Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Kursus Rekabentuk Sistem Pintu Air Untuk Pengairan Dan Saliran
Kursus Rekabentuk Sistem Pintu Air Untuk Pengairan Dan Saliran
Pintu Air
Untuk
Pengairan dan Saliran
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Institut Pembangunan Kompetensi,
IPS Malaysia
KURSUS REKABENTUK SlSTEM PlNTU AIR UNTUK PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN
Dl INSTITUT PEMBANGUNAN KOMPETENSI, JPS MALA YSIA,lPOH,PERAK
DARl : 2 3 . 08. 2006 - 2 5 . 08. 2006
- --
Ir. Loh Bak Kim Ir. Lim Lee Thon Ir. Lim Lee Thon
Gate
Guide - Side & sill
0 Seals - Side and bottom
0 Hoist
Power
Electrical
Type of gate - based on appl
-
Size of gate - flow capacity width (
(h) x Head (H)
-
Hoist Type spindle, wire
cylinder/ motor
Power - manual, AC electric (m
actuator), DC electric (motor, ac
hydraulic
Power reserve 20%-
Operating Speed - 0.3 - 0.5 rnlmin, gear
reduction, power I torque requirement
-
1
Seal type - rubber (J, Flat), m 1 surface
Leakage limit roller, radial, tilt
l/rnin/m
Hoist - spindle, wire rope, hydraulic cylin
motor
-
Power manual, AC electric (motor, actuator),
DC electric (motor, actuator), hydraulic
1301.1 -I h!s Conzaci shall furnish all labour, materials, plant, faallties and equipmen:
;o ?erfo;m all work necessar!. to des~gn.rnanufacrure: d d ~ u e r yand unloading
a: S~te,ins:aiiation. testing and commissioning of the whole of the mater~als.
wlnng: ca'cries. electrical and mechan~calequipment and all other necessa:!
Items as stared herein and ~ndicatedon the Bills of Quantities, Specification
and Tender Drawings comprising the Contract Works.
The detail specification for electrical works shall be in Section 1400
1301.2 The Contractor 1s requ~redto carry out the Works which shall includes. bu: IS
not necessary limited to the following:-
I Seven (7) sets of S.S. tilting gates complete with gate guides. sill plates.
seal system, hydraulic hoisting system and all ancillary and auxil~ary
equipment as follows:-
Gombak Diversion Barrage 6m (w) x 4 m (h) x 5.3 m (H): 4 nos i
Keroh Diversion Barrage 6 m (w) x 4 m (h) x 5.1 m (HI: 3 nos Ii
2 Eight (8) sets of S.S. radial gates complete with side rubbing strips, s~ll
plates. seal system, hydraulic hoisting system and all ancillary and
auxiliary equipment as follows:-
Gombak Diversion Inlet Control Gates I
- 6 m ( w ) x 1.5 m ( h ) x 3 . 4 m ( H ) - 5 nos
Keron D~versionInlet Control Gates
- 5 rn (w) x 1.5 m (h) x 3 . 2 m (H) - 3 nos
Eleven ( 1 1) sets C.1. penstock gates complete with frame, spindie, hoisl
and all ancillary equipment as follows:-
Batu Pond Outlet Control Gates
- Z m ( w ) x 2 m ( h ) x 7 . 5 1 m ( H ) - 4nos I
4. Thirteen (13) sets of M.S. stop log complete with lifting beams, seal
system and auxiliary as follows:-
6.0 m (w) x 5.2 m (h) x S.2m (H) -
4 nos. (for tilting gates)
;i
i. .
6.0 m (w) x 4.9 m (h) x 4.9 n~(H)- 1 no. (for radial gates) ..
5.0 m (w) x 4.1 m (h) x 4.1 m(H) - 1 no. (for radial gates)
3.15 m (w) x 5.0 m (h) x 5.0 m(H) - I no. (for penstocks)
3.V m(w) Y. 5.0 m(h) x 5.01~ (Ei) - 2 nos ( for Penstocks)
5.0m&3.0m(w)x4.0m(h)x4.0rn(H)fortrashscreen - 2 nos
each
5. Five (5) sets [5 m width 2 nos. (U/S of Gornbak Barrage and Buaya
Pond Entrance) & 3 m width 3 nos.(Sg Batu, Diversion Outlet and
Drain into Diversion] Debris Removal System consisting of Log Boorn,
automatic trash rake equipment, fixed trash screen and disposal system
KL Flood Mitigation
.CfechonrcolPlanr and E o u ~ ~ nOr:r
ThrustIOperating Gunmetal
nuts Phosphor bronze
Seals Gunmetal
Phosphor bronze
. (a) suitable for the temperature and pressure of the fluid being handled
under all opererting conditions
(b) compatible with the fluid and with the material of adjacent components.
and
Where phosphor bronze materials are specified, they shall be zinc-free, that 1s
the zinc content shall not e x 4 0.05 per cent.
Where cast iron components are specified and provided, or if alternative mild
steel materials are accepted for these components, they shall be coated with
two coats of two pack red lead primer after fabrication. The final coating shall
be completed w ith two coats of two pack coal tar epoxy paint.
b:i'orks zssoc~atedwlrh the !nstallation of the gates. stop logs and hoisting units
but carried out by the civil works shall include the f o l l o ~ l h g-
1303.1 The Contractor shall subnut together with h ~ sContract the details of his
proposal lncludmg structural and mechanical components of the Plant together
w ~ t hconceptual drawrigs and design calculations of the gates, stop logs and
hoisting system.
1305.2 Each gate h a l l be designed for the maxlmum s t m c differential head equal to
the physical haght of gae, plus 300 mm addibonal head unless speclfied
otherwise The gates shall be deslgned to slut the smctures as ~nd~cated
13053 Tschnical specification for tilting gates shall be under section 1306.
Specification for radtal gaim shall be under section 1307 and specification for
penstock gates shall be under section 1309.
: The a r e shall be of one piece welded srainless steei .41S1 304 w:i>
slngie s ~ i nplare and suitably reinforced by hcfrizonral beams ard
v e n ~ c dribs. The reinforcing members shall be of suffic~en~ size m d
s::en~5 to safely withstand the maximum head aescribed in Clacsr
130) 1. plus aliowance of 300mm for extra head of water dur~ng
ove~7ow.The torsional effect of dead load when the gare I S resting on
the sill, and wind loads when the gate is dogged in the raised positlon or
when ~t is attached to the h o i shall
~ be cons~deredin the des~gnof the
gate.
3 The amount of deflection allowed in the gate design under the extreme
hydraul~cload shall be not more than 11890 of the span. The skin plare
shall be attached to the structural reinforcing members by weldmg.
4. The gate shall be installed with rubber seals as described below. The
gates shall be suffkiently rigid to limit laferal motion or side sway.
DESIGN LOADS
1 Each tilting sate shall be pivoted at the bottom by three (3) nos. of gate
bearing biocks with maintenance-free type bearings and stainless steel
housing.
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! Th: Conuac;or shali acs~gnand provtde anchor bolts for senlng 1 2 firs:-
srase concrete by the civil works contractor and shall design, prcv~de
a.1: zrec: ali items requtred to set the bearins blocks anc' sealtng piares
r&!. for the whoie 10 be concreted In by h e civii works contractor
5 S ~ l plates
l shall be so des~gnedthat concrete can be compacted so as to
leave no votds benveen the concrete and etther the srll plates and gate
-
guides or t h e ~ rst~ffenlngmembers
2 The rubber seals for the sides of the tilting gate shall either be the solid
bulb "J" type seal, or flat rubber "wiper" type seal. The seal for the
bottom sill of the gate shall be thc flat rubber type. Seal mounting shall
be done under the utmosr care to prevent damage to the rubber under all
conditions of operation. The side seals shall be adjusted for light contact
against the sealing surface on the side rubber sea) plate with no water
load on the gate. A sufficient support sha\l be provided for the seal to
eliminate possibility of water pressure bending it open.
3. Gate seal fastenings and baclang plates shall be stainless steel Grade
304 for the side seal and Grade 3 16 for the bottom sill.
4. Gate seals and their fixings shall be designed in such a way that seals
are easily replaceable and adjustable.
5. Side seals shall be arranged so that water pressure increases the sealing
effect.
3 The faces of gu~desand sealing surfaces shall be true to form and free
from twists, warps and kinks. The mnimum th~cknessof the gu~des
shaii not be less ihan 10 mm for st!nless steel.
4 The guide assembly shall extend from the crest to the elevation required
for the gate in the maximum lowered position as shown on the
Drawings.
6. Gate guides shall be designed such that gates may be removed for
maintenance without disturbing the concrete work.
1. One set. of gate hoist for lifting the gate shall be provided for each of'the
tilting gates installed at Site such that any of these gates may be
operated independently.
3 The Contractor shall furnish the detailed information for the ho~st
provided.
4. The device provided shall be such that the gate can be fully opened or
fully closed with a normal operating speed of 500 - 600 mrn per minute
5. All assembly bolts, studs, nuts and anchor bolts shall be stainless steel
to BS 970 grade 304, and shall be of 2uch size and spachg as require.'
Anchor bolts shall be of "L" shape for grouting into prepared pockets In
the concrete wall.
KL Flood Mltigotion
Mechonrccl Plmr and Equrpnrrn~
2. Each set of rad~algate shall conslst of, but not necessarily limited to. the
following :-
(a) Stainless steel 304 gate complete with side guide rollers, side and
bottom rubber seals, gate arm and trunnion assembly.
(d) The size of the new stainless steel radial gate shall be as specified
in 1301.2.2.
3. The amount of deflection allowed m the gate design under the extreme
hydraulic load shall be not more than 11800 of the span. The skin plates
shall be attached to the structural reinforcing members by welding.
KL Flood Mitigation
GATE LEAF
3. Field splices for each element of the gate shall be kept to the m~nirnum
3. The Contractor shall design and fabricate the new stamless steel radlal
_paresto the requirement as stated.
VERTICAL BEAMS
HOFUZONTAL GIRDERS
2. The slenderness ratio of the radial arm assemblies shall not exceed 150
All boltslnutslwashers shall be of stainless steel to ASTM AZ40-71
Grade 3 04.
TRUNNION ASSEMBLIES
1 Each of the two trunnion assemblies for each set of rad~algate shall
consist of the following:
2. The trunnion hub shall be either forged or cast stainless steel W e 304
The bushing shall be of the self-lubricating type. The bushmg shall have
KL Flood Mitigation
suZ~cicn!scri',xe x e a tc properly distribute the full load to the gar?
strucnire 1C brmze bush~nssare used. they shall ha\ L. a minimum
thickness of i f ' x m .
1307.8 END F U M E S
I The end frames for each radial gate shall be of stlnless steel to .4STM
,4230-71 Grade 304. As a guide, the end frames shall be ~nclinedto
intersect the centre lines of the main girders at about one-fifth of the
gate width from each end. This will make the maximum bending
moment in the centre span to be nearly equal to the end cantilever
moments.
2. In the design of end frame members, the Contractor shall consider the
gate stalled condition during lifting of the gate. For this purpose, the
lifiing force of the actuator at stall torque shall be divided equally to the
lifting brackets. For this stalled condition, the allowable stress in
bending shall be taken as 0.75 of minimum yield mess.
I. Each gate shall be provided with two (2) nos. of side guide rollers,
suitably positioned (i.e. top and bottom) on each side of the radial gate
for guidance and constraint against side movements.
2. The side guide rollers shall be manufactured from stainless steel Grade
304 material.
1. The side rubbing strips and bottom sill plates shall be of stainless steel
to ASTM -40-7 1 Grade 3 I6 of minimum 10 mm thickness. These
shall be embedded in the concrete structure and shall be flush with the
surrounding concrete surfaces.
2. Side rubber seal guide plate and bottom sill plate shall be of one piece
and anchored to the concrete by mild steel anchor bolts and beam 1
twagger plae.
.L1 d E Sm-crjcarron
1 The requiremen: for sate seals shall generali); be ,zs described In sectlor.
1306 4
3 The base seal may be combined with a buffer or bearing strip adequate
to arrest the travel of the gate when it is being lowered and to c q the
weight of the gate and allow for the deformation of the gate when i~ I S
subsequently subjected to hydraulic loading in either direction.
GATE BOISTS
The Works to be canled our shall ~ncludebut not necessar~l!.be I~m~ted to the
foliowlng, and shall be in accordance ~ " t hthe ~ ~ e c i f i c a r 1and
6 n the Drawings
Penstocks shall be the nsmg stem type unless specified otherwise and the size,
type and actuation of each penstock shall be in accordance with the
Specificauon and Drawings.
Each penstock shall be suitable for operation in the area in which it is located
The penstocks shall be used for isolating the flow as well as for flow conuol
All penstocks shall be water-tested for water tightness after instdlation at the
site. A maximum permissible leakage of 2.0 limes per minute per seai
perimeter (metre) shall be allowed when penstocks are subjected to water test
under maximum unbalanced head conditions for on-seating and off-seating.
1309.4 -
Penstocks General
All castings shall be clean and sound, without defects capable of impairing
their function. Variations of thickness at any place shall be gradual and
substantial fillets shall be provided.
All sharp edges and b u m shall be removed Bolt holes where provided, shall
be drilled and spot t"for bolt he& and nut.
u'all-mounted penstocks shall have frames of the flat back type suitable for
bolting d~restto concrete suuctures. Sealing between the frames and concrere
structures shall be achieved by grouting Channel-mounted penstocks shall be
cast into rebates in the concrete walls.
Frames s M I provide a guide rail along which the gate slides to fully open and
close unobsrmcted and shall be of a length suff~cientto support at least one-
half of the gate in the fully opened posit~on.Design of the guide rail shall be
such that it is self-cleaning and thar clogging is minimized Provisions shall
be made to prevent lateral movement of bolted-on guide rails. For wall-
mounted penstocks the bolts securing the penstock to the wall shall not
impose any loads on the gate.
Where frame tops are provided in the case of self-contained penstocks they
shall be of bolted consuuction tc facilitate removal of the gate, and shall be
designed for the thrust of the actuator. Where the actuator is located on the
frame top, a fully machined support bracket shall be provided to receive the
actualor.
Gates shall be of cast iron and be adequaiely ribbed to resist in-service loads
Sliding surfaces that come into contact with the seating facings shall be
accurate1y machined.
Thc length of the stem required between the top of the closed gate and the
horizontal axis of the hand wheel, both in the case of hand wheel operated
penstocks and electnc motor actuated penstocks, shall be as shown on the
Drawings. The stem shall be supported such thzt the yR (L = length or span
between supports, R = radius of gyration) for the unsupported part of the stem
shall not exceed 200
KL F l W Mlfrgotim 13m18
-ne threads of tht gem shall be mach~nedcut and of the square or .AC\IE
I
p p e The number of threads per. decimeter shall be such as to work mos~
effecrlvei!. w ~ t hthr acrualor
The guides shall be adjustable with resard to the bracket lo provlde concenrric
alignment with the stem and shall be lined, and provisions shall be made to
hold the ltnmg rigidly in place so as ro prevent loosenmg In service
Each penstock shall be provided with a thrust nut connecting the stem to the
.eate.
.. 11 shall be adequately designed to endure the thrust developed durmp
penstock operation under the maximum unbalanced head with a safety factor
of 5, in opening and closing directions. .The thrust nut and gate shall be
designed to prevent turning of the thrust nut d u ~ operation.
g On rising stem
penstocks, the h s t nut shall be threaded and keyed or threaded and pinned lo
the stem.
Frames shall be fined with fixed seating faces that surround the clear openlng
Seating faces shall be of phosphor bronze or gunmetal.
Pedes:als shall be suitable for bolting onto concrete flodrs, and shall r~g~dl!
support the eiectric motor actuator or nand wheel. Each pedestal snall be c!'
such height that the horizontal axis of h e hand )sheel, both In the case of hand
whee! operated penstocks and electric actuated penstocks. 1s approximatelk
900 m m above operating level, which corresponds to the base of the pedesral
Pedestals shall be machined and drilled to receive the gear housing and drilled
for bolting to the concrete floor.
Each rising stem penstock shall be provided with a stem cover of Stainless
Steel SS304 d w enclosed type SS 304 mechanical indicator and gauge. The
cover shall be of sufficient diameter and length to permit full travel of the
threaded stem without obstruction. The top of the stern cover shall be closed.
The bottom end of the stem cover shall be mounted in a housing or adaptor
plate for easy field mounting or dismantling. The protection tubes shall have
drilled vent holes to minimize condensation.
All assembly bolts, studs, nuts and anchor bolts, including washers, required
for assembly and installation of all the penstocks shall be of such size and
spacing as required to provide for the design forces with a safety factor of 5
All materials used in the construction of the penstocks shall have good
corrosion resistant characteristics. To reduce corrosion aristng from
electrochemical acthn associated -withthe use of dissimilx metals, pms of
the penstocks continuously in contact with the fluid shall, so far as is possible.
be made for metals close to each other in the electrochemical series.
.Lfechonrcol Plan/ and Eaurporrn:
Thrust/Operating Gunmetal
nuts Phosphor bronze
Seals Gunmetal
Phosphor bronze
(a) suitable for the temperature and pressure of the fluid being handled
under all operating conditions
(b) compatible with the fluid and with the material of adjacent components.
and
Where cast iron components are specified and prowded, or if alternative mild
steel materials are accepted for these components, they shall be coated wth
two coats of two pack red lead primer after fabrication. The final coating shall
be completed with two coats of two pack coal tar epoxy paint
Kt Flood Mitigation
1309.18 Penstock inspection and testing
Ali penslocks shall be ~nspecredby the P.D, a; the nmufacrurer's works and
sndl be resred In the presence of the P.D.
Before finaj assembly, all searing and wedgtng surfaGs shall be cieaned
thoroughly of all foreign materials and final adjustments ~ a d eWith the _caw
fully closed. the clearance between seating faces shd! be ch~ckedwith 2 O !O
mm thickness gauge. If the thickness gauge can be inserted between sear~ng
faces, then the wedging devices must be readjusted or the gate or frame or
both re-machined until insertion is no longer possible. In the even1 of re-
machining, clearances shall be checked again as stated above.
- Equ~pmentnumber;
- Manufacturer's name or trade mark;
- Year of manufacture,
- On-seatingloff-seating pressure;
- Frame material;
- Gate material
- Stem material;
- Mass of penstock;
- Number of hand wheel turns to h l l y open or close the gate
The symbol for the identification of the type of material shall be marked
immediately after the appropriate material identification. In additron, the
grade of the material shall be indicated immediately after the symbol.
The Main Contract Price shall include ail works necessary for the
manufacture, testing, delivery and installation of the penstocks as S ~ O W I IIn the
Drawings and as required for the safe and efficient operation of the works
including accessories, painting, packing involved in the manufacture and
delivery of the penstocks and all other requirements of the Specification
KL Flood Mitigation
1307 R O L L E R :I'ER'I'IC.-4L. L I F T G.-\TES
3. The gate shall be of the welded steel box construction with single skin
plaie and suitabiy reinforced by beams and vertical ribs. The reinforcing
members shall be of sufficient size and strength to safely withstand the
nia.imum head as shown in the Drawings. The torsional effect of dead
load \when the gate is resting on the sill, and wind loads when the gate is
in the raised position or when it is attached to the hoist, shall be
considered in the design of the gate.
4. The deflection of the gate shall be not more than 11800 of the span. The
reinforcing members shall be of stainless steel of grade AISI 304 or
equivalent. The skin plate shall be attached to the structural reinforcing
members by welding.
5. The roller/veriical liA gate shall be fabricated in one piece section and
shall have not less than three (3) rollers per side. The bottom part of the
gate shall be properly shaped to minimize downpull and to reduce undue
vibration under all conditions of operation.
7. Dimensions of roller/vertical lift gate openings, sill levels and gate lift
heights are as shown in the Drawings.
8. Each gate shall have its own hoisting unit being located at the hoist
platform. The hoisting unit shall be either of the screw spindle (Roller
gate) [Para 1307.101 or wire rope (Vertical lift gate) [Para 1307.111 type
as indicated in the Drawings. Operation of the gate shall be through
motorized control under normal conditions, and manual operation shall
be included.
KL Flood - SM4R T
UESICT REQl~IKE>lLNTS- GENERAL
so that the gates can be closed and opened by electric motor in not
more than 15 minutes unless specified ottlenvise;
so that all or any gate can be partially opened without any undue
vibration at any water level;
so that in the event of power failure, the gates can be closed and
opened manually by two men.
4. In addition to the loads listed above, the Contractor shall also take into
account in his design dead load including the inertia loads resulting
from acceleration, deceleration of h e yare, friction in the bearings and
guides, silt and obstructions on the sill and in the gate guides, the
dynamic and additional frictional effects of water flowing under and
around the gate.
5. Loads arising from variations ill steel temperature from 10°C and 65°C
shall be considered.
The sill plates for gate and stoplogs a d sealing plates shall be
manufactured from stainless steel grade 3 16. The sill plates shall be
mounted flush with the concrete face.
'The sill plate shall have adequate strength to decelerate and to support
the gate when in its closed posltlon and shall have sufficient sealing face
w~dthto maintam a seal for any deflected shape of the gate.
'The Contractor shdl design and provide anchor bolts for setting in first-
stage concrete by the civil works contractor and shall design, provide
and erect all items required to set the sill plates and sealing plates ready
for the whole to be concreted in by the civil works contractor.
Sill plates and sealing plates shall be so designed that concrete can be
compacted so as to leave no voids between the concrete and either the
sill plates and sealing plates or their stiffening members.
KL Flood - W R T
I G a t s shall be provided w t h seals at the t~pstrearnsuch that openings
are ~:atertighragalnst ,ul excess head on upstrean face for all water
levels and t h t leakage at the maximum different~dhead shall not exceed
0 . i 5 litre per second per metre of penrneter length of seal.
2. The rubber seals for the sides of the sate shall be the solid " L o type or
"J" t>pc (Ven~calLift). The seal for the bottom of the gate shall be the
flat rubber n p e for smooth operation of the gate. Seal mounting shall
be done under the utmost care to prevent damage to the rubber under all
conditions of operation. The side seals shall be adjusted for light
contact against the sealing surface on the side rail assembly with no
water load on the gate. r\ sufficient support shall be provided for the
seal to eliminate possibility of water pressure bending it opm.
3. Transitions from side seals to bottom seal, if used, shall be made with
moulded corner pieces spliced to the main seal pieces at about 300 rnm
from the corner. The rubber for these seals shall meet the applicable
requirements of recognized Standards for marine application
4. Gate seal fastenings and backing plates shall be stainless steel meeting
applicable requirements of recognized Standards.
5. The base seal may be combined with a buffer or bearing strip adequate
to arrest the travel of the gate when it is being lowered and to carry the
weight of the gate and allow for the deformation of the gate when it is
subsequently subjected to hydraulic loading i n either direction.
6. Gate seals and their fixings shall be designed in such a way that seals
are easily replaceable and adjustable.
7. Side seals shall be arranged so that water pressure increases the sealing
effect.
2. The faces of guides and sealing surt'aces shall be true to form and fiee
from twists, warps and kinks. The mini~nunithickness of the guides
shall not be less than I0 mm for stainless steel
4. Gate side guides shall be designed to transmit loads into the civil
engineering structure without exceeding pe~missible stresses as
specified and details shall be such as will allow proper compaction of
concrete around those parts to be embedded.
5. Built-in parts shall be provided to enable the guides to be accurately
aligned and to maintain such alignment during concreting in.
6. Gate guides shall be designed such that gates may be removed for
maintenance without disturbing the concrete work.
1. Gate Main Rollers shall be cast steel to ASTM A27 60-30. Rollers shall
be designed to carry the radial loads, resulting from the most adverse
combination of loading, in combination with an axial load applied at the
roller rim due to thermal expansion or contraction of the gate. For the
purpose of calculating this axial load the coefficient of friction between
roller and roller path shall be taken as not less than 0.1.
2 The roller assembly shall consist of a rlmged oi llat roller. a heavy
dur: gease luhcated taper roller bearing. a shalt (asle) and mountiny
coilars. The components oC the roller assembly shall be made of
staii?iess steel castiny and stamless steel 304 rnateuals. Castings shall
be !n accordance w t h recoynized Standards. The roller assemblies
sh&i be spaced along the sides of the roller p t e to carry equal
por.!ons of the hydraulic forces. The bearings shall be heavy duty
taper roller. bearing and self-aligning type. ?'he lubr~can~ used in the
bearmy shall be as recommended by the bearing manufacturer for the
antmpated condit~ons.The roller shatt shall be of stainless steel grade
3 16 and be of adequate diameter to take the thrust developed when the
full head of water is in contact with the gate. 'The roller shafts shall
meet the applicable requirements of recognized Standards.
4. Gate side rollers shall be manufactured from Stainless Steel grade 304
material.
1. Each roller gate shall be operated by one unit of gate hoist consisting of
a pair of screw spindles, a pair of bevel gearing and one unit of electric
actuator.
2. Each gate shall be fitted with two stainless steel 316 power screw
spindles of suitable diameter and attached to the gate spindle bracket
located ar a suitable position for lifting the gate. The spindle shall be of
the rising stem design.
6. The gate hoist components and electric actuator shall be sized for a
lifting speed of approximately 300 mrnltnin (Outfall to Sg. Kerayong).
Electric actuator specification shall be under Section 1406. Class H
type actuator shall be used to ensure gates can be operated continuously
for at least 30 minutes.
(e) A central worm and wheel self locking reduction gearbox, which
shall have a torque rating sufficient for operation witldwithout
counterweight as indicated in the Drawings. The worm wheel
shall be bronze to DS 1400. To allow for the right reduction ratio,
cast iron spur or helical gears may be included. The gearbox
selected shall be of reputable n~akecom~nonlyused in Malaysia.
KL Flood - JjLaR T
1308 HYDR4ULIC HOIST SYSTEM
1. General
2. Construction Materials
Unless otlmwise specified, the cylinder head, cap and barrel shall be
made of w b o n steel; the piston rod shall be of stainless steel with hard
Kt Flood Mifigofion
The c y i l n d c snali be sized to pro\:ide s u f f i c ~ e nopening
~ and clos;ng
ti:r;s: under rile specliled head cond~tlons .-\ rnlnlmum jaf?r\ iaclo 2:'
illal! be appl~edto the maxlmum operallng load beiore slzlng i<;
aili-*, far 1!ne losses ma other s\.srem pressure drops
1 Genera!
T ~ Lsection
S is intended to establish the m ~ n i m u mstandards o!'
q u a l ~ t yfor the most common components used In the design o?
hydraulic systems. At all times the seiection of components and
the design of the hydraulic system shall be in strict accordance
with performance specificaons.
3. Hyciraul~cSystem Component ~ ~ e c ~ f i c a t i o n s
Fluid velocity range shall not exceed 1.5 mls for suction piping.
less than 2 rn/s for rerim line and !SS that 4 m/s for pressure liiic.
i b ~ Mln!m::r~! reservorr srze shall be 1.5 umes the [oral return o;i
voiurne w t l ! adequate hear d~ssrpation Ir shall be large enough I:\
p m v ~ d e adequate mounting surface for the hvdraulic system
components. A sight gauge shall be prokided ro indlcare hkgh and
lo\<.fluid levels
(a) The pump and motor shall be of type most suitable for the
application, taking into account maximum flow rate, pressure
range, available power and duty cycle.
(b) The pump and motor shall be sized to provide suficient volume
of fluid to operate the cylinders as specified at the design speed
and pressure.
(c) The motor shall be three phase totally enclosed fan cooled motor
suitable for outdoor application with at 1- 100% reserve power
over its maximum power requirement.
KL Flood Mirigorion
!-lydrzu i I C nil level and temperature sensors shall be prowcied w:th
iou 11.;-ei a d h12h temperature automauc shut off of !he ?umps 10
preve;?! Samaye and repon the condir~onas an alaril:
(a) .All vzlves shall be of type and size most appropriate ro the
applicauon.
(d) Flow control valves of the fully adjustable type over the des~red
range of operating speed shall be incorporated for speed
adjustment.
(a) All power unit electrically activated devices shall be factory wired
and constructed in accordance with current practices and
regulation.
Flood M i ~ i g o ~ i o n
I 2 1 "En?r:genc> Stop" button s!lall b e nrav~dedin the control
panel
(b) The system shall be easy to interface with other system for
measuring, safeguardmg and control functions.
(c) The output signal from this CIMS or transducer untt in analogue
digltal format shall be used to control a proportronal valve to keep
cyl~nderssynchron~zedwithin 25 mm.
PENSTOCK GATES
----- -
-.
---
---
I General
limensions ( L .u W x H )
3esign standard
3ff-seahng pressure
3n-seating pressure
Materials 1 Grades
Gate
Frame
Spindle
Seating faces
Wedges
Thrust Nut
Weight (kg)
Motor: -
(i) Rated power (kw)
(ii) Speed (rpm)
(iii) Rated current (amps.)
(iv) Efficiency (%)
(v) Power factor
KL Flood - a mT
S C H E D U L E 01;T E C H N I C A L DAT.4
R O L L E R GATES
No. Description
----
1. : Gcneral
Design standwd
Anchorages
Drums: -
(i) Material
(ii) Diameter x Width (mm)
(iii) Winding speed (rpm)
(iv) Groove diameter (rmn)
Transmission shafts: -
(i) Shafting material
(ii) Diarneter(nm~)
Type of couplings
Type of bearings
Central gearbox: -
(i) Make 1 Model
(ii) Kind of gear teeth
(iii) Gear ratio
(iv) Torque rating (Nrn)
(v) Output shaft speed (rpm)
SCIIEDC-L,E OF TECHNICAL DATA
TILTl'\iC GATES
i Item
i--- No. - -.-.----
I General
lesign standard
Anchorages
Roller shaft
Gate seat
SCHEDC'LE OF TECHNICAL DATA
iydraulic Cylinder
vfake 1 Model
viaterial of Cylinder
Material of Piston
Power Unit
Pump makdmodelltype
Description
General
Dimensions ( s s h x H )
Iesign standard
I l a terials l Gmdes
j kin plate
Seals
Anchorages
T O L E R A N C E S F O R EhfREDDED P A R T S A N D I N
C O M P O N E N T S OF G A T E
ck Plates'
Alignment in p l a n c parallel lo n 0 \ ~
Djstancc bctwccn c c n t r c lint o f opc~irl!:
a n d track
dcs
Alignrtlcnt i n p l a n e p a r s l l ~ \Lo flo\v
Distancc bctwccn c c n t r c linc ol' o p c n i n g
a n d race or g u i d e
3. Critical Dirncr~sior!~
IS c a l Scats
Aligntlicnt in p l a n c paralici t o flow
Distance bctwccn c c n t r c l i n e o l o p c n i n ~
arid sidc s r a l s c a t
Coplancrnc~ .
Scal S c o t
Alignment
I i c i g h t above sill
Coplancrness with side s c a l s c a t
i c a l Dirncnsioru
Centre to c c n t r c distancc bctwccrl track
p\atcs
Gates and Hoist
Kursus
Rekabentuk
Sistem Pintu Air
C.I. Slide
Slide Gate Gate
H/W Screw Sluice Gate
down Gate Penstock
Slep 14
T I r n T ~ d ~ f l e'IT-:!
r ~ is slipped over the tlumhlr plate and
sc~tardnit11 s h n l ~ s s l e d cldwp.
Amil
Gate
Constant
Upstrea
m Level
Control
Application
- Dam
- Barrage
- Headworks
- Tidal Control
- Regulator
- Intake
- Offtake
- Checks
- Irrigation Control
- Farm turnouts
- Drainage Control
BARRAGE
HEADWORKS
I
Id
HOIST
Spindle
Wire Rope
Hydraulic Cylinder
Chain Link (Atlas)
Armco 4 Hoist
Armco 9 Hoist
anual
Hand wheel (AKPA 1)
OPERATION
Engine Operated 1 Hydraulic Power Operated I
-- --
Hydraulic AUTOMATIC
Cylinder
SCADA AND AUTOivIATION SYS'I'EivI
&,@
U,,D.L.~A.~.,h,*r(
TYPICAL CU>FIClIK\'CION OF W N I A SFh\'OUI: 69
Automatic
. .
-rash Rake ..
Screen Dragrake Concept
~ u i t u
mrL d ~ ~
Sahlins US and US2 Trash rack rake
cleaners
Suspended Rake
THE END
THANK YOU
CHAPTER 2 GATES
PARAGRAPH 1 General
Ezplanat ion:
This article is'intended to clarify the scope of application of this
standard which covers the gatcs to be used for the dam equipment,
intake equipment, sand basins, head races, tanks, penstocks, tail races,
and the like of hydraulic power stations.
In addition to the above mentioned purposcs, gates are widely used
for water control, water utilization, and high tide prevention. This
standard is frequently used for gates used for other purposes than the
hydraulic power generation.
Ex pIa?tation:
I n this standard, Gates (including high pressure valves) are those
made of steel (including cast steel), and do not include those made of
wood. Steel stoplogs are to be governed by this standard.
The names of Gates in general use are as follows:
Roller type Fixed wheel gates
Caterpillar gates (roller mounted gates)
-
Ring seal gates
J e t flow gates
Hinge type Radial gates
Sector gates
Drum gates
. . : Flap gates (flash boards)
.- Visor gates
Slide type Slide gates
S toplogs
High pressure slide gates
. . Ring follower gates * .
. .
Operating mnchnnisum
' /sill
Fig. 30 Stop Log. Fig. 31 Rolling Gate.
AVIS 220.~425 Gates in parallel. Flow : 38 rn .'s (BOISGELIN-CRAPONNE Canal - La CROmE P;iilt,~onW o r b ,
Because of their simple design, single component moving about a n A V I O gnres, for s l ~ l i c e sworking
NEYRTEC A V l O and A V l S axls. c ~ n d e r Iientl. These gales control
automatic gates are o u t s t a n d ~ r i y
the sluice cross-section so as t o
a m o n g the various m e a n s used i n T h e al)sence of a n y auxiliary
rnaintain a conslant level on tlie
c o n t r o l l i n g w a t e r l e v e l s at the transmission systems, relays or
d o w n s t r e a m side for w h a t e v e r
h e a d w o r k s of b a s i n s o r c a n a l servonioiors, makes these gales
f l o w dernand a n d upstream h e a d
reaches. i n t o outstandingly accurate,
conditions.
sensitive, hard-wearing and
W i t h these gates, the downstrearn
w a t e r level c a n b e kept constant, r e l i a b l e e q ~ ~ i p r n e n tw, h i c h II;is
proved itself an invaluable nsser to A V l S yares serving the same
irrespective of l e v e l c o n d i t i o n s
irrigation system designers. purpose, bu: designed for
u p s t r e a m , t h e d e o r e e of g a l e
continuous canal lengths, i n v ~ h i c h
opening and the f l o w dernand from Consiant-downstream level garcs the level variations upstrearn o f the
downstream , this remarkably manufacturetl o n this principle, arc gale leaf are small e n o u g h to be
constant conlro! i s achieved by a divideti lnlo IWO categories : coy)cd will1 by n s ~ ~ r f a cgalf;.
e
"AMIL"" GATES :
S E R V I C E S TECHNlOClES ET COFJMERCIAUX
1 4 1, rue Rateau - BP 02
93 121 L Z COURNEUVE CEOEX
'I6i ( 1 ) 48.38 92 09 - T&lccop. ( 1 ) 4O.36.36.17
DEDARTEbAENT ADDUCTION IRRIGATION
(PFiOCEDES NEYRTEC)
Construction
The gates are welded assemblies
of steel plate, pipes and standard
sections. They require precision
s h e e t - m e t a l work w i t h close
tolerance margins to assure that
the leaf is perfectly cylindrical. All
metal components are protected
against corrosion by hot-sprayed
zinc metallization plus a coat of
primer and two coats of
glycerophthallic enamel paint.
Nuts, bolts and washers are
cadmium plated, plus bichromate
protection, or zinc plated.
figure 2
Standard l a y - o u t o f an A V l O gate
A Gate leaf
B Counterweighl
C Float
D Float chamber
E Metal walkway
F Constant d o w n s t r e a m level
G Bearing
H Metal-lined opening.
concreted i n
I Emergency gate
J Stream-lined intake
K Var~ableupstream level
L Walkway
M Enwr!lc:ncy gal(! o l ~ t : ~ I!] jack
'
Figure 3
figure 3
K
Standard l a y - o u l o f a n / I S gate
A Gare leal
A ' Darnp~ngtank
B Coonreweight
C F l0;lt
0 Flo;l~ clianit)er
E M c l i l l walkway
BREASTWALL TYPE GATE RAOlUS "0' M I L S U R E 0
10 IHSIOC of CORRUCATEO
OVERFLOW TYPE
M E 7 1 1 FACE PLA;E
%
-
SEE
CONCRETE 10 8 €
TROWELEO S M 0 0 l l l
f O R OELT SEAL
TOP VIEW
(HOIST REMOVED)
1
Rodney Hunt roller gates are advantageous where the mounted in a concrete slot or Rodney Hunt can provide
openings are large, that is, 12 ft. x 12 ft. or over, or as con- a complete steel guide member to which the rails are at-
trol gateson the crest of adam. They are structural steel tached. A stainless steel seal plate is provided on each
with wheels on each side to reduce the operating thrust. side of the opening and across the top where the open-
ing is in a wall. The guides extend the full height of the
The disc or movable part of the gate i s a flat structural gate above the opening, so that the gate can be raised
steel plate reinforced with structural members. The disc completely out of the flow. A structural steel channel or
is designed to limit the deflection of the gate t o 11360 I-beam with astainless steel seating Surface is mounted
of its span when used in open channels and either 114" at the invert to provide a sealing plate.
or 111000 of the gate span, whichever is the smaller,
for gates covering submerged openings. Wheels are The roller gate may be operated by a crank operated
mounted on each side of the gate. The number and size manual actuator, electric motor driven actuator or hy-
of wheels depends upon the size of the gate and the draulic cylinder. The operating stems are stainless
operating head. The wheels are ductile iron or steel steel. When necessary because of the width of the roll-
with self-lubricating bushings operating on stainless er gate, interconnected actuators are used. These in-,
steel axles. A J-seal is attached across the top of the terconnected floorstands or benchstands can be oper-
gate and on both vertical sides of the gate with a con- ated by means of a crank on one of the units, or by an
ventional Rodney Hunt HY-Q seal along the invert for electric motor drive.
flush-bottom closure. The seal is attached to the gate As crest gates on a dam, roller gates are particularly well
with stainless steel strips and attaching bolts and pro- suited because they require less support structure on
vides a tight seal when the gate is in the closed position. each side than do tainter gates, and they will allow some
overflow where necessary. In this application, the gate is
The wheels operate on rails which are mounted in the designed to rise sufficiently high to clear any flood.over-
guide slots at each side of the gate. The rails can be flow conditions.
One o f three 5-34 ton 12 by 15-foot roller gates r e p l a c ~ n gthree Neoprene J-seal running along the side of the gate butts
badly worn steel gates. against a w ~ d e ,low-un~t-pressureHY-Q seal mounted on the
b o t t o m of the gate. Rubber seals compress tightly to prov~de
maximum water-lightness.
Rodney Hunt tainter gates are normally used to control ed in the concrete walls or by a beam that spans the
the flow over a dam. These tainter gates are heavily opening. The hinge pin is stainless steel supported in
designed for long life and difficult conditions and in- bronze bearings with lubricating fittings provided.
corporate a number of design and installation features. For proper installation, all parts of the gate are field
: The disc or movable part of the gate is a flat steel plate adjustable. The seal on the disc can be moved so that
accurately curved on the required radius. Vertical proper contact with the side and invert seal plates is
T-ribs support the curved plate and are backed by wide obtained. The invert seal plate and both side plates are
flange beam supports that span the complete width of installed in box-outs in the concrete and are completely
the opening. The radial arms attach to these horizontal adjustable to provide accurate seating of the gate. The
supports and extend back to the trunnion. J-seals are trunnion supports are adjustable with adjusting bolts
mounted across the bottom and up both sides of the and lock nuts so that precise location of the hinge
tainter gate disc. Steel or stainless steel plates are pins can be obtained.
embedded across the invert and up both sides of the Operation of the tainter gate is by means of cable
gate to provide a tight seal when the gate is closed. drum hoists designed and built at Rodney Hunt. These
The radial arms are angled toward the center of the are electrically driven and use fully enclosed gear
gate so that they Intersect the horizontal supports ap- reduction units, protected interconnecting shafting
proximately 116th of the way In from each side. Thls with flexible couplings, grooved drums and steel or
provides better support for the gate and helps to resist stainless steel cables. These hoisting units can also
any lateral thrust The trunnions and trunnion base incorporate position indicators, limit switches and
plates are steel supported by steel structures embedd- automatic opening and closing controls.
r TRUNNION ARMS
concrete.
FLOW
I
STAINLESS STEEL
The side sealing of a tamter gate is obtained by a bulb or J.seal seating The deflection of the Invert seal is limiled by the b o t t o m edge o f
against a stainless steel plale anchored In Ihe concrete. the tainter gale skinplate.
adial Gates
There :LC<: t;vo types of A r m c o R a d i a l G n t c s . T h r a n d bottom scnls wit11 vulc.anizctl corners o ~ - 1.i ( . c.o:tm
ovcrtlou: t y p is designed for one-foot ovcl.llo\v. TIIL: n i c n t l d for i r ~ s t a l l : ~ t i o n\\:I~cI.(.
s w n t c r t i g h t n c . ~is 0 -
breastwai! r;!pe iu designed t o \vithstancl :I 10-loot
. .
h e a d or1 its c i i l . B o t h typcs nrc matlc i n witltlis l1.(:1111
8 t o 23 feet. hcights from 3 t o 7 Icct iliclusivc:.
T h e cciiis a n d bottolns of 11otl1 tyl)cs II;IV(::I 1 1 c . o -
p r e n e w a t e r scal t h a t s c a t s 011 conc1.ct1.. C o t i ~t .i ~t .
surfaces t h a t c o n t a c t this rcil)l,cr scal s l ~ o i ~ l cI Nl .
troweled s m o o t h . T h e breastwall t y p c also II;IS :I
n e o p r e n e t o p seal as s h o w n in t h e d r a w i n g o n p:~gc:
6 5 . T h i s d r a w i n g also sho\vs details of construction
a n d ins:a!.istion f o r both t y p c s of r a d i a l g a t c x
Adj~:si:;l>;c side rubbing plates a11tl "J"-t)-'lx. sitlc,
1 4 4 x F:,
144x72
144 x 84
60
72
84
75
90
105
78
93
108
9
9
9
9
9
12
1678
2027
2425
2283
2698
3045
4
4
4
4
4
1
168 jr---- 36 45 48 9 9 1298 1847 4
168 x 48 48 60 63 9 9 1601 2298 4
168 x 6E! 60 75 78 9 9 1931 2543 4
168 x 72 72 90 93 9 12 2278 324 1 4
168 x 84 84 105 108 9 12 2809 3534 4
192 x 36
192 x 48
192 x 66
36
48
60
45
60
75
48
63
78
9
9
9
9
9
12
1467
1819
2168
2130
2628
3194
:
4
-
4
192 x 72 72 90 93 9 12 2529 3531 4 4
192 x 84 84 105 108 9 12 3112 4170 4A 4A
216 x 36- 36 45 48 9 ,9 1649 2569 4 4
216x4
216 x GG
216 x :7
48
60
72
60
75
90
63
78
93
9
9
9
12
12
12
2036
2470
2933
3268
3483
4455
4
4
4
:1
4A
216 x 84 84 105 108 12 12 3886 4786 4A 4A
240 x 36 36 45 48 9 9 1808 3068 4
240 x 4 8 48 60 63 9 12 2265 3817 4 '"4A
240 x 60 60 '75 78 9 12 , 2841 4149 4
240 x 7 1 72 90 93 9 12 3185 4828 4 4A
240 x 84 84 105 108 12 12 4191 5243 4A 4A
1
'For c o r r p l ~ t r~ n f o r r n a l ~ oon
n hoists. s e e pages 7 4 a n d 7 5
ed Crest
Hinged crest gates are gates that are mounted on the an electric motor driven actuator with a stem is attach-
crest of a dam and are hinged along the invert. There ed to the arm. As the actuator raises and lowers the
are several types of hinged crest gates, but they all arm, the gate is raised and lowered.
lower to open and raise to close.
A hinged crest gate can also be supported by a
All hinged crest gates are fabricated from steel. The number of separate hinges. These consist of a trun-
gate itself can have a straight shape or curved shape nion attached to the concrete at the invert, a matching
to fit the shape of the crest when the gate is in the pair of hinge plates welded to the botlom of the gate and
lowered position. The plate is reinforced with vertical a stainless steel pin which passes through the plates
and horizontal members and is fitted with a single torque and the trunnion. Self-lubricated bronze bushings i n
tube across the invert or a number of separate hinges. the plates are normally used to reduce the friction.
Side seal plates are mounted in the abutments and resil-
ient seals attached to the sides of the movable disc to This type of gate can be operated in several ways. An
seal against these side plates. If the gate is to seal only operating stem can be attached to one or both ends of
in the fully raised position, there will be a raised seat the gate at the top. This could be a screw stem type
attached to the side plates. This seat may be of stain- actuator or a hydraulic cylinder. As the stem is pulled,
less steel. There is a seal across the hinge or invert of the gate rises. The actuator is supported on a trunnion
the crest gate. This can take the form of a bulb or so that it can rotate to maintain the alignment of the
J-seal type seal attached to an angle embedded in the actuator with the moving disc.
invert and seating against a cylindrical surface at the This same kind of gate can be operated by means of
hinge o f the gate. It also can be a strip of reinforced hydraulic cylinders mounted beneath the gate and push-
neoprene that is attached to an angle embedded at ing the gate to the up or.closed position. One, two or
the invert and to the upstream skin of the gate. more cylinders can be used depending upon the length
Where the gate is constructed with a torque tube, the of the gate. The hydraulic piping to the cylinders is inter-
torque tube is supported on bearings at intervals along connected so that the cylinders will move in unison.
the gate. One end of the torque tube extends through The choice of the design o f the crest gate itself and
the sidewall into an operating space in the abutment. the means of actuation normally depends upon the loca-
A stuffing box around the torque tube prevents leak- tion of the gate, the application, the size of the gate
age into the operating space. A hydraulic cylinder or and the head on the gate.
A 25 It. by 8 ft. crest gate of the torque tube design with a hydraul~ccylinder actuator.
18
Bulkhead gates are large fabricated steel gates Stop logs have been used for many years for control
placed in guides embedded in the concrete and in- of open channel flow. Aluminum is the most com-
stalled by means of ,an overhead crane. A single bulk- monly used material for making stop logs because of
head gate is normally used to close the opening in a its low weight and ease of handling. A resilient seal is
channel but the gates can be designed to stack one on placed along the bottom of each stop log to make a
top of the other,to close a large opening. Lifting eyes tight seal between each section. If low leakage is a re-
are usually provided on the top of the gate to attach quirement, additional seals are placed on the sides o f
the lifting cable. the stop log or in the guides.
Where the bulkhead is not easily accessible, a lift- The guides can be aluminum, stainless steel, or cast
ing device is used to install and remove the bulkhead iron, and are designed for embedding in the concrete
gates. The lifting device fits in the same guides and is or for attaching to the face of the concrete.
provided with a latching device to attach to the bulk-
head. With the bulkhead attached the lifter can be raised Stop logs are put in place and removed by means of a
and lowered by an overhead crane. stop log lifter which fits into the same guides and is
operated by an overhead crane. A latching device i,tf
Bulkheads are usually installed and removed under provided on the lifter to engage and disengage the-
balanced head conditions. stop logs.
If low leakage is not a requirement the gates are nor- The following information is necessary for Rodney
mally furnished with metal-to-metal seats. Where low Hunt to design the stop log.
leakage is desired the gates can be furnished with re- 1. The width of the opening and the height of the
silient seats across the bottom, up both sides and i f channel
necessary, across the top.
2. The depth of water in the channel
If the bulkhead is going to be used to close a submerg- 3. Whether or not low leakage
ed opening a top seal will be required on the disc and is a requirement
a top lintel piece will be required on the frame to pro-
vide a seating surface.
In order to design the bulkhead gate the following
information is needed:
1. Size of the opening.
2. Head that the gate must withstand when it is fully
closed.
3. The type of lifting device that is going to be used to
raise and lower the bulkhead.
4. If low leakage is a requirement this should be
indicated.
5. Whether the gate is to be used in a channel or to
close a submerged opening.
Cross-section of a bulkhead and guide showing the gate, guide Aluminum slop logs with extruded aluminum guides and with the
and seal design. lilting device used to install and remove the logs.
Standard dirwnsions Civil erigiricerincj
The characteristics and If:i~(Iitl<~ Ttw civil engineering rcquirc:nic:nrs
dimensions of both high-head and for structures l o be cql~ippcdwith
l o w - h e a d A V l O gates a n d [ h e AVlO gates, are given for each size
d i m e n s i o n s o f the appropriate of gate, i n the diagrams and t;ll)les
emergency gates, are s h o w n in t h e o n pages 8 a n d 9.
diagrams a n d tables o n pages 6
and 7.
1000
Jcm
7
N.0. .
1 - The operating potnts (Q. J) for a gate should never lie to the r ~ g h of
t its characterist~cline on the c h a n
-
2 The thicker lines relate to the "high-head" gates whereas the thiner lines relates to the "low-head" gates. except lor p a n superposition. For
V ~ than 30 crn.
example. the characteristic lines of the l o w - h e a t l 110/220 gate a n d of the high-tread 160/200 gate are tdent~calfor J O less
Having selected the basic frame type, it is then necessary to specify One of the following alternatives:-
-
Please note All Series 60-30 Penstocks
for OFF-seating pressure are
fitted with flush inverts.
Rectangular Penstocks/Sluice Gates - for Wall,
Thimble or Channel Mounting.
-
Series 160 80
260 - 130
300 - 150
These units are technically similar to series 60 - Generally, all frames will have flat backs for fitting
30 but are robustly designed to accommodate to a wall, but may be modified for use with a
larger heads of pressure and may incorporate thimble when necessary.
boyh top and bbttom wedges in;ertain' instances
where high operating heads are involved. These When used as channel penstocks flush inverts will
will be incor~oratedto ~reventa greater interface be fitted as standard.
deflection t h i n is commensurate Gith the leakage
parameters stated on page 14.
SERIES 160 - 80 On-Seating Pressure 16 metres Off-Seating Pressure 8 metres
Remote Operation - Thrust direct on frame.
Non-rising Extension Systems
"
Indicating floor pillar Floor pillar with
with handwheel handwheel on wall/coping
Floor pillar with bracket
bevel gearbox ;g
electric actuator 1 Handwheel direct on
stem with guide plate
I-
Operating stem
Door guide
Wedges
Door nut .
Door
1 F I O O ~pillar wlth
handwheel and Hydraulic or
rising extension Pneumatic linear
actuator
Stem guide
v 8
i
Open Top Frame - (Half Frame) - 'H'
Used where thrust reaction is accommodated at a
point other than the top of the frame.
Door guide
Channel Fixing
Channel type penstock cast into rebate in
concrete wall.
Alternatively
Flat Back
Both types are machined on the rear face to bolt
directly to the machined face of the wall thimble
IS THE PENSTOCK TO BE:-
WALL MOUNTED?
OR CHANNEL MOUNTED?
..........................
GATE SIZE
@5 feet culvert
d/s)
- 0 to 50 cusecs (0to 1.4 :
-
@6 feet culvert 50 to 150 cusecs (1.4
to 4.2 d / s )
6P10 to 12 feet open flume 150 to 400- On seabng
Off seatinp
--
-- --
1.25 I/rnin/m sedl WWhv
6 m had 2.5 I/rnln/rn seal penrneter
cusecs (4.2 to 11.3 d / s )
+> 400 cusecs open flume -
9 rn head 3.0 I/rnln/m sed perimeter
12 rn head 3.75 I/min/rn seal
-- -
perlm*
15 m head 4.5 I/min/m seal perlmeter
Slide Cate 15 I/rnln/m se3i perimeter
I CHANNEL MOUNTED I
I WALL THIMBES
Ovefflow Radial
Gate / Tainter /
Taintor
........................
Flow Computation
W a t sliding gate (flow 0.8 to 3.1 m3/s)
$Q = c x A x (2gH)m
--
Q discharge n?/s
--
c discharge wfficient = 0.8
A area of opening m2
g 9.81 m/s
-
H differential head m
.............................................
--
c dixharge c M i c i e n t = 0.7
A area of opening m2
-
g 9.81 m/s
H differential head m
Flow over weir
+Tilting gate, overflow gate
gQ = 1.73 x W x (H)1.5
-
Q N discharge m3/s
W width of opening m
H N head over welr m
..................
Penstock Gate
$Q = c x A x (2gH)m
---
Q discharge (m3/s)
c discharge coefficient = 0.7
area of opening (m2)
A
g
H
-- head
9.81 m/s
over aperture centreline (m)
SubmeqedFtovvHe
differential watw llevel
Slide Gate
HERCISE $Gate size = 2 m (w) x 2 m (h)
ON @HI = 1.5 m, H, = 1.3 meter
FLOW CALCULA770N @Gateopening height = 1 rn
@c = 0.8
$Calculate Flow Q = c x A x (2gh)lI2
Weir
....................... ...
Gombak Barrage .
Submerge Penstock
..,.... ...... .......,...
--
@c = 0.7
$Determine total flow for 4 gates +Case 1 Free flow of outlet
+Case 2 submerged outlet H, = 4 m
Gate Specif~ation
... $Type of gate based on application and flow i
Penstock Gate Selection
capacity requlrernent ~rdler,tilting, radial, ;
slide, penstock, flap
-
$Size of gate flow capacity wldth (w) x
height (h) x Head (H)
- @Ske of gate required
+Flow / pressure direction
*Material environmental appfication
N
@Type of mounhng (wall, thimble,
aluminium, mild steel (grade 43A, K)), channel)
Stainless Steel (304/316),Cast Iron, wooden, + R i n g / Non rising stem
HDPE, Rubber
-
8 Deflection gab? 11800, gate > 30 m span @Method of operation
*.Corrosion Protection -
1/600,stDp tog 11600, C.I. Penstock 111000
painting, galvanking
+Differential head
Design Standards Design Selection
* Technical StanQrds for Ga&
hpanese StanQrd
ard Pen.skxk-5 - a Gate type (roller, radial, tilting, pensbZk)
9 Design Cfltexla tor Low Head Slide Gate - g Gate size (w x h x ti), (3.6 m x 4.2 m x 4.5 m)
15:5620:1970 9 Hoisting device t y p (spindle, wire rope, hydrwlic
9 Recommendations fw Stiwtmal Design of Padial ainder)
-
G a b IS:4623:1967 e Power equipment (manual, e\edn'c motor, hflraulic)
+
Recommendakmfor Sbucbral Deslgn of Fixed
Wheel Gates - 15:4622:1978
@ A W A Standard b r Cast Iron Sluice Gates - A W A
..
*Opera%l speed
0.3 b 0.5 mlmln (nomral (late o m )
CS01:87
4, 8S 449:Part 2 - Spxification fa the use of Structural
.. 0.1 mlmln (A&nabon)
1.0 m 5.0 mlmin (NavIgaU~Locks)
-
Bottbm hinge Rap gate clorir?g tlme 10 20 m'n.
Steel In Buildlng
.. Hih p s u m vavah 0.05 * 0.1 +in
--
4 BS 4:Part 1- Specification for Sbuctllral S W Amatof Clav F max 15 mln., Cbrr H * 30 min.
Sections
9 IrrigaUon and Hydraulic Design Vol 11
Leliavsky
- Serge
4 lifting Height c l e a r a ~ e1.0 t
a 1.5 m (debris)
for corrosion
Deflection 1/800 gate; 1/600 stoplog &
--
+Width of gate bay 5.5 m
gate span > 30 rn [ 6 = 5/384 x wL+/PI]
$Case 1 water level = 4 m
%Case 2
Max. water level 29 m . - .
a Leakage
rubber seal - 0.15 Ilseclrn
-
pemtcck gate on-seating < 1.25 I/min/rn
- off-seating < 2.5 I/ininlm (H < 6
Gate invert level .- 20 m m)
+Calculate hydrostatic load < 3.0 l/min/m (H < 9
m)
SPAClNG OF GIRDERS
....................................................................
&
CENROIDS
I ....
Determine Centroids of S x t m n s
n, = (2/3X hrA3- hPlA3 ) 1 { hrA2 - hVlA2 ) Exercise
+Gate height (h) = 4.2 m
+Gate width (w) = 3.6 rn
+Upstream water level = 4.2 m
+Downstream water level = 0 m
$Assume 4 girders
..
@Determine
5padng of Horkontal Grders h, a { r/N )'QS x H
Cenboids of Sections n,
n, = (213X bA3- h,,"3 11{ hA2- h,.,"2 1
STOP LOG DESIGN STEPS Hydrostatic Pressure
........................
OOMaln lnfonnabon on stoptog helght, wldth
and max. water head
$Determine Design Loads
9 s r O P LOG
*Height of stop log
+ Width ofgate bay
- H
. --
+vs=vxs,xS,xS,
5, bopographlcal factcf
+Determined by Sverdrup-Munk-
Bretschneider
.- 5, grovnd roughness, size & helpht k t o r
S, Statlsacal factor
*Dynamic wind prewre q =
gh, = 0.00086 x Vt.' x FO-45
8 F = distance to opposite bank (m)
(kg/&)
K = 6.25 x 1W V = wind velocity (27 m/s)
---
@he = (k x Tl6.284) x (g x H)OS
---
+P, = (718) x (w, x k) x (h x h)0.5
he one half wave height (m) P, dynamk pressure (kgIm2) .
K seismic intenSity of desqn (0.1) K seismic intensity of desGn (0.1)
--
T seismic period (20 sec) w, density d water (1000 kg/m3)
g
ti - 9.817 m/s2
water depth frwn reservoir level to
ground (m)
H
h
(m)
max. water depth in dam (m)
water depth from dam level to point
I Earthquake Inertia Force Sediment Load
. ---
C, x w, x d
---
9Fi=k x W C,sediment pressure factor (0.4 N 0.6)
m F, inertia force (kg) d depth of sediment (1 m)
w, W - (1-V) X WO
K
W
seismic intensity of design (0.1)
weight of gate (kg) .. --
w, demity of water (1000 kg/m3)
w density of sedimentary silt (1650
.
v -
kg/m3)
void ratjo of sediment (0.3 to 0.45)
bF= l O O O x f x A x H + 1 . 5 x P 1 + P2
HOIST CXLCULA TION (stadng)
+F = 1 O O O x f x A x H + PI+ P, (moving)
'
F = force to open slide (kg)
f = friction factor 0.35
A = area of gate opening (m2)
H .= head of water (m)
P, = weight of slide (kg)
P, = weight of stem (kg)
Determination of Stem Diameter
I Hoist Design
........... ..,......,.,..
- Wire Rope Type I ( Hoist Design - Spindle Type 1
'
-
4 Determ'ne Max. Uftjng b a d d e d weight friction + DetermlneM a . Ufting b a d - dead weight frictjon
(seal & rdler), over flow bad (seal & roller), over flow bad
O Determine ternion in W rope + DehYmine Load per spindie
O%kctsu(tabkwirewesizefrwntabie $ Wect WaHe spindle diamebr ard lead from W e
O Determine wire r q x drum size s Detenine stem factw f mM e
O Determine Torque at each drum + oetermlne bqw requlred per spindle = ( 2 ) x (4)
+ Determine $peedof dnrn fmnCmq Speed of gah2 +T~requiredfrOm~=Zx(5)Ifdirect&Z
*Gear R e d W
-
+DetermlnepowerbreahdrumHP= [ T d x r p m ] /
[ 9550 x efTideno/ ] eff = 95%
x (5) /(mehanical eff~dencyof gearbox) If h-ou$~
W&X
Frwn A&tw table se)ect suitable Ach!ahr
*ActLlafaPawr
SEAL FRICnON
+Roller frictlon fr = N*L*D/Z{ul+uZ*d/Z) i $fs = p*l*w*u*n
N - m. of rdkrs -
p hydraulic pressure (H2/2*1000
-
L bad on roller kg/m2>
-
D .mller diameter -
I length of seal (m)
u,- coeffilent of rolling fridion
w - width of seal (m)
u, - coeffiaent of sliding Mctlon
d - diameter of bearing
-
u coefficient of sliding frictjon (0.8)
-
n no. of seals
+Total load = dead wt. + fs + fr + EXERCISE
overflow
Wttmg effort C = Ioad/no. of lifting wire LOAD CALCULATION
$Wire rope safety f a o r = 6 &
@TorqueT = L * D/2 POWER CALCULATION
@Power= T (Nm)* RPM * &f./ 9550 kw
= T (lb-ft) * RPM * eff.1 5250
.
OCalculate :
Total llbm I&
-
Wrp load diameter (d)
Drum size 20 x d
Power m-pired
1 Gate Weight Estimation
Roller
Radial 6.5 1.5 3.4
Flap 2 2 2
S'iQpl0g 6 5.3 4 x 1.33
67
-
. . PARAGRAPH 2 Design
#
Explanat ion:
1. When designing Gates, Article 84 should be referred to for t h e
load, Article 85 for the combination of the loads, and Article 100 f o r
t h e hoisting load.
2. In order to maintain water-tightness a t t h c Gate;, i t is common
practice to use rubber seals of various shapes. T h e hardness of t h e
rubber seals is Shore hardness 50"-GO".' Gates to be used under high
water pressure have a system to push the rubber seal against the guide
seals for effective water-tightness.
3. Due consideration should be paid to t h e fact that. when Gates
a r e operated, t h e self-weight, friction, up-lif t, down pull and other.
f o r c e s are caused so as to provide hoists with a sufficient capacity f o r
easy and positive opcration.
4. Because Gates a r e to be used for a long period of time. g a t e
leaves, seal guides, embedded parts and hoists should be so designed a s
to withstand corrosion:
5. When designing Gates to be o2erated under high head, d u e
attention should be paid to the influence of the g a t e shape, guide shape,
air supply to the downstream side of the gate leaf on t h e vibration o f .
t h e gate leaf.
6. Special consideration should be paid, due to t h e inherent nature
of Gates, to the easy operation and maintenance.
Explanation:
Gates should generally have a power source for quick and positive
operation. Electric motors a r e usually used- as t h e power source.
Internal combustion engines may be used for Gates of such small capacity
dam a s torrent intake dams. I n this instance, the type and the number
of units of the power source should be decided in consideration of t h e
positiveness of the control, frequency of flood, speed of gathering water,
etc. No power source is required for automatic flash boards, of which
operation is made by means of t h e buoyancy, and for small gates of
which operation can be made manually.
Explanation:
It is necessary to provide s n emergency closing device on t h e hoists
of Gates a t t h e inlets, outlets and water tanks which a r e required t o
s h u t off t h e passing water to minimize the damage when the head race,
penstocks o r turbine generator develops trouble.
T h e emergency closing device lowers the gate leaf by disengaging
it from the power source by means of a clutch, and its lowering speed
is 4-8m/min. Brakes a r e used for controlling the lowering speed, which
may be a hand brake, magnet brake, centrifugal brake, fan brake,
hydraulic pump brake, electric brake, etc.
Ezptanatio~t:
T h e design standard of Japanese National Committee on Large Dam
should be referred to in order t o obtain the values of statical water
pressure, mud pressure, seismic acceleration force, hydrodynamic pressure
f o r seismic.
T h e static water pressure is t h e force t h a t acts perpendicularly on
t h e surface contacting the g a t e leaf, and should be calculated from t h e
, .
following equation:
where
where
. where
Explanation:
Depending upon t h e method of use, ~ a t e as r e exposed to overflow
3) E. Nnudaschcr. I'IIydrodynarnic analysis for High head leaf gates", Proc. ASCE
Val. 90, IIY3. h h y 13G-L.
-
4) Experiment of discharge a t Kayase Dam, Nagasaki, by Takehito Makita, and others,
"Hydro-Electric Power". No. 33, 1961.
6 ) S. J. Skinner. "Fixcd wheel gates for penstock intakes" Proc. ASCE, Vol. 83, PO
'
6, Oct. 1957.
6 ) ' H. Rouse. "Engineering Hydraulics", p. 536-5.13, 1950.
7) Vibration manunles f o r civil engineers. Society of Civil Engineers, p. 2.10-146,
.Chapter 9, P3ra. 3, ~ i G a t i o nof hydraulic s t r u c t u r e s and machines due to flowing water.
8) Tosiaki Makihntn, etc. "Alensurement of vibration and a i r supply of the main
discharge g a t e a t Tsuruta Dnrn". Hydro-Electric Power, No. 48, 13GG.
9) Keiji Nnknrnura, etc. "Discharge t c s t of main discharge facilities of Yokoyama
Dam", Hydro-Electric Power, No. 'iG, l3G5.
10) F. D. Campbell. "Vibration Problems in IIydraulic Structures", Proc. ASCE, Vol.
87, Hy 2, Mar. 13G1
11) E. Naudascher. "Vibration of Gates d u r i n g Overflow and Underflow" Proc. ASCE.
.Vol. 87, HY 5, Sept. 1361.
T h e values of standard off-set are a s shown in t h e following table.
Explanat ion:
I t is advisable to give a margin of 2-4mm thicknesc for t h e plates
to which access is dificult or which cannot be repainted cleaned a f t e r
erection work is completed.
T h e requirement of this Article may be relased when stainless steel
plates, stainless clad steed plates, bronze plates, or t h e similar plates
a r e used, o r when such exccllcnt antiabrasive paint t h a t will not pccl
off or crack is coated, or zinc galvanization or metal spray is provided
on t h e skin plate, thanks to thcir anti-corrosive properties.
It is also advisable to provide certain margin, a s in t h e case of skin
plates, to those parts where water is in constant contact during opera-
tion of t h e gate.
Article 8 8 : Itfi7tiinztm Thichress a x d Slenderness Ratio
T h e minimum thickness of the steel materials to be used as t h e
main s t r e n g t h members of Gates, including t h e corrosion allowance,
should be more than 6mm for steel plates, and more than 5mm for steel
sections.
T h e slenderness 'ratio of t h e main compressive members of Gatcs
should be not more than 120, and t h a t of t h e secondary members not
more t h a n 150.
Explanation:
When calculating t h e slenderness ratio, t h e buckling length of a
compressive member in t h e Rahmen s t r u c t u r e is considerably longer than
t h e distance between t h e panel joints so t h a t d u e attention should be
paid t o t h e buckling length.
The buckling length of a compressive member is the result of
multiplication of buckling coefficient according t o the structure of the
member and the supporting condition a t the member end, with t h e :
member length.1'-16'
Explanation:
I n the cases of metal touch sealing gates, i t is advisable that the
deflection be 1/1,000-1/X,000:so as to ensure $ood water tightness. In
the cases of long span gates; of which span ranges between 30 and 50
meters, and when due consideration has been paid for the water-tightness,
stability of structure, vibration, and other points, it may be permissible
to increase the deflection to a maximum of 11600;
In the cases of stop l o g , of which water tightness can be lower
than the normal gates, it is possible to reduce the deflection requirement
to 1/600:
It is, however. not permissible a t all to allow for the reduction in
the deflection requirements as far as such members as radial gate
supports, which may buckle or collapse due to escessive deflection, a r e
concerned.
. .-
Explanation:
It is advisable that the bearing pressure on the roller shaft or
&radial gate bearing shaft be less than 150kg/cmz against the projected
area of the shaft. I t is, however, permissible to increase the value up
E x p l a i t ation:
In consideration of the effect of hoisting speed of g a t e leaves to
t h e up-down streams by the discharge of water, t h e hoisting speed is
generally s e t a s 0.3-0.5 meterlminute. I n the cases of automatic
control or other purposes where slow hoisting speed is desired, the speed
may be decreased to O.lm/min. The hoisting speed may also be increased
t o lmlmin. depending upon the circumstances.
. For emergency closure, a speed ranging from 4 t o 8m/min. is often
adopted,
Article 102: Lift - .
The lift of gate leaves should be so determined that the w a t e r
flows unobstructedly when they are lifted to the fullest stroke.
Explanation:
: The flood discharge gates should be so designed to have a clearance.
under their highest position to the flowing water surface so as to permit
free passage of various kinds of goods that may be carried with flooding
water, and the clearance is generally given 1 . 5 meters or more to the
designed flood water level. This is also applicable to the bearing shaft.
position of radial gates.
Explanatio~r:
For the operation of ordinary gates, three phase squirrel cage
induction motors are used. Because unsolved matters are often left in
calculating the hoisting load, an allowance of more than 205% is usually
given to the calculated value.
Chances are that the gates are often left unused for a long period
of time, and are afrected by silting or rusting. Voltage may drop in the
feeding cables due to the starting current. For these reasons, the motor
starting torque is specified to have more than 20076 allowance.
I n cases of using wound rotor induction motors for the purpose of
limiting the starting current, the motor maximum torque may be more
than 200%.
..
Article 104: Capacity of Emergency Power S o t m e
The capacity of emergency power source should be such that it is
capable of operating the k a t e leaf positively. .
Explanation:
4
I n the event of using internal ccrnbustion engines. their capacity
should be more than 120% of the calculated operating force.
In the event of adopting generators, their capacity should be
determined in consideration of the motor starting load, voltage drop u p
GATES FOR REGULATORS A N D BARRAGES $09
808 C A N A L BRID'GES, AQUEDUCTS AND GATES
in equal sections, are & a u n generally as in the first computation, but then, their
The qtnndardization of girder design capablo of being achieved in this ]Donne
r, common centre, instead of being located in d , is no\\. shifted to the point o, which ia
is a-major consideration in m e s s i n g t h e cost of the work, particularly when an order
for a large nrlrnber of gates is contemplnted and the same rollzd section is used for
all of Lhem:
Theorelically, t h e problem of girder spacing cnn then be solved as follows : let
a b i n Fig. 073 be the trinngle representing t h e water prevsure applied to the gate.
Draw a semicircle with a b as diameter. Then 'divide a 6 in equal intervals a a,, a , a,,
a , a , . . . depending on t h e number of girders you intend to use. Through the
points a,. a , , a , . . . draw a s e t of parallel lines a t right angles to ab, and mark the
intersections of these lines with t h e semicircle.
Wo. 6 i 4 .
the meeting-point of the lines dc and ab. The rest of the computation is generally
similar t o t h a t of the upper gate, and does not require t o be explained again.
Instend of using the graphical method, the same result may also be obtained
by calculation, as follo\vs : Let the triangle nbc i n Fig. 675 represent, a s before, the
This w i l l yield n number of points b,, b,, 6, . . . Draw through the point 6 ,
a n , a r c of a circle, t h e centre of which is t h e point (I, and repent the same.operation
for all the points b , , b, . . . The points c,, c, .
' .: picld the posilions of the hori-
zontal lines c,, d l , c, d , . . . dividing the area of the basic triangle in equal parts.
Find the centroids of t h e areas ac,d,; d,c,d,c,, d,c,c,d, . . . and space the girders
accordingly.. T h e distributed water load per unit length of every girder will then
be given by the product of the corresponding area of the dingrnn~n,ultiplied by the
number, N,
specific weight of t h e water. As all these areas are now equnl, each girder will carry dingram of the water pressure. It is required to diridc its area into
an equnl part of the total loading. of parallel strips,. the a r e a s of which must all bc c q d .
For the lower p t e (in the case whcn two lenfv per bay nre provided) the bnsic Transcribing this condition symbolicnlly :
tl~ngrilnlrcprcscnting tho total watcr load \\.ill bc n trapcziuln, nu sho\c-~> 1)y a6r.d in
Fig. 674. I n this case, therefore, the comptltation 1s sliglltly ~rlotlifictl.
tie aecn from t h e diagram, t h c circular nrcs, \vhich nrc used to d i ~ i d ethe tlingrnm
810 CANAL B R I D G E S , A Q U E D U C T S AND GATES GATES FOR. REGULATORS AND BARRAGES 8 11
'the pressure-dingram areas o f t h e individual strips of the top gate will be. tpken
p r o p ~ + + i t e l y smaller, t h a n for the lower gat0.l
..-
. It'will be observed t h a t t h e diagrams in Figs. 6 7 3 and 6 7 5 show tll? top girder '
n, = 4 8
fall - (r - l)I/:
than the other girders, which causes i t to deteriorate a t a more rapid r a t e than the
rest of the stcel-u-ork.
di7 (b) The lowest benni of .tlie upper gate as.wel1 a s t h e lowest and top beaim of
These formulm frame a simple geometrical interrelation and m a y easily be shown to the lower gate are all supposed to carry only hnif of t h e standard load taken by all
be true.; not,withstanding which, their application t o the practical design of regulator other, intermediate girders.=
gates meets with some di5culties. I t should be rerueinbered, in this connection,'that the bulk of t h e weight of the
The calculation method described is a n essential basis of gate design, but i t is gate is in the skin plate, and not in t h e girders. And, consequently, ronxervetive
not, in practice, a strict law t o be observed to the letter. There are various considera- (or over-conservutive) c~ssuinptionu in girder design have relatively little, or almost
tion~pertaining to the requirements of general rigidity of t h e framework, and t o the no, effect on tllc total cost of the gate.
probability of damage due t o accidental causes, which rriay occasionally impose The design is then done a s follo\vs : First, divide the combined height of the
departures from the described ideal spacing. required obstruction into txvo parts, -4 and B (see Fig. G i 6 ) , so t h a t B is indeed
I t is, however, quite impossible t o give a complete list of such departures, for the total height of tlie lower g n k , n.llile -4 is the height of the upper gate 1nlnu3
they depend laigely on t h e practice of ecery workshop, or irrigation servics ; hoviever the overlap. Supposing there nre 7, intermediate girders in the top gate, divide the
to explain t h e general n a t u i e of t h e difference' between theoretical and practice length ab'into 71. + 1 sections (n ( I , , n, a, . . . in the drauing) so t h a t all these seclions
girder spacings, a n example of a spacing method is given below,. which is sometime should be equal, except the lowest one, which is made half as high as the others.
applied ior-small-gate design on Egyptian regulators.
. T O achieve this, first, di\-ide the length nb into 2n + 1 equal parts, a n d then take.
the first instance the distances between t h e upper two girders, calculated ir double intervals for all sections esccpt the lowest one. \Ye then proceed a s explained
.the manner described, m a y b e found too large for practical design requirements,
while the spacing of the lover ,girders m a y come o u t to be too narrow for Droper
inspection 'and painting. , .
T o ensure t h e required rigidity of t h e g a t e structure, as well as from consid~.rations
releting to t h e span of the plating, in medium-sized regulators on distributai y irrigation
canals, t h e spacing of t h e girders should preferably be from about 50 cm. ( 1 foot
8 inches) t o about 120 cm. (4 feet 0 inches), in the type of gates herein considered..
'
Hence, i t is aometimes ,found necessary, or ndvisable, to adopt for t h e uppel.'
gate a slightly lighter type-section of girder, a s agninst the lower gate. I n this'case.
8 12. CANAL BRIDGES, AQUEDUCTS AND GATES G A T E S F O R REGULATORS -AND B A R R A G E S 813
when this is done, the respective positions of the top nlrd bottomgirden are d e t e r m i n d
by the edges of the plating.
Supposing the'number o f the i ~ t e r r n e d i a t egirders for the lowor gate, to be rn,
divide the distance bd into m +-
2 sections, in s u c h a way thnt the top and bottom
eectione are half a s p e n t a s aU the 'other.8. The deeign is then carried o u t in the
same way as for t h e upper gate. Bear in mind t h a t the pressure diagram for the
lo-wer gate is a trapezium, and thnt, therefore, the common centre of the arcs I; b,,
C, 6, . . . (see Fig. 676) is in the point a (and not in 6).
\
-
Flat s l i d i i l g gates
T o be u s e d f o r d i s c h a r g e s r a n g i n g f r o m 0 . 8 0 - 3 . 1 0
m3/sec.
The d i s c h a r g e c a n b e c o m p u t e d f o r m t h e f o r m u l a . :
Q = cba
where Q i s d i s c h a r g e i n m3/sec.
c is d i s c h a r g e c o e f f i c i e n t = 0 . 8 0
b i s w i d t h o f the g a t e
a i s h e i g h t of t h e opening
2
g i s a c c e l e r a t i o n by g r a v i t y (9.81 m/sec )
H i s d i f f e r e n t i a l head ( 0 . 1 0 m)
n u m b e r of surface' of
Q m3/sec. gates gate H m
par. 4 . 6
T h e s e ga.tes u s e d f o r discharges e x c e e d i n g 3 . 0
m3/sec.
e .g. 3 t y p e s of r a d i a l gates can be u s e d :
type I : b = 1.70 m
t y p e I1 : b = 2.CO m
t y p e III : b = 2,50 m .
r-,
!.fie l o s s of h e a d is a b o u t 10 c m ; t h e gate is sub-
1
:merged 1 0 c m .
par. 4.6
Tile tot:el ~ heac! bey;:c,r-n
1 . 0 ~of c a n a l .level a!](r3. farr:, 14itc!-i
is a b o u - t 1.5 cm.
J:!yrris con:; - t a n t ,
Th?? discharge cocr'ficicr.t c .;ari:?s firm 0 . 5 5 to C . 7 2 .
l7ox tkle h e a d g a t e s to be b u i l t , 555 y.ralxe cf c h a s to he
d e t e m n i n e d . k ~ ymeans cjf clirr.?:i< ;:c2s!~renznt.s. A f t e r thi:;
ca.librat:ion, l.es car1 55 .-252
.
r- .- -~- I-: -. ,.J ~ fljr v.;,xi o u s d . i . s c h a r y e s
and g a t e o p e r l i n c p . An e x ~ q ; . l c .cf ss-c:-. t a b l e is give11
ir: tsble 4 . 1 3 - 1 a n d 4 ; :3-2.
HeadFllg of the l1eightr. of 2::s ,-c-...
' ~ 2 - 5; -..l?q r-lil.1 be done
- .
w i t h t h e aid of t h e scrE;: r=.E 3:::: ::;5 sy:er-t,icn b.-l-erlch,
..
which is p r o v i d e d xi t!'~5 zr ,-*: -,,:2 - ,-
,- ,.;.-
O p e r a !:ion oE t h e hzadcgs te
--
i.. .ori1ic.e
....- ( o u t e r ) gate
U .. c~ ' r 2 z
U = discharge in c u m r c s
t i r d i f f e r e n t i a l head o~ o r i ( i c c g a t e (O.O6 m!
*I = a r e a o! the o r i f l n e gatc opening in sq m e t e r s
c ,discharge c & f f i c i c n t i v a r y i n g from 0.65 to 0 . 3 2 )
g a c c e l e r a t i o n d c ~ c! o g r a v i t y (9.0i m/sec2)
Density of steel
Density of cast steel
Density of cast iron
Density of mild steel
Density of neoprene rubber
Kursus Rekabentuk Sistem
Pintu Air
di
Institut Pembangunan Kompetens&
IPS Malaysia
&
SMA rojects
Kursus
Rekabentuk
Sistem Pintu Air
7
Flow reduced from 1
Legend
U
CG! - Gombnk Bnrrab.e (Tilting Gstr) 4 ws 6~4~5.3
i
0CG3 - Ba Pond Regulating Outlet Gates (Tilt~ngGate)
CG2 - Dtversion Inlet Control Gats (Rodial Cmlc)
0 In 5x4~4
5 nos 6sl.Sx.l.J
0 CC4 - Co trol Gatcs to DBICL recreational Pond (Penstock Gate)
a 2n 32x2
0 CGS - Ba Pond Outlet Control Gates (Penstock Gak)
CI 4 n s 2~2~7.25
0
o General View Of Tilting Gate.
-
Hydraulic Power Unit.
Stop Log
- -
;1 ~ e d e r a View
l Of Penstock / Spindle Drive.
I.,.0.n
I
Additional Pond
Storage
Reduce flow from
400 to 350 m3/sec
Stc age Pond &
Di. mion Tunnel
St01 $e Capacity
Holc ~gPond 0.6 M m3
(Kal lung Berembang)
Stor ,e Reservoir 1.4 M mJ
(Tar .n Dcsa)
Tun I 1.0 M m3
Modes Of Operation
German TBM
70 m long
RM 200 Juta
: & Control System
1~ate.s
No F 7 -r,?
I,'.?,
&qa, t ~ t 3 r
-. -Berhad - Gamuda
lngress and Egress connections to the
Motorway Tunnel linking KL-Seremban Highway. - Largest in South East Asia. i
L - MMC
-. ..Engineering
.---.---- . - ---Group .-
Berhad Joint Venture.;
-.-- . --- ...- ... .,
....-. ........-
+ To divert flood water away and bypass the city Surface Area of Pond
centre. 22 hectares
To regulate and keep the water level in Sungai
Klang managable throughout the year. Storage Capacity
To improve the efficiency of the hinterland 1,400,000 cubic metres.
...-- .-
..-- -- -. -- --.
drainage within the city. ..
:0[81 Sio~.?,ris!.:$~>ii~:!I'~i &,>L' :.,ii,31f5i-
SMART ALIGNMENT
designs can be customized by the designers, normally based in overseas. Some of
the components may be manufactured locally under license.
3.3.2.5 The rest of the equipment can be sourced and selected from the
local suppliers or local agents.
To enable JPS to control the flow into the diversion channels and ponds and subsequently
to evacuate the water from the detention ponds so as to free the storage for the next flood
event a system of control gates were provided.
Figure 18: Control Gates (CGl to CG5) in The Gombak Diversion Scheme
CG1 -The Gombak Barrage is a 4 bay (each gate 6m wide x 4m high) barrage
equipped with tilting gates. The gates are normally open to allow water to flow
downstream. The gates are operated LO partially close or completely close the
barrage, if it is found that flow in the river is too high and will contribute to
flooding downstream. These gates regulates rate of flow into the diversion
channel when the inlet gates (CG2 described below) are fully open and the
maximum rate of diversion into the diversion channel is when the flow level at
the inlet gate is at RL 49.90m. f <'
6"-
CG2 - The inlet control gates comprises 5 bays of radial gales (each ?q). wide x
1.5m high). Under normal condition, the gates are all closed. The gates are
opened when there is a need to divert water into the Batu Detention Pond via the
diversion channel. These gates are fully closed or fully open. Regulation of
inflow is done through CG1.
CG3 - The regulating pond control gates is an existing control gate and
comprises of a single bay (5m wide x 4m high) tilting gate. Under normal
condition, the gates are all open. The gates are closed when there is a need to
divert water into the Batu Detention Pond via the diversion channel. When these
gates are closed all water entering the regulating pond are diverted into the Batu
Detention Pond via the ogee weir. It is possible to just divert water from Sg Batu
into the pond by closing CG3 without opening the inlet control gates CG2.
CG4 -These are existing control gates and comprises of 2 nos. of penstock gates
(each 2m wide x 2m high), and when opened, these gates releases water from the
Batu Detention Pond into DBKL's recreational pond downstream and finally into
Sg Batu downstream of DBKL's recreational pond. Care must be taken that the
rate of release is not too high, as the released discharge may damage the
recreational pond downstream. There is provision of gates, CG5, under this
project, to release water directly into Sg Batu.
CGS - These are control gates (4 nos. of 2m wide x 2m high penstock gates) to
be constructed as the main water release outlet fiom the Batu Detention Pond
into Sg Batu. Unlike CG4, these gates discharges directly into Sg Batu
downstream. These are larger gates and operation wise, it is intended that the
release rate does not exceed 60 m3/s, which is the capacity of Sg Batu
immediately downstream of these gates. When water stored in the pond is at its
full operating level of RL 4.5.30m, full opening of all gates will result in higher
discharge than the permitted 70 m3/s. Therefore, the recommended gate openings
will initially be small and the openings will inaease in steps as water level in
Batu Pond drops.
a
6:
Figure 22 shows the control gates in the Keroh Diversion Scheme.
KC1 -These are barrages comprising 3 nos. of 6m wide x 4m high tilting gates.
These gates are normally fully opened to allow water in Sg Keroh to flow
unhindered downstream. The need to close these gates partially or completely
arises if there is a need to divert flow from Sg Keroh (into the Keroh diversion.
Channel and finally into the Jinjang Pond flood storage) to prevent flooding
down'stream. KC1 is a regulating control gate and will be used to control the rate
of diversion into the Jinjang Pond.
u
Figure 19: Control Gates (KC1 to KC4) in The Keroh Diversion Scheme
KCZ- These comprises 3 nos. of @by 1.5m radial gates. These gates are normally
fully closed. These gates will be opened when there is a need to divert flow from
Sg Keroh (into the Keroh diversion Channel and finally into the Jinjang Pond
flood storage) to prevent flooding downstream.
KC3 - These comprises 3 nos, of 2m by 2m penstock gates to regulate outflow from the
Nanyang Pond into the Jinjang Pond.
Operation Modes
The operation of these gates needs to be coordinated. Details are described below:
Gornbak Diversion
'. .
For the Gombak Diversion scheme, CG2, CG4 and CG5 will under normal times be fully
closed while gates CG1 and CG3 will be fully opened. Critical water levels will be
established for the Sg Gombak and Sg Batu. These critical levels are indications of the
amount of flood discharge going downstream into the City center and if the water level
exceeds this critical level, the operators of the diversion scheme must be alerted of the
need to divert water to the poiid.
Once it is decided that Sg Gombak flow needs to be diverted, the sequence of gate
operations is important. For instance, when the decision to divert flow from Sg Gombak
is reached, CG3, the outlet of the regulating pond must be fully closed. Next, CG2, the
inlet control gate for the diversion channel will be fully opened to accept water from Sg
Gombak. Next, the barrage gates CG1, will be operated to regulate flow into the
diversion channel.
There may be instances when the water level of Batu River hitting the critical level while
the level of Sg Gombak is still below the critical level. In this case, the diversion can be
operated for Sg Batu alone. This is done by closing the regulating pond outlet control
gate CG3,
When the flood has subsided, operations lo release water from the pond will commence.
The gates should first be set to the default setting which is CG2, CG4 and CGS fully
closed while CG1 and CG3 starts opening to reinstate the pre-diversion flow directions in
the river while at the same time ensuring that the opening of these gates CG1 and CG3
does not cause excessive flow downstream. The indica~orof the limit of flow allowable
downstream will be the water level downstream of these gates. Next, CG5, the Batu
Detention Pond outlet gates will be operated to release water from the pond. Again, to
avoid the act of releasing water causing flooding downstream, the release will have to be
regulated. CG5 will manage to drop the water level in the pond to RL 39.00m.
For the Keroh Diversion Scheme, the gates KC1 and KC4 will be opened during normal
time. KC1 is the barrage gate across Sg Keroh and it should be open, to allow normal
flow through. KC4 is the outlet of the Jinjang Pond and should be open to keep the pond
level at dead storage level.
The ~ i n j a Pond
n ~ is an inline pond for Sg Jinjang and therefore continually receives flow
from the river and therefore KC4 must be open, to allow the flow to pass through
unhindered during normal operations. KC3 is the inlet gate for the Keroh Diversion
Channel and therefore will remain closed to prevent water from being diverted to the
Jinjang Pond. Local drainage that used to flow towards the Sri ~ e ~ a m bPond
u t will now
flow toward the Jinjang Pond.
When flood flow occurs, the water level in Sg Keroh will rise and if the level exceeds the
critical level signaling possible flood problem downstream if allowed to flow through,
then the flood diversion operations will be activated. To divert flow towards the Jinjang
Pond, gate KC2 will be fully opened. At the same rime regulation of flow through the
Jinjang Pond outlet at KC4 will start. KC4 will start throttling the outflow into Sg Jinjang
to a preset allowable discharge. The amount of flow to be diverted is also regulated. This
is done by varying the level of the tilting gate. The criterion is - the flow downstream of
the barrage must be maintained below the critical level.
Sg Jinjang inflow is regulated by KC3. During normal times KC3 is fully open to allow
as much flow as possible to flow through, thereby, reserving the flood storage of the
Nanyang Pond for a flood event. However, as flood is being diverted into the Jinjang
Pond, the Jinjang pond level rises. A critical level will be assigned to signal that Jinjang
Pond storage is being rapidly used up and that will require the gradual closure of KC3.
Nanyang pond storage will be utilized to reduce now into the Jinjang Pond.
After the flood, the water stored in the Nanyang and Jinjang Ponds will be released. The
barrage KC1 will be open and the inlet control gate KC2 closed. KC3 will be open and
KC4 will be regulated to discharge water downstream inlo Sg Jinjang at the permissible
maximum rate of discharge.
The need to ca-ordinate gate operations means that a centralized control is necessary.
Provisions have been made to house the centralized control center (CCC) in the IPS
Office complex at the Batu Pond area. The building to cater for the CCC is an extension
of the present office space.
In the CCC, the operator of both schemes would be able to receive real-time data on the
. water levels at various locations along the scheme. Water Level Stations are required at
the following locations:
Besides these stations, another useful water level station would be the one located at
PWTC (WL19) since PWTC is an important landmark, which is supposed to benefit horn
the operation of flood diversion schemes. The water level at WL19 would be another
useful indicator of the need to initiate flood diversion as the area at WL19 (PWTC) and
hrther downstream are the direct beneficiaries of the diversion schemes.
Gate operations under local control is dependent on the water level at the main rivers
namely Sg Gornbak and Sg Keroh. Operation is made simple and the operation
procedure recommended was tested using several design flood events.
3.0 GOMBAK DIVERSION SCHEME
. .
Figure 3.1 Locations of Control Gates and Wafer Level Stations in the Diversion Scheme
The operations of Gombak control gates CGI, CG2, CG3, CG4 and CG5 will be controlled
by the SCADA system while in "SCADA Mode", based on the water levels WLl and
WL20 recorded at upstream of the Gombak Barrage and the water levels WL7 recorded at
Batu Pond and WL19 located at PWTC to perform a water diversion or discharge operation.
Two water level stations ( W L and~ WLZO) are provided for dual redundancy in case one of
[he level sensor stations fails to operate. Two level sensors are also provided at WL19 for
dual redundancy purpose. Should the redundant level sensors differ in reading by more the
0.1 m, an alarm will be provided at the MCC.
During normal times, CG I and CG3 will be fully opened while CG2, CG4 and CG5 will be
fully closed. The SCADA system outstation 0.52-RS and OS27-MS located at the Gombak
Barrage shall continually~monitorthe water level at WLI & WL20 which is located just
upstream of the barrage. When the water level at WLI or WLZO rises to 48. I m or higher
Figure 3.2(a) Gombak MCC SCADA System Configuration
Gombak MCC will also poll the Keroh LCC data for viewing and further processing via
Telekorn Streamyx ADSL network. For the backup purposes both Gombak MCC and Keroh
LCC are provided with 1 1 Mbps backup wireless Ethernet link. In the event the Telekom
, Streamyx ADSL network fails i t may still communicate via the broadband wireless network.
For more detailed information, please refer to Gombak and Keroh Wan Setup Configuration
in Figure 3.2(b) below. .
El
COMBAK MASTER CONTROL CENTRE KEROH LOCAL CONTROL CENTRE
Each outstation has a PTZ Camera driven by PELCO-D protocol, allowing the visual
inspection and surveillance remotely from the Gombak MCC. The operators will be able to
view video feed from cameras located at the outstations. The operator is able to pan, tilt and
zoom the camera from the master control centre.
. . ..... . . : . . . . . . . .
.:.: . . . . 7:
All alarms....... shall be .displayed on the MMIs and logged onto the eventlalarrn printer while
~~~~~~~~~~~~~mi shdlinaddition be sent as Short Message Service (SMS) to designated JPS . . . .
, p e r s o n ~ e l : v i a . ~ ~ .can ~ e be
~ ~printed
r t s via repodgraphics colour laser printer based on . . .
dem?.ind.::.r;: ,.!;:.'.:<;<:;<..!..
. . .:,:. . . .
. =
L...,.
.. ";-i >:;.;I;.:
.. . . . ...\...... ...:. . . ., : ;,.\: . :-.:...:,
For the backup purposes some outstations located a -significant distance away from the
Gombak, . . . MCC-
... are provided with wireless Ethernet bridges. . I n the event the fibre optic
~ t h e r n eiing'failstheie
t outstations may stillcommunicate with the MCC via the broadband
wireless . network.
. . . .. . . .
. .- . . . . . . ., ,
1. - : : ?
. . . . . .
.: . . . . , . I
; . . .
: :
: ; ....... ; . , - : ......... .:.. ...
:I.
: ' . : ' . . . . ?,' . ;;,. ........ . . . .. , ?_. .... :' .. : -. ,,;-. .'.
Selected 'data from;thi SCADA: +item s u c h as &&i
'
;. :',:,:.-:c
&....:a!
., ............ : .
. ., 1 .... : ;;;:,<.:; .: ,.;:.::.
The functions of the 16 RTU based outstations under the Gombak Scheme are described
.below.
...
..- :
...-. . . .
_' '
OS I-CS i s connected to OS2-RS, 0S3-RS and 0S4-RS and 0s-27-MS RTUs via IObase2
Ethernet (thin Ethernet). An Ethernet switch located in the OSI-CS RTU provides the
Ethernet interface to the wireless Ethernet Bridge, fiber optic (FO) Rail Switch, 0S2-RS,
OS3-RS, 0S4-RS and 0s-27-MS.
OS I-CS group is connected with self managed wireless 1 1 Mbps Ethernet link
communication to the Gombak MCC as secondary communication link for redundancy.
personnel via GSM. Reports can be printed via repodgraphics colour laser printer based on
demand.
For the backup purposes some outstations located a significant distance away from the
Keroh LCC are provided with wireless Ethernet bridges. In the event the fibre optic
Ethernet ring fails these outstations may still communicate with the LCC via the broadband
wireless network.
For more detailed information, please refer to Keroh LCC SCADA System Configuration in
Figure 4.2 below.
The functions of the 13 RTU based outstations under the Keroh Scheme are described
below;
Kursus Rekabentuk Sistem Pirttu Air
di
Institut Pembangunan Kompetensi,
JPS Malaysia
Structural Mechanics
Kursus I TOPIC COVERED
Rekabentuk
Sktem Pintu Air .Centroid of objects
Moment of Inerba (I,, I ,
)
Sechon Modulus (Z)
STRUCTURAL Bending Moment (M)
MECHANICS Deflection of beam (6)
Radius of gyration (r)
Slenderness Ratio (Ilr)
I I R LIM LEE WON I
)
"'&': &"
Centre of Gravity (Centroid)
--Compound
-- -- - -
Body 4-.
o
l,. .J
-- -- - of Inertia ,
Moment
..r,=
Rectangle about neutral axis
1/12 w3
Qrcle
..- -;I-
."I '?
Exercise Exercise
Find I,and F, for 1section as shown u I and t, for compound girder as shown
Find ,
-
.T~: .c+ Section
-
Modulus -,1
-.c r ? ~ Maximum
-- - - --- - .-
Deflection
i, jl
.
.
..
.
.A -
-"<
.kg/mm2)
I* mrnent of inertia
Exercise
I Maximum Deflection
Simply supported beam with uniform
load
I --
A simply suppxted beam of 4 m w~dth
Uniform bad of 1000 kglm
Ma% deflection d = 51384 w13/EI
. --
rn Determine rnax BM
s w udl (kglm) Albwable stress in bending = 10.5 kglmm*
I N length of beam (m) Determine section modulus Z
E Young's modulus of elasticity ( 2 1,000 0 Find suitable UB from Table
.- kg/mm2)
I moment of inertia
Determine actual bending stress and
defecton
Figure 8.10
Example 8.3
A compound girder is built up of a 2 5 4 146UB37
~ steel
beam with one 250 mrn x 24 mm plate on the top flange only.
MOMENT OF I N E R m
T h e area of the steel beam alone is 4750 mm2. Determine the
position of the centroid of the compound girder (Fig. 8.11). The moment of inertia o r , m o r e appropriately in the case of a
.i beam section (which; as stated earlier, is a plane figure
Figure 8.11
without weight), t h e second moment of area of a shape, is a
Solution
property which measures the eficiency of that shape in its
1 The compound section is symmetrical about the vertical
resistance t o bending.
axis Y-Y, so the centroid must lie on this line.
Other factors besides shape enter into the building u p of a
2 T h e addition of a plate to the top flange has the effect of
beam's resistance to bending moment; the material of which
moving the centroid (the X-X axis) towards that plate, and
a beam is made has a very obvious effect o n its strength, but
taking moments about line B-B at the lower edge of the
this is allowed for in other ways. T h e moment of inertia takes
section,
no regard of the strength of the material; i t measures only the
Total area of section XY = (area of UB x 128 rnm) manner in which the geometric properties or shape of a
+(area of plate X 268 rnm) section affect its value as a beam.
A beam such as the one shown in Fig. 8.12 may. in theory,: When again the same four angles are used with a plate
be used with the web vertical or with the web horizontal, and ' placed between them as in Fig. 8.16, the Ranges are moved
it will offer much more resistance to bending when fixed as in even further from the neutral axis, and the eficiency of the
( a ) than when as in ( b ) . This is because the moment of inertia shape is much greater. Large deep girders are built up in rhls
about the X-X axis of bending is larger than thz moment of way when very heavy l o a d s h a v e to be supported.
inertia about the Y-Y axis. When a shape such as that shown In Fig. 8.15 is being
These axes of symmetry X-X and Y-Y are termed the designed, it will be found that doubling the area of the p a t ~ g e
principal axes and they are in fact axes which intersect at the . Figure 8.15 will approximately double the flange's efficiency, but doubl-
centroid of the section concerned. ing the depth d as in Fig. 8.16 will increase the efficiency by
It will normally be necessary to calculate the moments of 4, i.e. 22. The efficiency of the flange, then, varies directly as
inertia about both these principal axes, and these are usually its area and as the square of its distance from the cenrroid.
described as I,, and I,,, the moments of inerria about the
X-X and Y-Y axes respectively.
The manner in which the "build up" of a shape affects its Calculation of the Moment of Inertia
strength against bending must-to be understood
completely-involve [he use of calculus, but it may still be In order to measure the increase in efficiency of a secrion as
made reasonably clear from fairly simple considerations. its area and depth increase, the moment of inertia isecond
The term moment of inertia is itself responsible for a moment of area) is calculated, and this property does in facr
certain amount of confusion. Inertia suggesrs laziness in some measure both the direct increase in area and the square of
ways, whereas in fact the true meaning of inertia may be the increase in depth.
lbl
described as the resistance which a body makes to any forces T o determine the moment of inertia of the rectangle shown
Figure 9.12 or moments which attempt to change its shape (or its motion in Fig. 8.17, it will be necessary to divide the shape into a
in the case of a moving body). A beam tends to change its ! Figure 8.16 number of strips of equal area as shown.
shape when loaded, and inertia is the internal resistance with The area of each strip will be multiplied by the square of
which the beam opposes this change of shape. The moment the distance of its centroid from the centroid of the whole
of inertia is a measure of the resistance whlch the section can section. 'This in fact amounts to assessing its second moment
supply in terms of its shape alone. or, in other words, forming a factor which measures ~ t sarea
directly and the square of its distance from the axis of
'
its Ranges (which comprise the greater part of its area) well t Assume a rectangle to be as shown in Fig. 8.18. 180 mrn
wide and 3 2 0 mm in..deprh. Fig. 8.18 shows [he section
away from the centroid and the axis of bending X-X, and is
in consequence an excellent shape for resisting bending.
Fig. 8.14 shows a shape built up by riveting together four
t divided into 8 strips each 4 0 mm deep, each strip having an
area of 7200 mm'.
T h e sum of all the products
angles. T h e bulk of its area (shown shaded) is situated near to
the centroid, and the section is not a good one horn the point
of view of resistance to bending about the X-X axis.
L a y 2 = 2~~ a ( ~ : + ~ : + ~ : +.) . .
If the same four angles are arranged as shown in Fig. 8.15,
+
= 2 x 7200(202 6 0 2 + 1 0 0 2 + 140')
however, then the bulk of the area has been moved away = 14 440 x 3 3 600
from the axis of bending X-X, and the section-which now = 483.84 x lo6 mm" units
resembles roughly a UB form-is a good one, with a high
Figure 8.14 resistance to bending. Figure 8.18
Prop, . .-2f Se - .. 127
!- 1 4 0Ik m
1
/ ( (2400+ 2800)f = 2400 x 80 + 2800 x 10
and from the principle of parallel axes, the I,, of the one
flange is
Y
-
A-140x20
28Wmm~
i =(192 +28) x lo3
Figure 8.26 5.2 x lo3 = 42.3 m m
I,, = 0.23X 106+200X21X2122
= 215.96 x lob rnm"
I, of vertical rectangle
Solution
Vhen x a q
t=*.n2bd-
24 a N
6m2+mfi+ny -n fi
w h e n m=x/k and n = o / ~
dmax.oho s dccurs within' Fbr central deflection
1.0774L of I& centre of the be01 add the values for cod, P.
Vhzn b 2 a.
derivod from the formula
in the adjacent d i o g ~ a m .
This volue is ol& withh
2-5% of the maximum volue.
DS 4 : Part 1 : 1972 l3S 4 : Part I :
DepUl
-
T ~ L 5.
Dclrtl~ Arcn
E UNIVERSAL BEAMS
Moment of
lnerlla
Radius of
pyrotlon
Elastic
modulus
Plas(lc
modulus
or betwce~ of -- 1 15 I f -I-
? 2-Nominal
I
Scrlnl size
section
D
fillets
d
section
7
f X-X
-
About
Y-Y
- I About About
X-X
About
Y -Y
About
X-X I About
Y-l. I About
X-X
slze
About
Y -Y
819-2 368.5
819.2 322.5
819.2 284.9
819.2 256.1
288.4
246.9
223.8
BS 4 : Part I : 1972
DESIGNATION Depth
of
Area
of --
Momcnt of
inertia
-
Ilndlus of
gyruliou
I Elnstlc
modulus
Noruhal
size
-1
sectlox sectiorr -1 seclioli
D D Web About About About About About
Surlnl ulro MUU/U~IIL
1~r1giI1 Y-'Y X-X
-- I
-
X-X
-
Y-Y Y-Y
'These are new lightweight sections not previously included in BS 4 : Part 1 : 1962.
16
BS 4 : Part 1 : 1972 DS 4 : Part I : 1972
-
DESIGNATION Depth
of
Width
of -
Root
radius
Dclrlh
betrveen
Arcfl
of
Morncnt of
iocrlia
--
lladius of
gyration
Elastic
r~iodulus
I Plustic
n~odulus
'
Serial sue
-.-
Mass/unit lengtl
section
D
seclion
B Web
r fillets
d
scctio~
About
X-X
About
Y -Y
About
X-X
About
Y-Y
About
X-X
A
Y-Y
t 1 .ygt About
Y-Y
1
-- --
mm (in) mm cm' ( a cm' cm cm
' 1560.
12 408
21 276
1 8 632
1 6 046
1 9 483
16 038
i, 14118
12 052
*Tllcsc arc new lightweight sections not previously rncluded in BS 4 :Part 1 : 1962.
-
18
I
BS 4 : Part 1 : 1972 BS 4 : Part 1 : I 9 7 2 '
Scrial size
section
-
D
section
B Flange
T
r fillets
d
section
About
x-x
About
Y-Y
Akmt
X-X
About
Y-Y
I A;-yt
size
438
367
316,
I
-
NUI'E. l'lw culculutcd vnhlcs spccillotl in this t u l h uro pmirelly bnscd on I I I I ~ V C ~ SbI cI ~u ~ n sI I I ~ V I I I ~ ,I 1 ~ ~ o f ~ ( O~ 2" 52'.
1 t l l l )~ cllllgle ~ A I I I ~ I I I CY X C C ~ LJIZS 010 nit11 x 305 111111 (24 Oi x 12 111) UIMJ
lorser sizes uro now produced only with parollel Ilungcs und thcsc lluvc p r o p c r t i c ~which ur.c not II1fcriOr (0 ( I ~ O S C~ ~ ~ ~ c ifor
l i etho
d tupcr llunyc bcc~lns.Uotli tupcr u11J pumllol fluclpc, bcunlr colllply
with the requirements o f this British Standard.
Kursus Rekabentuk Sistem Pintu
Air
Untuk
Pengairan dan Saliran
The wide ranging size of gates and the number of constructional Where. d, = the equivalent hydraulic diameter
. .
variations enable only approximations to be made using w = aperture width . --,
Thrust iubes can be introduced between the operator and the The mass of the door can be provided by the penstock
penstock frame to enable the operating thrust to be transferred manufacturer; however, a stem mass must be estimated in the
to the penstock for remote operation. initial calculation to determine the thrust. Re-calculation will be
necessary f a an accurate thrust value wnen ine stem diameter
FOI. iower operaiing duties and sma!lor sized penstocks wall
has been determined.
brackets can be supplied to transfer the thrust to the coping.
However, for larger and higher duty penstocks we recommend
that a corbel is constructed.
OPERATING THRUST
The method of calculating the vertical reactions on civil work
demonstrated on the previous page is an approximation and
satisfactory for the purpose intended.
0.
The radius of gyration - IS valid for circular sections:
4
The unsupported length is the distance between fixed ends of
the stem or support bracket spacings; sufficient spacing should
be allowed for the door travel on rising stem applications.
Determination of Torque
Determination of the operating torque depends upon several
fac!ors. Some have already been calculated: that is, the
operating thrust and the stem diameter.
-I S 0 9001 e
The mffffla1,on contained m lhrs leaflel u coned al bme 01 pg lo press, buf ~ n n o n : ~ a r M ereserves
y !he nghl lo ailer wdhoul nolice any inlonnaf~onshown.
Long, trouble free performance of a gale and Rodney Hunt sterns are used to operate cast-
hoist installation depends on the quality of the iron, bronze mounted sluice gates, (abricated
accessory equ~pmentw h ~ c h1s used These ac- metal gates and timber gates. They are nor-
cessorles Include operatmg stems, stern cou- mally stainless steel, but can be furnished as
plrngs, stem gu~des,stem covers, wall brack- bronze or cold rolled steel. The ihreaded
ets, handwheels, cranks and stem stufflny stems have accurate machine cut threads of
boxes 29" acme type. All Rodney H m l sterns are
All Rodney Hunt accessory equ~pmentIS o f the sized to withsta~idthe expected output of the
same hlgh qual~tyas the slulce gaie and floor floor stands with which they are used.
stand
- b STEM
NUM'JER
AChiE
WEiGIiT OF STEMS
LOS /LINEAR FOOT
DIAMETER THnEADS STAIPJLESS
INCHES PER I V C H STEEL BRONZE
1 4 2 '-7 2 06
.. . ..
.. . . -
F,XERCISE ON SPINDLE HOIST DESIGN
. .
EXTERIOR INTERIOR
travel times for fast acting valves. One stem of 2" diameter and 2 x %" thread F O 11/2'.
~ -%..Stem = -011
High operating speeds (2/3" lead) powered by a 90A actuator at
To double the speed of an actuator for a 96 rpm, one stem of 1'12" diameter, 1' 3 /3" Conclusion
given torque, also doubles the horsepower. pitch and lead powered by 16.4 actuator Lubrication, or lack of it, causes a much wider
However, b y doubling the lead of screw, at 72 rpm. variation of stern factor than load or resilience,
double the speed of valve operation can be Test procedure owing to the change in thread efficiency. Rotork
achieved whilst retaining the same actuator Operate each actuator several times t o trip pubhshed stem faclors are conservative for
rpm and w i t h only a 25 t o 30% increase i n at each of f ~ v etorque switch sftings at greased stems (.019 compared with .014, -011
torque and horsepower. each change of rig resilience, recording compared with ,0095). and thus allow for some
NB: T o keep the drive self-locking the lead torque and thrust simultaneously for each deterioration. Greater conservatism is unwise
should not exceed one third of the diameter under four different lubrication conditions. because valves with properly greased stems
of the stem. A Greased with Aeroshell Grease Grade 8 would be overstressedby actuators sized for poor
B Degreased, dry lubrcation.
C Degreased, wet (water lubricant only) It is the responsibility of the user to insure
D SAE 80EP gear oil that adequate stem lubricat~onis maintained.
king calculation for screw operated valves
Table 3 Gland friction thrust and torque and stem piston effect.
Gland packing adds a f r i c t i o n thrust t o rising stems. a friction torque
below above below above t o rotating stems. Line pressure X the area of t h e stem through the
750°F 750°F 1OOO°F 1OOO°F gland tends t o open the valve, T h i s piston effect is significant for
Parallel slide and .25 .3 .35 .45 rising stem gate valves at line pressures o f 1000 psi and above, and
flexible or double must be added t o friction thrust. ( F o r globe valves, the stem area
disc is included w i t h the disc area, so piston effect can be ignored).
S o l i d wedge gate .35 .4 .45 .5 F r i c t i o n thrust: 1000 lbf u p t o 1" diameter, 1500 lbf u p
Screw d o w n (rising stems) t o 2" diameter, 2500 Ibf for larger stems.
globe above 2 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15
Screw d o w n Piston effect: I f line pressure exceeds 1000 psi, add
globe below 2" 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 (rising stems) t o f r i c t i o n thrust:
Line psi x area o f stem through gland.
F o r inside screw valves and exposed sluice gates see notes b y Table 4.
F r i c t i o n torque: F r i c t i o n thrust x stem radius at gland.
Table 4 Stem factors f o r singk start threads (see notes) (rotating stems)
factor is Ibf. ft. torque per Ibf. rhrusr, based on formulag24 (COS - tan
ices tan
@ a p, for acme thread, where D = Mean stem diameter = Nominal dia. - 0.5 x Pitch (inches).
+"
Lead
0 = Thread angle = 14%' for Acme, tana = _r_, p = coefficient of friction = 0.14.
- - - - -~
Rolork Controls Lim~ted Rotork Controls (Canada) Ctd Rotork Controls Inc
Bath, B A l 3JQ 9.820 - 28th Street NE 19 Jet View Drive. Rochester
ENGLAND Calgary, Alberta T2A 6K1. CANADA NY 14624. U.S.A.
telephone 01225 733200 telephone (403) 569 9455 telephone (716) 328 1550
fax 01225 333467 fax (403) 569 9414 fax (716) 328 5848
email rnailOrotork.co.uk email info@rotork corn
APPENDIX D. Force Required to Actuate Cast-Iron Penstock
This appendix is for inJormarion only and is not o porr of rhis J U ? Srandovtl $pec5/icotion.
The maximum force required to actuate a penstock occurs during the unseating and raising of
the weight of the slide. In h e closing, or normally the downward motion o l Ihc gate, the weight of rhc
stem and slide act in the direction of motion and reduce the forced required.
The forced required to actuate the slide is, in part, empirically determined. The weight of the
.
slide and stem, the head of water on the gate at the centerline of h e opening and the friction of the
slide againts the seats and wedges are required to calculate the force to open the gate. These factors are
normally presented in the following manner :
Where:
F = total maximum force required to open slide, in pounds (kilograms)
j = friction factor of slide againts seat
A = area of gate opening in square feet (square metres)
H =head of water at gate centerline, in feel (metres)
PI = \\:eight of slide, in pounds (kilograms)
PI = \veight of stem, in pounds (kilograms)
The friction factor j between the slide and the seats may be takcn as 0.35. The \\,eight of Lhe
stem and slide should be obtained from the manufacturer of the gate. I[ has bcen gcncral practice ro
reduce the weight of the slide or stem because of the buoyant effect of the \vatu.
The force required to overcome the frictional effect of the utdgcs i s accountcd for bg
empirically assigning one half of the weight of the slide.
Once released from the wedges, the force becomes
Where :
F,= total maximum force required fdr sustained effort on the actuate;, in pounds (kilograms)
P l = 6 2 . 4 x H x a x c, in pounds
([metric ] P, = 1 0 0 x H x a x c, in kilograms)
where:
a = cross sectional area of gate disk (gate width x bottom rib plan dirncnsion),square
feet (square metres)
c= coefficient
P3 accounts for the aspiration downward force when the gate is slightly open. It is significant
only on large gates and higher heads. The coefficient varies with the shape of the gate lip. D o w n \ \ ~ d
pull may be greater (ban the weight of the gate and under some conditions it may be negative,
indicating an uplift. The c coefficient of 0.5 for bullnose shapes and 1.0 for standard bottoms.
The above forces are based on the use o f a handwheel, crank,or electric-motor-actuated gate
where the lift nut turns around a threaded rising stem or where the threaded stem turn inside a thrust
nut on non rising stem applications.
. ,. .. . When cylinder actiiators are employed, it is suggested that the tohl forces calculated above
are to be multiplied by a 1.3 safety factor when starting the gate horn closed to open.
IQ 3 phase performance summary
Performance data
Actuator output speeds
rpm a t 50
rpm at 60
Hz
Hz 21 1 96
115
. . ..... , -
1500 1500 1250 iooo 1000 '; :' 750 640* 540'
Due to the effects of mertia and dr~venut wear, speeds not recommended for direct mounted gate valve applications.
6 x 19 Classification Wire Rope, Bright (Uncoated) or Drawn-Galvanized Wire, lndependent Wire-Rope Core
(API 9 A )
6 x 37 Classification Wire Rope, Bright (Uncoated) or Drawn-Galvanized Wire, Independent Wire-Rope Core
'12 13
=I16 14.5
5/e 16
314 19
/'a 22
1 26
I '1s 29
1 lh 32
1 J/a 35
1'h 38
1s/a 42
13/c 45
1/'a 48
2 .52
2 'la 54
2 '/4 58
2 60
2% 64
2 5/a 67
2 3/4 71
2 /'a 74
3 77
3 '1s 80
3 'A 83
3 Ye 87
3% 90
3 Y4 96
4 103
38
Spindle Hoist Design Steps
5 Determine hydraulic head (H) from water level and gate centre line
8 For stem diameter & lead (normally 0.5"),obtain stem factor from table
10 Allow for 20% reserve torque or as specified & determine actuator torque required
11 Determine stem rotating speed from gate operating speed & thread per inch
12 From actuator catalogue select suitable actuator with torque and rpm as determined
851 registered and wirh accreditation to 8 s EN IS0 9001. Substantial thrusl range (up to 1557 hN!350000ll1s1
Exeeco strives to provide the valve industry with the highest Pinions mounted on ball bearlngs
quality standards of engineering and service. It is upon this Optional twin pinion units to lacillrate s e c o n d q drlve
commitment that Exeeco's reputation has been built.
Standard ratio, torque, thrust and splndle acceptances cover
all valve requirements. Deeco gear operators have been
des~gnedand produced for almost every application, including
GEARBOX TYPE IB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
RATIO FACTOR MAXIMUM OUTPUT TORQUE L b s ft 8, (Nm) FOR MANUAL APPLICATION
1:l 0.85 125 (170) 280 (380)
2:l 1.70 280 (380)
3: 1 2.55 625 (850) 1250 (1700) 1875 (2550)
4000 (5423)
500 (680) 1000 (1355) 1500 (2033) 8000 (10846)
6.80
RATIO I
I
FACTOR
I
MAXIMUM OUTPUT TORQUE
I I
L ~ fSt & ( ~ mFOR
) MOTORISED APPLICATION
8.1 6.80
MAX L b s x l 000 5 12 40 12 40 80 100 150 250 350
THRUST (KN) (22) (54) (178) (54) (1 78) (356) (445) (670) (1 112) (1557)
MAX BORE 25 40 52 40 52 52 65 65 76 76 90 90 110 120
SPINDLE AND KEY
ACCEPTANCE THREAD 27.5 45 55 45 55 55 73 73 86 86 100 100 120 150
IN mm
INPUT FLANGE FIO / F14 F10 / F14 / F16
OUTPUT FLANGE F07 F10 F14 F10 F14 F14 F16
APPROX. Lbs 22 36 40 36 44 62 78
WEIGHT I Kg 10 1 16 1 18 1 16 1 20 1 28 1 35
6 x 19 and 6 x 36 construction groups (6s 302: 1987)
9 47 3 51 0 4 82 5 20 29 2 32 2
10 58 4 63 0 5 95 6 42 36 1 39 8
11 70 7 76 2 7 21 7 77 43 7 48 2
12 84 1 90 7 8 57 9 25 52 0 57 3
13 98 7 106 10 1 10 8 61 0 -67 3
14 114 124 11 6 12 6 70 8 78 0
16 150 161 15 3 16 4 92 4 102
18 189 204 19 3 20 8 117 129
19 21 1 227 21 5 23 1 130 144
20 234 252 23 9 25 7 144 159
22 283 305 28 8 31 1 175 193
24 336 363 34 3 37 0 208 229
26 395 426 40 3 43 4 244 269
28 458 494 46 7 50 4 283 312
32 598 645 61 0 65 7 370 408
35 716 772 73 0 78 7 442 488
36 757 81 7 77 2 83 3 468 516
38 843 91 0 85 9 92 8 52 1 575
40 935 1008 95 3 103 578 637
44 1131 1220 115 124 699 771
48 1346 1452 137 148 832 917
52 1579 1704 161 174 976 1076
54 1703 1837 174 187 1053 1161
56 1832 1976 187 201 1132 1248
60 23 03 2268 214 231 1300 1433