10. Textile, Clothing, Leather and Footwear The government could also set alternate
Industries days for trade and use a debt restructuring plans
The global supply chain of the textile, that the government should launch to get the
clothing, leather and footwear industries are loan extended during this critical period. Thereis
jammed because these industries are closed the need of urgent measures for empowering
and workers are staying at home. The cancella- the micro, small and medium enterprises.
tion of the order has affected thousands of com- The investment and self-reliance
panies and millions of workers.There is an ur- schemes launched by the government should re-
gent need of supportive action for improving the strengthen the capital base of the companies,
supply chains of industries. The ILO is commit- which will only promote the products manufac-
ted to safeguarding the health and economic tured in India and facilitate the dissemination
interests of workers and subsidiaries in the tex- of money for our country.
tile, textile, leather and footwear industries. The idea of sustainable development can
OPPORTUNITIES FOR INDIAN ECONOMY be considered for long-term gains and also for
The pandemic has been worsening the the most vulnerable sections of the society on
situation across the country. The foreign com- the daily wage of those who have lost their jobs.
panies working in China are thinking to move Better facilities will give them a better life and
out of China as various nations have blamed an economy that reflects crisis situations.
China for the COVID 19. Japanese companies Therefore, long-term decisions have
operating in China have been ordered by the been made by the government due to the bud-
Japanese government to cancel operations in get allocated for health emergencies that have
China. Most of the other companies like Apple caused substantial damage and loss to the
are also planning to close their ventures from economy. A strong society must be built for a
China. strong economy in the future.
So, this is a great opportunity for India. CONCLUSION
India can attract those companies to come and COVID 19 pandemic created a worldwide
start their business ventures in India which will crisis. This closed trade between economic de-
be beneficial for India as the companies will velopment and people’s lives. It has been chang-
bring investment, jobs as well as technology ing the various sectors of economy;the priori-
transfer. The country was in an economic down- ties of each country are changing. Citizens of
turn, and the epidemic could get worse. If India the country changed their usage, savings and
uses this opportunity, it will help end the reces- investment preferences. This change affects the
sion. India will come out from these crisis within structure of the Indian economy.
short period. There is need to strong planning for the
SUGGESTIONS development of economy and the substance of
There are multiple remedies that the human society.Fear of a new recession and eco-
government can do from overcoming this disas- nomic collapse requires flexible and strong lead-
ter for the people and the country with the eco- ership in health, business, government and so-
nomic and health crisis. Government should ciety at large. Aid measures need to be imple-
make payments to farmerson priority basis which mented immediately and adjustments need to
will help them in performing operations in rural be made immediately so that they can be dis-
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rupted. Medium and long term planning is 9. World Economic Forum launches
needed to figure out how to balance the COVID-19 Action Platform to fight coronavirus,
economy and regain energy after this crisis. World Economic Forum (2020), https://www.we
forum.org/agenda/2020/03/world-economic-fo-
REFERENCES rum-launches-covid-action-platform/ (last vis-
1. Gurpreet Singh Sidhu&Jaskirat Singh ited May 19, 2020).
Rai&Kanwarvir Singh Khaira&SarabjitKaur, 2020. 10.Companies moving out of China; will
“The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Different India seize the, https://www.thehindubusiness
Sectors of the Indian Economy: A Descriptive line.com/markets/stock-markets/companies-
Study”, International Journal of Economics and moving-out-of-china-will-india-seize-the-oppor-
Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 10(5), pages tunity/article31418116.ece (last visited May 19,
113-120. 2020).
2. Das, Dr. Kishore Kumar and Patnaik, 
Shalini, “The Impact of COVID-19 in Indian
Economy – An Empirical Study” (June 26, 2020),
International Journal of Electrical Engineering
and Technology, 11(3), 2020, pp. 194-202., Avail-
able at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/ab-
stract=3636058
3. Rakshit, Debdas and Paul, Ananya,
“Impact of COVID-19 on Sectors of Indian
Economy and Business Survival Strategies”
(June 6, 2020). Available at SSRN: https://
ssrn.com/abstract=3620727 or http://dx.doi.org
/10.2139/ssrn.3620727
4. ShubhiAgarwal&Archana Singh
(2020), “Covid-19 and Its Impact on Indian
Economy” International Journal of Trade & Com-
merce-IIARTC, January-June 2020, Volume 9, No.
1 pp. 72-79, © SGSR. (www.sgsrjournals.co.in)
All rights reserved Double Blind Peer Reviewed/
Referred International Indexed Journal
5. https://www.statista.com/statistics/
1111487/coronavirus-impact-on-unemployment-
rate/
6.https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
readersblog/midweekread/impact-of-covid-19-
on-indian-economy-26770/
7.http://www.businessworld.in/article/
Impact-Of-Covid-19-On-Indian-Economy/30-12-
2020-359595/
8.https://economictimes.indiatimes.
com/news/economy/foreign-trade/covid-19-
impact-exports-plunge-60-28,april
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ceivable to upgrade the cloud kitchen branch
47 by assisting them with scaling up quickly, by giv-
ing improvement capital just as a central genu-
An Empirical Study : Innovative inely steady organization that will enable expe-
dient turn of events and advance overhead costs.
Strategies Adopted By Cloud Online food conveyance offices are worried on
Kitchens In India growing an ordinary model for food and drink
conveyance kitchen that offers an admittance
Asst. Prof.Rupesh Siyodia to various foods through a single on the web
Operations& Supply Chain Management, food conveyance outlet, the food and refresh-
N L Dalmia Institute of Management Studies ments will be just arranged throughsite or ver-
and Research, Mumbai, India satile application, as numerous multi food cafés
and eatery networks are begun conveying ac-
==============***********=============== cordingly a cloud kitchen idea is initiated, a fun-
Abstract:The fast development of Online Food damental takeaway food and drink outlet that
requesting division makes new business open gives no feast in office in its premises, there
doors for existing and up and coming eateries have been various restaurateurs raving absurd
to develop their business, one such up and com- and much even more endeavoring to figure out
ing pattern is the Cloud Kitchens plan of action.its intricacies, this kitchen unit work as a food
We live in a period where we request nourish- creation group with a space for the food readi-
ment directly from your versatile and get it con-ness and delivery.
veyed to our area. These days every one of the Food through online food convey appli-
eateries you visit team up with online nourish- cations they have started and some organized
ment requesting entryways like Zomato, Swiggy, cloud kitchen outlets to just convey the food re-
etc.to facilitate the requesting procedure and quested through online in this way, the name
grow their business.Cloud Kitchens/Virtual cloud kitchen or Virtual Kitchen came in to pres-
Kitchens are fully prepared kitchens that you canence as-an organization with a mix of cooking,
discover in the majority of the eateries yet theycomparably now quite possibly the most cel-
don’t have feast in or takeaway, they run exclu- ebrated food conveyance application Swiggy
sively for the online conveyance administra- has coordinated its own cloud kitchen with a
tions. mix of natural food brands. The interest of cloud
In India, there are many Cloud kitchens kitchen is expanded with these food conveyance
to be specific Faasos, Holachef, Freshmenu, application like Uber Eats, Swiggy, Zomato and
RedBoxetc., who run exclusively.The main ob- some eatery networks simply engaged to cloud
jective of the research paper is to study innova-kitchen to dispense with costs on giving greater
tive strategies of some of the promising as well space to feast in office. There is no need to have
as successful Indian food tech. an actual zone for food administration and no
Key words:Cloud kitchen,Food-tech,New age compelling reason to designate workers. The op-
technologies. erational effectiveness will be improved regard-
Introduction: ing cloud kitchen, while customary cafés need
This Cloud kitchens, on occasion called to zero in on food conveyance during top lunch
apparition outlets, virtual bistros, and Dark or and supper meetings despite the fact that they
Invisible kitchens. Latest on the scene is cloud engaged with cooking food to with feast in visi-
tor.
kitchens, the limits are little however it is con-
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Objectives of the study: the creative procedures followed by online food
· To study the studying innovative strat- conveyance new businesses in India. These new
egies of some of the promising as well as suc- businesses drove by youthful Indians have been
cessful Indian food tech roused to take up different difficulties to address
· To study advantages and challenges the worry zones of Indian buyers and expand
faced to cloud kitchen management them with different items and administrations
Literature Review: at sensible costs. Indian food conveyance mar-
Sachin Chavan in his research paper ket is esteemed at 15 billion dollars and set for
“The Qualitative Analysis of Cloud Kitchen a remarkable development. Food conveyance
Emerging as a Viable Food & Beverage (F&B) has become an exceptionally serious market in
Alternative Post Covid-19” (2020) explains that India. The development of online food request-
Cloud Kitchens, Dark Kitchens, Ghost Kitchens, ing conveyance stages by portable applications
Virtual Restaurants - whatever you may call has made financial specialists conscious and pay
them – are conveyance just cafés that depend heed. The kind of online conveyance adminis-
on the web/telephonic orders set through online tration models of four distinct organizations like
food aggregators as well as the eatery’s site or swiggy, zomato, food panda and Fassosare in-
portable application. The happening to a sub- vestigated and it is perceived through the ex-
stitution age no-feast in café idea has grabbed amination that the future appears to be
everybody’s eye inside the eatery business. This morebrilliant for the online food industry, as In-
special eatery design needs actual space, re- dia finds created markets as far as changing
quires no substantial capital speculations, works ways of life.
on least café rentals, and relies just upon online Advantages of Cloud Kitchen:
conveyance orders. Low overheads:-For restaurant owners, the ex-
According to H.M.Moyeenudin, R. pense of workers and compliance with ever
Anandan, ShaikJaveedParvez, Bindu. G, “A Re- tighter labor laws are one of the most signifi-
search on Cloud Kitchen Prerequisites and cant challenges. Cloud kitchens can cash in on
Branding Strategies” (January 2020) explains -demand jobs more quickly and have little to do
that The Emerging pattern for brilliant food con- with maintenance workers.
veyance is cloud kitchen idea, this is an ad- The entrance barrier is much smaller
vanced marvel in a contemporary situation than in conventional restaurants for cloud kitch-
around the planet, and this idea is creating at ens. Theoretically, ghost kitchens have a lower
the most critical stage with a Compound Annual cost by eliminating the need for front -of-
Growth Rate (CAGR) when diverged from other homeoperations, floor space for seats or sig-
cut of food and drink outlets like Restaurants nificant rentals for storage areas in prime loca-
and inexpensive food outlets. The point of this tions. It is also possible to save a significant
examination is to investigate request and pre- amount of money on ingredient prices by taking
requisites of cloud kitchen. In addition, it cen- advantage of economies of scale. For example,
ters on the advertising methodology should be to order several different delivery brands from
received by cloud kitchen. an identical kitchen. Such savings are also trans-
Dr.Vijayalakshmi Kanteti, in her research mitted to the purchaser to allow on line restau-
paper, Innovative strategies of startup firms in rants to compete with traditional restaurants.
India- A study on online food delivery compa- Better efficiency:-Utilizing specially assembled
nies in India explains that The current examina- spaces and upgrading their cycles explicitly for
tion is an applied report made to comprehend conveyance, phantom kitchens can run effec-
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tively. In the event that you are working a few tips, it will sound more like a production line
brands from one kitchen, you can bunch prep than a cordiality job. Obviously, you can attempt
elements for a few unique menus and plan the to help confidence and inspire staff other, yet it
kitchen to focus on the speed of planning and could be more hard to assemble a brand culture
the way toward giving over dinners to convey- in the event that you are not drawing in the top
ance drivers. Admittance to client information foodservice ability. Employing on-request staff
and constant flexibility. Since they are planned additionally conveys hazards regarding sanita-
in view of tech, cloud kitchens can improve tion and consistency, both crucial to effective
cycles, requesting, and staff booking dependent food organizations. Would you be able to be
on buyer conduct. certain these laborers have satisfactory prepar-
The menu can likewise be adjusted to ing? In the event that you need to put resources
suit interest and increment edges, streamlining into preparing, it bodes well to employ perpetual
the model after some time. Not being attached staff individuals. There is a compromise here
to an actual area implies you can change the that you should deal with to attempt to sort out
menu or working occasions to suit business the best harmony between on-request laborers
needs without as a lot of an effect on consumer and perpetual staff.
loyalty. This can likewise assist with diminish- Reliance on third-party delivery apps:-It is
ing food squander, as you can be more astute never a decent business option to rely on a single
with requesting and prep choices. Truth be told, source of customers for all the benefits of us-
virtual eateries are so versatile, you can even ing transport applications. You can also eat high
dispatch a brand only for a season. expenses on your edges, and you have little
For example, you could dispatch a solid control over last mill transport that can affect
plate of mixed greens brand for the mid-year the food’s essence and jeopardize your status.
and a generous poutine idea for the cold One solution is to provide your own transport
weather months, permitting you to exploit the management, but this entails higher support
occasional interest for each sort of food with- costs, as well as measured issues. It could well
out bearing any decline. bode for huge popular cuisines in which various
Digital brand awareness without high mar- brands would share weight.
keting:-Virtual eatery brands can acquire Competing in a crowded digital marketplace:-
speedy openness through conveyance applica- Cloud kitchens don’t benefit from strolling in the
tions, as opposed to advertising themselves. rush hour gridlock without an actual location.
Albeit another virtual café idea should pay for You only compete in an online shopping center
perceivability, which is important for the con- filled with jams. If your item is appropriate, the
veyance application plan of action, this can in uplifting news should increase to the utmost
any case work out less expensive by and large, appreciation for social proof such as large veri-
particularly in the event that you are inventive fications and verbal references. However, at
about building your image. these stages you will finally pay for
Challenges Faced By Cloud Kitchens: perceivability. That’s how they bring in their
Working with on-demand staff:-If you run a cash, all considered. You should know this prob-
cloud kitchen, you might be more likely to em- ably additional charge, particularly towards the
ploy on-demand workers to manage edges. Al- beginning, before you are ready to create your
though this can save you money on your pay own reliable.
charge, it comes with a few warnings. Since Food quality and food safety:-With a convey-
workers may not interact with visitors or receive ance just brand, your standing depends on the
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food getting to the client in amazing condition. on request conveyance, café and food disclo-
Getting this privilege is the best way to get re- sure, attendant, kitchen cloud, full stack, flimsy
hash orders. There are huge difficulties in keep- layer, commercial center and home prepared
ing the item at appropriate temperatures so it food models. The top generally esteemed, ne-
shows up as expected to the client. Not exactly glected and hardest model is the home-prepared
at the correct temperature for them to best ap- food model. This is genuinely where the best
preciate it yet additionally to guarantee it is pro- possible untruths and development can branch
tected to eat. This implies trying out various off this industry a completely new way. Innova-
kinds of bundling and possibly putting resources tion and advancement will assume a vital part
into compartments that are more costly and in the development of the food area. Innovation
harder to source. This is a cost that can quickly gives huge expense and effectiveness enhance-
add up if you are siphoning out a high amount ments for café accomplices. To have the option
of orders, but it is an important consideration. to be beneficial, it is essential to zero in on build-
Saturated, lukewarm food will leave you disap- ing versatile income streams and abilities with
pointed. Furthermore, one food-borne illness or a drawn out objective, and advance amazingly
episode will destroy your reputation. rapidly on the innovation side to use efficien-
Managerial Implications: cies inside.
The Cloud Kitchens can focus on ad- Organizations that can chip away at con-
vancements in their client the executives just cocting making exemplary food in surprising and
as the innovation the board like: non-conventional manners will undoubtedly
· Full client straightforwardness: Food convey- score enormous. The Indian Food tech startup
ance organizations should have the option to Industries are staying put and to be in the race
coordinate with their degree of administration is to analyze and settle tasks and measures, and
and straightforwardness, by means of cell furthermore getting the correct chances to de-
phone. The client must have the option to play, velop and accomplish benefit. It is presently a
see where their request is, contact their driver trust that all will perceive how, and how well,
whenever and even tip and rate from their tele- the business gets down to business.
phone after their food has shown up. Innova-
tion organizations like Bringg are driving this References:
field giving a stage to café networks, retailers · Choudhary, N. (2019). Strategic Analy-
or conveyance organizations to give clients the sis of Cloud Kitchen – A Case Study, Manage-
experience they need. Likewise, they help orga- ment Today, 9(3), 184-190. doi:10.11127/
nizations enhancing courses and dealing with gmt.2019.09.05
their armada progressively. · food delivery startups: Flush with funds,
· Robot conveyance: Technology helps the food Flipkart, Paytm and Amazon rush to enterfood
conveyance organizations by going imaginative. delivery business - The Economic Times
Might seem like something from a science fic- (indiatimes.com)
tion film yet organizations, for example, · Delivery Apps in Kochi, International
Domino’s pizza are now steering drone convey- Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring
ances. The need to pay tips additionally can be Engineering, Volume-8 Issue-7S2, May 2019,
maintained a strategic distance from. pp.: 302-305.
Conclusion: · Ajaz, Ahmad &Bhat, Ajaz Ahmad. Sat-
There are numerous mainstream plans isfaction of Consumers by Using Online Food
of action in the food tech space, for example, Services.Social Science.(2019). 10 pages.
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· Suryadev Singh Rathore, Mahik
Chaudhary, Consumer’s Perception on Online 48
Food Ordering, International Journal of Manage-
ment & Business Studies, Vol. 8, Issue 4, Oct - Environmental Accounting: From
Dec 2018, pp. 12-17
· Ajaz, Ahmad &Bhat, Ajaz Ahmad. Sat-
Millennium Development Goals to
isfaction of Consumers by Using Online Food Sustainable Development Goals
Services.Social Science.(2019). 10 pagesVincent
A. Mabert, M. V. (1998). Special Research Focus Dr. Shamim Sayed
on Supply Chain Linkages: Challeges for Design Nss College of Commerce and Economics,
and Management in the 21st Century. Decision Tardeo, Mumbai
Sciences Volume 29.
==============***********===============
 Abstract:
Environment accounting is one of the key
aspects of social responsibility which in turn is
a significant aspect of corporate social respon-
sibility. Environmental sustainability is a con-
cept which has been increasingly incorporated
by businesses in their day to day operations.
Green accounting is a concept which requires a
careful analysis of the costs and benefits of en-
vironmental pollution in terms of business ac-
tivities. Green accounting also referred to as en-
vironmental accounting is a phenomena which
needs to be developed in a standardized man-
ner in India as it still in its infancy stage in de-
veloping countries like India. Accounting for
environment is the need of the hour as busi-
ness houses and corporate need to be made
aware of the implications of their business op-
erations on the environment. This paper high-
lights the impact of sustainable development
goals undertaken by different countries as a part
of the millennium development goals by study-
ing the impact on growth of carbon emissions,
greenhouse4 gas emissions and accounting for
forest carbon stock covering the pre-implemen-
tation and post-implementation period of
MDG’s.
The Millennium Declaration was signed
in September 2000 where in leaders of 189
countries gathered at the United Nations head-
quarters and signed the historic Millennium Dec-
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laration, in which they committed to achieving Negash (2012) has examined whether IFRS can
a set of eight measurable goals that range from be used for monitoring Environmental degrada-
halving extreme poverty and hunger to promot- tion and by referring the case of three environ-
ing gender equality and reducing child mortal- mentally sensitive companies found that the
ity, by the target date of 2015.The Millennium sustainability reports produced by companies
Development Goals (MDGs) were contained information and also propaganda and
Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and so also the size and adequacy of the contribu-
hunger tion of these companies towards sharing of costs
Goal 2 Achieve universal primary edu- of environment related to decommissioning,
cation rehabilitation and restoration was not disclosed.
Goal 3 Promote gender equality and Paul P. Craig and Harold Glasser (2017) have
empower women analysed the transfer models for Green Account-
Goal 4 Reduce child mortality ing as an approach to environmental policy
Goal 5 Improve maternal health analysis for decisions making and this model
Goal 6 Combating HIV/AIDs, malaria, has emphasized both on stocks and flows as a
and other diseases framework to Green Accounting stressing on the
Goal 7 Ensure environmental need for sustainable utilization of Forest and
sustainability other resources.
Goal 8 Develop a global partnership for Objective of the Study
development I. This study is undertaken to fulfill the
These goals were converted into sus- following objectives:
tainable development goals by the participat- II. To study the impact of sustainable de-
ing member countries and various measures velopment measures on Energy related CO2
were undertaken by the Government of these Emissions of selected countries from 2000 to
countries starting from 2000 and were given a 2015
deadline of 15 years to achieve these goals by III. To study the impact of sustainable
2015. development measures on Green House Gas
Review of Literature Emissions of selected countries from 2000 to
Numerous studies in the past have been 2015
carried out on Green Accounting/ Environmen- IV. To study the impact of sustainable de-
tal Accounting in India and other countries with velopment measures on Forest Resource Stocks
emphasis on different aspects such as Meth- of selected countries from 2000 to 2015
ods of Environmental Accounting, Impact of Research Methodology
Green Accounting, The present study seeks to examine the
According To Jui-Che and Huang , green impact of sustainable development measures
accounting will lead to a proactive environmen- taken by selected countries in view of the Mil-
tal planning through reduction on environmen- lennium Development Goals (MDGs). Though
tal cost and have stated that unlike Financial 191 United Nations member countries states to
Accounting which is mandatory and is costly ; help achieve the following Millennium Devel-
Green Accounting is voluntary and has become opment Goals; for this study selected countries
mainstream under the popular demand of CSR . are taken as a sample for this study namely:
However Green Accounting has led to additional India, China, Brazil, United States of
86 costs which are related to environmental re- America and United Kingdom
covery. 1. Time Period: The study is done to com-
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pare the impact of sustainable development growth of Greenhouse Gas emissions from 2000
measures as a result of implementation of to 2015 for the selected countries
MDGs. Since the Millennium Development Goals H03 : There is no significant impact of the sus-
were implemented in the year 2000 and all coun- tainable development goals on levels and
tries were given a deadline till the year 2015 to growth of CO2 Emissions of Annex Countries as
implement these goals, the period selected for compared to non-Annex countries from 2000 to
this study comprises of the year 2000 and 2015 2015
so as to analyse the impact of MDGs on sus- H04 : There is no significant impact of the sus-
tainable development by measuring different en- tainable development goals on levels and
vironmental variables before the implementa- growth of Forest Resources Stocks from 2000
tion and post implementation. to 2015 for the selected countries
2. Variables Used: The variables selected Data Analysis and Hypothesis Testing
for this study pertaining to Sustainable Devel- using t-test of Significance (One-tailed)
opment and Environmental Accounting are: The data collected for emissions of CO2
• Cumulative Carbon Emissions (CO2) for the selected five countries is presented in
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions the table below and average and standard de-
• Forest Resource Stocks (Cubic Meters, viation of the data on emissions is found so as
Millions) to compute the value of t-test.
Further, an analysis of CO2 Emissions of Table 1: Table showing Energy Related Emis-
Annex Countries and Non –Annex parties is done. sions Cumulative CO2 Emissions of select coun-
Annex parties are those which include the in- tries in the Pre and post Implementation period
dustrialized countries that were members of the of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs):
OECD in 1992 and also countries in transition Country 2000 2015
whereas Non-Annex Parties are mostly the De- China 4,057,617.00 11,895,765.00
Brazil 756,663.68 1,027,739.00
veloping countries like India. United states 7,216,645.32 6,638,132.74
1. Statistical Method used: The statisti- Europe
Average
716,796.65
2854297.842
511,273.61
4434752.016
cal technique used for hypothesis testing are: Std Dev 2793624.278 4821050.76
T-test 0.6342
Mean Standard Deviation and t-test (one
–tailed) for testing the significance of growth H01 : There is no significant impact of the sus-
in different variables tainable development goals on levels and
2.Sources of Data: Secondary Data was growth of CO2 emissions from 2000 to 2015 for
collected for the study from various published the selected countries
sources such as Government of India (GOI) re- To test this null hypotheses,we compare
ports on Environment viz Envistats India 2018 the t value ( as shown in Table 1 above) with
and other journals , magazines and newspapers. the table value for t for 8 degree of freedom ( 5-
Hypotheses of the Study: 1)+(5-1)= 8 at 5% (0.05) level of significance and
The following hypotheses were framed it is found that the t value 0.6342 is less than
for the study (Null and Alternate Hypotheses) the table value (1.860) for one tailed test and
H01 : There is no significant impact of the sus- hence the difference cannot be considered to
tainable development goals on levels and be significant.
growth of CO2 emissions from 2000 to 2015 for Hence the Null Hypothesis stands ac-
the selected countries cepted that there is no significant growth and
H02 : There is no significant impact of the sus- change in Carbon Emissions of selected coun-
tainable development goals on levels and tries post implementation of sustainable devel-
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opment measures. It signifies that these mea- for the selected countries. To test this null hy-
sures were having an impact on controlling the pothesis, we compare the t value ( as shown in
growth of CO2 emissions from 2000 to 2015. Table 3 above) with the table value for t for 8
Table 2: Table showing Greenhouse Gas emis- degree of freedom ( 2-1)+(2-1)= 2 at 5% (0.05)
sions in the Pre and Post Implementation pe- level of significance and it is found that the t
riod of the MDGs. value 0.6678 is less than the table value (2.92)
Co unt ry 2 000 2015 for one tailed test and hence the difference can-
I ndia 9 05 2066
Ch ina
Br azil
3 284
2 99
9085
451
not be considered to be significant.
Un ited states
Un ited Kin gdo m
5 605
3 224
4998
2641
Hence the Null Hypothesis stands ac-
A ve rage
S tandard D ev iatio n
2 663.4
2 123.369
3848.2
3351.143
cepted that there is no significant growth and
T-test 0 .6678
change in Green House Gas Emissions of annex
H02 : There is no significant impact of the sus- member countries post implementation of sus-
tainable development goals on levels and tainable development measures. It signifies that
growth of Green House Gas emissions from 2000 these measures were having an impact on con-
to 2015 for the selected countries trolling the growth of CO2 emissions from of
To test this null hypothesis, we compare these two categories of countries from 2000 to
the t value ( as shown in Table 2 above) with 2015.
the table value for t for 8 degree of freedom ( 5- Table 4 : Table showing Forest Carbon Stocks
1)+(5-1)= 8 at 5% (0.05) level of significance and (in Cubic Metres in Millions) for selected coun-
it is found that the t value 0.6678 is less than tries in the Pre and post Implementation period
the table value (1.860) for one tailed test and of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
hence the difference cannot be considered to Co unt ry 200 0 2015
be significant. India
Ch ina
466 2.00
12,348.30
5, 167.00
16, 002.40
Hence the Null Hypothesis stands ac- Brazil 100 ,804.10 40, 699.00
U.S 35,556.00 652. 00
cepted that there is no significant growth and U.K 480 .00 15630.1
A ver age 307 70.08 17910.97
change in Green House Gas Emissions of se- S tandard Dev iatio n 414 31.12
lected countries post implementation of sustain- t-t est 0.75003
able development measures. It signifies that H04 : There is no significant impact of the sus-
these measures were having an impact on con- tainable development goals on levels and
trolling the growth of Greenhouse gas emissions growth of Forest Carbon Stocks from 2000 to
from 2000 to 2015. 2015 for the selected countries. To test this null
Table 3 : Table showing Energy Related Emis- hypothesis, we compare the t value ( as shown
sions Cumulative CO2 Emissions of Annex and in Table 4 above) with the table value for t for 8
Non Annex Parties in the Pre and post Imple- degree of freedom ( 2-1)+(2-1)= 2 at 5% (0.05)
mentation period of Millennium Development level of significance and it is found that the t
Goals (MDGs) value 0.75003 is less than the table value
Country 2 000 2015
(1.860) for one tailed test and hence the differ-
Annex Parties 1 3560 12407 ence cannot be considered to be significant.
Non Annex Parties 9 101 18701
Average 1 1330.5 15554 Hence the Null Hypothesis stands accepted that
Standard deviation 3 152.989 4450.53
T-test 1 .0951
there is no significant growth and change in
Forest Carbon Stocks of selected countries post
H03 : There is no significant impact of the sus- implementation of sustainable development
tainable development goals on levels and measures. It signifies that these measures did
growth of CO2 emissions from 2000 to 2015 not have a major impact on the growth of For-
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est Stock resources.
Summary of Hypotheses testing: 49
Hypothesis (N ull hypoth esis) Status
H1
H2
A ccept ed
A ccept ed CASHBACK EFFECTIVNESS IN
H3 A ccept ed
H4 A ccept ed ONLINE SHOPPING AMONG
References: MUMBAI CONSUMERS
1. Chen, Y.S.; Lai, S.B.; Wen, C.T. The In-
fluence of Green Innovation Performance on Prof. Mezbin Khan
Corporate Advantage in Taiwan. J. Bus. Ethics NSS College of Commerce & Economics,
2006, 67, 331–339Jui-Che Tu and Hsieh- Shan Tardeo, Mumbai
Huang, “Analysis of the relationship between
Green Accounting and Green Design for Enter- ==============***********===============
prises”, Sustainability,, 6264-6277; 2015 ABSTRACT: The E- commerce boom of recent
2. Clarkson, P.M; Li, Y; Richardson. G.D
years has given rise to online retailers in the
and Vasari, F.P. (2008). Revisiting the Relation
Indian markets. On the flipside, competition has
between Environmental Performance and Envi- increased. An effective rewards program can be
ronmental Disclosure: An Empirical Analysis. Ac-
a strategic driver to increase business that keeps
counting, Organizations and Society, pp.303-327it above its competition. Like a flamboyant fish-
3. Environmental Protection Agency. ing lure it can help retain existing customers,
(1995a) An Introduction to Environmental Ac- while enticing new ones. This paper will analyse
counting as a Business Management Tool: Key the effectiveness of Cashback in online shop-
Concepts and Terms, Office of Pollution Preven-ping among consumers in Mumbai and study the
tion and Toxics, EPA 742-R-95-001, June. various types of Cashback reward programs in
4.Minga Negash(2012), “IFRS and Envi- use by online merchants. The study aims to es-
ronmental Accounting”, Management Research tablish that a Cashback reward program well
Review, Vol.35 Issue 7, pp.577-601 utilized can boost a business by attracting more
5.Paul P. Craig and Harold Glasser, customers and also find out its effect on con-
“Transfer Models for “Green Accounting”: An sumer behaviour over online shopping.
Approach to Environmental Policy Analysis for KEYWORDS: Cashback, Reward Program, Mer-
Sustainable Development, “Assigning Economic chant, Customer, Online shopping, Happy Dig-
Value to Natural Resources, National Academ- its.
ics of Science, Engineering and Medicine, 1994 INTRODUCTION:
6.United States Environmental Protection Cashback has been a well-developed
Agency (1995). An Introduction to Environmen- concept in the promotion strategy used among
tal Accounting as a Business Management Tool: several online sellers, to hold the market space;
Key Concepts and Terms. Washington the online sellers cater to the online consumers
with different marketing –mix tools, of which
 Cashback has been approaching the various
classes of Mumbai households. Cashback is an
incentive made available to customers after they
have purchased products, both online and
offline, that helps collect cash rewards which
can be used for next purchases .This sellers al-
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low to redeem these Cashback points in parts rants across the globe. And one can avail the
on upcoming sales. Cashback if there are franchise beyond the na-
The popularity of Cashback gained pace tional borders, terms and conditions applied.
when it started in USA in the 1990s when the These Cashback are also named as happy points,
credit card companies tried to grab attention of Loyalty programs, payback points, reward miles,
potential shoppers to apply for credit cards. They cash points, happy digits, advantage card points,
offered high Cashback offers on certain shop- virtual reward points and several other syn-
ping transactions like grocery bills, gas station onyms. Some of the government payments also
bills and others. However, in UK, Pass card de- allow Cashback to encourage citizenship re-
veloped by Gary Wilson has been claimed to be sponsibility towards society. For instance, the
the first reward program created in 1981.It was Indian railways while issuing ATVM cards and
later named and passkey. Also one of the first recharging those cards, provides a 5% bonus that
loyalty cards backed by a major chain is believed the customer enjoys on every purchase. This
to be the Sainsbury’s Home base Spend and Save encourages citizens to use public transport of-
Card in 1982. ten than polluting the environment using per-
In India, Payback India has been suc- sonal vehicles. Government has introduced
cessfully partnered with different retail outlets. mobile applications where on downloading
Several companies in India have been using the those on the smart phones, customers’ get
Cashback offers that include the gas stations, Cashback schemes. Also on payments through
the travel and tourism firms, car manufacturing those apps, they get reward points that get ac-
companies, Banks with their debit and credit cumulated and can be used for subsequent pay-
cards, supermarkets and other retail outlets. ments. This encourages citizens for digitaliza-
There are different ways of availing the cash tion and paperless transactions.
backs. The first being making purchase at retail Cashback are often outsourced to pro-
outlet. Availing points in retail wallet account, fessionals who provide specialized services in
redeeming those points in next transactions at especially having complexities in implementa-
same Point of Sale. The second being redeem- tion of Cashback programs. These third parties
ing the Cashback on any purchase at a different built an escrow account through which they
Point of Sale under the terms and conditions of channelize the Cashback programs effectively
those Cashback offers. These offers can be to the customers on behalf of the Retailer.
availed through debit card, credit card , pre-paid cashback can not only be earned through pur-
card and loyalty cards swipes at every given POP chases but also through participating in cus-
under the agreed terms. The third being, tomer engagement promotion programs like quiz
Cashback provider offering online catalogue, , competitions , games and so on. To a surprise,
wherein the customer after accumulating in some markets, independent sellers have set
Cashback points can redeem those with the gifts up experimental ‘disloyalty card’ programs,
as priced in the catalogue equivalent to the ac- which reward customers for vesting a variety of
cumulated points. The fourth category caters to retail outlets. This can be done via tie-ups
the Cashback earned through promotional among those retailers and offering the customer
events and redeeming at a selective Pint of sale a common membership card.
only. Though a popular concept, it does come
Cashback are popular with salons, cof- with difficulties faced by customers in availing
fee shops, grocery marts, hotel bookings, ad- such Cashback, of which some are listed below:
venture resorts and packages and other restau- 1. There is a limit over number of uses
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of redeeming Cashback points at a time. OBJECTIVES:
2. Customer has to accumulate a level 1. To understand the consumer
of Cashback in wallet for its use. behaviour towards Reward Point Strategy of
3. Certain percentage of Cashback can online marketers.
be used for certain purchased only, thus having 2. To know the effectiveness of Cashback
restrictions on the accumulated in Cashback strategy at purchase point.
wallet. 3. To enable they seller to decide
4. Cashback amount has expiry dates. whether Cashback prices of products are ‘Value
5. Cashback cannot be used in full, only for money’ to customers or not.
a part of the accumulated will be allowed to be 4. To suggest effective modifications in
used as discount on next purchases. online payment modes.
With the above terms and difficulties, 5. To structure Cashback availing proce-
the Cashback concept has still markets with ef- dures in the most convenient manner for cus-
fective promotional tools and is quite availed tomers.
among urban classes .with the investment 6. To study the different tools through
crunch among start –ups, the Cashback program which cash back offers are obtained.
may be a supportive promotional strategy that 7. To analyse the frequency of Cashback
can build sustainable business model in taking being used by online shoppers in Mumbai.
right marketing decisions at the right time. 8. To identify and resolve the difficulties
REVIW LITRATURE: in the use of Cashback.
1.Santigo Carbo-Valverde and Jose M. HYPOTHESIS:
Linares-Zegarra in their paper “How effective H1. Cashback is the most popular promotion
are rewards programs in promoting payment card strategy used over online transactions in
usage? Empirical evidence “measures the im- Mumbai.
pact of reward programs on the use of payment H2. Cashback is user-friendly among consum-
card. They conclude that their economic impact ers in the city of Mumbai.
vary significantly across types of rewards and RESERACH METHODOLOGY:
merchant activities and rewards seem to be A survey was conducted with the follow-
more effective. ing questions framed in the questionnaire .The
Prasad VANA, Anja Lambrecht, and survey easy responded by 122 males as well as
Marcho Bertin in their paper “Cashback is cash females, from different age groups and income
forward: delaying a Discount to increase Future levels, across the city of Mumbai on convenience
Spending “ In Marketing science Institute Work- sampling basis. The following has been the
ing Paper Series 2015 Report No 15-112 study analysis.
the possibility that aside from the predictable RESEARCH DESIGN: The proposed research is
positive impact of a Cashback offer on initial analytical and descriptive study of effectiveness
demand , the Cashback payment that follows a of Cashback offers in the city of Mumbai. It fo-
purchase with delay includes further spending. cuses on the Cashback as one of the promo-
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: tional tools in marketing activities of business
The Cashback system in India, although and formulates hypothesis and objectives for the
popularly known, is not popularly used. it is it study.
an effective sales promotion strategy and there- SAMPLING METHOD:
fore, its existence hardly affects sales for the The research is a convenient sampling
sellers. technique with respondents of 122 in the city of
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Mumbai. loyalty programmes are rewarded after every
COLLECTION OF DATA: swipe.
The research makes use of primary and Also many of them have availed the dis-
secondary data. The primary data is collected counts through Cashback through their debit/
credit cards which accounts to almost 35% and
from 122 respondents in the city of Mumbai .the
31% of the respondents have used Cashback via
data is also collected from secondary sources vouchers, similarly, 28.7% have availed
like research appear and online reviews on Cashback discount from points accumulated
Cashback related issues. from digital wallets.
RESULTS OF THE PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION: Around 66% of the respondents found
The analysis was based on simple per- Cashback as customer friendly in terms of us-
centage method where in different questions age while the reaming did not find it convenient.
were prepared for different objectives and prov- 54% of the respondents prefer using
ing hypothesis. The respondent’s wer4e all cus- single platform program where higher Cashback
are availed. While the others prefer multi-brand
tomers .The following has been the results from
platform program having lower Cashback offers.
the survey: Maximum respondents (91.8%) agreed to the
The total respondents, several have fact that higher reward points would lead to fre-
availed Cashback points after a making pur- quent online transaction.
chases. Thus several of the respondents are Payment has been the most popular site
aware of the existence of the Cashback offers where Cashback have been availed followed
as a promotional strategy of the seller. (56.56%) and BookMyShow (44.26%)
However the Cashback system is not Hypothesis statement (H1) states that
popularly used in the city of Mumbai as the sur- Cashback are popular among people in the city
vey resulted in almost 37% of respondents fre- of Mumbai. The popularity proves true only in
case of awareness and not usage, since it re-
quently using Cashback as compared to 40% ally doesn’t matter to them if it exists or not. To
who replied to rarely use of Cashback. a few it does make a different are always wel-
There have been several among the re- comed.
spondents who have discounted the Cashback Hypothesis statements states the con-
after availing them on first purchases,51 respon- venience to use such Cashback offers. However,
dents (41%) have replied as often discounted it is proved that with complexities and hidden
and 38 respondents (31%) have rarely dis- terms in Cashback, one cannot avail discounts
counted the availed Cashback on any purchases. on cash backs in the most easiest and confi-
The Cashback points are majorly redeemed for dent manner. This can be taken care by market-
ers by studying the Cashback structure and de-
discount on next purchases which accounts tpo
ciding on simplified system for the same.
38% of the respondents , followed by utility bills RESONS FOR CASHBACK FOR SELLERS:
(29.5%) followed by the other uses. 1. To induce customer loyalty in terms
Cashback are not important element of of repeat purchases and recommendations to
transactions to customers. But they do not mind others.
if Cashback exist. Almost 82% of the respon- 2. It promotes a product by offering at a
dents replied that they don’t mind having to use lower price.
Cashback while payments. 3. Promotes the concept of digital wal-
Several of the respondents knew about lets.
the Cashback offers applied through plastic 4. Helps the seller face competition in a
tightly priced market.
cards.63% of the respondents have been aware
5. Facilities good relation with the cus-
of their credit and debit cards offers in which tomers and tracks customers data in managing
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CRM.
SUGGESTIONS: 50
With the edited analysed, the results
suggests that sellers should support their mar-
keting activities with Cashback offers and such Impact of COVID’19 Pandemic on
promotional strategies. Although the awareness Industrial Sector of India
concerning Cashback is quite visible, the fre-
quency of use and convenient procedures to Dr. Kshamali S. Sontakke
avail such offers is an issue for sellers as well
as customers. Thus even if the Cashback appli- Head, Department of Commerce,
cations are handed over to outsourcing firms, Chetana’s H. S. College of Commerce and
one needs to simplify the hidden terms to make Economics, Bandra (East), Mumbai
it convenient for customers. Only then Cashback
would be used by every shopper in India. ==============***********===============
CONCLUSION: To conduct, in this new age of
Abstract
heavy competition, marketers should focus ef-
fectively on promotional areas of marketing mix As the Novel Corona Virus infection is
through several tools like Cashback, advertis- spreading and risking the lives of people glo-
ing. PR good review especially online (public- bally it has also created a deep economic dis-
ity). Cashback being one among the complicated tress. Almost all countries in the world adopted
tools , can be simplified and providing discounts lockdown as a last solution to face this pandemic
through these Cashback can generate sales for and control the death rates of people. No doubt
business .although Cashback have been very the pandemic affected healthcare sector the
popular in the west nations, it can be imple- worstbut it also impacted the industrial sector.
mented effectively in developing nations as well. Hotel, tourism and aviation industries in overall
The only problem that comes in between the
implementation of Cashback and going digital world has seen a major destruction. Automo-
in developing nations is the infrastructure de- tive, construction, real estate and textile indus-
velopment in those nations. Had this problem tries are majority hit. On the other side, phar-
be solved, it would be easier to several market- maceuticals, IT and telecommunications proved
ers to reach the audiences and customers to be strong sectors in this situation.Most In-
through theses marketing tools. One can only dian companies are getting affected in terms of
be hopeful and have faith in sustaining busi- revenue and profits getting impacted amid
ness with the increase in competition. Covid -19 pandemic.
REFERENCES: This paper attempts to study the impact
1. P.T Joseph(2006)Ecommerce, An In-
of Covid-19 pandemic on different industries.
dian Perspective(5th Ed)Delhi India.
2. Rajiv Sigh (2015. November 9) Re: Introduction:th
cashbook the new king of Indian E-commerce. On 11 March 2020, the WHO carried
Retrieved from GADGETS NOW beta .https:// out a virtual press conference and confirmed
www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/cash back – COVID’19 as a pandemic. With such a wide reach
the-new-king-in Indian-e and explosive magnitude the world braced it-
3. Future of E-commerce: Uncovering In- self for the impact. This is not just a health or
novation (2015) Deloitte ASSOCHAM India. an economic crisis, it has already affected mul-
4. Ho Yi –Chun (Chad) 34th international tiple aspects of human lives. Lockdowns were
conference
imposed, economies brought to a halt and travel
5. Alex Harris (2014) Boost E-commerce
sales and make more money was shut down. It has affected millions of people
worldwide.Work from Home is a new reality in
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the world. (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) as they are the
The world is in a lockdown state with basic needs (Barua, 2020).
almost all the countries are supporting social The world is in a lockdown state with
distancing as the best possible method to pre- almost all the countries are supporting social
vent Coronavirus until its vaccination appears distancing as the best possible method to pre-
in the market. vent Coronavirus until its vaccination appears
This pandemic is infecting the world and in the market.
countries are seeing an exponential rise in the This pandemic is infecting the world and
number of cases with increasing fatality rate. countries are seeing an exponential rise in the
Economies around the world are ruined number of cases with increasing fatality rate.
and stock markets have collapsed like never Economies around the world are ruined
before; the great recession is started and will and stock markets have collapsed like never
continue to damage deep to the businesses before; the great recession is started and will
worldwide except the healthcare, and FMCG continue to damage deep to the businesses
(Fast Moving Consumer Goods) as they are the worldwide except the healthcare, and FMCG
basic needs (Barua, 2020). (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) as they are the
The world is in a lockdown state with basic needs (Barua, 2020).
almost all the countries are supporting social The world is in a lockdown state with
distancing as the best possible method to pre- almost all the countries are supporting social
vent Coronavirus until its vaccination appears distancing as the best possible method to pre-
in the market. vent Coronavirus until its vaccination appears
This pandemic is infecting the world and in the market.
countries are seeing an exponential rise in the This pandemic is infecting the world and
number of cases with increasing fatality rate. countries are seeing an exponential rise in the
Economies around the world are ruined number of cases with increasing fatality rate.
and stock markets have collapsed like never Economies around the world are ruined and
before; the great recession is started and will stock markets have collapsed like never before;
continue to damage deep to the businesses the great recession is started and will continue
worldwide except the healthcare, and FMCG to damage deep to the businesses worldwide
(Fast Moving Consumer Goods) as they are the except the healthcare, and FMCG (Fast Moving
basic needs (Barua, 2020). Consumer Goods) as they are the basic needs
The world is in a lockdown state with (Barua, 2020).
almost all the countries are supporting social Research Methodology:
distancing as the best possible method to pre- 1. Area selected: the present study is
vent Coronavirus until its vaccination appears confined to India.
in the market. 2. Study period: the study is stretched
This pandemic is infecting the world and over a period of one year i.e. March 2020 to
countries are seeing an exponential rise in the March 2021.
number of cases with increasing fatality rate. 3. Data Sources: The present study is
Economies around the world are ruined based on secondary sources. The secondary data
and stock markets have collapsed like never was collected from books, journals, newspapers
before; the great recession is started and will and annual government reports.
continue to damage deep to the businesses Impact of COVID’19 on Tourism and Hospital-
worldwide except the healthcare, and FMCG ity Industry:
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While COVID’19 hit all businesses, for India’s largest carmaker Maruti Suzuki reported
sectors like tourism and hospitality the impact a decline of 47%. The company sold 76,240 units
has been much more severe. The hospitality in- in March 2020 as against the 1,45,031 units it
dustry is being considered as worst affected due sold in March 2019. Not only Maruti Suzuki but
to lockdown and it is being anticipated as one every manufacturer in auto industry has regis-
of the last ones to recover from the unprec- tered decline in number of units sold after
edented loss to business.The Corona Virus out- lockdown.According to CARE ratings the auto-
break has affected the hotel industry as many mobile sector’s volume declined by 15% to 15%
of the events got cancelled and many passen- in FY 2020. The slowdown in auto sector had
gers chose to cancel their travel plans after Janu- direct impact on steel manufacturing. Steel fac-
ary 2020. Since March 2020, hotels in India were tories faced the problem of low utilisation due
facing a situation of Nil Occupancy till May 2020. to shortage of demand.Automakers are using
It was in June 2020, Government of India an- their production lines and using the manufac-
nounced Vande Bharat Mission which mandated turing knowledge to come up with personal pro-
passengers 7-14 days of quarantine. After which tective equipment for medical staff. Companies
some hotels started getting batches of passen- like Mahindra and Tesla are designing and
gers with minimum charge packages which re- manufacturing ventilators for healthcare sector.
sulted into little bit occupancy but didn’t get any Impact of COVID’19 on Pharmaceutical Indus-
commercial benefit for the industry. As social try:
gatherings were restricted and physical distanc- India has a 20% share in generic drug
ing were applied by people to avoid getting in- market globally, it is third largest producer of
fected food and hotel industry faced financial pharma drugs produced globally and Indian com-
problems even after unlocking.The lockdown has panies supply 4 out of 10 generic drugs con-
also led to the closure of pilgrimage and tourist sumed in US. India’s pharma sector has wit-
sites and imposition of section 144, cancella- nessed a turnover of $20 bn in 2019.During the
tion of flights and trains has also affected local crisis also India has supplied all those generic
small businesses and employment thriving products fully to US.The industry was not much
around them. affected due to pandemic. The manufacturing
As hospitality, food and travel does not in India was affected till first week of April but
come under necessity items, and thus it is a last then it came down to normal. After the crisis
item of preference for people. Hospitality indus- Indian phama companies are expected to be
try which was getting corporate clients earlier bigger and reliable supplier to the world. In-
also suffered due as corporate sector found creased hospitalization, incidence of COVID-19-
more comfortable to Work from Home and re- related pneumonia and increased demand for
lied mostly on webinars. So, the whole year was assigning patients to ventilators, contributes to
of low or even no business year for the industry. related prescription medicine shortages.The
Impact of COVID’19 on Manufacturing Indus- COVID-19 impact on the pharma sector has been
try: less pronounced than observed in the other sec-
India’s manufacturing capacity has con- tors, as pharmaceuticals fall under the essen-
tracted sharply after first lockdown which was tial service category and sector companies are
declared in March 2020. India’s manufacturing exempt from the restrictions under the nation-
industry witnessed a record low activity as this wide lock-down.
was 27.4 PMI. The production in the automo- Impact of COVID’19 on IT Industry:
bile sector was on hold in auto clusters of India. Information Technology is designated as
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essential service. Digital is becoming a new ing to be a part of the solution for the commu-
normal.The spread of this deadly virus has nity, countries and for the world. At the same
caused a lot of tech conferences to get can- time standard crisis management playbooks are
celled, which could have been a great partner- likely to be insufficient in addressing the impli-
ship opportunity for many companies to expand cations of this change. Decisions that used to
their horizons. A few of the meetings were take months and years are being accelerated.
shifter to teleconferences, but this won’t have Organisations will need to stay ahead of the
the same reach, and the conference attendees changes and use this opportunity to exit the dis-
will not be able to have the networking oppor- ruption with the plan and building blocks to be-
tunity as they would be attending the actual come true leaders.
conference. Due to the cancellation of these
major tech conferences, there is an estimated References:
loss of US$ 1 Billion.According to the National 1. https://www.longdom.org/open-ac-
Association of Software and Services Companies cess/the-impact-of-covid19-in-the-indian-tour-
(NASSCOM), India’s software and services ex- ism-and-hospitality-industry-brief-report.pdf
ports grew 8.1 percent to US$147 billion in the 2. https://www.researchgate.net/publi-
fiscal year 2020. cation/344558109_THE_IMPACT_OF_COVID-
Impact of COVID’19 on Indian Retail Sector: 19_PANDEMIC_ON_DIFFERENT_SECTORS_OF_THE_
The Indian retail industry was worth INDIAN_ECONOMY_A_DESCRIPTIVE_STUDY
US$790 billion in FY 2019. It accounts for over
10 per cent of the country’s GDP and around 8 
per cent of employment. In the past few years,
online retail has seen a very rapid growth and
the market projections had indicated a 30 per
cent growth in online retail in 2020 (National
Investment Promotion and Facilitation Agency,
2020). Non-essential services like retail stores
and shopping malls had to temporarily shut their
doors and follow lockdown orders to slow the
spread of COVID’19. A month-long shutdown for
retail will affect the Quarter 2 revenues. In the
retail sector, the suppressed demand has a ten-
dency to revive very fast and this will enable
the sector to recover the losses once the
lockdown is lifted. Online retail was operational
in some parts of the country during the lockdown
period and this will help in offsetting some of
the losses for the industry.After unlock online
as well as offline retail are recovering with the
same pace. Moreover, smaller towns seeing
demand coming back.
Conclusion:
It is observed that industries have moved
swiftly to crisis management. Industries are try-
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of the economy and provide funding to corpo-
51 rate and individuals. Their stability is crucial to
keep the system up and running. This paper pri-
A Study on Impact of COVID- marily focused on present scenario of COVID-
19 and its impact on Indian Banking system.
19 on Banking System in India Keywords : COVID-19, Pandemic, Banking sec-
tor etc.
Dr. Raj Ankush Soshte Introduction:
Assistant Professor, The economy has been extremely af-
NSS College of Commerce and Economics fected due to COVID-19 Pandemic. Reserve
Tardeo, Mumbai Bank of India; the Apex bank of India made nec-
essary changes with the help of expert in their
==============***********=============== policy for facing COVID19 pandemic. Entire In-
ABSTRACT dian Banking sector faced and continue to face
COVID-19 is undoubtedly one of the big- many challenges such as liquidity issue, Reserve
gest global events of our lifetimes, presenting Bank Of Indian reduced REPO rate to name a
unprecedented challenges to many industries, few. Since people are struggling to receive in-
governments and people all over the world. The come, Reserve Bank of India decided to provide
pandemic remains a health and humanitarian concession for paying EMI from customer by
crisis, and the business and economic impact increasing the period for re-payment. The ob-
has been deep and far reaching. Financial ser- jective of the research paper is to study the
vices firms, in particular, have the opportunity changes RBI bought in its policy due to COVID-
to help consumers and businesses weather the 19 and also in general how COVID-19 has im-
economic downturn and navigate the current pacted the Indian Banking Sector. Further the
storm. solution is proposed for Indian Banking system
The COVID-19 impact on banking will be to tackle the losses due to COVID19 Pandemic.
severe fall in demand, lower incomes, and pro- The research found that Indian Banking system
duction shutdowns and will adversely affect the has added various measures due to COVID-19
business of banks. The situation is exacerbated Pandemic to make Banking system smooth and
by staff shortages, inadequate digital maturity, effective. Most of the Indian Banks were facing
and pressure on the existing infrastructure as the problem of NPA, Non recovery of loan, cus-
firms scramble to deal with the impact of tomer frauds, Bad Loans etc. and to add on to it
COVID-19 on financial services. Banks certainly COVID-19 has expedited the collapse of Indian
have their hands full in light of the novel Banking business. No doubt banks are estab-
coronavirus outbreak COVID-19. Borrowers and lished in India with a fundamental purpose to
businesses face job losses, slowed sales, and make profit by giving expected comfort to cus-
tomers. But Covid19 has changed the scenario
declining profits as the virus continues to spread
around the world. Banking customers are likely of Indian customers. Due to shut down of busi-
to start seeking financial relief. In this paper,nesses income source of the people came to
we are aimed to demonstrate an impact of pan- halt. Then where lie the scope of availing loan
demic covid-19 on the banking and financial and repaying with interest. These challenges our
sector. India’s coronavirus outbreak threatens a Indian banks are facing in current pandemic situ-
years-long cleanup of its financial system, ac- ation.
cording to the Indian bank. Banks sit at the heart Reserve Bank of India is the apex body
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of India.RBI frame the monetary policy and give strengthening the Indian Banking system dur-
guidance to all public sector and private sector ing the pandemic sector.
banks.RBI issue the Bank notes and keeping of Methodology of the study:
reserves with a view to securing monetary sta- The Research is based on the second-
bility in India and operate currency and credit ary data. For the Research paper data is col-
system in India.RBI maintain price stability while lected from Reserve Bank of India Website, Re-
keeping growth of the country. Reserve Bank Of serve Bank of India Manual, Guideline provided
India announce COVID-19 Regulatory Package by RBI in their manuscript, Books, Internet,
for all commercial banks (including Small Fi- Magazines and Newspaper.
nance Bank , Local Area Bank , Regional Rural Covid 19 and its Impact on Banking sector in
Bank) , All Primary (Urban) Cooperative Banks / India:
State Co-operative Banks/ District Central Co- Banking operations such as cash depos-
operative Banks All All-India Financial Institu- its, withdrawals, clearing of cheques and other
tions ,All Non-Banking Financial Companies (in- traditional teller services had to be executed by
cluding Housing Finance Companies). COVID- maintaining a safe distance of at-least a meter.
19 created crises in India overall 1.5 trillion rev- Social media was abuzz with a bank employee’s
enue loss.20 to 25per cent reduction in refinery effort to handle cheques with tongs and sani-
utilization. Fall in production due to shutdown, tize them with a steam iron. The operational and
import restriction and labor unavailability.35-40 technical challenges for both the customers and
per cent reduction in refinery utilization. Gov- employees highlighted a lacuna and the gen-
ernment & RBI is continuous in action mode for eral lack of agility in our banking systems when
providing relief to the people. Government has faced with an emergency situation.
announced 1.7 trillion packages for the poor Figure 1.1 Global Economic Impact of Covid-
people who need money for their livelihood and 19
food security. Many corporate employees lose
their job due to COVID-19 Pandemic. Govern-
ment is continuously forming economic measure
and strategy so the unemployment rate will re-
duce. Government has also given instruction to
many welfare agencies in India for strengthen-
ing their self and to support the society for up-
liftment. Government also gives concentration
on municipal party. Grampanchayat for know-
ing the root cause and find out the solution for
minimizing the problem. Government also give
emphasize on priority sector like hospital, Source: RobobankMacrobond Bloomberg
schools, service sector who takes loan from bank The immediate learning’s from the cur-
and they need support for survival. rent COVID-19 situation will add the much-
Objectives of the study: needed rigor towards digitizing and optimizing
1. To study the Change in RBI policy due the bank’s backend operations. This will elimi-
to COVID-19. nate the dependency on manual entries, per-
2. To study the Impact of COVID-19 in son led reviews i.e. paper and employee inter-
Indian Banking Sector. vention within banks. The COVID-19 situation
3. To Study the RBI measures towards will not only accelerate the adoption of tech-
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nology, but will renew focus on the following tem vulnerabilities. They should be technically
four key areas of banking: strengthened by rigorous KYC,strong customer
Embracing Neo Technologies – In the aftermath authentication (SCA),financial grade APIs,
of the pandemic and economic uncertainties, firewalls, smart networks, etc., for secure and
emerging technologies will play a key role in seamless transactions. Robust banking solu-
speeding up transactions and reducing costs for tions and cyber security initiatives help safe-
banks. Indian banking sector has already real- guard against malicious attacks.
ized the role of technology in achieving the reach Policy and Compliance – The focus should be
and scale. It foresee higher rates of adoption of on increased digital payment infrastructure,
micro service architecture by dropping vertically especially in rural India, with an intention to cre-
integrated stacks, APIs, containerization, cloud ate a financial ecosystem for the unbanked and
computing, AI and block chain.These technolo- under-banked population of our country. From a
gies will play critical roles in digital transfor- security and privacy standpoint, India is already
mation of Banks and Financial Institutions and on its path to introduce the Personal Data Pro-
re-imagine digital delivery of services. tection bill (PDP) on the lines of GDPR in the
Channels of Digitization – As per the 2017 glo- EU. This India’s banking revolution can be fur-
bal findex report by the World Bank,India is home ther catalyzed by the introduction of the open
to the world’s second largest unbanked popula- banking directive on the lines of the UK and the
tion at 190 million adults without access to a EU.
bank account. With increased penetration of RBI MEASURES:
mobile and Internet, the primary focus would to The Reserve Bank of India has taken cer-
accelerate technology enabled digital financial tain measures to give some relief to the lend-
inclusion. The business focus would also be to ing institutions. RBI has introduced credit risk
create a gradual shift in customer preference assessment under which gives certain waivers
from visiting bank branches to using digital chan- to the borrowers which include moratorium to
nels. Banks will enable its customers to inter- pay principal and interest with relaxation on
act over multiple automated and digital chan- their classification as a non-performing asset
nels to offer the optimal channel mix. Banks will or a restructured asset this has given to bor-
consider important factors such as demograph- rower to help temporary financial difficulties.
ics, access to internet, last mile connectivity, Banks will have to find the borrowers who are
customer banking behavior patterns etc. to en- facing temporary or long-term financial difficul-
able effective adoption by the Indian banking ties.
consumers. • RBI has reduced cash reserve ratios of
Security, Privacy and Customer Trust – Accord- all banks by 100 point basis to 3per cent net
ing to RBI, for the financial year 2017-18, India’s demand and time liability w.e.f 28 March 2020.
banking sector witnessed a spike in cyber frauds • The requirement of minimum daily CRR
and pegged the losses at $ 13.7 million. With balance maintenance has been reduced from
increased use of cashless and digital economy, 90per cent to 80 per cent w.e.f 28 March 2020
it will be imperative for the banks to implement and this one-time dispensation is available up
secure frameworks and systems. Some of the to 26 June 2020.
obvious cyber risks include financial frauds, • Under the Marginal Standing Facility
money laundering, data loss, identity thefts and (MSF), RBI has permitted banks to borrow over-
privacy breaches. Banks need to take stringent night at their discretion by dipping up to 2per
steps to identify both internal and external sys- cent into the Statutory Liquidity Ratio. This limit
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has been increased to 3per cent with immedi- but still there are lots of things yet to do they
ate effect. This measure will be applicable up are not sufficient till the virus doesn’t over. This
to 30 June 2020. pandemic situation calls for strong and resilient
• The central bank has widened the ex- leadership to the Indian economy to protect it
isting policy rate corridor from 50 bps to 65 bps. from long term damage.
Under the new corridor, the reverse repo rate
under the liquidity adjustment facility (LAF) References:
would be 40 basis points (bps) lower than the Al-Mushayt O., HaqKashiful., Yusuf
policy repo rate. The MSF rate would continue Perwej, (2009) “Electronic-Government in Saudi
to be 25 bps above the policy repo rate. Further, Arabia; a Positive Revolution in the Peninsula”,
consequent upon the widening of the LAF corri- International Transactions in Applied Sciences,
dor, the reverse repo rate under the LAF stands Volume 1, Number 1, Pages 87- 98.
reduced by 90 basis points to 4.0per cent. The Dr..Rosy Kalra (May 2012),” Credit Ap-
widening of the corridor between the reference praisal System in Allahabad Bank”, IJMIE, Vol-
rates is expected to ease short-term volatility ume 2, Issue 5, ISSN: 2249-0558.
and bring stability to money markets. D. Ivanov,(2020) “Predicting the impacts
• Policy repo rate has also been reduced of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains:
under the LAF from 5.15per cent to 4.40per cent A simulation-based analysis on the corona vi-
(i.e., by 75 basis points) with immediate effect. rus outbreak (COVID19/SARS-CoV-2) case”,
Accordingly, the MSF rate and the bank rate to Transp. Res. E Logistics Transp. Rev., vol. 136,
stand reduced from 5.40 per cent to 4.65 per https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/
cent. industry/banking/ finance/ banking/covid-19-
Conclusion : impact-banks-to-witness-spike-in-credit-costs-
Financial Institution facilitates a healthy nonperforming-assets-in 2020/articleshow/
environment to the employees and reskilling of 75004720.cms?from=mdr 3.
the employees on new processes for ways of Jayaraman and Srinivasan (2009), “Rela-
working. They are enhancing customer centric tive Efficiency of Scheduled Commercial Banks
approach through digital channels. RBI frames in India (2001-08), Journal of Social and Man-
the policy for ensuring business continuity, En- agement Sciences, ISSN No. 0970-8448, Vol.38/
gage in partnership to optimize process and 10, pp 111-126, Pune.
enhance experience. Reprioritize sectors and Lewnard and N. C. Lo, (2020) “Scientific
customer segment based on growth and risk and ethical basis for social-distancing interven-
profile. As situation change due to COVID-19 tions against COVID-19”, Lancet Infectious Dis-
pandemic government encouraging people to eases, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 631.
design innovative business model for the new Nikhat Akhtar and et.al ( 2020) “ Data
industry environment. Focusing on build robust Analytics and Visualization Using Tableau Utili-
digital ecosystem leveraging latest technology. tarian for COVID-19 (Corona virus)” , Global
The covid-19 pandemic has negatively affected Journal of Engineering and Technology Ad-
the Indian economy and its banking sectors and vances (GJETA), Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages 28-
to know the exact span and depth of the impact 50, ,DOI: 10.30574/gjeta.2020.3.2.0029 11.
of this virus is still not possible. The situation Poon, W.P.H., Firth, M., Fung, M (1999),”
will be clear after the pandemic is over. How- A multivariate analysis of the determinants of
ever Govt. and RBI has taken some initiative to Moody’s bank financial strength ratings”, Jour-
minimize the effect of this virus on the economy nal of International Financial Markets Institutions
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and Money,Vol. 9, PP. 267–283.
Perwej A. (2019) “A Pervasive Review Of 52
The Customer Contentment In TheBhilwara
Banking Sector.”, International Journal of Ad- Post- COVID-19 Challenges and
vanced Research Social Science and Humanities
bearing (IJAR), Volume: 07, Issue: 01, Page 518-
Opportunities in Higher Education
527. in India
Patni,A. (2013) Zonal Head (Rural & In-
clusive Banking Group, Madhya Pradesh), ICICI Dr. Raj Ankush Soshte
Bank, www.icicibank.com/aboutus/article.page Assistant Professor,
Perwej,A. (2010) “Effective Management NSS College of Commerce and Economics
of Customer Relationship Management In Bank- Tardeo, Mumbai
ing Industry”, Management Journal of KITE
Group, ISSN – 0974 - 7079 YOJNA, Vol. 2&3, No. ==============***********===============
1, Pages 46-50. ABSTRACT
Robin Harding and Hudson Lockett( The Covid-19 pandemic is not only a glo-
2020) “Bo J spurs Asia markets rebound with bal health problem but also has severe impacts
vow to fight corona virus,” Financial Times, on human and social life, including employment,
education, agriculture and the other spheres of
 the world economy. The impact of pandemic
COVID-19 is observed in every sector around the
world. The education sectors of India as well as
world are badly affected by this. It has enforced
the world wide lock down creating very bad ef-
fect on the students’ life. Around 32 crore learn-
ers stopped to move schools/colleges, all edu-
cational activities halted in India. The outbreak
of COVID-19 has advised us that change is in-
evitable. It has worked as a catalyst for the edu-
cational institutions to grow and opt for plat-
forms and techniques, which have not been
used before. The education sector has been
fighting to survive the crises with a different
approach and digitising the challenges to wash
away the threat of the pandemic. The paper in-
tends to critically understand the issues related
to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on
higher education and the sudden shift of edu-
cation to the online mode of teaching and learn-
ing, opportunities and challenges of online mode
of education, largely around the issues of digi-
tal pedagogy
Keywords: COVID-19, Pandemic, Teaching-
learning, Education system etc.
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1.Introduction: dents look towards options at home. While in-
Usually, this is the time young students ternational institutions might bear the brunt of
write entrance exams, consider which colleges the change, it is a remarkable opportunity for
to apply to in India, or make plans for studies India to enhance its capacities and offer quality
abroad. But there’s nothing usual about the education at par with global standards. The
times today. The Covid-19 pandemic has economy has taken a severe hit, and its ripples
shocked the world. The pressure on students and can be felt in the education sector as well. While
higher education institutions is high. Schools and many students will chart alternative paths, the
universities have been closed and exams post- pandemic is also leaving others in limbo. As un-
poned. Classrooms are going virtual and admis- employment is predicted to increase and the fi-
sions for the upcoming academic year are nancial capacity of Indian homes comes under
fraught with confusion. According to UNESCO, stress, the country can expect a drop in enrol-
over 320 million students in Indian schools and ments and challenges with tuition fees. Public
colleges are currently impacted. The pandemic institutions too, may be under threat of reduced
has pushed the world to drastically reinvent ways funding. On the flipside, the pandemic could also
of coping with the ‘new normal’. After the initial prompt reform in fee structures and creation of
phase of complete overhaul, it is critical to un- more cost-effective programmes.
derstand the short and long-term impact and Beyond the top band of institutional ex-
future measures. Can India emerge from this cellence with private universities setting best
crisis with a refreshed perspective and boost to practices, Indian academia has been in need of
higher education? transformation, long before the onset of the
An immediate and effective response to pandemic. There is an opportunity to rethink the
the crisis was to go digital. Developing robust traditional education system now. Digital learn-
online platforms has become necessary to of- ing is leading the charge as a mainstay, and many
fer continuity in learning. Yet in a developing new trends are picking up momentum across the
country like India with vast disparity in socio- globe. Multidisciplinary and modular pedagogy
economic backgrounds of students and the qual- that afford transferable skills and customised
ity of educational institutions, the shift has not learning will succeed. Post-pandemic times
been easy. The digital divide has been further could see a blend of e-learning and mainstream
widening the gap, and needs urgent attention face-to-face teaching with a boost from tradi-
from both public and private sector players as tional universities and the ed-tech sector. Op-
the crisis continues. Good teachers, refreshed portunities for student mobility and practical
curricula and effective tools will ensure students exposure through exchange programmes, intern-
stay involved and active in the learning process. ships, participation in conferences, and more
Lakhs of Indian students have increasingly cho- could likely be off the table for some time. Inno-
sen to pursue higher education abroad. As per vative new forms of collaboration and alterna-
reports, India is the second-largest source of in- tive paradigms are needed to drive learning,
ternational students in the world. This usual research and teaching. Sharing of knowledge
exodus is likely to transform—at least in the between institutions globally through joint-
immediate few years—to an influx into Indian teaching, virtual guest lectures, etc. could give
institutions, given travel restrictions and health students an enriched global perspective in these
risks. This means that crores of rupees and re- difficult times. A paucity of contemporary teach-
sources spent in foreign education could poten- ers has been a pressing challenge already, and
tially be retained in the country, as more stu- it is growing more serious. Faculty are being
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called upon to redesign course content to meet necessary to opt online methodologies without
the current and future needs. Moving away from compromising the quality of teaching, which is
traditional pedagogies in most average institu- a paramount factor of higher education. At this
tions, the demand for quality educators will critical moment when the 210 counties are fac-
shape the way higher education moves forward ing the challenge posed by COVID 19 and opt-
from this crisis. ing lockdowns, Indian universities should play
2.Objectives of the Study: an essential role in promoting confidence, trust,
1. To study the present scenario of and unity among people by leveraging digital
Higher Education system during pandemic. learning. There is a need for a collective call to
2. To study the Post-covid challenges in rise to its highest potential and remain focused
Education sector in India. on the goals in imparting the best education.
3. To Study the strategies to be needed Farsighted universities with visionary leadership
to manage the crises in education sector. are going for online learning and operational
3.Methodology of the Study: efficiency to tide over the current crisis. Never-
The Research is based on the second- theless, internet penetration, affordability, and
ary data. For the Research paper data is col- quality of connectivity remain a major challenge.
lected from books, theses, published reports, While the above examples are not exhaustive
Internet, Magazines and Newspaper etc. and there are many more innovative ways in
4.Post-COVID Challenges in Education Sector: which teaching and learning are being practiced
In this time of crisis, a well-rounded and remotely in Indian higher education institutions
effective educational practice is what is needed during the nationwide lockdown, there is no
for the capacity-building of young minds. It will denying the fact that better infrastructure and
develop skills that will drive their employabil- financial autonomy are the cornerstones for fa-
ity, productivity, health, and well-being in the cilitating academic activities, even remotely.
decades to come, and ensure the overall In the present turbulent times, higher
progress of India. The universities should education institutions supported by IT infrastruc-
proactively respond to the challenges and shoul- ture and technical teams are well equipped to
der their responsibilities at such times to dem- deliver learner-centric and customized teaching
onstrate their commitment to society. The es- and learning remotely within a short notice pe-
sence of education is to empower the lives of riod, while some of the average higher educa-
students, with a prerequisite of ensuring their tion institutions are left to choose from the avail-
health and well-being. Universities should make able resources, which are not necessarily suited
the safety and health of students, faculty, and to their needs. The teaching and learning at the
staff as their top priority. Pandemic has com- poor-quality higher education institutions are
pelled many universities in India to take imme- being worst hit by this pandemic, as they are
diate action to make a campus safety plan fol- neither prepared nor have the financial support
lowing the emergency response framework af- or technical knowhow to facilitate effective
ter the outbreak of COVID-19. The universities teaching and learning digitally. The lack of
took essential measures for online learning and teacher training and learner orientation towards
teaching to minimize the academic loss for the using the available, and sometimes limited, digi-
students. tal resources optimally for teaching and learn-
Even regulating bodies like UGC and oth- ing activities leave us with some important
ers have also started advocating for online learn- doubts but no immediate answers.
ing and teaching practices. Undoubtedly it is 5.Strategies needed to manage the crisis:
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A multi-pronged strategy is necessary to ing developed and offered by India HEIs as well
manage the crisis and build a resilient Indian as e-learning platforms (growing rapidly).
education system in the long term. Indian traditional knowledge is well
Immediate measures are essential to known across the globe for its scientific inno-
ensure continuity of learning in government vations, values, and benefits to develop sustain-
schoolsand universities. Open-source digital able technologies and medicines. The courses
learning solutions and Learning Management on Indian traditional knowledge systems in the
Software should be adopted so teachers can fields of yoga, Indian medicines, architecture,
conduct teaching online. hydraulics, ethnobotany, metallurgy and agricul-
Inclusive learning solutions, especially ture should be integrated with a present-day
for the most vulnerable and marginalized, need mainstream university education to serve the
to be developed. With a rapid increase of mo- larger cause of humanity.
bile internet users in India, technology is en- Government agencies must invest in re-
abling ubiquitous access and personalization of search and development to find out technologi-
education even in the remotest parts of the cal ways to achieve digital learning rather than
country. This can change the schooling system cutting expenses. Regulating agencies should
and increase the effectiveness of learning and give full autonomy to educational institutions
teaching, giving students and teachers multiple for adopting the digital learning system.
options to choose from. Many aspirational dis- Earlier best to best universities were
tricts have initiated innovative, mobile-based using online teaching and learning as their
learning models for effective delivery of educa- supplementary tool. Challenges have created
tion, which can be adopted by others. new opportunities for higher education centers,
Strategies are required to prepare the basically to ensure that online courses have the
higher education sector for the evolving de- same quality as in-person ones. It is time to
mand-supply trends across the globe—particu- explore such possibilities to evolve stronger
larly those related to the global mobility of stu- online teaching methodologies as an essential
dents and faculty and improving the quality of tool. Leveraging modern technologies such as
and demand for higher studies in India. Further, proctoring, Learning Management Software
immediate measures are required to mitigate (LMS) and a suite of examination tools help ex-
the effects of the pandemic on job offers, in- ecute digital learning. Now there is also an ur-
ternship programs, and research projects. gent need to make examination tools that are
It is also important to reconsider the scalable, secure, and credible.
current delivery and pedagogical methods in Virtual Reality is another technology
school and higher education by seamlessly in- that can make learning much more immersive
tegrating classroom learning with e-learning and take students to far away and inaccessible
modes to build a unified learning system. The locations while Augmented Reality can help in
major challenge in EDTech reforms at the na- contextual learning. Artificial Intelligence too
tional level is the seamless integration of tech- can help in making learning more adaptive and
nology in the present Indian education system, personalized.Teachers are finding AI driven
which is the most diverse and largest in the Chatbots very useful at different stages to en-
world with more than 15 lakh schools and 50,000 hance the student experience. Social media plat-
higher education institutions. Further, it is also forms such as Instagram and WhatsApp, are also
important to establish quality assurance mecha- being put into use extensively for more infor-
nisms and quality benchmark for online learn- mal and interactive learning. Many students are
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also increasingly using podcasts and Youtube References :
for learning. Educationasia.in 2020. The Impact of
Technology can play a critical role in not COVID-19 on Education and Education Sectors,
only the creation and dissemination of educa- Know Here. Retrieved on May 25, 2020 from
tional content but also in the assessment of stu- https://educationasia.in/article/the-impactof-
dents. Then there are Enterprise systems to covid-19-on-education-and-education-sectors-
manage admissions and academic administra- knowhere
tors through ERP, SAP, CRMs, etc. India’s New Regulations For Online
As for internships of the outgoing Courses And Programmes - Consumer Protec-
batches, some corporates are offering online option - India, https://www.mondaq.com/india/
portunities as also projects in problem-solving education/736886/india39s-new-regulations-
involving secondary research but placements in for-online-courses-and-programmes
an expected downturn will prove to be a major Misra Kamlesh 2020. Covid-19: 4 nega-
challenge. tive impacts and 4 opportunities created for edu-
It is imperative therefore that steps are cation. Retrieved on May 25, 2020 from https:/
taken to ensure that entrance examinations such / w w w. in d i a t o d a y. in /e d u c a t i o nt o d a y /
as JEE and NEET go online. The Human Re- featurephilia/story/covid-19-4-negative-
sources Development Ministry, institutional impactsand-4-opportunities-created-for-educa-
regulators such as UGC, AICTE, and Telecom tion-1677206- 2020-05-12
operators should work in close coordination with Ministry of Skill Development And Entre-
state, Central and private universities to ensure preneurship, https://www.msde.gov.in/nsqf.
that students don’t lose out in the long run for html
at stake is the very future of India itself. MHRD notice (20 March, 2020). COVID-
6. Conclusion: 19 Stay Safe: Digital Initiatives. Retrieved on
While this unprecedented situation may May 25, 2020 from https://www.mohfw.gov.in/
work as a testing-bed for the feasibility and ef- pdf/Covid19.pdf
fectiveness of digital technology and the pre- May 20, 2020 from https://en.wikipedia.
paredness of higher education institutions in de- org/wiki/COVID19_pandemic _in_India
livering teaching and learning remotely, it re- National Digital Library For Students
quires further investigation and diverse empiri- Teachers And Researchers, https://eduvoice.in/
cal studies to suggest evidence-based policy national-digital-library-for-students-teachers-
recommendations. These are challenging times. and-resear chers/
We need to relook at how we engage with young Pravat Ku. Jena 2020a. Challenges and
minds differently and prepare them for a Opportunities created by Covid-19 for ODL: A
changed world. In this digitized environment, case study of IGNOU. International Journal for
the onus is to constantly reimagine and inno- Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Filed,
vate new teaching methods, as we embrace a Volume-6, Issue- 5, Pg. 217-222.
new world, post-Covid However, it seems evi- Pravat Ku. Jena 2020b. Online learning
dent that investing in infrastructure, especially during lockdown period for covid-19 in India. In-
digital and IT infrastructure, and training teach- ternational Journal of Educational Research, Vol-
ers to use them optimally, are some of the key ume-9, Issue- 5(8), Pg.82-92.
areas to ensure effective teaching and learning PM eVidya Programme for digital edu-
in Indian higher education institutions with or cation in India: Everything you need to know,
without the four walls of classrooms. https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/
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pm-evidya-programme-for-digital-education-in-
india-everything-you-need-to-know/story- 53
15SmSAyTEckgx 6gcYlJNYO.html
Study Abroad Life (2020). How Covid-19 A Study on Bharatmala Pariyojana
will affect the Indian education system. Re-
trieved on May 25, 2020 from https://www.study
: Impact and Challenges for India
abroadlife.org/how-covid-19- will-affect-the-
indian-education-system/ Mr.Akshay G. Bhoir
Top Digital Platforms Of Remote Teach- Asst.Professor, SFC Department,
ing And Learning, https://eduvoice.in/top-digi- B.N.N.College, Bhiwandi
tal-platforms-of-remote-teaching-and-learning/
Unesco newsletter, School closures ==============***********===============
caused by Coronavirus (Covid-19), https:// Abstract
en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse The development of any nation depends
WHO. WHO Coronavirus Disease on the transportation networks and the way in
(COVID-19) Dashboard. Retrieved on May 20, which they are being maintained for connect-
2020 from https://covid19.who.int/ Wikipedia. ing the areas and maintaining smooth flow of
Covid-19 Pandemic in India. Retrieved on https:/ traffic. The construction of a new and developed
/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_India roads are must. The same will be achieved with
Wikipedia, Education in India Retrieved the implementation of the bharatmala project.
on May 24, 2020 from June 26, 2020 from https:/ BharatmalaPariyojana is a new umbrella pro-
/en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse gram for the highways sector that focuses on
optimizing efficiency of freight and passenger
 movement across the country by bridging the
critical infrastructure gaps through effective in-
terventions like development of economic cor-
ridor, inter corridors and feeder routes, National
corridor efficiency improvement border and in-
ternational connectivity roads, Coastal and Port
connectivity roads and Green- field express-
ways. The announcement of the mammoth
scheme was done by ShriNitinGadkari in the
presence of The Prime Minister Shri. Narendra
Modi. The total investment for 83,677 kilometres
committed to new highways is estimated at 5.35
lacscrore rupees making it the single largest
outlay for a government road construction
scheme. The plan envisages the construction of
83,677 Kilometres roads including 34800 km of
additional highways and roads across the coun-
try apart from an existing plan of building 48,877
kilometres of new highways by the National
Highways Authority of India (NHAI).
Keywords : Highways, Nation, Roads, Develop-
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ment. kilometers currently under construction remain-
Introduction : ing incomplete under NHDP. Under Phase 2
The Bharatmala project will built high- which is expected to be completed by 2024 there
ways from Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana ,Punjab will be multi-model logistic spots. It will make
and then cover the entire string of Himalaya current corridors more effective and will im-
states and then portions of border of Uttar prove connectivity with the north-east and le-
Pradesh and Bihar alongside Terrai to West Ben- verage synergy with inland waterways.
gal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and right Objectives of the Study:
up to the Indo Myanmar border in Manipur and 1) To study the current scenario of
Mizoram due to the sheer magnitude and spread Bharatmala Pariyojana in India.
of the scheme. It will be divided into seven dis- 2) To understand the challenges for In-
tinct phases.Bharatmala project will intercon- dia under Bharatmala Project.
nect 550 district headquarters through a mini- 3) To know the funding for Bharatmala
mum four-lane Highway by raising a number of Pariyojana.
corridors to 50 and Move 80% freight traffic to 4) To review the performance of
National highways by interconnecting 24 logis- Bharatmala Project in India.
tics parks, 66 intercorridors of total 8000 Methodology of the Study :
kilometres, 116 feeder routes of total 7500 This Paper is mainly based on sources
kilometres and 7 North East multi model water- of secondary data such as Books, Articles and
way ports. Various Websites and reports of the Govern-
As of now the first phase is under con- ment.
struction. National corridors of India At 6 high Highlights of BharatmalaPariyojana
volume corridors expansion to 6 to 8 laning ring 1) Improvement in efficiency of existing
roads bypasses and elevated Corridors will be corridors through development of Multimodal
built in Bharatmala to decongest the national Logistics Parks and elimination of choke point.
corridors efficiency program. Until 5000 km 2) Improving connectivity in North East
phase 1 decongestion of 185 choke points by and leveraging synergies with Inland Water-
34 , 6 to 8 laning, 45 bypasses and 28 ring roads ways.
of 6 NC . Economic corridor of India or industrial 3) Use of technology & scientific plan-
corridors of India 44 corridors ,26200kilometres ning for Project Preparation and Asset Monitor-
were identified and 9,000 kilometers will be ing.
taken up in Phase 1. North east economic corri- 4) Delegation of powers to expedite
dor will connect 7 State capitals and 7 Multi- project delivery - Phase I to complete by 2022.
model waterways terminals on Bramhaputra on 5) Improving connectivity in the North
the Bharatmalla route. The central government East.
has plans of finishing the skin within a span of Objectives of the BharatmalaPariyojana :
five years. To finish the first phase in time the (1) To improve the quality of roads in
respective department has made efforts to con- order to bring in wave of development in every
struct at least 18 km of path on a daily basis to corner of the country.
beat the clock continued effort or bring made to (2) To generate a large number of direct
raise it to 30 kilometers per day the total length and indirect employment opportunities in the
of 34,800 km highways will be constructed un- construction and infrastructure sector.
der phase 1 by December 2022 including 24 800 (3) To improve connectivity particularly
kilometers of new highways and another 10,000 on economic Corridors, border areas and far
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flung areas with an aim of quicker movement of In this border roads and existing roads
Cargo and boosting exports. will be improved. This will boost the interna-
(4) To connect 550 districts in the coun- tional trade.The project has kept provision for
try through national highway linkages. constructing 2000 kms roads that fall in the
Bharatmala Phase I – Components Border or International Connectivity Road cat-
As per the CCEA approval, Phase-I of egory and budget will be 25000 crore.
Bharatmala shall be implemented over a period 5. Coastal and Port Connectivity Roads :
of five years i.e. 2017-18 to 2021-22. Summary To Develop Port Economy these roads
of Phase I components and approved outlay for will be constructed.The central government has
the same are as follows: ordered the construction of 2000km of roads and
Table 1 Phase-I of Bharatmala it will cost around 20,000 Crore.
Sr.no Compo nents Length -Km Ou tlays- Rs.in Crore
6. Green Field Expressway :
1
2
Economic corridors development
Inter-corrid or & feeder roads
9,000
6,000
1,2 0,000
80,000
Greenfield expressway means a total
3
4
N ation al Corridors Efficiency improvements:
B order & International connectivity ro ads
5,000
2,000
1,0 0,000
25,000
new construction from scratch.The main stress
5
6
Co astal & po rt conn ectivity roads
Exp ressways
2,000
800
20,000
40,000
will be given on the construction and develop-
Total
B alan ce road works under N HDP
24,800
10,000
3,8 5,000
1,5 0,000
ment of Green Field Expressway for better man-
Total 5,3 5,000
agement of traffic and freight. Around 800kms
1. Economic Corridor : are being taken up under this category in
Currently India have 6 Economic Corri- Phase-I of Bharatmala and it will cost around
dor. It will be 50 under bharatmala project. 44 40,000 Crore.
new economic corridors will be developed.The Balance NHDP Works – Under this segment, the
construction of 9000 kms of Economic Corridors project will see construction and maintenance
will be undertaken by the central government of about 10,000 kms of new roads.
and their budget will be 1.20 lakh Crore. Bharatmala Phase II
2. Inter -Corridor and Feeder Roads: The National Highways Authority of
These roads are for people to people India(NHAI) has started planning for “Phase II”
connectivity and to connect two Economic of BharatmalaPariyojana and has identified
Corridors.The total length of the roads, which roads with a cumulative length of 5000 km to
fall under the Feeder Roads or Inter Corridor be built under the Project.NHAI now preparing
category, is a whopping 6000kms and their Bud- detailed Project Reports (DPRs) for projects to
get will be 80,000 Crore. be built under Phase II. Around 65,000 kms of
3. National Corridors Efficiency improve- national highways are to be constructed under
ments: the Bharatmala project in two phases. Under
Under this existing National Corridor’s phase-I, 34,800 kms of national highways will
efficiency will be improved in this component. be built by 2022, out of which, over half have
If lanes are less,then it will be increased. Road been awarded.In the Second Phase ,the Govern-
quality will be improved and traffic congestion ment will largely focus on expressways and ac-
will be solved.5000 kms of roads, constructed cess-Control highways.Phase II of the
under the scheme will fall in Bharatmala Phase programme is expected to be receive govern-
I – Components. The category of National Corri- ment approval even before Phase I is
dor for the better connection between roads and complete.NHAI is also building a Land bank to
it will cost around 1 lakh Crore. see that projects are not hit by land acquisition
4.Border and International Connectivity issues.The Overall outlay for Bharatmala and all
Road: existing schemes put together will be
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Rs.6,92,324 Crore over a period of 5 years. · Inadequate land acquisition plan at the
Table 2Bharatmala Phase II time of preparing detailed projects reports
Phase Road Constructions Budget ( Cr.Rs.) 3) Another Major Challenge is Compli-
Phase I 34,80 0 5,35,000
Phase II 48,87 7 1,57,324
ance to the Right to Fair Compensation and
Total 83,67 7 6,92,324
Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation
Funding for Bharatmala Project and Resettlement Act,2013.
The Bharatmala Project will be funded 4) The Land Acquisition cost for NHAI
in three- pronged manner - Market, private in- increased from Rs.0.21 crore per hectare in FY
vestment and asset recycling of NHAI’s Toll 2007 to around Rs.4 Crore per hectare in FY
Assets.Since the fund provided by the govern- 2019.
ment may not be sufficient for the construction 5) There is no clarity on private invest-
of roads, hence the Ministry relies on various ment which is crucial for this project.
other sources for the completion of this 6) Prevailing uncertainty due to Covid-
project.As part of innovative modes of financ- 19 and Consequent impact on valuations could
ing to meet India’s huge infrastructure appetite, delay asset monetisation plan of NHAI.
insurance giant LIC has agreed to offer Rs 1.25 Conclusion:
lakh crore line of credit by 2024, to fund high- Roads are real path of the reflection of
way projects. the Nation. Roads actually link with people with
Table 3 :Funding for Bharatmala Project the possibilities.The Country witnessed its first
Sr.No Sou rce Amou nt (Cr.Rs.) major Highways Development Programs in the
1 Mark et B orrowings 2, 09,279
2 Pu blic Private Investment s(P PP) 1, 06,000 form of NHDP. So more than 60% Of the freight
3
4
C entral Ro ad Fund(C RF )
Debt
2, 37,024
59,973
movement in India Is currently carried on Road
5
6
Exist ing N H M onet isation
N ew Toll Co llec tion s
34,000
46,048
network. BharatmalaPariyojana is having the
Tot al 6, 92,324 potential to change a road infrastructures and
Of total Rs.6,92,324 Crore , Rs. 2.09 lakh better connect to the people. Bharatmala Project
crore will be raised as debt from Market Rs.1.06 is the second largest highways construction
lakh crore will be mobilized through public-pri- project in the country.Bharatmala will look to
vate partnership (PPP) mode and remaining improve connectivity particularly on economic
Rs.3.77 lakh crore will flow from accruals of corridors, border areas and far flung areas with
Central Road funds,Debt,Toll-Operate-Maintain- an aim of quicker movement of cargo and boost-
Transfer monetization proceeds and toll collec- ing exports. For connecting the areas and main-
tions. taining smooth flow of traffic, the construction
Challenges Faced by India under this Project of new and developed roads are a must. The
1)The Bharatmala Project was expected same will be achieved with the implementation
to be Completed by 2022(Phase I). However,this of the Bharatmala project. Under the scheme, a
may not be finished due to budgetary con- host of new roads will be laid down in the na-
straints. tion which would further help in development
2) Land Acquisition is seen to be the big- by enhancing the infrastructure efficiency.
gest hurdle to road development.
Major difficulties faced during land acquisi- References:
tion : Bharatmala Pariyojana :A Stepping Stone
· Fragmented land holdings towards new India : Ministry of Road Transport
· Lack of clear land titles and Highways Government of India : October
· Dependence on local authorities 2017
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Ministry proposes construction of 20,000
km of roads under Bharat Mala project, The Eco- 54
nomic Times, New Delhi, 9 January 2016.
PRE – FEASIBILITY REPORT, Development A STUDY ON OPERATIONAL
of Economic Corridors and Feeder Routes to im- PERFORMANCE OF B.E.S.T. IN
prove the efficiency of freight movement in In-
dia under BharatmalaPariyojana, Sub-Package- MUMBAI
2 of Lot 4/Pkg 4: FirozpurJhirka – Kota section.
Consultancy Services for preparation Ms. Snehal M. Darge
of DPR for development of Expressways, Eco- Research Scholar, PES,
nomic Corridors and Inter Corridors under Dr. Ambedkar College of Commerce & Eco-
BharatmalaPariyojana Phase-II (Lot-9). Decem- nomics, Wadala, Mumbai
ber 2018 G-5 & 6, Sector-10, Dwarka-New
Delhi-110 075. Dr. Reshma R. More
Bharat 2020: Reference Annual Book by Research Guide, Assistant Professor,
Publications Division Department of Accountancy,
Current Affairs July 2020 eBook: By Bhavan’s Hazarimal Somani College,
Jagranjosh Chowpatty, Mumbai
https://m.economictimes.com/news/
economy/infrastructure. ==============***********===============
www.india.gov.in ABSTRACT
www.eparlib.nic.in Transportation plays a vital role in the
www.environmentclearance.nic.in socio-economic development of the region. In a
www.infracon.nic.in developing country like India maximum popula-
tion depends upon the public transport system.
 Road transport is one of the convenient modes
of transport which was used from ancient time.
The Brihanmumbai Electric Supply &Transpor-
tation (B.E.S.T) is the premier public road trans-
port service of Mumbai. There is a general ex-
pectation of commuters that public transporter
should provide the best facilities at minimum
cost and B.E.S.T is no exception for it. For af-
fordable and economical transport there is a
need to control operational cost without com-
promising the quality of service. Operating cost
effects by various factors like fuel, fleet
utilisation, breakdowns, accident etc. therefore
the present paper try to evaluate the operational
performance of B.E.S.T undertaking.
Keywords: Public transport, B.E.S.T, Operational
Performance, fleet.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mumbai has a good transportation net-
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work connecting internally as well as externally liability of bus services leading to a drop in rid-
and globally through the Rail, Road, Water, and ership in Mumbai.
Air Transportation services. Road transport net- 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
work plays an important role in the development 1. To overview the services of B.E.S.T in
of any city. B.E.S.T is the largest organisation in Mumbai.
2. To evaluate the operational perfor-
India that provided city public transport in
mance of B.E.S.T.
Mumbai. People is expecting a good travel ex- 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
perience from public transport namely, punctu- The present study is based on second-
ality, less travel timing, comfortable and ary data. The secondary data has been gath-
crowded free transport at minimum price. ered from the official website of B.E.S.T, books,
Mumbai population which mostly comprises of journals, research papers, and the internet, etc.
lower and middle-class people, their need for The period of study is stretched from 2014-15
cheap and efficient means of road transport can to 2019-20. The collected data was analysed
be fulfilled by a public transport body like with the help of various statistical tools like av-
erage and percentage. Tables have also been
B.E.S.T. For economic and affordable transport
used for the presentation of findings.
system there is a need to control operational 4. B.E.S.T service in Mumbai:
cost without compromising the performance of The Brihanmumbai Electric Supply &
it. Every organisation has one of the prominent Transportation (B.E.S.T) is the premier public
goals that is, to maintain the operational cost road transport service of Mumbai, it is consid-
for the achievement of more profitability. In the ered as a core transport network to Rail trans-
transport sector various factors affecting on the port. B.E.S.T is the second lifeline of Mumbai
operational cost which lead to increase fare and next to railways and one of the largest public
indirect burden on passengers. bus transport service provider in India. It was
REVIEW OF LITERATURE set up in 1873 as a public transporter. B.E.S.T
was the first public transport company which
· Swamy S. (2014)1, in his paper “Urban started with horse-pulled Trams services in the
Transport Developments in India under NUTP year 1874 which later introduced electric Tram
and JnNURM”, highlights urban transport chal- services in the year 1907 and motorized Bus
lenges given unplanned urban growth which was service in 1926 now only Bus service is offered
the reason for urban sprawl, inadequate infra- by B.E.S.T, the Trams services has been closed
structure, air and noise pollution, road safety, in 1964. B.E.S.T has the largest network of pub-
financing for urban transport. He reveals that lic road transport service in the city of Mumbai.
this kind of national policy leads the funding part Besides this, it also extends to neighbouring
for framing urban transport policies and regions like Thane, Navi Mumbai, and the
Raigad district. Presently B.E.S.T has 27 depots,
programmes for sustainable developments.
3,800 fleets, 505 bus Routes, over 40,000 em-
· A Guidebook on Bus Planning & Op- ployees and 29 lakh commuters.
erations (EMBARQ India 2009)2, in this book they Table 1 – Passengertraffic of B.E.S.T. service
considered the problem of providing public in Mumbai
transport as a commercial function but with the Gr ow th of the aver a ge num ber of passeng ers carr ied
social objective. They have discussed the ini- Yea r s To ta l N um ber of P assenger s
(In Lak hs)

Gr owth /r educ tio n of
passenge rs
tiative taken by B.E.S.T. in feeder bus system (in per centage)
2 014-2015 1 2,216 -
design, computerized staff scheduling system 2 015-2016 1 0,611 -13. 14
and ETMs on all the bus. They stated that the 2 016-2017 1 0,342 -02. 54
increase in vehicle ownership resulting in traf- 2 017-2018
2 018-2019
9, 563
8, 067
-07. 53
-15. 64
fic congestion which ultimately affects the re- 2 019-2020 9, 154 +13. 47

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Source: 1. Basic Transport & Communications quent down in fleet utilisation from 2014 to 2015
Statistics for Mumbai Metropolitan Region. from 90.06 percent to 79.10percent in 2018-19
2. Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2018- shows that there is a huge change in fleet
19,2019-20,2020-21 utilisation that is around 10percent increase
The above table no.1 shows that fre- from last year but in the same year it is observed
quent fall in passengers travelled by B.E.S.T from that on-road fleet and total fleet decreased from
2014 – 15 to 2018-19 from 12 lakh to 8 lakh last year means it shows heavy burden on ex-
passengers around 1/3rd passengers are loose isting fleets. In 2019-20 shows that no of fleets
by B.E.S.T in this 5 year due to various factors increased from last year but on-road fleets are
like fare, frequency, punctuality etc. In 2019-2020 decreased from 89.45percent to 85.08percent,
there is positive growth shown in the number of here it’s observed that around 10percent to
passengers travelling by B.E.S.T in same period 15percentfleets are not utilised it means its lead
B.E.S.T has takenthe big decision to a reduction for poor frequency of buses.
in fare for providing affordable transport for the Table-3- Effective Vehicle Kms.covered by
general public in large which shows positive B.E.S.T.
result in increasing number of daily travellers Years Effective Vehicle Kms. (In Lakhs) Increase/decrease in performance
(in percentage)
from last year around 13.47 percent.
2014-2015 2,436.67 -
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
2015-2016 2,343.99 - 03.80
Performance measurement has an im-
2016-2017 2,137.53 -08.81
portant role to play in the efficient and effec-
2017-2018 1.894.35 -11.38
tive management of every organisation. Under
2018-2019 1,689.94 -10.79
competitive conditions, physical and operational
2019-2020 1,609.65 -04.75
parameters are also important indicators to find
out the efficiency of the organisation. Therefore, Source: 1. Basic Transport & Communications
in the present study Fleet Utilization, Effective Statistics for Mumbai Metropolitan Region.
Vehicle Kms, Number ofRoutes operated and 2. Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2018-
Accident Ratio parameters have been consid- 19,2019-20,2020-21
Table no. 3 shows from 2014-15 to 2019-
ered to evaluate the operational performance
2020 there is constantly down the performance
of B.E.S.T. of effective vehicle kms. Various reasons are af-
Table:2- Fleet Utilisation service of B.E.S.T. fecting effective vehicle kms. i.e. poor road con-
Years No. of buses No. of buses Fleet Utilization dition, traffic congestion, and lower mainte-
on road in fleet (in percent) nance of the fleet. Here we would mention that
2014-2015 3,753 4,167 90.06 metro phase II and III work has started in
2015-2016 3,466 3,963 87.46
Mumbai in 2016 and still it’s going on that leads
2016-2017 3,267 3,749 87.14
to traffic congestion which affects effective
2017-2018 3,058 3,866 79.10
Kms.
Table 4 –Number of Routesoperated by
2018-2019 2,865 3,203 89.45
2019-2020 2,839 3,337 85.08

B.E.S.T.
Years No. of Routes Operated Increased/decreased in operat ion o rout es (in %)
2014-2015 499 -
Source: 1. Basic Transport & Communications 2015-2016 497 -0.40
Statistics for Mumbai Metropolitan Region. 2016-2017 510 +2.62
2. Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2018- 2017-2018 506 -0.78
19,2019-20,2020-21 2018-2019 483 -4.55
The above table no.2 shows that fre- 2019-2020 505 +4.55

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Source: 1. Basic Transport & Communications CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
Statistics for Mumbai Metropolitan Region. The performance of an organisation is
2. Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2018- depending upon various factors and B.E.S.T is
19,2019-20,2020-21 no exception for it. In the present paper, we are
trying to analyse some of the operational fac-
The above table 4 shows that operational
tors which affect the overall performance of
routes of B.E.S.Tin 2015-16 decreases number B.E.S.T. It has shown that B.E.S.Tconstantly try-
of operating routes from 499 to 497 i.e. 0.40%, ing to improve his performance with the imple-
in 2016-2017 increase in routes from 497 to 510 mentation of positive decisions like reduction
i.e.2.62 percent, in 2017-18 and 2018-19 de- in fare, the introduction of zero-emission elec-
creased routes from 510 to 506 and 483 respec- tric fleet etc. it also provides training to his staff
tively i.e. 0.78percent and 4.55percent., in 2019- for increasing their work efficiency. B.E.S.Tnot
2020 again increase routes from 483 to 505 i.e. only try to performing well in the operational
4.55percent. Tominimising financial loss B.E.S.T part but also increased its performance towards
the quality of service with an increasingnumber
has reduced non-performing routes for decreas-
of amenities for its commuters in the bus viz.
ing operational cost. CCTV, Charging Point, Public Announcement
Table 5 – Rate of Accident in B.E.S.T. service system etc.
Years Fatal Serious Minor Minor without Total REFERENCES:
Injuries with Injury injury Accidents
Articles/ Books:
2014-2015 24 267 85 136 512
· Prof. H. M. Shivanand Swamy (2014).
2015-2016 29 228 76 132 465
“Urban Transport Developments in India under
2016-2017 21 168 73 101 363
NUTP and JnNURM” John Diandas Memorial
2017-2018 21 49 35 37 142
Lectures, Sri Lanka July 2014,https://www.
2018-2019 23 43 24 26 116
researchgate.net/publication/287959369
*2019 4 23 16 10 53
· A Guidebook on Bus Planning & Op-
erations (EMBARQ India 2009), was published
Note: Due to Pandemic data annual report of with support from the Ministry of Urban Devel-
B.E.S.T not published therefore up to October opment, Government of India.
2019 data has available. · Vaidya B.C. (2003). Geography of Trans-
Source:B.E.S.T Traffic Wing. port Development in India. Concept Publishing
Accidents are the primary basis to judge Company, New Delhi.
the condition of the bus as well training of driv- · Modak S. K. & Patkar V. N. (1997). Se-
ers in form of to reach commuters on their des- lected Writing on Transport. Sumitra publica-
tination with the safety and security. The table tions, Bombay.
– shows that in the year 2014-2015 the total Report:
number of accidents was 512 it has been slowly 1. B.E.S.T : Annual Budget, Annual Ac-
controlling onwards. The seriousness in the accounts and Audit Report, Administrative Report,
2. M.M.R.D.A : Basic Transport and
cidents has reduced drastically from 267 in the
Communication Statistics for Mumbai Metropoli-
year 2014-15 to 23 in the year 2019. It can be tan Region March 2018.
said that Increasing vehicle traffic along with 3. Economic Survey of : Economic Sur-
the construction of road condition is the big chal- vey of Maharashtra Maharashtra 2018-19, 2019-
lenges on the front of B.E.S.T drivers. But due to 20, 2020-21
providing better training to drivers, better con- Web sources:
dition of buses, better maintenance facility as · https://www.bestundertaking.com
well as giving incentives to those with zero-ac- · https://msrtc.maharashtra.gov.in/
cident records for a significant time the acci- · https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/
dents rate has controlled by B.E.S.T.
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nership between India-Japan on what grounds -
55 Is it to encircle China or take this opportunity
for consolidation of economic and security
Reflecting Indian Pragmatic convergences? The need to have policies, in-
cluding mitigation of the Covid-19 crisis, has
dynamism in Post Covid Period been a great accelerator of both risks and op-
portunities.
Dr. Neelu Khosla The two nations enjoy cordial relations,
Assoc. Prof., Vivek College of Commerce besides traditional civilizational ties, and it is
becoming more of economic partnership where
==============***********=============== the pace of ties is indeed impressive.
Abstract: Key words: Maritime, vulnerabilities, trilateral,
The new challenges before India in the Indo-Pacific, opportunities, convergences.
21st century is to shape on how-to live-in times Introduction:
of uncertainty, when the interdependence and As the world is becoming globalized, we
networked lives, co-exist. As the challenges in may have unprecedented possibilities to spread
these areas go beyond geographical boundaries, prosperity, but are also deeply bound by shared
international cooperation whether bilateral or vulnerabilities. The economies and security are
multilateral is becoming essential. In the paper being shaped increasingly outside national
an attempt is made to throw light on seeing boundaries. In fact, foreign policy ‘is the sum of
India’s indispensable partner in Japan. Since thevarious interests, flowing from multiple sources
signing of diplomatic treaties in the post WWII, - personal characteristics and the world view of
its individual decision makers, domestic politics,
India is the largest recipient of Japan’s aid. And
both have a special relationship in official de- cultural factors and the structure of the inter-
velopment assistance (ODA) since 2017. national system.’ The Indian foreign policy is not
India’s overall low cost and status as ajust the actualization of diplomacy, but it is a
developing nation, contrasts sharply with Japan’spart of the wide degree in the totality of a
high-end and high-tech luxury. In Japan’s en- nation’s interaction with the entire world, both
deavor to achieve its vision for a free and open at regional (SAARC, ASEAN) and global (SCO,
Indo-Pacific, both countries are emerging as in- UNO) levels At the dawn of the 21st century,
dispensable partners, to develop deepening co- Japan was crafting a new strategic policy and
operation in areas of maritime security and con- found India as a new partner, the foundation of
nectivity. Indian foreign secretary S. Jaishankarwhich was laid down by the Tokyo’s planners.
provided a significant insight into the future ofThe Indo- Japan relations which were confined
relationship between the two countries, which to the cultural sphere since the 7th century AD,
may venture into new and sensitive areas of also embraced political, economic domains in
collaborating on projects in third countries. the post-World War II period. As a gesture of
The term Indo-pacific, especially usefulfriendship and good will, India unlike the other
in marine biology, has been increasingly used nations, did not subscribe to exacting war repa-
as a symbolic link with the Quadrilateral Secu- rations from Japan. Even though both estab-
rity dialogue or “QUAD”, an informal grouping lished diplomatic relations in 1952, ideological
of likeminded democracies in the region, com- differences prevented the two from nurturing
prising Australia, Japan, India, and USA. The ar-warm ties. Till October 2008 India, US, and Aus-
tralia were nations where Japan had signed the
ticle aims to find the need to strengthen the part-
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Declaration of Security Cooperation, to build as due to strained relations since 2010, the two
partnership beyond commerce. are economic and hegemonic rivals. Further at
The shift of the geopolitical forces from the cusp of the 2020, a blame game is unfold-
the West to the East is defining features of the ing over Covid-19, and neither nation can play
21st century’s international landscape and ‘Asia the role of order manager of peace and stabil-
will be the main stage for these transforma- ity. To maintain Indo-Pacific as a free, open, in-
tions.’ With west turning again inwards, and the clusive, and democratic zone, the need is to
current global order being threatened by the ris- adopt a mechanism based on the principles of
ing power of China, there is an emerging struggle multilateralism e.g., QUAD-Plus comprising Aus-
for the mastery of Asia. Likewise, region-wise tralia, Japan, India, and USA. It will not only in-
trilateral cooperation between France, Japan, volve four nations and will be an opportunity to
and India is captured in the French Ambassador find a silver lining beyond Covid-19, even for
Emmanuel Lenain’s wish, ‘to work on key issues trade and maritime security, and will be
related to Pacific Ocean, with its foremost Asian
partners like India and Japan.’ When insisted
upon by PM (Yoshihide) Suga’s administration,
it will make a difference.
This article insists upon breaking new
ground in the strategic partnership between In-
dia and Japan. Both nations share democratic
values, peaceful co-existence, rule of law and a
common heritage of Hindu mythology and Bud-
dhist thought. In recent times their relation has
gone beyond economics to enter the sphere impacting the region as well as the world.
of strategic partnership. Japanese companies The rise of China could be a factor in this re-
such as Yamaha, Sony and Honda have manu- alignment of power relations in the region. Nei-
facturing facilities in India. With the growth of ther US nor China are leading the world towards
the Indian economy, the Japanese firms invested combatting the epidemic based on the notion
in India. Suzuki has an investment in an Indian of nobleness to oblige but are behaving in def-
multinational, where it is in partnership with the erence to their own self-interests. Other nations
Indian automobiles company Maruti Suzuki, the are not well equipped to handle the Covid-19
largest car manufacturer that is a subsidiary of solely on their medical systems. India aspires
the Japanese company. to be a major power as soon as possible and
There is a synergy between the two in Japan wants to remain a global power as long
the Indo-Pacific region, and Japan joining as the as possible. Leon Pennetta, U S defense secre-
third partner in the Malabar exercises along with tary said, “defense cooperation with India is
India and US, has a common goal - sharing a main in this strategy.” India is to utilize this co-
larger vision that looks at the stability in the operation to expand its military and economic
Asian region to preclude any destabilizing role capabilities cum relation with host of countries
that China’s rise could play. in Asia-Pacific region. The Indo-Japan relation
Hegemonic Rivals is the fastest growing relationship and would
Because of the USA’s relative decline of become ‘essential pillar for the future of Asia.’
the national power and rapid emergence of It serves India in its subtle containment of a
China, the Indo-Pacific lacks a regional order, ‘rising’ China which is based on countering with-
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out confrontation in the Southeast Asia and East dowed courses (JEC) in Indian Engineering col-
Asia. leges. The National Skill Development Corpora-
It is time to move beyond symbolic gestion (NSDC) completed its first round of accredi-
tures to more substantive cooperation. tation of 23 sending organization in March 2018,
India’s Look East policy (LEP): that were recognized by Japan for accepting in-
The vision of then PM Narsimha Rao’s terns under TITP.
far-sightedness was applauded, and India oc- Historical bonding:
cupied a place on the Japanese investment ra- Both nations were engaged in cultural
dar. The year 2007 was declared as year of Indo- exchanges, primarily because of Buddhism, seen
Japanese Friendship. The important factors be- in 6th century, that reached Japan via China and
hind launching the LEP were: Korea. India’s earliest documented direct con-
· The importance of ASEAN (1992-2012) tact with Japan was Todai-ji temple (752AD),
in the Indo-Pacific region, emerging as regional where the consecration of the towering statute
huge sources of trade and investment linkages. of Lord Buddha was done by an Indian monk.
· The second phase was characterized Another indication is the Japanese ‘Seven Gods
by an expanded definition of ‘East’ extending of Fortune’ out of which originated Hindu dei-
from Australia to East Asia. ties, Benzaitensama (Sarasvati) Bishamon
· The new phase is a shift towards eco- (Kubera), DaikoKuten (Mahakali Shiva) and
nomic and security issues including joint efforts Kichijoten (Lakshmi), completing the
to protect the sea lanes and coordinate nipponization of the three Hindu Tridevi god-
counterterrorism activities. desses. Other examples of Hindu influence in-
Since 2017, India’s LEP aims to provide clude the belief of ‘six schools’ and ‘six doc-
a platform for collaboration under India’s ‘Act trines’ as used in Yoga and Pagodas. On the
East Policy’ and Japan’s ‘Free and Open Indo- other hand, impact of Indian culture on Japa-
Pacific Vision.’ Its objectives are: nese culture, is still felt today as Japan claims
· Institutionalizing strategic dialogues at to encourage deep study of the Indian culture
the level of foreign ministers and Hindu Gods.”In my opinion, if all our rich
· Cooperation in the field of Science and men once go and see Japan, their eyes will be
technology opened”. (Swami Vivekanand / Volume 5 Con-
· Cooperating in areas like energy, envi- servations and Dialogues / VI-X Shri Priya Nath
ronment, and global trade Sinha). The two nations were enemies during
· Establishing a bilateral leaders forum the WWII (India was then a British colony), but
· Encouraging people to people ex- political relations between the two nations have
change. remained warm since India’s Independence.
· Cooperating to focus on expanding of Diplomatic Relations:
Japanese language in North East Diplomatic ties were established in 1952
· training of caregivers under TITP (Tech- and several high-level exchanges took place and
nical Intern Training Program), Japan started providing loans to India in 1958.
· capacity building area of bamboo value The visit of their Highness, the then Crown Prince
chain development and Disaster Management. Akihito in 1960, elevated the relationship and
Under the MOC, signed in 2016, to train the test of reliability of Japan was witnessed in
30,000 shop floor leaders, Japanese companies 1991, when Japan bailed India out of the bal-
have established 12 Japan India Institute of ance of payment crisis. The visit of their PM,
Manufacturing (JIM) units and 4 Japanese En- Yoshiro Mori in 2000, led to a fillip in 2006, when
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both sides established ‘Strategic and Global rics etc. and India imports machinery, plastic
Partnership’, attracting Japanese corporate sec- materials, non-ferrous metals, parts of motor
tor, which became the driving force behind bi- vehicles, organic chemicals etc.
lateral ties. Apart from the Annual Summits, the Cumulatively since 2000 till September
annual Foreign Ministers level Dialogue, De- 2019, the investment in India has been around
fense Ministers Meetings, NSA-level Dialogue, US$32.05 billion and trade is on the rise, and
Ministerial Level 2+2 and FOC Consultations and India has nearly 100 companies in Japan. The
other bilateral mechanisms ensures regular high Mumbai-Ahmedabad High speed rail, the West-
level functional engagements. ern Dedicated Freight Corridor, the Delhi-
Bilateral relations: Mumbai Industrial Corridor are all major projects
The visit of PM Modi in August 2014 on the anvil, which will transform India in the
upgraded relations to special strategic partner- next decade. Ms. Nirmala Sitharaman partici-
ship and the Indo-Japan Annual Summits are held pated in G-20 Meeting in Fukuoka and addressed
regularly since. The hosting of private dinner by the session on Development Finance and Glo-
PM Abe at the ancestral home in Yamanashi, bal Economy.
for Sh. Modi, was the first such reception ex- Defense Relations:
tended to a foreign leader. Japan’s joining the Both sides held consultations on civil
International Solar Alliance (ISA), exchange of nuclear cooperation in March and September
Notes concerning the provision of seven Yen loan 2018. India figures prominently in security dis-
for various projects, including the project for courses which was unthinkable a decade ago.
Construction of MAHSR (total loan provision of Mr. Nobuaki Miyama, Commissioner ATLA vis-
up to 316.45bn Yen). In May 2014 both coun- ited in 2019, and Lt. Gen. Hirohide Inoue, Com-
tries signed a five-point action agenda, which mander Air Development and Test Command,
includes development of selected townships in attended the Aero India Exhibition at Bengaluru,
India as Japanese Indian Townships, promotion discussing the topics of mutual interest with
of investment and infra structure development, staffs of three services. The Indian DG Rajendra
cooperation in IT sector, enhancing cooperation Singh also attended joint exercise of ICGS and
in strategic sectors and Asia- Pacific economic JCG joint exercise held at Yokohama on 23rd
integration. It is in line with realization of Modi’s January 2019. The year was significant in:
“Make in India” campaign and would help both · establishing defense relations - nego-
countries to strengthen economic ties. tiation for India-Japan Acquisition and Cross
Economic and Commercial relations: Serving Agreement (ASCA)- conduct of the five
Japan is regarded as a key partner in Passage exercises, joint exercises between Air
India’s economic transformation, where the ASW and IN P1 and P-3C and-participation of
Japanese interest is gradually increasing due to Indian Navy in the Mine Counter Measures/Ex-
growing market and human resources. These plosives Disposal Ordinance Exercise (MINEX/
were followed by top meets between govern- EODEX)
ment and private sectors and both nations set · Malabar 2019 was conducted and INS
targets in doubling Japan’s FDI and number of Sahyadri and Kitan participated along with even
Japanese companies in India. Between April IN P81.
2000 and February 2013, India received $1 bil- · The inauguration of Space Dialogue in
lion as FDI. The trade ties are expanding, where 2019, enhanced bilateral cooperation in outer
India exports petroleum products, chemicals, space and information exchange on the respec-
non-metallic minerals ware, fish, fish-yarns, fab- tive policies. ISRO and JAXA signed an MOU to
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pursue future cooperation in the use and explo- health care partnership. The Digital partnership
ration of outer space exclusively for peaceful (IJDP) launched in 2018 envisaged setting up of
purposes. the first Startup Hub in Bangalore by JETRO to
Various bilateral exercises are con- identify selected Indian start-ups for Japanese
ducted between IA and Japan Ground Self De- market and for potential Japanese investors. The
fense Force and ‘Dharma Guardian’ was con- Invest India and Japan Innovation Network have
ducted at CIJW School. signed MoU on collaboration with a focus on
The initiation of DST-JSPS Fellowship Pro- Sustainable Development Goals in 2020. The
gram for young researchers, setting up the DBT- response of Indian Diaspora, has seen the rise
AIST, Advanced International Laboratory for Ad- of increased number of Indians visiting Japan,
vanced Biomedicine (DAILAB) at Taukuba, and working for Indian and Japanese companies,
Six Sister’s (Satellite International Institutes for S&T research. Approximately 3,80,000 Indian live
Special Training, Education and Research) for in Japan.
drug development and therapeutic diseases in Indo-Pacific cooperation,
India. The two nations ‘Free and Open Indo -
Expanded Co-operation Pacific strategy,’ reflects the intention to build
The areas of partnership since 2017 are a maritime corridor connecting Asia and Africa.
seen when series of workshops were organized This is to boost and provide seamless connec-
to exchange policy and measures on Disaster tivity between the two continents with immense
Risk Reduction. Institutional exchanges are infrastructure and commercial potential. This led
growing in emerging technologies, such as AI to build “Asia Africa Growth Corridor,” after In-
(MOU between IIT Mumbai, IIT Hyderabad and dia refused to join the China’s Belt and Road
RIKEN- AIP). Under the Sister-State and Sister- Forum.
City scheme, MoU between Indian States and Both nations realize their limitation
their Prefectures are signed to cooperate under within competing with China-led initiatives as
diverse sectors. The idea is to develop connec- Chinese assertive behavior at sea and continent
tivity in North east India which shares borders borders, which created a platform for deeper col-
with China, Bangladesh and Myanmar with a ter- laboration - China’s ambitious commercial ac-
ritory contested by China (Arunachal Pradesh), tivities, backed by unrivalled capital, vs “India
and develop ‘smart islands’ and start collabo- and Japan creating an alternative narrative.”
ration in the port of Chabahar. In 2017 the Japa- Regional Strategic Connectivity is Important:
nese ambassador to India visited Manipur with The BJP did not mention the Indo Pacific
3 Japanese companies, urging them to invest in in its earlier Manifesto but in 2019 foreign policy
the region on the commemoration of the 73rd had Neighborhood first policy, RIC and Japan -
anniversary of the Battle of the IMPHAL, WWII, America- India collaboration. At the 12th annual
where the Japanese army fought the Allied summit, with uncertainty on US plans for Asia
forces in 1944. A step forward is in the launch- and unsettling rise of China, India’s flagship
ing of the “Japan-India Coordination Forum for national program got a boost to a convergence
Development of the Northeastern”, which un- of views on terrorism and the nuclear and mis-
derlines Indian pragmatism and a recent shift sile programs of North Korea, besides outlining
towards a bolder foreign policy engagement. plans for the Asia-Africa Growth Corridor and a
On the healthcare front the Indian pledge to have deepening ties with Japan - ‘Ja-
‘AYUSHMAN Bharat’ Program, and Japan’s pan sees India as a strategic critical anchor.’ A
AHWIN have concluded MoC to build robust foundation pillar of this relationship is connec-
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tivity. New Delhi criticized the China’s Belt and India. The ongoing multinational project of build-
Road Initiative. ing Nalanda University in Bihar as a noble en-
Japan was the first country to come out deavor to revive the famous center of learning
in support of India during the Doklam standoff. in partnership with China, Japan, South Korea,
Apart from expanding on the domestic front, India, and Singapore, is an example of the con-
such as inauguration of the Ahmedabad - vergence of ‘soft power’ agendas of these five
Mumbai high-speed rail project, India and Ja- countries.
pan are now projecting this partnership at a re- To complement it further by identifying
gional level, beginning in South Asia, expand- infra structure projects in neighboring countries
ing into Indian Ocean and onwards to Africa. of Indian Bay of Bengal, India shares a regional
Where India struggled to meet its infrastructure view on Indian Ocean and must deepen ties with
developments, it is now outlining regional stra- US, Australia, France to shape the security ar-
tegic connectivity and infrastructure invest- chitecture consistent to their vision and goals.
ments in partnership with Japan. It is to jointly play a stabilizing force in the
The geo-economics reality: emerging balance of power, making sure that
India is the ‘Lynchpin,’ - India and Ja- no unilateral force emerges in the region, whose
pan share a global vision of peace, stability and influence writ large would be detrimental for the
commitment to human values based on sustain- interests of the countries in the region and world
able development. It reflects broad convergence order.
of their politico-economic interests, aspiration, Conclusion:
and concerns to respond to global and regional The two countries see relationships pri-
challenges. marily economically dominated, and realizing
The paper is an attempt to understand the importance of shaping Asia’s architecture,
Indo-Japan ties on the lines of term coined by promoting growth and stability. Both are en-
Prof Joseph S Nye Jr of Harvard University in 1990 gaged in wider issues of regional and global
in his book ’Bound to Lead: the changing Na- importance, such as nuclear disarmament, en-
ture of American Power.’ He further developed ergy security, maritime security. India cannot
the concept in his book, ’Soft Power: The Means remain aloof to the new developments and
to Success in World Politics’, that arises due to transformations arising in the international field
attractiveness of a country’s culture, political val- and must strive hard diplomatically to secure
ues, peaceful means for conflict management for itself a permanent seat in the United Na-
and economic cooperation to achieve common tions Security Council. The relationship is with
solutions, through ‘soft power’, elements which its hiccups where if smart islands are made it is
are ‘real but intangible.’ This refutes the tradi- interpreted as developing India’s sensitive
tional concepts of hard power which will no Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indian govern-
longer be sufficient to pursue national interests. ment needs to decide whether a foreign part-
Sources of India’s cultural influences on East and ner be engaged? The better part of it is that the
South East Asia, and in Asia-Pacific Region, have pace of cooperation between the two countries
been extensive. Hinduism and Buddhism spread is indeed impressive and therefore justifies the
throughout Asia from India along trading routes. unique nomenclature.
While Hinduism found its way across much of The partnership between India and Ja-
Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, Buddhism pan has taken a bolder tone, where they are
reached Japan and Vietnam through China and beginning to outline a framework to shape and
Korea and also flourished in closer countries to lead the region. India is the’ Lynchpin,’ where
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India and Japan share a global vision of peace,
stability and commitment to human values 56
based on sustainable development. It reflects
broad convergence of their politico-economic A Study the Role of Banking Sector
interests, aspiration, and concerns to respond
to global and regional challenges.
for the Development of Country
Bibliography: Dr. Dhiraj Raghunath Ovhal

1. De. P (2020); Act east to Act Indo-Pa- NSS College of Commerce and Economics,
cific, India’s expanding neighborhood, KW Pub- Tardeo, Mumbai
lishers, Google Scholar.
2. Government of Japan. (2019 Novem- ==============***********===============
ber); Towards Free and Open Indo-Pacific. https:/ Abstract
/www.mofa.go.jp/policy/page25e_000278.html. India is one of the growing and fastest
Google scholar. economy in the world with highest number of
3. “India Japan to enhance cooperation population. It is also recognized in the world as
in IT, electronics”, Weekly Economic Bulletin, Is- country with highest population of youths. Bank-
sue No. 536, September 10-September 16, 2013 ing sector is considered as back bone for the
p. 6 overall development of country. It is not only
4. Available at http://search.japantimes. focus to inculcate saving or investment habit
co.jp/print/nn20100701f4.html among the people but also use of public money
5. Chellaney, Brahma (2008), Toward for the economic development and infrastruc-
Asian Power Equilibrium, The Hindu, Nov 01, ture development of country. It is also consid-
2008 ered one of the major service sector with high-
6. “India-Japan Global Partnership to fo- est numbers of created employment opportu-
cus on strengthening Trans-Asian Buddhist Cir- nities to the society. The banking system is
cuit” Buddhist News, 1st Nov 2013 working on the philosophy to provide more cus-
7. Pant, Harsh. 2008; Contemporary de- tomers oriented services as well as numbers
bates in Indian Foreign and Security Policy: In- of allied services at the door step of customers.
dia, its rise in the International system, New Even in the scenario of lockdown because of
York: Palgrave pandemic of Covid 19 its now more focusing on
8. Chiriyankandath, James. 2004; Re- online banking through various advanced tech-
aligning India: Indian Foreign policy after the nology and various apps for the baking trans-
Cold War. The Round Table, 93(374), 199-211. actions. The main aim of the paper to analyse
9. Kux, Dennis. 2002; India’s fine bal- the role of banking structure for the perspec-
ance, Foreign Affairs, 81 (3), 93-106 tive of economic development of country. Gradu-
10. Diakantonis Michalis, 2013; “A New ally increase the income of middle class popu-
Strategy for India: A Classic Geopolitics Revi- lation increase the need of banking system and
sion”, Defence and Security Alert, New Delhi, also there is huge scope of banking expansion
Vol 4, Issue 7, April in rural part of country. Nowadays Mobile bank-
 ing with ATM facilities available in the vicinity
of customers are winning confidence of custom-
ers towards the banking system. There is rising
the saving from the people with decreasing Non
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performing Asset of banking with support of
apex bank created favorable banking network
in country. India’s digital lending stood at US$
75 billion in FY18 and is estimated to reach US$
1 trillion by FY23 driven by the five-fold increase
in the digital disbursements.
Keywords:- Banking System, Economic devel-
opment, Online Services,
Introduction:-
India is second largest populated coun-
try in the world with highest percentage of youth
population and developing economy with the
growth of employment opportunities in various
sector are the favorable atmosphere for the
Banking Sector. It is the supply engine for the
financial sector and non financial sector. As per Source:- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_
the centralized bank report the Banking system of_banks_in_India
in India is capable and strong enough for the Research Methodology:-
economic development purpose. The Financial The data has been collected through
and Economic condition of country is sound with multidisciplinary sources. It is mainly consists
the adequate credit supply, Finance, liquidity of of reports collected from Banking Regulatory and
Money. The digital payments system in India has Development of India, and various Government
evolved the most among 25 countries with website of Insurance Sectors. The relevant in-
India’s Immediate Payment Service (IMPS) be- formation is obtained from the research papers,
ing the only system at level five in the Faster articles published in various journals and maga-
Payments Innovation Index (FPII). The banking zines, leading Newspapers, etc. The Internet
system in India consists of 12 public sector survey is also one of the parts of collection of
banks, 22 private sector banks, 46 foreign banks, data.
56 regional rural banks, 1485 urban coopera- Objectives:-
tive banks and 96,000 rural cooperative banks The objectives of study are as follow
in addition to cooperative credit institutions. As 1. To study the Banking Sector of India.
of September 2020, the total number of ATMs 2. To study Market Size of Banking Sys-
in India increased to 210,049 and is further ex- tem.
pected to increase to 407,000 by 2021. During 3. To analyses the Investment opportu-
FY16-FY20, bank credit grew at a CAGR of nity in banking Sector.
3.57%. As of FY20, total credit extended surged 4. To study the government Initiatives
to US$ 1,698.97 billion. for Banking Sector
The Banking System has classified into follow- 5. To find out Future Scope of Banking
ing groups Sector
Meaning:-
In simple language Banking is termed as
business activity for accepting and lending
money from the people to earn the profit.
owever, with the passage of time, the activities
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covered by banking business have widened and ing the National Payments Corporation of India
now various other services are also offered by (NPCI) approval to ‘Go Live’ on UPI in a graded
banks. The banking services these days include manner.
issuance of debit and credit cards, providing safe · In October 2020, HDFC Bank and Apollo
custody of valuable items, lockers, ATM services Hospitals partnered to launch the ‘Healthy Life
and online transfer of funds across the country Programme’, a holistic healthcare solution that
/ world. makes healthy living accessible and affordable
Definition:- on Apollo’s digital platform.
In simple words, we can say that Bank · In 2019, banking and financial services
is a financial institution that undertakes the witnessed 32 M&A (merger and acquisition)
banking activity i.e. it accepts deposits and then activities worth US$ 1.72 billion.
lends the same to earn certain profit. · In March 2020, State Bank of India (SBI),
Market Size India’s largest lender, raised US$ 100 million in
Indian Banking Size:- green bonds through private placement.
The Indian banking system consists of · In February 2020, the Cabinet Commit-
12 public sector banks, 22 private sector banks, tee on Economic Affairs gave its approval for
46 foreign banks, 56 regional rural banks, 1485 continuation of the process of recapitalization
urban cooperative banks and 96,000 rural co- of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) by providing
operative banks in addition to cooperative credit minimum regulatory capital to RRBs for another
institutions. As of September 2020, the total year beyond 2019-20 - till 2020-21 to those RRBs
number of ATMs in India increased to 210,049 which are unable to maintain minimum Capital
and is further expected to increase to 407,000 to Risk weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR) of 9% as
by 2021.Asset of public sector banks stood at per the regulatory norms prescribed by RBI.
Rs. 107.83 lakh crore (US$ 1.52 trillion) in FY20. · In October 2019, Department of Post
During FY16-FY20, bank credit grew at a CAGR launched the mobile banking facility for all post
of 3.57%. As of FY20, total credit extended office savings account holders of CBS (core bank-
surged to US$ 1,698.97 billion. ing solutions) post office.
During FY16-FY20, deposits grew at a · Deposits under Pradhan Mantri Jan
CAGR of 13.93% and reached US$ 1.93 trillion Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) stood at Rs. 1.06 lakh
by FY20. Credit to non-food industries stood at crore (US$ 15.17 billion.
Rs. 103.46 trillion (US$ 1.40 trillion) as of No- · In October 2019, Government e-Mar-
vember 20, 2020. ketplace (GeM) signed a memorandum of un-
Investments in banking sector:- derstanding (MoU) with Union Bank of India to
Due to the globalisation and liberaliza- facilitate a cashless, paperless and transparent
tion as well as privatization, we have seen tre- payment system for an array of services.
mendous changes in the field of Banking. India · In August 2019, the Government an-
is witness of High populated country with ris- nounced major mergers of public sector banks,
ing income level of middle class which would which included United Bank of India and Orien-
provide huge banking base with investment op- tal Bank of Commerce to be merged with Punjab
portunity. The following are the investments and National Bank, Allahabad Bank to be amalgam-
developments in India’s banking industry in- ated with Indian Bank and Andhra Bank and
clude: Corporation Bank to be consolidated with Union
· On November 6, 2020, WhatsApp Bank of India.
started UPI payments service in India on receiv- · The NPAs (Non-Performing Assets) of
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commercial banks recorded a recovery of Rs. businesses will turn to banks for their credit
400,000 crore (US$ 57.23 billion) in the last four needs.Also, the advancement in technology has
years including record recovery of Rs. 156,746 brought mobile and internet banking services
crore (US$ 22.42 billion) in FY19. to the fore. The banking sector is laying greater
· Allahabad Bank’s board approved the emphasis on providing improved services to their
merger with Indian bank for the consolidation clients and upgrading their technology infra-
of 10 state-run banks into the large-scale lend- structure to enhance customer’s overall experi-
ers. ence as well as give banks a competitive edge.
· The total equity funding of microfinance
sector grew at 42 y-o-y to Rs. 14,206 crore (US$ Reference and Bibliography
2.03 billion) in 2018-19. 1. Des Raj Bajwa (2020) Role of Bank-
Government Initiatives:- ing Sector on Indian Economy
For the expansion of business govern- 2. Dr. Nafees A. Khan*Ms. Fozia (2013)
ment has taken several initiatives as follow Growth and Development In Indian Banking Sec-
· As per Union Budget 2019-20, the Gov- tor International Journal of Advanced Research
ernment proposed fully automated GST refund in Management and Social Sciences ISSN: 2278-
module and an electronic invoice system that 6236
will eliminate the need for a separate e-way bill. 3.http://www.allbankingsolutions.com/
· Under the Budget 2019-20, Government banking-tutor/what-is-banking.shtml
proposed Rs. 70,000 crore (US$ 10.2 billion) to 4.https://www.ibef.org/industry/bank-
the public sector banks. ing-india.aspx
· Government smoothly carried out con- 5.Media Reports, Press releases, Re-
solidation, reducing the number of Public Sec- serve Bank of India, Press Information Bureau,
tor Banks by eight. www.pmjdy.gov.in
· As of September 2018, the Government 
of India made Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
(PMJDY) scheme an open-ended scheme and
added more incentives.
· The Government of India planned to in-
ject Rs. 42,000 crore (US$ 5.99 billion) in public
sector banks by March.
Conclusion:-
More than Unified Payments Interface
(UPI) recorded 2.21 billion transactions worth
Rs. 3.90 lakh crore (US$ 53.06 billion) in the year
2020. According to the RBI, India’s foreign ex-
change reserve reached US$ 574.82 billion as
of November 27, 2020.The government is like to
enhance spending on infrastructure, speedy
implementation of projects and continuation of
reforms are expected to provide further impe-
tus to growth in the banking sector. All these
factors suggest that India’s banking sector is
poised for a robust growth as rapidly growing
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‘terrorism’ first emerged at the end of
57 eighteenth century in post-revolutionary France
when it was used by the Dictionnaire de ,fear
Terrorism as common threats psychosis created by the terrorist in order to
force, coerce and blackmail the authorities using
to Africa and Eurasia violence methods to accept the demand. Mean
and objectives of terrorism are updated every
Lt. (Dr.) Yogesh Subhashchandra Borse decade. Terrorism has spread over north to South
Assistant Professor, Pole in contemporary era.
Department of Defence and Strategic Studies, United Nation Organization discuss on
KCES Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon terrorism nature, tactics and draft the terrorist
definition as per article no 92, “Criminal acts
==============***********=============== intended or calculated to provoke a state of
Introduction terror in the general public, a group of persons
Terrorism is an age old concept; but or particular persons for political purposes are
caught media attention from the decade of 60s in any circumstances unjustifiable whatever the
and 70s, when the world learnt about Hamas as consideration of political, philosophical,
a terror group in West Asia and a terror group ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other
formed in Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro’s nature that may be invoked to justify them.” As
regime. However, it became more deadly, when per definition, Africa and Eurasian regions- have
been the casualty of the multi faceted threats
the rival nation-states started using it as a mean
to proxy war against their neighbors in the to their governance. From the new cold war era,
decade of 80s. One such example is Khalistan geo-economic and geo-political interest, nothing
Movement backed by Pakistan against India in has been spared leading to the blood violence.
the same decade. Furthermore, it underwent a The most common causes or roots of terrorism
deadly transformation, which led to the attack include civilizations or culture clashes,
on World Trade Centre (9/11 attack on America). globalization, religious, Israeli-Palestinian
Today, it has become a global nuisance, which conflict, or Russian invasion of Afghanistan.
has affected almost every country around the More personal and individual-based reasons for
world include the most powerful democracy – terrorism are frustration, deprivation, negative
America to the oldest democracy-England to the identity, narcissistic range or moral
largest democracy-India. The recent attack on disengagement. Mainly five types of terrorism
Mumbai and the consistent attack in the Indian are recognized by researchers which are: 1)
state of Jammu and Kashmir reflect the bitter State-Sponsored terrorism, 2) Dissent terrorism,
reality of this deadly menace. 3) Terrorist and the Left & Right,4) Religious
However, the memories of the 9/11 terrorism and 5) Criminal Terrorism. Ethno-
attack and Mumbai attack have become the Linguistic or Racial, border disputes, natural
starting points of the study and research in the resources have also contributed to the different
area of terrorism in the contemporary times. types of terrorism.
The sense of insecurity and vulnerability to the Contemporary violation path are used by
onslaught of terrorism was felt in every nook fundamentalist terrorist organization. Any
and corner of the World after 9/11 incident. But terrorist acts or campaign committed by groups
or individual who profess Islamic motivation of
that was not first fear stroke for the world. Last
decade of 18th century (1793-94), the world Quran and Hadith according to their own goals
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and intentions. 2 maximum ethnic conflicts are over water basic.
World has become more cautious and Nile, Nige, Chari, Congo Zambezi, Orange and
wise after 9/11 twins tower attack. Terrorist Limpopo rivers direct impact on 54 African
attack affects multi sectors. Specially, ethnic Nations economy. Nile is longest river and cover
discrimination in labor market, weapon market Cairo, Egypt, Sudan North and South, Uganda and
which had need new entrance in emerging third Ethiopia. Cotton cultivation is depending on Nile.
world economies markets. In the 21st century, Drinking water and Petroleum is main cause of
Cyber, Bio-Chemical, Nuclear is using for peace, ethnic conflicts in Northern, Central and Eastern
development and stability as well as some kind African region.
of terrorism. Developing nations need Agriculture: Africa region has suffered
infrastructure and sustainable development for in agriculture sector from long time. Many
attaining global development race. challenges are indicating the related threats.
In the Southern pole nations are major Major obstacles are between Crop cultivation
hub of natural resources, cheap labor, purchase and export is unstable governance and political
market and future soft colonies possibilities situation. Northern Africa has Cotton cultivation
region. Geopolitical and geo-economic point of region and South Africa region has cultivated
view terrorism is a basic tool of new warfare. Tobacco, Wheat, and Coffee. Western Africa
Terrorism is direct impact on national security cultivated Oil Palm, rubber, Cocoa. Around 60%
and foreign policy. Cyber is used in maximum of cultivation land is concentrated in seven
terrorist tactics. After that violence or bloody countries in East and Central Africa. The central
tools are used by fundamentalist terror African region contains almost 50% of the
organizations. This paper is focused on how continent’s water resources but less than 20%
terrorism is common threat to Africa and Eurasia of its population.
region. Because Africa and Eurasia region is National economy is agriculture based
close to Islamic terrorist hub which is the and agriculture is a growth engine to sustainable
breeding ground for terror sanctuaries in development, employment. Africa needs to stop
contemporary world. deforestation and wild animal smugglings.
Facts of Africa Farmers and depending agriculture labor survive
Africa is the world’s second largest from few decades. Only 6% of farmland in Africa
continent – 30065000 km sq covering is irrigated mostly northern Africa region.
approximately 20% of the Earth’s land and 6% Modern machineries and irrigation directly
of the earth’s surface. The population of Africa ensures employment and good governance.
is growing rapidly with a growth rate of Africa 70% cocoa (agro product) export in high
approximately 3% per annum. The total term after that coffee, tea, cotton, sugar and
population of Africa is approximately fish. Only 25% of cocoa and 6% of cotton is
877,500,000 (2005). processed in Africa. Here African nations have
Desert: The desert regions are the least great opportunity to call foreign direct
populated while the most populated area are in investment and establish process installations.
the north, south and around the Gulf of Guinea. Current agriculture issues create next steps
3 World’s largest hot Sahara desert affects on emerging future threats like climate change,
Africa’s policy. Namib, Kalahari, Nubian deserts malnutrition, security of tenure of the agro-
effects on socio-economic, agricultural labourers.
development. Rivers: Water resources are also Ethnicity in Africa:
major impact on terrorist activities. Because Africa has great history in epic age. The
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pre-colonial slave trade was also reminding in appropriate mix of armed force and diplomacy.
history. Africa physically sizing in four major Eurasian way of life was portrait by ethnic group
parts first is Northern Africa, second is Central from the 2000 BC. Nomadic shaped the military
Africa, third is Southern Africa and last is West and political development
Africa. Major nine ethnic groups calculate in Africa and Eurasia physically and
northern Africa region which are Hausa, Fulani, geostrategic different kind but terrorism and
Kanuri, Tiv, Nupe, Igala, Gwari, Idoma, Chamba. related conflict issues creating by political and
In the Southern Africa Yoruba, Igbo, Ibibio / Efik, ethnic sector. Ethnically that is very important
Ijaw, Edo, Urhobe, Ogoni, Ogoja ethnic groups to clashes of civilization process. Both
marking in that region. landmasses demanding demographic
About Eurasia (geopolitical and geo- development hence multi ethno-linguistic
economic, geo-cultural dimension) groups had could not understand the privilege
The world today hardly resembles the path. Africa and Eurasia is agricultural, forest
one that Sir Halford Mackinder examined in and natural resources regions. There have some
1904, when he first wrote about the advantages emerging challenges by local issues like.
of central positioning on the Eurasian landmass. Unemployment, border disputes, ethnic conflict,
That is important to know about that region. linguistic conflict, political instability, civil and
Eurasia is belt of grassland that extends some military conflicts, drug trafficking, human
5000 miles (8000 kilometers) from Hungary in trafficking, lack of industrial set up, insurgency,
the west through Ukraine and Central Asia to kidnapping, religious conflict and external
Manchuria in the east Mountain ranges sponsored terrorism.
interrupt the steppe, dividing it into distinct Terrorism History in Africa
segments; but horsemen could cross such Until the last two decades Sub-Saharan
barriers easily, so that steppe peoples could and Africa was not known to have transnational
did interact across the entire breadth of the terrorist organizations. There were several rebel
Eurasian grassland throughout most of recorded movements across the continent but they were
history. all basically in-country dissident groups. The
Eurasian physical geography is known as trend has changed, and over the last few years
a Steppe land. It extends from the grassy plains there has been a sharp rise in terrorism
at the mouth of the Danube River along the especially in Nigeria, Niger, Mali, Chad,
north shore of the Black Sea, across the lower Cameroun, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda and Kenya.
Volga, and eastward as far as the Altai Terrorism has three angles in contemporary era.
Mountains. The conventional division between One is Fundamentalist purpose extremism,
Europe and Asia at the Ural Mountains is second is geopolitically point of view and third
completely meaningless for steppe history and is geo-economically. Developing and emerging
geography. 4 Towards the north the Eurasian economy nations are mainly hub for that
grasslands fade into forested landscapes and experiment zone from cold war era. In the Africa,
because of long winters and short, cool multi point of view terrorism spread by various
summers, even scant rainfall can sustain scrub extremist external funding organizations and
growth of spruce and other conifers. their Multi religious aakas.
The political history of Eurasia consists Africa has faced hard and harsh
very largely of nomad raids and conquests and terrorism rise from 70s. Islamic fundamentalist
the countervailing efforts by agricultural terrorist organization was ultra active during
societies to defend themselves with an Afghan war (1986) and after 9/11 terrorist
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attack on twin towers. United States and Union Mission to Somalia (AIMSOM). USA and
European Union have large interest in Africa. European Union nations has designated as
Their agencies played a crucial role towards terrorist organization.
governance and political assignments. Muslim Ansar al-Sharia:
Brotherhood and Wahabi’s agenda hyperactive Ansar-al-Sharia is actually two different
during USA and Europeans (Western) played groups who are close allies. One in Tunisia and
secret oil diplomacy in Middle East and North one in Libiya. It’s strictly following Sharia Law
African (MENA) region. That conflict making in Libia, Egypt and Tunisia. Tunesian group has
cause Muslim fundamentalist organization thousand members who have capitalized pretty
active against Christian Missionaries religious well on the chaos of the Arab Spring. Ansar-al-
messengers’ in Africa. Al Qaida had launch Sharia came into being in 2011, during the
policy against Westernization, they call for PAN Libyan Civil War. Strategy was to target specific
Islamism in the both region. Al Qaida active from Libyan and American civilian for death and took
last two-three decades for spread the Islamic part in the 2012 Benghazi attack. Abu Khalid al
Quaran and Hadith message. Violence and fear Madani is current leader active for factional
was making basic tools in globalization era. violence in Libya and second Libyan Civil war.
Today Africa in the grip of ethnical This is most active terrorist group in Africa and
violence fuled by terrorist fear. Islamic State for they are infamous for command people to take
Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has responsible for blood part in democratic elections. They claim
violence on several issues and African region in democracy is inherently anti-Islamic and people
21st century. Domestic organizations are taken who participate in it will be judged as their
external terrorist organization support to win enemies.
with military conflicts. Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA):
Africa based terrorist groups : This is rebel group and heterodox
Al-Shabaab (Somalia) Christian cult which operates in northern
Al-shabaab (militant group) is Salafi Uganda, South Sudan, the Central African
Jihadis (Wahabi) ideology base terrorist Republic and the Democratic Republic of the
organization. Meaning of Al-Shabaab is (the Congo. This organization active from 1987 and
movement of striving youths) “party of Young” currently Joseph Kony is a leader. Kony was
and this Jihadist Fundamentalist group based gained international infamy back in 2011 after
in East Africa. It was founded in 2006. In 2012, an insane film maker brought his crimes to light.
it pledged allegiance to the militant Islamic He is noted for his use of child soldiers and for
Organization Al-Qaeda. Ahemad Umar (Abu brutally murdering thousands. Another fun fact
Ubaidah) is present leader of Al-Shabab. is that he has over 70 children. Organization is
Ahemad to achieve his goal, capturing rural known to have been involved in mass murder,
areas in the born Somalia and Yeman. Near abduction and rape.
about seven thousand terrorist working in this Al-Qaeda
organization as per secret sources information. Al Qaeda is conducting several
Throw in some unstable corrupt governments operations in various places in Africa. They are
and long-lasting civil war, and the continent is creating fault lines in emerging economy and
a prime target for terrorist. This group describe government’s activities towards good
itself as a waging jihadi against “enemies of governance. North Africa is basic zone for Al-
Islam” and is engaged in combat against the Qaeda. They are gained hundred of million US
Federal Government of Somalia and the African dollars from kidnapping and raids on local
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settlements. Al-Qaeda nexus in Africa like a means “western education is forbidden”.
mushroom Umbrellas. They are creating small Fundamentalist aim is to spread Islamic Sharia
units and adopting other Islamic fundamentalist law and stop the democratic and western
organization. In the Somalia and Ethiopian forces education system. Unless they will be fail in
dove the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) and denied terror business.
government judiciary systems. Terrorism in Eurasia:
Ansar Dine, Abdullah Azzam Brigades and Eurasian region has landmass of war
Al-Itihaad Al-Islamiya battle. From the BC 2000, Eurasia faces many
Ansar Dine is very well connected ethnic group conflicts and rebels in civilization
extremist organization and more than two process. Specially, Changez Khan destiny
thousands. They are managed vehicle and empowered on Central Eurasian land. Eurasia
weapons for terror activity. Saudi Boy-scouts is
group is identity of Abdullah Azzam Brigade. The Terrorism causes in Eurasia (list of
group role to recruited youths from Islamic organizations and connectivity causes)
regions for organized crime in Africa. Al-Itihaad Eurasian community has been living in
Al-Islamiya is funded by Osama Bin Laden. the conditions of permanent struggle against
Organization have specific objectives to capture terrorism. Eurasian governments are collectively
quiet a lot of land and began running it for Sharia try to taking action anti-terrorist. Regional
Courts activities. organizations also joint activity for human safety.
Boko Haram USSR
Boko Haram based in north-eastern Terrorism causes in Africa:
Nigeria as well as in neighbouring Niger, Chad Causes : 1. Economic and Social Factors
and Cameroun. This has raised concerns that if High rates of unemployment, particularly
the group is not checkmated, they could rapidly among the youth, corruption and economic
spread their tentacles to other countries within mismanagement create conditions that lead to
the West and Central Africa sub-regions. economic crises and instability which make it
Abubakar Shekau the leader of Nigerian Islamic easier to recruit the youth into terrorist cells.
extremist group Boko Haram. Africa’s serious Unemployment creates conditions of
threat by terrorist organization when Boko hopelessness and desperation, and these then
Haram was adopted ISIS ideology in 2015 and become major factors that terrorist groups feed
proves they are also bad boys in North Africa. off for radicalization and recruitment.
They are kidnapping 300 schoolgirls and These economic and social conditions
engaging in military conflict that has displaced have enabled terrorist organizations such as Al-
an estimated 2.3 million people. Tuareg rebels Shabaab and Boko Haram to grow and
from the Maghreb and northern Mali supported strengthen their power bases. The Tuareg rebels
by Islamists, including Boko Haram, took control and supporting Islamists too fed off these
of northern Mali in early 2012, declared it a conditions to grow until Malian troops and
separate state they named Azawad, and started foreign troops, particularly from France, were
advancing towards the capital, Bamako, killing able to defeat them in 2013; and the LRA too
and destroying property and instituting harsh did so until the campaign against it became
practices which they described as Islamic as they largely successful by about 2005, leaving it a
advanced. Ansaru (Militant Org.) is part of Boko small and weakened group with its leader under
Haram organization. They are helped to Boko indictment by the International Criminal Court.
Haram in his target achieving. Boko Haram 2. Weak Governments and the Phenomenon
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of Failed States in Sub-Saharan Africa rebels supported by Islamists, Al-Shabaab, Boko
The fragility of certain Sub-Saharan Haram and the LRA, have used religion and
African countries stemming from political factor religious arguments for establishing themselves
such as instability, weak governance and as tools for organizing.
institutions, lack of transparency, weak political For the Tuareg rebels and supporting
parties, bad leadership, and lawlessness have Islamists, Al-Shabaab and Boko Haram, this
resulted in governments being weakened.1 (1 derives from Islamic activism which is largely
Extreme weather conditions too have weakened driven by feverish competition among sects
and made some governments vulnerable.) within Islam. These sects often receive financial
The economic and social factors of and other support from Saudi Arabia, Iran, and
corruption, high rates of unemployment, other countries.
economic mismanagement, hopelessness and Competing historical and ideological
desperation have also weakened governments. narratives have been used by the leaders of the
The United States-based think-tank Fund sects to proselytize, radicalize and actively
for Peace 2 (2 See: www.fundforpeace.org ) has recruit mostly disgruntled and unemployed
since 2004 been ranking countries according to young people.
their level of stability and the pressures that The word ‘Jihad’ – a holy war – is often
confront them. Known as the Fragile States Index used animatedly to proselytize, with the
(formerly Failed States Index) the internationally- underlying argument being that Islam is under
recognised ranking used the following attack by “ infidels” and needs a ‘jihadist’
indicators: response. But these interpretations of the
• Social Indicators: Demographic concept of ‘jihad’ by poorly educated and
pressures, refugees and internally displaced ideologically motivated clerics, recruiters and
persons, group grievance, human flight and brain leaders are often warped, leading to terrorism
drain, uneven economic development, poverty that maims and kills innocent people, animals,
and economic decline. and destroys properties and communities. Al-
• Political and Military Indicators: State Shabaab and Boko Haram have been organized
legitimacy, public services, human rights and rule and have grown in strength by these means of
of law, security apparatus, factionalized elites Islamic radicalization, and they have committed
and external intervention. these sorts of acts of terror.
It is instructive to note that according to In effect Islam is under attack by
the 2015 FFP rankings, seven out of the ten most elements within who are the radicalized minority
fragile states in the world can be found in Sub- extremists, and they through violence and
Saharan Africa. The countries are: South Sudan, terrorism have been tarnishing the image of
Somalia, Central African Republic, Sudan, Islam, an otherwise peaceful religion. The LRA
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chad and started out as the Holy Spirit Movement with a
Guinea. mission of liberating Uganda and instituting a
In order words, weak economic and rule under the biblical Ten Commandments. In
social conditions result in weak political other words, religious extremism instead of
conditions which in turn give rise to the national separatism has been the main driver
phenomenon of fragile or failed states in Sub- of terrorism in recent years in some Sub-Saharan
Saharan Africa. African countries and areas.
3. Religious Radicalization Financial impact
All four terrorist groups, the Tuareg Superpowers interest and politics: USA,
7.940 (IIJIF)
(IIJIF)
MAH MUL/03051/2012
ISSN: 2319 9318
V i d ya war ta ®
April To June 2021
Special Issue
0251
Russia and China have great geopolitical and economic stability. Eurasia has great importance
geo economic interest in both region. USA and in energy hub. Major power’s can play the
China is seeking natural resources from Africa crucial role to avoiding oil diplomacy, over
and Eurasian region from 1991. China has been production and geo-economic issue settlement.
growing mass level fishing from east coast of Conclusion:
African sector. China is first number oil and In the contemporary era, Africa and
natural resources buyer from Eurasian sector. Eurasia region have hub of natural resources.
Also invest in gas pipeline, transportation in OIC has great interest in the controlling over
Central Asia. energy hub Islamic countries. Lack of education,
USA has not well connectivity with technology, military intervention, great powers
Central Asia but invest in large amount in Africa politics etc these are the causes to spread the
region. Arms supply, drug trafficking, uncontrolled terrorism in the Africa and Eurasia
pharmaceutical engagements is way of USA’s region. Geopolitically and geo-economically,
investment in Africa. USA had never intervention both regions are very important. Terrorism is the
in military and local government conflicts as key tool for the international diplomacy. Local
well as not intervention in stop the terrorism. governance can change this situation with the
The decision by the United States to support of UN peace keeping forces. Sustainable
create AFRICOM, a separate military command development, primary health and education
in Africa, as a stand-by military force is the facilities development is key to controlling the
clearest indication that Africa is now considered terrorism from the region.
an area with growing terrorist threats and
attacks. Reference :
Common suggestions on Terrorism 1. Lulu Rumsey, Terrorism: Historical
controlling: Context, History Today, 8 September 2011,
Main problem in controlling terrorism is (online, article :www.historytoday.com/blog/
to sizing in one definition by all African and 2011/09/terrorism-historical-context
European nations. African terrorist organizations 2. Holbrook, Donald (2010). Using
are try to finish the judiciary and democratic Qur’an to Justify Terrorist V iolence’,
system. Here Africa and other nations have Perspectives in Terrorism Research Initiative and
need one act for human development, Center for the Study of Terrorism and Political
respective of judiciary and democratic system. Violence. & Holbrook, Donald (201). The Al-
Africa and Eurasia is agriculture (Food Qaeda doctrine. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Hub) production hub. Modernization is Pp 30-83. ISBN 978-1623563141.
agriculture and growing export of food, fruits to 3. www.naturalhistoryonthenet.com/
mass populated and other nations. Investment Continents/africa.htm
and outsider infrastructure and financial support 4. www.britannica.com/article/565551
need to governance. Bilateral treaties can solve
human violence problems. 
Active media and international human
rights commission alertness against violence is
require. Education is basic formula to resolving
armed conflicts and terrorism control. Even
required proper fund distribution for the
sustainable development and political and
7.940 (IIJIF)
(IIJIF)

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MAH MUL/03051/2012

ISSN: 2319 9318

NAGRIK SHIKSHAN SANSTHA’S COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND

(Affiliated to University of Mumbai and NAAC Re-accrediated )

Post Graduate Section (M.Com.) and IQAC

Impact Factor 3.102 (IIJIF)

“Contemporary Issues in Commerce, Management and Economics:

An overview of Covid-19 Pandemic and Its impact on Indian

30th April 2020 at 11.00 am onwards

[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102

[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102

Prof. Manikandan Iyer Dr. S.R. Kamble

Dr. Yashodhan M. Mithare Dr. Arvind Luhar

Dr. M.L.Verma Dr. Surendra Patole

Dr. Raj Ankush Soshte

Chief Guest and Resource Persons

Chief Guest and Key note Speaker

Dr. Raj Ankush Soshte Dr. Dhiraj Ovhal

[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102

“To be a premier institution of higher education, contributing to national development by

OBJECTIVES OF THE COLLEGE

• To pay special attention for development of disadvantaged groups of the society.

• To develop skills in communication and clarity in the expression of his/her ideas.

• To develop a sense of social obligation and service to the nation.

[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102

Objectives of the Conference

1. To study the contemporary issues Contemporary Issues in Commerce, Management and

2. To study the Covid-19 Pandemic and Its impact on Indian Economy

[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102

FROM THE PRINCIPAL DESK

Dr. Shamim Sayed

Nagrik Shikshan Sanstha’s College of Commerce and Economics

[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102

Dr. Raj Ankush Soshte

[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102

Dr. Dhiraj Ovhal

( IQAC Coordinator & HOD of Commerce)

NSS College of Commerce & Economics, Tardeo, Mumbai-34

[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102

[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102

22) INFLUENCE OF COVID-19 ON TOURISM IN KONKAN REGION

44) A Study on the role of Advertising on Electronic Media: An analysis of ...

Dr. Kshamali S. Sontakke, Mumbai ||214

[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102

Total 117 45 162

Others advice 40 24.7 24.7 90.1

[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102

October 890223 945017 6.20

[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102

[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102

Assets under Development and Profitability. ROE ROA

and objectives of the study. It will mainly concern

interpretation.Secondary data is collected from Assets (Rs. In

India 2018-19 1109.688 71.996 0.079 0.087

Sample: Convenient Sampling. Intangible In Ass Under

Five representative companies from Pharma Assets 1

Sector in India:Sun Pharma, Piramal Enterprises, In Ass Un

[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102

cost and time, without stepping out from home

[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102

[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102

[dÚmdmVm© : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal Impact Factor 3.102

impact on MSMEs of India. The business of Manufacturing