INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Name : MUHAMMAD ABRAR

Student Roll No : 12623
B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering
Industrial Training Course :
Technology
Training Period : 16 Weeks
Training Organization : GOLD PAPER MILLS SHIKHUPURA

1
 ABSTRACT
Pure Gold Paper Mills is located in the middle of the two cities Lahore and shaikhupura ,2.5 km
in the east of shaikhupura . The nearest Airport facility is at Multan at a distance of Alama Iqbal
Airport Lahore is at 67 km.Overall area covered by the plant is 10 acre. Rated capacity of the
plant is 72 reels and consists of single units.

In Pure Gold Paper mills paper is generated by recycled process. In Pure Gold Paper
mills following processes could occurs.
 Raw material is converted into Pulp
 Pulp is then pass through paper making machine
 Different processes like sizing, pressing, drying, calendring, etc .done by the
machine
 Boiler produce heat to the dryers to dry the paper

2
 Table of Content
Subject: Page

Chapter No.1: Backgrounds of Training Organization:

1.1 Background History: --------------------------------------- 18
1.2 Company at a Glance: -------------------------------------- 18
1.2.1 People Practices: --------------------------------------- 18
1.3 Raw Material: ------------------------------------------------ 19
1.4 Prosperity : ---------------------------------------------------- 19
1.5 Sustainability: ------------------------------------------------ 20
1.6 Philosophy: ----------------------------------------------------- 20

Chapter No.2: Schedule of training & duties as trainee:

2.1 Schedule of duties performed as Trainee: ------------- 21
Chapter No.3 Work Experience
3.1 Boiler: --------------------------------------------------- 24
3.1.1 Introduction: ---------------------------- -------- 24
3.1.2 Boiler system: ------------------------------------ 24
3.1.3 Gold industry boiler Specification: ---------- 25
3.1.4 Fire Tube Boiler: -------------------------------- 25
3.2 Paper Making Machine: ----------------------------- 26
3.2.1 Methodology and Design Calculations: ----- 27
3.2.2 Pulp House: --------------------------------------- 28
3.2.3 Parts of Paper Making Machine:------------- 30
3.2.4 Process On Paper in Recycle Unit: ----------- 33
3.2.5 Rewinder : ----------------------------------------- 33
3.2.6 Packing of Paper: -------------------------------- 34

3
3.3 Workshop: ---------------------------------------------- 34

3.3.1 Lathe Machine: ---------------------------------- 34

3.3.2 Shaper Machine: -------------------------------- 39

3.4 Welding : ----------------------------------------------- 40

3.4.1 Welding Machine: ------------------------------ 41

3.4.2 Types of Welding processes: ----------------- 41

3.4.3 Types of Welding Position:-------------------- 41

3.4.4 Advantages Of Welding: ---------------------- 43

3.4.5 Disadvantages Of Welding: ------------------- 43

3.4.6 Applications of Welding : ---------------------- 43

Conclusions-------------------------------------------------- 45

References---------------------------------------------------- 46

Appendix 1--------------------------------------------------- 47

Appendix 2--------------------------------------------------- 49

List Of Figures
Figure 1.1: Raw Materials------------------------------- 19

Figure3.1: Fire Tube Boiler----------------------------- 25

Figure3,2: Paper Making Machine--------------------- 27

Figure3.3: HydroPulper--------------------------------- 28

Figure3.4: Centrifugal Cleaner------------------------- 29

Figure3.5: Thickener And Washer-------------------- 29

4
Figure3.6: TDR----------------------------------------- 30

Figure3.7: disc of TDR-------------------------------- 30

Figure3.8: Size Press----------------------------------- 31

Figure3.9: Dryers--------------------------------------- 32

Figure3.10: Calendars--------------------------------- 33

Figure3.11: Rewinder--------------------------------- 34

Figure3.12: Schematic Diagram Lathe Machine- 35

Figure3.13: Operations of Lathe Machine-------- 36

Figure3.14: Schematic Diagram of Shaper Machine-39

Figure3.15: Operations of shaper-------------------- 40

Figure3.16: Welding Machine------------------------- 41

Figure3.17: Positions of Welding--------------------- 42

5
 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING LOG BOOK

TRAINING INFORMATION

Personal Details

Student Name : MUHAMMAD ABRAR

Student Roll : 12623 (2018- GCUF-04505)

Address : MADDAN PHILLA HFD

Email : ranaabrar293@gmail.com

Course of Study : B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering Technology

Year/Semester of Study : 7th

Training Start Date : 01\09\2021

Training End Date : 22\12\2021

Training Organization

Name : GOLD PAPER MILLS SHAIKHUPURA

Address: SHAIKUPURA PAKISTAN

Contact Person: Engr. Muhammad Afzal

Contact : 03074114875

6
 Daily training logbook;
Daily Training Log 1
Training week: _____Week 1st______

Date Time Entry

01-09-2021 7:00am-7:00pm
7:00am-7:00pm  I visited the industry
02-09-2021
 Introduction of industry
03-09-2021 Holiday  Every Friday is rest day
04-09-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  I visited all the sections
7:00am-7:00pm  I visited Boiler
05-09-2021
 I studied the basics of boiler
06-09-2021 7:00am-7:00pm
 Specification of boiler
07-09-2021 7:00am-7:00pm
Declaration:
I hereby declare that all information has on provided above is true.

________________ _______________ ____________________

Signed by trainee Date Signed & Supervisor

Daily Training Log 2

Training week: _____ week 2nd_________
Date Time Entry
08-09-2021 7:00am-7:00pm
09-09-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  Main parts of boiler
 Main parts of boiler
10-09-2021 Holiday
 Rest
11-09-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  Working principle of boiler
7:00am-7:00pm  Working principle of boiler
12-09-2021
 Main operations of boiler
13-09-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  Main operations of boiler
14-09-2021 7:00am-7:00pm
Declaration:
I hereby declare that all information has on provided above is true.

________________ _______________ ____________________

Signed by trainee Date Signed & Supervisor

7
 Daily Training Log 3
Training week: _____ week 3rd_________

Date Time Entry

15-09-2021 7:00 am-7:00pm  I supervised the boiler

16-09-2021 7:00 am-7:00pm  Learn about maintainance of boiler

17-09-2021 Holiday  Rest

18-09-2021 7:00 am-7:00pm  Maintainance of boiler
19-09-2021 7:00 Am- 7:00pm  Maintainance of boiler
20-09-2021 7:00 am-7:00pm
 Maintenance of boiler
21-09-2021 7:00 am-7:00pm
 Safety

Declaration:
I hereby declare that all information has on provided above is true.
________________ _______________ ____________________
Signed by trainee Date Signed & Supervisor

8
 Daily Training Log 4
Training week: _____ week 4th_________

Date Time Entry

22-09-2021 7:00am-7:00pm safety

23-09-2021 7:00am-7:00pm how to keep your safety at boiler
24-09-2021 Holiday Rest
25-09-2021 7:00am-7:00pm I supervised all the maintenance at boiler

26-09-2021 7:00am-7:00pm I supervised all the maintenance at boiler

27-09-2021 7:00am-7:00pm I supervised all the maintenance at boiler
28-09-2021 7:00am-7:00pm I have done my duty at boiler

Declaration:
I hereby declare that all information has on provided above is true.

________________ _______________ ____________________

Signed by trainee Date Signed & Supervisor

Log Daily Training 5

Training week: _____ week 5th_________

Date Time Entry

29-09-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  I visited Pulp House

30-09-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  Learnt about Pulp
01-10-2021 Holiday  House
Rest
02-10-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  Learnt about machinery
03-10-2021 7:00am-7:00pm pjulp ppulppulkp
 Raw material
04-10-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  pulping
05-10-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  process

Declaration:
I hereby declare that all information has on provided above is true.
________________ _______________ ____________________

9
Signed by trainee Date Signed & Supervisor
Daily Training Log 6
Training week:_____week6th_________

Date Time Entry

06-10-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  Machines at pulp house

07-10-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  Hydropulper

 Rest
08-10-2021 Holiday
 Centrifugal cleaner
09-10-2021 7:00am-7:00pm
 Thickener and Washer
10-10-2021 7:00am-7:00pm

 Processes on pulp
11-10-2021 7:00am-7:00pm
12-10-2021 7:00Am7:00pm  Transfer of pulp to machine

Declaration:
I hereby declare that all information has on provided above is true.
________________ _______________ ____________________
Signed by trainee Date Signed & Supervisor

Daily Training Log 7

Training week: _____ week 7th_________
Date Time Entry
13-10-2021 7:00am-7:00pm Hydropulper
14-10-2021 7:00am-7:00pm Working of Hydropulper
15-10-2021 Holiday Rest
16-10-2021 7:00am-7:00pm Centrifugal cleaner
17-10-2021 7:00am-7:00pm Working of centrifugal cleaner
18-10-2021 7:00am-7:00pm
Thickener and washer
19-10-2021 7:0am-7:0pm
Working

Declaration:
I hereby declare that all information has on provided above is true.

10
________________ _______________ ____________________
Signed by trainee Date Signed & Supervisor

Daily Training Log 8

Training week: _____ week 8th_________

Date Time Entry

20-10-2021 7:00am-7:00pm Learnt about TDR

21-10-2021 7:00am-7:00pm Working of TDR
22-10-2021 Holiday
Rest
23-10-2021 7:00am-7:00pm
Maintenance of pulp house
24-10-2021 7:00am-7:00pm
7:00am-7:00pm I supervised maintenance at pulp house
25-10-2021
7:00am-7:00pm Same as yesterday
26-10-2021

Declaration:

I hereby declare that all information has on provided above is true.

________________ _______________ ____________________

Signed by trainee Date Signed & Supervisor

Daily Training Log 9

Training week: _____ week 9th_________

Date Time Entry

7:00am-7:00pm I visited machine Hall
27-10-2021
7:00am-7:00pm My supervisor guide me about machine
28-10-2021
Holiday Rest
29-10-2021 
7:00am-7:00pm I studied about Machine
30-10-2021 
7:00am-7:00pm I learnt about parts of machine
31-10-2021 
7:00am-7:00pm My supervisor guided me about parts
01-11-2021 7:00am-7:00pm Process on paper sheet


11
 02-11-2021 
Declaration:
I hereby declare that all information has on provided above is true.

________________ _______________ ____________________

Signed by trainee Date Signed & Supervisor

Daily Training Log 10

Training week:_____week10 _________
th

Date Time Entry

03-11-2021 7:00 Am-7:00pm

 Parts of machine
04-11-2021 7:00Am-7:00pm  Head BOX
05-11-2021 Holiday  Rest
06-11-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  Working of Head box
07-11-2021 7:00am-7:00pm
 Conveyor belt

08-11-2021 7:00 am-7:00pm

 Working of belt

09-11-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  Size press

Declaration:
I hereby declare that all information has on provided above is true.
________________ _______________ ____________________
Signed by trainee Date Signed & Supervisor

12
 Daily Training Log 11
Training week: _____ week 11th_________

Date Time Entry

10-11-2021 7:00 am-7:00pm

 Working of size press
11-11-2021 7:00 am-7:00pm  Dryer
12-11-2021 Holiday  Rest
13-11-2021 7:00 am-7:00pm  Working of dryer
14-11-2021 7:00 Am-7:00pm
 Strengthen the paper

15-11-2021 7:00 am-7:00pm  Reels

16-11-2021 7:00 am-7:00pm
 How to make a reel

Declaration:
I hereby declare that all information has on provided above is true.

________________ _______________ ____________________

Signed by trainee Date Signed & Supervisor

Daily Training Log 12

Training week:_____week12 _________
th

Date Time Entry

 I joined rewinder department
17-11-2021 7:00am-7:00pm
18-11-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  I studied about
rewinder of reel
19-11-2021 Holiday  Rest
20-11-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  Cutters of rewinder

21-11-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  I studied how winder works to cut the

22-11-2021 7:00am-7:00pm reels
 How the cutters are install
23-11-2021 7:00am-7:00pm
 Hoe they cut the reels

Declaration:
I hereby declare that all information has on provided above is true.

13
 ________________ _______________ ____________________
Signed by trainee Date Signed & Supervisor

Daily Training Log 13

Training week: _____ week 13th_________

Date Time Entry

24-11-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  I learnt process on paper

25-11-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  How to do pulping
26-11-2021 Holiday  Rest
27-11-2021 7:00am-7:00pm
 How to do screening

 How to wash pulp by screening

28-11-2021 7:00am-7:00pm
29-11-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  How to dry paper
30-11-2021 7:00am-7:00pm  And how does paper made

Declaration:
I hereby declare that all information has on provided above is true.

________________ _______________ ____________________

Signed by trainee Date Signed & Supervisor

Daily Log 14
Training week 14 th

Date Time Entry

14
 01-12-2021 7:00am-7:00pm Learnt about lathe machine
02-12-2021 7:00am-7:00pm Types of lathe machine
03-12-2021 Holiday Rest
04-12-2021 7:00am-7:00pm Operations of lathe machine
05-12-2021 7:00am-7:00pm
Learnt about tools
7:00am-7:00pm
06-12-2021 I perform some operations on lathe
7:00am-7:00pm
07-12-2021 I performed some operations on lathe machine

Declaration:
I hereby declare that all information has on provided above is true.

________________ _______________ ____________________

Signed by trainee Date Signed & Supervisor

Training Log 15
Training Week 15th
Date Time Entry
08-12-2021 7:00am -7:00pm I learnt about shaper machine

09-12-2021 7:00am-7:00pm Operation of shaper machine

10-12-2021 Holiday Rest

11-12-2021 7:00am-7:00pm Parts of shaper machine

12-12-2021 7:00am-7:00pm Type of tools used shaper machine

13-12-2021 I perform some operations on shaper

7:00am-7:00pm
14-12-2021 I perform some operations on shaper
7:00am-7:00pm

Declaration:
I hereby declare that all information has on provided above is true.

________________ _______________ ____________________

Signed by trainee Date Signed & Supervisor

15
 Daily Training Log 16
th
Training Week 16

Date Time Entry

15-12-2021 7:00am -7:00pm I learnt about welding

16-12-2021 7:00am-7:00pm Types of welding

17-12-2021 7:00am-7:00pm Rest

18-12-2021 7:00am-7:00pm Positions of welding

19-12-2021 7:00am-7:00pm Types of elecrodes used for welding

20-12-2021 7:00am-7:00pm I perform welding

21-12-2021 7:00am-7:00pm I perform welding

Declaration:
I hereby declare that all information has on provided above is true.

________________ _______________ ____________________

Signed by trainee Date Signed & Supervisor

16
CHAPTER NO. 01-BACKGROUNG OF TRAINING
ORGANIZATION

1.1 BACKWORD HISTORY:

Pure Gold Paper Mills was established in 2007 with a small amount of capacity to
produce paper by recycled unit. Now it , has grown into one of the world’s largest
Hosiery manufacturers: a complete vertically integrated company with state of the
producing paper at the start of working only few persons working in this organization and
it was established by the collaboration of three families. .And now all those families has
their own organization and each of them have a large capacity to produce paper . every
year gold paper produces 26000 tons of paper reels, for top international brands &
retailers

1.2. Company at a Glance

Annual Company Turnover: 45Million US$

Annual Hosiery Production: 2600 TONS

Annual PULP Production: 4000 TONS

Employees: 2000

1.2.1 PEOPLE PRACTICES:

Gold management approach is based on two key principles: Respect for People and Continuous
Improvement. 

Gold strategic planning, fiscal discipline and reinvestment in the business are key elements
contributing to its success over the last 25 years. However, what makes Gold unique is its
People; a motivated, talented and committed workforce. Gold management approach is based on
two key principles: Respect for People and Continuous Improvement. These two principles guide
our common and shared values, care: Integrity, Care, Accountability, Respect and Excellence,
shaping our organizational culture and defining the essence of our company. These core

17
principles and values are critical for achieving Gold mission: “To be an agent of positive change
for the Stakeholders and Community by pursuing an Ethical and Sustainable Business”.

 Globally, conventional textile Industry is one of the most polluting industries on the planet.
According to World Bank estimates, textile industry is responsible for as much as 20% of
industrial pollution; both in water and on land. Also, it has been estimated that cotton uses 2.5%
of world’s cultivated land and 16% pesticides. To control the environmental pollution caused by
textile manufactures, toxin deficient methods need to be adopted.

1.3. RAW Material

 Waste cotton
 Waste Cement wrap
 Water

Figure 2.1: Raw Materials

1.4. Prosperity
Direct Economic values to be generated by 2021

US$ 45 million

18
1.5. Sustainability
Gold sustainability framework is based on the Triple Bottom Line approach comprising People,
Planet & Prosperity. Environment Friendly Practices, Social Welfare Initiatives and Stable
Economic Growth are our key concerns to manage a Sustainable Business.

1.6. Philosophy
Gold Sustainability Philosophy focuses on transforming the way we do business; from sourcing
responsibly to reducing our carbon footprint, from supporting labor rights to taking care of our
communities, while continuously growing our business. Caring for our people and our
environment is part of our DNA and is integrated into our thinking ways, processes and
policies. Like all our business practices, our sustainability philosophy is also driven by our
Mission.

With 2015 as the baseline year, Gold has set Sustainability Targets for 2020, for People, Plant
& Prosperity, which underscore long-term strategic priorities of the company. We have
identified 9 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of United Nations Development Program,
against which the progress of our sustainability initiatives can be measured and reported,
warranting our valuable contribution To the world.

19
CHAPTER NO.02-SCHEDUALE OF TRAINING&DUTIES AS
TRAINEE

Schedule of Training and duties as trainee

Table 1

Duration Duty Training Description

12
hours/day

01-09-2021 In this week I visited the industry for internship I

Week 1 visited all the section of industry and get started from
To
boiler I studied the basics of boiler .types of
07-09-2021 boiler ,and specification of boiler

08-09-2021 In this week I am learned about main parts of boiler

To such as combustion chamber, elevator, main shell
Week 2
etc. and working principle of boiler and the main
14-09-2021 operations of boiler.
15-09-2021 In this week I am supervise the maintenance of
To boiler and perform the maintenance and safety of
Week 3
performing maintenance at boiler section
21-09-2021

22-09-2021 In this week I am supervise at maintenance of boiler

To and supervised all the maintenance and how to
Week 4
maintenance and safety
28-09-2021

29-09-2021 In this week I visited Pulp House and machinery at

To Week 5 pulp house and Raw material used to make pulp and
05-10-2021 process on raw material to make pulp .

06-10-2021 In this week I learned about all machines in

To Week 6 pulp house such as Hydro pulper, centrifugal cleaner,
12-10-2021 thickener and washer, and TDR etc. and processes

20
 they perform on pulp.

13-10-2021 In this week about the Hydro pulper .its cleaning of

To Week 7 hydro pulper and centrifugal cleaner and its working
and thickener and washer and their working
20-10-2021

In this week im learned about TDR and its

21-10-2021 working and how pulp transfer to the machine from
Week 8
To pulp house and I learnt about the maintenance of all
27-10-2021 machines and I supervised all the maintenance at pulp
house

28-10-2021 In this week I visited the main machine Hall .my

Week 9 supervisor guided me about machine and also main
To
parts of machine and process that machine performs
03-11-2021 on the sheet of paper

In this week at start my supervisor guided me about

04-11-2021 parts of machine in detail and told me to cover each
Week 10 part in two days so at the start I get start from HEAD
To
10-11-2021 BOX and its working and then move forward to
conveyor belt, size press and its opretions

Moving forward from the last week I started to study

11-11-2021 the remaining parts of machine and learnt about dryer
Week 11
To and how they dry the paper, and then strengthening of
17-11-2021 paper by using starch,and then Reels and how they
made

21
 18-11-2021 In this week I worked on winder and how does it helps
Week 12 to rewind the reel and how winder cut the reel to
To
desired size
24-11-2021

25-11-2021 In this week I learnt about the process that

To machine performs on paper such as pulping,
Week 13
screening, Rolling, and drying the paper.
01-12-2021

02-12-2021 In this week I visited workshop and joined workshop I

visited lathe machine I learnt about the operation of
To Week 14
lathe machine and parts of lathe machine
08-12-2021

09-12-2021
In this week I learnt about shaper
To Week 15 machine ,operations ,and parts of shaper machine
15-12-2021

16-12-2021 In this week I learnt about welding , types of

To Week 16 welding, positions of welding , advantages and
22-12-2021 disadvantages

CHAPTER NO. 03-WORKING EXPERIENCE IN

INDUSTRY

22
3.1 BOILER:

3.1.1 INTRUDUCTION:
A boiler is an enclosed vessel that provides a means for combustion
and transfers heat to water until it becomes hot water or steam. The hot water or steam under
pressure is then usable for transferring the heat to a process.

Water is useful and cheap medium for transferring heat to a process. When water is boiled into
steam its volume increases about 1,600 times, producing a force that is almost as explosive as
gunpowder. This causes the boiler to be extremely dangerous equipment and should be treated
carefully.

3.1.2 BOILER SYSTEM:

The Boiler system consist of \Made up of following

1.    Feed water system

2.    Steam system

3.    Fuel system

The feed water system provides water to the boiler and regulates it automatically to meet the
steam demand. The water supplied to boiler that is converted to steam is called feed water. The
sources of feed water are:

1.   Condensate or condensed steam returned from the processes

2.   Makeup water which is the raw water which must come from outside the boiler room and
plant processes.

The steam system collects and controls the steam produced in the boiler. Steam is directed
through a piping system to the point of use. Throughout the system, steam pressure is regulated
using valves and checked with steam pressure gauges.

The fuel system includes all equipment used to provide fuel to generate the necessary heat. The
equipments required in the fuel system depend on the type of fuel used in the system.

3.1.3Gold Paper Industry Boiler Specification:

The Boilers are always of two
types
1. Water Tube Boiler
2. Fire Tube Boiler
And the boiler installed in my organization was Fire tube Boiler.

23
 Specifications:
Boilers are always installing in industry according to the requirement of steam in
industry. if industry will be producing large amount of production then the size of boiler is large
and if production is small then size will be small so you can say the production is directly related
size of boiler. The Boiler installed in my organization was 100 ton by size. according to the
production of industry.
Tube length = 30 feet
No. of tubes = 70
Diameter of tube = 2 inches
Size of boiler = 100 tons
Capacity:
Capacity of boiler is always depends upon size of boiler it is directly
related to the size if size will increase then capacity to produce steam will be increase. The
capacity of that boiler was average 65 ton steam per hour and 1550 ton average per day
3.1.4 Fire Tube Boiler:
Fire-tube boiler is those boiler in which the fire or hot gas is present
inside the tubes and water surrounds these fire tubes.

Since fire is inside the tubes and hence it is named as fire tube boiler. The heat from the hot
gases is conducted through the walls of the tube to the water.

The examples of the fire tube boiler are the simple vertical, Cochran, Lancashire, Cornish,
Locomotive, Scotch marine, and Velcon boiler.

Figure3.1: Fire Tube Boiler

Working Principal:
Fire tube boiler is most suitable for low capacity thermal power plant.
The main constructional features of this boiler are one big size steam drum which lies
horizontally upon supporting structures. There are numbers of fire tubes come from furnace and
also aligned horizontally inside the drum. When the drum is filled with water these tubes are
submerged in water. The fuels (normally coal / Natural gases) burnt in the furnace and
combustible gasses move into the fire tubes, travel through these tubes from one side to front of
24
the boiler drum and finally the gases come into the smoke box. The hot gasses in the tubes under
water transfer heat to the water via the tube walls. Due to this heat energy steam bubbles are
created and come upon the water surface. As the amount of steam is increased in that closed
drum, steam pressure inside the drum increases which increase significantly the boiling
temperature of the water and hence rate of production of steam is reduced. In this way a fire tube
boiler controls.

Advantages of Fire Tube Boiler:

1. Compact in construction.

2. Fluctuation of steam demand can be met easily.

3. Cheaper than water tube boiler.

Disadvantages of Fire Tube Boiler:

1. Due to large water the required steam pressure rising time quite high.
2. Output steam pressure cannot be very high since the water and steam are kept in same vessel.
3. The steam received from fire tube boiler is not very dry.
4. In a fire tube boiler, the steam drum is always under pressure, so there may be a chance of
huge explosion which resulting to severe accident.

Basic Design Requirement:

➢ The ability to meet the required efficiency and other performance stands
➢ Ability to meet the required level of pollutants emissions.
➢ Compliance with the requirements of the Central Boards of boiler and Pressure Vessel
Inspectors.

3.2 PAPER MAKING MACHINE

Introduction:
Paper is one of the most important products ever invented by man. Widespread use of a written
language would not have been possible without some cheap and practical material to write on.
The invention of paper means that more people would be educated because more books would be
printed and distributed. Industry would grow because all the plans, blueprints, records and
formulae it uses would be written down and saved, together with the printing press, paper
provided an extremely important way to communicate knowledge. The primary source of raw
material for production of paper is vegetable fibers, obtained mainly from plants. To ensure that
the forest is not depleted of these woods, there is need to provide alternative source of raw
materials, this therefore leads to the invention of the process of recycling. Recycling, which is
the extraction and recovery of valuable materials from scrap or other discarded materials, is
employed to supplement the production of paper. The designing and fabricating of a used paper
25
recycling plant is therefore a welcome development as it will ensure that the source of raw
material for paper production is multiplied and also waste paper that could have constituted into
wastes are recycled for various productive purposes. Designing a manually operated paper
recycling plant ensures that a cheap and noncomplex method of production of paper product is
guaranteed. This is the objective of this paper.

Figure3,2: Paper Making Machine

3.2.1 Methodology and design calculation:

Description of the Recycling Plant

The designed of a waste paper recycling plant included the determination of the volume of the
refiner, hydropulper and head box and also the selection of a convenient material for the
construction of the individual units. The bulk of the parts of the plant were fabricated using mild
steel, this is because it is the easiest to be joined among all other metals. It is a very versatile
metal, necessitating its use by many industries for fabrication of process unit equipment. Apart
from its versatility, it is also very cheap and readily available compared to other metals. Some
basic properties of mild steel that enhance these qualities include (Howard E. B., Timothy L. G.,
1985, Metal Handbook):

• Tensile strength: 430KN/mm;

• Yield stress: 230KN/mm;

• Percentage longatum: 20%;

• Tensile modulus: 210KN/mm3

• Hardness: 130APLS.

3.2.2 Pulp House:

26
 Pulp house is a main section of paper industry in which different parts
doing their work according the processes. Pulp is made of raw material that is waste paper and
then this pulp pass through the processes to make sheet of paper here always hydropulper works
because each process on raw material is done by water so we will satudy some main process of
them

HydroPulper:
This is an open cylindrical vessel incorporating one bladed rotating
element that serves both to circulate the slurry and to separate the fibre from each other. It makes
the paper source become disintegrated, transformed and well blended into fibre slurry. This unit
is operated manually. The blade was designed in a way that it has more mixing effect than
cutting.

Figure3.3: HydroPulper

CENTRIFUGAL CLEANERS
Centrifugal cleaners (or hydro cyclones) separate components of the feed by centrifugal action.
A schematic of a typical centrifugal cleaner unlike a centrifuge, this centrifugal action is not
induced by rotating the equipment, but by introducing the feed stream at relatively high velocity,
tangentially into a cylindrical body. This creates a vortex that tends to cause high-density
components to move to the wall. The lower portion of the cyclone consists of a convergent cone
(although this is not theoretically necessary). Material collected at the wall (the high density
fraction) is discharged from the bottom of the cone. The bulk of the flow forms an inner vortex that
rises to the top of the unit and discharges through a central pipe (the vortex finder).Reference has
been made to dense material moving to the wall, and it is always the case that denser components
move in this way, and that lighter components of the feed are slower to migrate to the wall and,,
being closer to the axis, are discharged through the vortex finder.

27
 Figure3.4: Centrifugal Cleaner
Washer And Thickener:
Pulp Thickening machines are constructed following the present
state-of-the-art and recognized safety standards.Parason Gravity Thickener is simple to install
and easy to operate. No external controls are required as the operations are flexible. It has
adjustable rotational speed and outlet weir height for accomodating large changes in operating
parameters. Additional discs can be installed for incremental capacity increases. Small floor
space provides a large dewatering area.The Parason Gravity Thickener operates continuously and
is used for dewatering or thickening paper pulps in the 0.5% to 3% density ranges. It houses
large filtering areas in minimum space. The Gravity Thickener consists of several discs installed
on a hollow shaft that moves in a vat full of pulp. Each disc consists of 4 segments covered with
a filter mesh, whose outlets lead into the hollow shaft. As the discs rotate, they lead the thickened
pulp to an adjustable overflow weir for their removal through to the discharge box.

Figure3.5: Thickener And Washer

Operating principles:
The pulp/water mixture enters the machine through the head box. The water is filtered out by the
disc filter and exits through the hollow shaft. The discs push the thickened pulp towards the
discharge box, where a gate controls the level of the thickened pulp

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Triple Disc Refiner:
The unit consists of three main parts: a hopper for charging in the
pulp slurry, a screw type conveyor for moving the slurry to the treating element blade and a
treating element. Volume of hopper is a frustum of a pyramid and the volume is given by
V = Ah/3, where V is volume, A is area of base of pyramid, and h is height of pyramid.
It consists of three plates to refine the pulp. It is the final stage of pulp preparation so it make the
pulp refined

Figure3.6: TDR Figure3.7: disc of TDR

3.2.3 Parts of Paper Making Machine:
Paper making machine is a large machine
consist of various parts that performs their duties respectively some of them we are going to
study below

Head Box:
This unit is made out of an 18" gauge flat sheet into a square tank. Its
purpose is to ensure that a continuous flow of stock at constant velocity across the width of the
machine is provided. Its principal design involves the use of a single slice to develop a free jet of
pulp that is then deposited onto the moving felt conveyor. It has an inlet medium fitted with a 2"
pipe socket that allows for a continuous flow of pulp slurry.

Felt Blanket Conveyor

The design of the felt is to serve three (3) main purposes:
1. A conveyor to assist the sheet through the manufacturing process;
2. A porous media to provide void volume and channels for effective water removal;
3. A texture cushion for passing moist sheet without crushing or significant marking.
As a tension band to maintain sheet felt ness and ultimate contact with followings:
• hot dry surface length of cylinder (50cm);
• radius of cylinder (7cm);
• circumference of cylinder (2πr = 2π·7 = 43.99cm);
• AB = 43.99/2 = CD = 21.99cm;
• Total length of felt: AB + CD +BC + DA = 21.99 + 21.99 +140 +140 = 323.98 cm

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Size Pressing:
On the paper machine, the size press is used to apply surface size to dried
paper Starch is the most frequently used binder in surface sizing. Besides raising surface
strength, starch also imparts stiffness, lowers water sensitivity, reduces dimensional changes and
raises air leak density of the sheet. In conventional practice, the sheet passes through a pond of
starch dispersion held above the nip between two large rotating cylinders. In the nip a high,
transient, hydrostatic pressure is developed. Excess starch dispersion is drained from the ends of
the nip. The surface size is transferred to paper by capillary penetration, pressure penetration and
by hydrodynamic force during nip passage.
The quantity of starch transferred to paper by a size press depends on several factors:
concentration of dispersed starch in the surface size; viscosity of the starch dispersion; diameter
of the size press rolls; size press pond height; cover hardness of the size press rolls; size press nip
loading pressure; paper machine speeds; wet-end sizing of the sheet; and water content of the
sheet. The concentration of starch in the surface size liquid can range from 2% to ∼15%,
depending on product requirements. Frequently, pigments and other materials are added, which
further increases total dispersed and suspended solids content. The viscosity ranges from water
thin to several hundred .

Figure3.8: Size Press

DRYER:
On a paper machine, drying is accomplished by passing the web around
a series of steam-heated cylinders. There are about 40 to 70 dryer cylinders on a typical paper
machines, and this is by far the largest part of a paper machine. The dryer cylinders are grouped
in sections having 8-10 dryer cylinders. Each section is independently driven, and has a felt or
fabric threaded in it to press the paper on to the hot rolls Conventional Cylinder Dryer The
drying rate around one cylinder is shown below. This shows that most of the mass transfer tales
place in the draw between cylinders. Heat transfer takes place while the web is in contact with
the roll.

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 Figure3.9: Dryers
Heat Transfer:
The first requirement of a dryer is to transfer heat efficiently from the condensing
steam to the paper. The resistances to overcome are depicted. The resulting heat transfer is
determined by the combined effect of these resistances, which is given by the resistance law,
Some typical values for the coefficients

Condensate:
This is the first resistance encountered in heat transfer. It is governed by the condensate
thickness and its velocity is relative to the cylinder. These give three regimes of condensate
behaviour: ponding, cascading, and rimming. The ponding and cascading regimes generally
occur with slower board machines. , speeds over about 300 m/min give “rimming”. In the
rimming regime, condensate is held on the dryer surface by centrifugal forces. Nevertheless,
there is a relative velocity between the condensate and cylinder, This is called “sloshing”. This is
important in attaining convective heat transfer through the condensate, thereby increasing the
heat transfer coefficient by a factor of 5 or more over pure conduction. Indeed, sometimes
“breaker bars” are installed in drying cylinders to cause the condensate to adopt turbulent flow,
and thereby increase heat transfer.

Calendar:
The final opportunity on the paper machine to change the paper properties is the
calender stack . A calender stack consists of a loaded stack of steel rolls (or alternating steel and
soft rolls) through which the paper takes a serpentine path. The paper thus passes through a
number of nips depending on the number of rolls. The multiple nip passes tend to compact and
densify the sheet. While some loss of strength is often evident in calendering, the process
improves the smoothness and flatness of the sheet and can correct some of the irregularities in
the sheet. The effect of calendering on the sheet depends on a number of variables, including the
sheet moisture, the type of coating applied at the size press, the calender stack loading,
temperature, and number of nips.

31
 Figure3.10: Calendars

3.2.4 Process On Paper In Recycle Unit

In recycling of waste paper mainly the following process were followed.

1. Pulping
2. Screening
3. Rolling
4. Drying
Pulping:
Pulp was made by adding waste paper with water. After using various waste paper and water
ratio the best pulp was found at a ratio of 100gram paper and 4 litres of water. Pulp was made
with the help of hand operated pulp machine.
Screening:
After getting the pulp it was poured on the screener. As a result the pulp slurry was settled
downed on the screener
Rolling:
After screening the pulp, it was rolled with the help of the hand roller in order to remove extra
water from the pulp.
Drying and Paper Making:
After rolling it was dried in the sunlight for about 2 hours. After drying it was pulled over the screener
carefully.
3.2.5 REWINDER:
The winder is a device that receives the large reels off the paper machine and slits
the paper into smaller widths while rewinding it onto smaller rolls for shipping to customers or
for further conversion within the paper mill. The slitters cut the paper into narrower rolls during
rewinding Sharp circular knives for trimming reels into rolls are called slitter knives. Winders
are used to transform the parent reels coming from a paper or board machine by longitudinal
slitting of the web into narrower rolls adapted in diameter for downstream processing. The size
of the “shipping roll” is determined by the end use, generally referred to as the converting
process. Examples are printing presses, corrugating machines, bag machines, sheeters etc

32
 Figure3.11: Rewinder
3.2.6 PAKING OF PAPER:
Digitization has impacted the print industries by a wide margin. The
information gained through digital media proves to be responsive and immediate. This certainly
affects the usage and manufacturing of paper industries which have printed as a major
business.To keep up with the digital world, paper products are shifting towards alternatives that
are directly or indirectly depending upon digitized markets. These products play a mutually
beneficial role to maintain the balance between industries.Paper manufacturers are being smart in
order to maintain the needs of digital companies by resourcing products like packaging paper.
The packaging industry is still big in the market and is required to carry industries like shipping,
logistics, food, and many

3.3 WORKSHOP:
Beginning with the Industrial Revolution era, a workshop may be a room, rooms
or building which provides both the area and tools (or machinery) that may be required for the
manufacture or repair of manufactured goods. Workshops were the only places
of production until the advent of industrialization and the development of larger factories. In the
20th and 21st century, many Western homes contain a workshop in the garage, basement, or an
external shed. Home workshops typically contain a workbench, hand tools, power tools and other
hardware. Along with their practical applications for repair goods or do small manufacturing
runs, workshops are used to tinker and make prototype. Workshop contain following machinery
inside a room

1. Lathe machine
2. Shaper machine

3.3.1 Lathe Machine:

The Lathe Machine is an ancient tool. At the very early stage this machine was
developed around 1300 BC at that time there were not developed so many parts except
headstock and Tailstock. But during the industrial revolution Metalworking lathes evolved
into heavier machines with thicker, more rigid parts. Between 19 and 20 centuries the electric
motor is replaced line shafting as a power source. Then in 1950, the servomechanism is
applied to control lathe and other machine tools by numeric, Direct numerical control

33
 machine. The Lathe is the most versatile machine tool among all standards of the machine
tool. Nowadays the manually controlled machine exists like a SHAPER machine and even do
with the help of a feed mechanism the lathe machine operates manuall
Definition
“A lathe machine is a machine tool that is used to remove metals from a
workpiece to give a desired shape and size. Lathe Machines are used in metalworking,
woodturning, metal spinning, thermal spraying, glass working, and parts reclamation”.

The function of Lathe is to remove the metal in the form of chips from a piece of work by
mounting the same rigidly on a machine spindle and revolving at the required speed and the
cutting tool is fed against the work either longitudinally or crosswise to make the work to the
required shape and size.

Parts of the Lathe Machine:

So what are the Parts of a Lathe machine? A lathe machine tool consists of several parts like:
1. Headstock
2. Bed
3. Tailstock
4. Carriage
5. Saddle
6. Cross-slide
7. Compound rest
8. Toolpost
9. Apron
10. Lead Screw
11. Feed rod
12. Chuck
13. Main spindle
14. Leg

Figure3.12: Schematic Diagram Lathe Machine

Operations of Lathe Machine:
A Lathe Machine consists of the following operation:
1. Centering
2. Facing

34
 3. Turning
4. Chamfering
5. Knurling
6. Thread
7. Cutting
8. Drilling
9. Boring
10. Reaming
11. Spinning
12. Tapping

Figure3.13: Operations of Lathe Machine

Parting off Before continuing any operation in lathe we have to load the job and center it on
the head-stock spindle. 15/23 In lathe operations, the headstock spindle holds the job and it
rotates with the same speed as the spindle. The carriage holding the tool on the tool post, also
the carriage gives the tool post moves longitudinally or crosswise direction to give the
desired feed on the job. These two motions (longitudinally and crosswise) help to remove the
chips of the metal and give the proper shape of the job. The Lathe is such a versatile machine
that it can produce another lathe. It is tough to mention which operations are not performed
in a lathe machine tool, though we discuss some important lathe operations in detail.

Centering operation in the lathe:

We use this operation for producing a conical hole in the face of the job to make the bearing
support of the lathe center when the job is to hold between two centers. (Headstock and Tail-
stock).

Facing operation in the lathe:

Facing operation is for making the ends of the job produce a smooth flat surface with the
axis of operation or a certain length of a job. In this operation,
1. Hold the job on Head-stock spindle using Three or four-jaw chuck.
2. Start the machine on desire RPM to rotate the job.
3. Give a desirable feed on the perpendicular direction of the axis of the job.

Turning operation in the lathe:

35
 The operation by which we remove the excess material from the workpiece to produce a
cone-shaped or a cylindrical surface. There are several types of turning operations, those are:

1. Straight turning
2. Shoulder turning
3. Rough turning
4. Finish turning
5. Taper turning
6. Eccentric turning

Straight turning:
This operation is done to produce a cylindrical surface by removing excess material from the
workpiece. It is done in the following ways:
1. Mount the job by suitable job holding device and check the trueness of the job axis with
the lathe axis.
2. Hold the cutting tool on the tool post and set the cutting edge at the job axis or slightly
above it
3. Set the spindle as per the desired feed
4. Give depth of cut as per finish or rough cut.
5. Start the machining.
6. Engage automatic feed to move the carriage with the tool to the desired length, then
disengage the feed and carriage is brought back to its starting.
7. The process is repeated until the job finished.

Shoulder turning:
A shoulder turning is called which has a different diameter to form a step from one diameter
to another. There are four kinds of the shoulder.
1. Square
2. Beveled
3. Radius
4. Undercut

Taper turning:
First, let me give you an idea about the taper.
A taper is defined as a uniform decrease or increase in the diameter of a workpiece along
with its length. The operation by which a conical surface of the gradual reduction in diameter
from a cylindrical workpiece is produced is called taper turning.

TAPER TURNING
Taper turning methods: A tapering form may be done by any one of the following methods.
1. Taper turning by form tool
2. By swiveling the compound rest
3. Tail-stock set over method
4. By taper turning attachment Let me discuss them in brief.

36
Chamfering operation:
Chamfering is used for beveling the end of a job to remove burrs, to look better, to make a
passage of the nut into the bolt. This operation is done after thread cutting, knurling, rough
turning.

Thread cutting operation :

It is the operation that is used to produce a helical groove on a cylindrical or conical surface
by feeding the tool longitudinally when the job revolved between the two centers. Tool
setting for thread cutting operation:
The tool should be set exactly to the height of the centerline of the job and at 90 degrees to
the job.

Drilling operation:
Drilling is an operation by which we can make holes in a job. In this operation, the job is
rotated at the turning speed on the lathe axis and the drilling tool is fitted on the tail-stock
spindle. And the tail-stock is moved towards the job by hand feed.

Boring operation:
In this operation, we can enlarge the diameter of the existing hole on a job by turning inside
with some farm tool known as a boring tool. The boring tool is also fitted on tail-stock.

Reaming operation:
Reaming is the operation for sizing or finishing a drilled hole to the required size by a tool
called a reamer. This tool is fitted on tail-stock.

Spinning operation:
In this operation, the job of this sheet metal is held between the former and the tail-stock
center rotates at high speed with the former. the long round nose forming tool rigidly fixed
on a special tool post presses the job on the periphery of the former. So the job is taken
exactly the shape of the former. This is a chipless machining process.

Tapping operation:
We use this operation for creating internal threads within a hole by means of a tool called tap.
Three taps are generally used in an internal thread
. 1. Taper Tap
2. Second Tap
3. Plug Tap

3.3.2 SHAPER MACHINE:

37
 A shaper Machine is a reciprocating type of machine that is used for producing
horizontal, vertical flat surfaces. The workpiece is fixed on the table and the Ram holds the
single point cutting tool. During forwarding stroke, (the single point tools attached to the ram
and workpiece is fixed on a table).

DEFINITION:
Shaper Machine is a production machine in which the single point cutting tools are
attached and the work piece is fixed and while moving forward the tool cuts the workpiece
and in return, there is no cut on the work piece and used for producing flat and angular
surfaces
Shaper Machine Parts:
Shaper Machine consists of following parts:
1. Base
2. Column
3. Table
4. Cross rail
5. Ram
6. Clapper Box
7. Elevating Screw

Figure3.14: Schematic Diagram of Shaper Machine

Shaper Machine Operation:
Generally, There are Four types of Operation performed on Shaper that are:
1. Vertical Cutting Operation
2. Horizontal Cutting Operation
3. Inclined Cutting

38
 Figure3.15: Operations of shaper
Shaper Machine Specification
: The following specification of shaper is:
 Weight of the Machine.
 Floor space required.
 Maximum stroke of Ram Drive types (Hydraulic, Gear and Crank type)
 Input Power
 Cutting to Return Stroke ratio
 Angular Movement of the table and
 Feed

Advantages of Shaper Machine:

Following Advantages of Shaper are:
 The tool (Single Point cutting tool) cost is low
 The workpiece can be held easily in this machine.
 It produces flat or angular surfaces.
 Setup of Shaper is very easy and
 tool changing is also easy.

Disadvantages of Shaper Machine:

The following disadvantages of Shaper Machine:
 The cutting speed is not much high
 Only one cutting tool can be fixed.
 There is no option for more than one cutting toolAngular or Irregular
Cutting Operation
3.4 WELDING:
“ Welding is a permanent joining process in which two pieces of metal together to form one
piece by heating the metals to their melting points. Additional metal also called filler metal is
added during the heating process to help bond the two pieces together.”

39
3.4.1 Welding Machine:
  welding machine is used to create the heat and apply the filler metal. The filler metal is
supplied to form the joint, either from the electrode itself (or) by filler material. The temperature
of the heat produced is of the order of 6000° to 7000°c. So, let’s discuss what are the different
types of welding processes.

Figure3.16: Welding Machine

3.4.2 Types of welding processes:

The following are types of welding processes according to the method of heat
generated:

a. MIG welding
b. Stick welding
c. TIG welding
d. Plasma Arc welding
e. Electron beam welding
f. Laser beam welding
g. Gas welding
h. Flux cord arc welding
i. Automic hydrogen welding
j. Electroslag welding
3.4.3Types of Welding Positions
Following are the four main types of welding positions:

1. Flat Position (1G and 1F)

2. Horizontal Position (2G and 2F)
3. Vertical Position (3F and 3G)
4. Overhead Position (4G and 4F)

40
 Figure3.17: Positions of Welding
Flat Position
The most obvious type to perform is the flat position, sometimes called the down hand position.
This involves welding at the top of the joint. In this case, the molten metal is pulled downward at
the joint. The result is a quicker and easier weld.

In 1G and 1F, number 1 relates to the flat position, while letter G is for a groove weld and letter
F is for a fillet weld.

Horizontal Position (2G and 2F)

This is a more difficult position than the flat position and requires more skill from the welding
operator to correct it.

2G is a groove weld position that includes placing the weld axis in a horizontal plane or nearly
horizontal. For the face of the weld, it must lie about in a vertical plane.

2F is a fillet weld position, in which welding is performed on the upper side of surfaces that are
nearly horizontal against a surface that is nearly vertical. In this position, the torch is normally
kept at an angle of 45 degrees.

41
Vertical Position (3F and 3G)
In this position, both the piece and the weld lie vertically or nearly vertically. 3F and 3G lead to
the vertical fillet and vertical groove positions.

When welding is done vertically, the force of gravity pushes the molten metal downward and
therefore has a tendency to stack. To counteract this, you can use an upward or downward
vertical position.

To check it in an upward vertical position, point the flame upward, placing it at an angle of 45
degrees to the piece. In this way, the welder will apply metal from the lower parts of the
workpiece to weld toward the force of gravity.

Overhead Position (4G and 4F)

In this type of welding position, welding is performed from the bottom of the joint. It has the
most complex and difficult position to work with. The 4G and 4F positions are for groove and
fillet welds.

In the overhead position, the metal deposited to the joint leads to a hole on the piece, occurring in
a bead with a higher crown. To avoid this, keep the molten puddle small. If the weld puddle
becomes too long, eliminate the flame for a moment in order to allow the molten metal to cool.

3.4.4 Advantages of Welding Process

1. A good weld will be stronger than the parent or base metal.
2. Faster process compared to riveting and casting
3. Complete rigid joints can be provided with the welding process.
4. Applicable to all metals and alloys.
5. Difficult shapes can be produced by welding.
6. Welding equipment is portable and can be easily maintained.
7. No noise is produced during the welding process as in the case of riveting.
8. The welding process requires less workspace in comparison to riveting.
9. Any space of the joint can be made with ease.
3.4.5 Disadvantages of Welding Process
1. Gives out harmful radiation, fumes, and spotless (a sudden sprinkle of spark).
2. Welded joints are more breakable and hence their fatigue strength is less than the members
joined.
3. Results in distortion and induces internal stresses.
4. It needs certain jigs and fixtures to hold metals properly.
5. Skilled workers and electricity are needed for welding.
6. The inspection of welding work is more difficult and costlier than the riveting work.

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3.4.6 Applications of Welding
The application of welding is so different and large that it would be no exaggeration to say that
there is no metal industry and no branch of engineering that does not make use of welding in one
form or another namely automobile industry, shipping, aerospace, and construction. It is majorly
used for fabrication.

Some of the application are:

 Shipbuilding
 Railway coaches
 Automobile chassis and bodybuilding
 Earthmover bodies
 Window shutters
 Doors, gates
 All types of fabrication work.

43
Conclusion:
In conclusion, this internship has been a very useful experience for me. I can safely say
that my understanding of the job environment has increased greatly. Also, the technical parts of
the job were a bit flawed and I was asked multiple times to correct it.
The two main things that I learned after my experience in this firm are the importance of lathe
and SHAPER can honestly say that my time spent interning with GPM resulted in one of the best
winters of my life. Not only did I gain practical skills of measurement gages, lathe and SHAPER
Wire-cut but I also had the opportunity to meet many fantastic people. The atmosphere at the
Mohammad Afzal’s office was always welcoming which made me feel right at home.
Additionally, I felt like I was able to contribute to the company by assisting and working on
projects throughout the winter. For example, I assisted one of the partners with several Lathe
operations and SHAPER projects for clients of the company. Also, I helped to organize all of the
industry’s marketing contacts by utilizing Google Documents. In addition to these projects, I
solved the problems of SHAPER Wire-cut with the help of expertise. Overall, my internship at
GPM has been a success. I was able to gain practical skills, work in a fantastic environment, and
make connections that will last a lifetime. I could not be more thank

44
References:

 Walker, J. R., & Dixon, B. A. (2004). Machining fundamentals (p. 640). Tinley Park, IL: Goodheart-
Willcox.

 Trent, E. M. (1968). Cutting-tool materials. Metallurgical Reviews, 13(1), 129-144.

 Armarego, E. J. A., & Samaranayake, P. (1999). Performance prediction models for turning with
rounded corner plane faced lathe tools. i. theoretical development. Machining science and
technology, 3(2), 143-172.
 Walker, J. R. (2018). Machining fundamentals: workbook. GoodheartWillcox.
 Learnmachenical,/ Paper Making Machine/Parts of Paper Making Machine.

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APPENDIX 1
Industry pictures

46
Lathe Machine

47
 Fire Tube Boiler

Appendix 2

48
49
50