LESSON3 - DICIPLINE

WHAT IS HAVE TO LEARN

At the end of the Module, I Can;
1. Connect the discipline of economics with its historical and social foundations.
- As a branch of social studies, history is the study of past events. It is generally
focused on humanity and explores how different human occurrences throughout
time are connected, when and why they happened.
2. Trace historical foundations and social context that led to the development of
economics.
- in the development of the history of science, the histories of the individual
scientific development economics have played an enormously significant role. The
goals and functions of these have recently received considerable attention, both
because of the influence that such histories have had on the legitimacy and self
image of the economics and also because of the adaptability that they have shown
when faced with the conceptual and methodological changes that they have
undergone.
3. Compare and contrast the social science disciplines according to their fields,
main areas.
- the social Sciences consists of variety of disciplines, subject areas, and methods,
and there is no reason to expect that these disciplines will eventually add up to a
single unified theory of society.
of inquiry and methods.
4. Recognize multidisciplinary and/ or interdisciplinary as an approach in
looking society.
- The multidisciplinary approach involves the application and collaboration of
several separate branches or disciplines of the social science to examine and solve
present-day problems that plague society from each discipline's perspective.
5. Articulate the key concepts in and the current applications of economics.
- scarcity, supply and demand, costs and benefits, and incentives—can help
explain many decisions that humans make. scarcity, choice, efficiency, equity,
economic well-being, sustainability, change, interdependence, intervention.
6. Demonstrate an understanding of the role of economics in the real world.
- Studying economics provides one with not just an understanding of human
behaviour, but also cultivates in students the problem-solving, analytical,
communication and persuasion skills that are critical for success in todays job
market.

What is it
Activity No. 1
1. In your own understanding, explain St. Thomas Aquinas thought “ Just
Price.”
- The just price is a theory of ethics in economics that attempts to set standards
of fairness in transactions. With intellectual roots in ancient Greek philosophy, it
was advanced by Thomas Aquinas based on an argument against usury, which in
his time referred to the making of any rate of interest on loans. 2. Explain what is
Mercantilism.
- Mercantilism is an economic practice by which governments used their economies
to augment state power at the expense of other countries.

What’s More
Activity No. 2
Instruction: Using the letters of the word ECONOMICS, list down words that are
relevant and
that starts with each letter to complete the meaning of the word ECONOMICS.
E - economy
C - company
O - online business
N - nature
O - operations
M - money
I - innovation
C - charity
S - services
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What I have learned
Activity No. 3
Instruction: List down key statements that you learned from these Methods of
Economics.

Behavioral Economics - Behavioral Economics provides an analysis that fuses

economic principles with psychological framework. This deepens the analysis as it
presents a more individualistic and realistic twist to the usual abstract and
formula-based projections of classic economics.
- Behavioral economics combines elements of economics and psychology to
understand how and why people behave the way they do in the real world.

Classical Economics - Derived from the theories of Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus,
and David Ricardo, this approach maintains that the market must be free from
intervention for it to have a dynamic and
self-perpetuating trajectory. Economic behavior and phenomenon are herein
measured and analyzed using mathematical equations that compute variables like
price, value, labor, cost, and economic development.
-It refers to the dominant school of thought for economics in the 18th and 19th
centuries. The basic belief of classical economics is that markets work well and
deliver the best macroeconomic performance. The fundamental principle of the
classical theory is that the economy is self‐regulating.

Computational Economics - Computational economics involves the development of

mathematical methods (mathematical economics and econometrics) with the aid of
computers. With the rapid development in computer science and technology,
economists are now able to advance their
research, in areas such as economic growth, econometrics, general equilibrium,
statistics, and dynamic optimization problems. Computational economics is
considered as an important tool in
understanding all areas of economics.
- The main focus of is the integration of information (IT) into economics and the
automation of formerly manual processes.Computational economics uses computer-
based economic modelling for the solution of analytically and statistically-
formulated economic problems.

Econometrics - The term econometrics was first coined by Pawel Ciompa in 1910
but was only established as a discipline in 1936 through the efforts of Ragnar
Frisch, Technically, econometrics is oriented
toward the analysis of economic of economic data using mathematical and
statistical methods. By using formulas derived from mathematical and statistical
procedures, econometrics provides
quantitative analysis and projections of an economic phenomenon. This process
allows for generalization and universalization of economic theories.
- Econometrics is the use of statistical methods using quantitative data to develop
theories or test existing hypotheses in economics or finance. Econometrics relies on
techniques such as regression models and null hypothesis testing. Econometrics can
also be used to try to forecast future economic or financial trends.
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Evolutionary Economics - This approach was highly influenced by the Darwinian
concept of the development of organisms from simple to complex. Though there
are many stands in this approach, a common ground is their adaption of novelty
and innovation within economic systems as part of the
development process. In this field, institutions and technologies are considered
variables that are constantly transforming. As such, unlike econometrics,
evolutionary economics does not implement universalizing theories or formula.
-Evolutionary economics proposes that economic processes evolve and are
determined both by individuals and society as a whole.Economists study theories
and techniques useful for developing policies in government as they have a deep
understanding of how to create efficiency in today's world.

Experimental Economics - This is a branch of economics that utilizes laboratory

experiments to analyze the applicability of
theories in real-life situations. Experimental economists test economic theories
within controlled laboratories through the observation of individual responses to
various stimuli. Vernon Smith is credited as the founder of this approach
- Economic experiments usually use cash to motivate subjects, in order to mimic
real-world incentives. Experiments are used to help understand how and why
markets and other exchange systems function as they do.Experimental economics is
used to help understand the reasoning and factors that influence the functioning of
a market.

Praxeology Economics of Education - The chief argument of praxeology is that

human actions are done based on a calculated
purpose or objective. This argument goes against other approaches which state that
human behavior is but knee-jerk (reflexive) reactions to socioeconomic stimuli. To
arrive at universal theories, theorists in praxeology use deductive reasoning wherein
they thread from big ideas to smaller ideas. For example, an economic
phenomenon would be analyzed based on the individual’s preconceived purpose of
participating in such economic behavior. The Austrian
School of economics relies heavily on this method, while other schools have already
disregarded its relevance to modern economic inquiry.
- praxeological economics is the structure of logical implications of the fact that
individuals act. This structure is built on the fundamental axiom of action, and has
a few subsidiary axioms, such as that individuals vary and that human beings
regard leisure as a valuable good.
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Environmental Economics - The processes involved in the harvest and transfer of
raw materials and product entail consequences to the environment. The extent
through which material production of a society
increases is also highly dependent on the environment. As such, the need to study
the interrelationship between the environment and economic development is one of
the key interdisciplinary inquiries in the field of applied economics. Apart from
economic theories and methods, this field also utilizes perspectives from
environmental science that can offer impact assessment tools and analysis. Through
this field, policies regarding equitable and sustainable
material extraction can be drafted. Oftentimes, corporations also utilize research
from this field in drafting their community projects.
- Environmental economics is an area of economics that studies the financial
impact of environmental policies. This field of economics helps users design
appropriate environmental policies and analyze the effects and merits of existing
or proposed policies.Environmental economics will help you understand some
important and controversial issues – such as climate change policy, nuclear power,
recycling policy, and traffic congestion charging.

Welfare Economics - This field of economics focuses its analyses on the equitable
allocation of resources and goods among the populace, which in turn affects social
welfare. By looking into an individual’s personal experiences of economic
development (microeconomics), welfare economics generates aggregated
macroeconomic analysis. One of the chief arguments of welfare economics is the
promotion of an equitable distribution of wealth (products and services included)
within a society.
- Welfare economics is the study of how the allocation of resources and goods
affects social welfare. Welfare economics seeks to achieve a state that will maximise
the overall satisfaction for a society, maximising the producer and consumer
surplus for the various markets comprised in the society. The purpose of the
welfare system is to support wellbeing by: providing social and financial security
sufficient for an adequate standard of living.
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LESSON 4-DICIPLINE
What I have to learn
At the end of the module, you can;
1. Connect the discipline of political Science with its historical and social
foundations.
- Usually included within the social sciences are cultural (or social) anthropology,
sociology, psychology, political science, and economics. The discipline of
historiography is regarded by many as a social science, and certain areas of
historical study are almost indistinguishable from work done in the social sciences.
2. Trace the historical foundations and social context that led to the
development of political science as a social science discipline.
- in the development of history of science, the history of individuals scientific
disciplines have played an enormously significant role. The goals and functions of
these have recently received considerable attention, both because of the influence
that such histories have had on the legitimacy and self image of the disciplines and
also because of the adaptability that they have shown when faced with the
conceptual and methodological changes that they have undergone.
3. Compare contrast the social science disciplines according to their fields, main
areas of inquiry and methods.
- for the integrated field of study intended to promote civic competence, see social
studies. For the social political economic theory first pioneered by karl marx, see
scientific socialism.
4. Determine how political science can be used to address social concerns.
- Thus, social sciences help people understand how to interact with the social
world—how to influence policy, develop networks, increase government
accountability, and promote democracy. These challenges, for many people around
the world, are immediate, and their resolution can make a vast difference in
people's lives.
5. Recognize multidisciplinarity and/ or interdisciplinarity as an approach in
looking at society.
- The multidisciplinary approach involves the application and collaboration of
several separate branches or disciplines of the social science to examine and solve
present-day problems that plague society from each discipline's perspective.
Interdisciplinary study allows for synthesis of ideas and the synthesis of
characteristics from many disciplines. At the same time, it addresses students'
individual differences and helps to develop important, transferable skills.
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6.Articulate the key concepts in political science.
- Political scientists rely on several important concepts: Power: The ability to get
others to do what you want. Power can take many forms, from brute force to
articulate persuasion. Government: The organization of power within a society,
specifically how power is divided and used.
7. Describe and illustrate the current applications of political science.
- Political science is a versatile degree. It can springboard a career in politics and
policy, nonprofit work, business, media, or education. The research,
communication, and data analysis skills acquired in the study of political science
also have wide applications in both the private and public sectors.

What is It
Activity No. 1:
Instruction: Explain and expand the following statements from the following
philosophers in your own words, and relate them to Politics. Use another sheet of
paper to answer the following
questions.
1. According to Confucius: “Children should fulfill their role as children by obeying
their
parents, while parents must act as parents by providing for their families.”
- It states that there will be a just and orderly society when roles
are fulfilled, and corruption shall prevail when someone acts contrary to his or her
role. For Confucius, the emperor should always think about the people. It also
follows that children should fulfill their role as children by obeying their parents,
while parents must act as parents by providing for their families.
2. According to Plato: “Justice is achieved when each person acts in a manner
opposite to what is required from his or her class and that corruption occurs when
a person acts in a manner opposite to what is required from his or her class.”
- For Plato, justice is achieved
when each person acts in a manner opposite to what is required from his or her
class and that corruption occurs when a person acts in a manner opposite to what
is required from his or her class.
3. According to Aristotle: “Self-interest must give way to the common interest
in order for a society to exist.”
-According to Aristotle, self-interest must
give way to the common interest in order for a society to exist. Additionally, he
claimed that it is the government’s duty to protect the common interest of its
people.
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4. 4. According to St. Augustine: “There are two types of cities: the Earthly City,
or the one which is deeply rooted in original sin and man’s love for something
other than God, and the City of God, whose citizens are mere pilgrims and whose
only desire in the love of God (in turn, they are only “foreigners” in the Earthly
City).”
- St. Augustine (354-430 CE) was an early Christian theologian and philosopher.
For him, there are two types of cities: the Earthly City, or the one which is deeply
rooted in original sin and man’s love for something other than God, and the City
of God, whose citizens are mere pilgrims and whose only desire in the love of God
(in turn, they are only “foreigners” in the Earthly City). For St. Augustine, no
system of
government or institution on Earth-even that of the Catholic Church-is
comparable to the City of God, since all reside in the Earthly City.
5. According to St. Thomas Aquinas: “ It is therefore unnatural for a state to be
ruled by many people, since a single rule would be decisive enough to address the
problems of society.”
-His political philosophy related human nature to that of the state. St. Thomas
considered reason as the primary capacity of the human soul and that reason
governs both the acts of man and his own body. As such, he conceived an ideal
state which is led by a single ruler who has the capacity to govern with reason. It is
therefore unnatural for a state to be ruled by many people, since a single rule
would be decisive enough to address the problems of society.

What’s More
Activity No. 2:
1. In your own opinion how did these key thinkers influenced the minds of the
people in Europe with regards to government and politics.
- Enlightenment ideas influenced society and culture as a new generation of
philosophes had new ideas about liberty and the condition of women, which were
spread through an increasingly literate society.
What I have learned
Activity No. 3
Instruction: Research about David Easton’s Model of Political System, and explain it
based on your findings.
- Political system is viewed as a purposefully organised form of behaviour. Easton
has observed that number of political systems have survived in the face of crises
and stresses. This is, due to the self-regulatory mechanism of the political system.
The survival of the political system has been termed by Easton as persistence.

It means that various problems and crises cannot destroy the political system. It
has the power to resist the crises. In a political system there are institutions or
mechanisms which select, reject or sort out the problems and finally make the
facts and issues suitable for the system. This system or method can be compared
with a sieve. The function of a sieve is to remove the obnoxious or undesirable
elements and separate the desirable ones.

It is the duty of the political scientists not only to select the issues and problems
but also to analyse them in the proper perspective. Here two things are essential.
One is to collect data and facts which are called empirical way. In other words, in
the systems analysis empirical method is a must. Another step is to go into the
depth of the problem and to analyse it properly.