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Colloids - Class 12 Chemistry Investigatory Project Free PDF Download
Colloids - Class 12 Chemistry Investigatory Project Free PDF Download
Index
1. Introduction
2. Colloidal Dispersions
3. Classification of Colloids
4. Hydrocolloids
5. Dispersed Systems
6. Stabilization of Colloidal Dispersion
7. Destabilization of Colloidal Dispersion
8. Properties of Colloidal Solutions
9. Application of Colloids
10. Bibliography
COLLOID
-> Introduction :
A colloid or colloidal dispersion is a type of homogenous mixture. A colloid
consists of two separate phases : Dispersed phase & Continuous phase. The
Dispersed phase is made of tiny particles or droplets that are distributed evenly
throughout the continuous phase. Homogeneous mixtures with a Dispersed
phase in the size range 1 nm to 100 nm may be called colloidal aerosols, colloidal
emulsions, colloidal foams, colloidal dispersions or hydrosols.
If a colloidal has a solid phase dispersed in a liquid, the solid particles will not
pass through a membrane, whereas the dissolved ions or molecules of a solution
will pass through.
Some of the examples of colloids include butter, milk, aerosols (fog, smoke),
paints, glues etc.
Colloidal Dispersions
>> Solute doesn’t completely dissolve in solvent but not visible to the naked
eye.
>> Will Scatter light – gives an opaque , turbid appearance
>> Exhibits characteristics of a molecular solution
(Brownian motion, capacity for diffusion)
>> Size 1 nm - 0.5 nm
Classification of Colloids
-> Colloids can be classified on the basis of interaction between Dispersed phase
(DP) & Dispersion medium (DM) :
(iii) It’s very less stable & has tendency to get precipitated out easily.
Hydrocolloids
A Hydrocolloid is defined as a colloidal system wherein the colloid particles are
dispersed in water. Hydrocolloids can be either irreversible or reversible. For
example, agar, can exist in a gel & sol state , & alternate between states with the
addition or elimination of heat. Many Hydrocolloids are derived from natural
sources like pectin is extracted from citrus peel & apple pomade. Hydrocolloids
are employed in food mainly to influence texture or viscosity (e.g. – sauce).
Hydrocolloids are also used in skin-care & wound – dressing.
Dispersed Systems
Dispersed systems may have different degrees of dispersion. Suspensions &
emulsions are classed as coarsely dispersed systems, as particles of their
dispersed phases are comparatively large. Ordinary Solutions are systems having
high degrees of dispersion, as the distributed substance is broken down into
molecules or ions. An intermediate position is occupied by dispersed systems, in
which size of dispersed particles is larger than in ordinary solutions. Such
systems are called colloidal solutions or sols.
effect isn’t shown by true solution due to small particle size. Colloidal
solution & true solution are differentiated by this effect.
Brownian Movement :
Zig zag motion of colloidal particles in solution is called Brownian
movement. Colloidal particle is bombarded by particle of dispersion
medium & hence rather than following straight line path follows zig zag
path. Brownian movement provides stability to colloids as it doesn’t allow
the particle to settle down under the influence of gravitational pull.
Colligative property :
Colloidal particles happen to be aggregate. The number of particles in
solution is very small & so all colligative properties are low & under the
conditions only osmotic pressure is suitable for measurement of molar mass.
Applications Of Colloids
(i) Cleansing action of soaps & detergents :
A micelle consists of hydrophobic hydrocarbon – like central core. The cleansing
action of soap is due to the fact that soap molecules form micelle around the oil
droplet in such a way that hydrophobic part of the stearate ions is in the oil
droplet & hyrophillic part projects out of the grease droplet. Since the polar
groups can interact with water, the oil droplet surrounded by stearate ions is
now pulled in water & removed from the dirty surface. Thus soap helps in
emulsification & washing away of oils & fats. The negatively charged sheath
around the globules prevents them from coming together & forming aggregates.
The water obtained from natural sources often contains suspended impurities.
Alum is added to such water to coagulate the suspended impurities & make
water fit for dinking purposes.
(iii) Medicines :
Most of the medicines are colloidal in nature. For example – argyrols is a silver
sol used as an eye lotion, colloidal antimony is used in curing kaalazar etc.
Colloidal medicines are more effective because they have large surface area &
are therefore easily assimilated.
(v) Tanning :
Animal hides are colloidal in nature. When a hide, which has positively charged
particles, is soaked in tannin, which contains negatively charged colloidal
particles , mutual coagulation takes place. This results in hardening of leather.
This process in termed as tanning.
Bibliography
1. www.Wikipedia.org
2. NCERT Chemistry Part I
3. www.encarta.com