1

Assignment On

Course Tittle: Wet Processing I Laboratory

Course Code: WPE 304
Submitted To:

Md. Rowshanuzzaman Kanon

Lecturer
Department of Textile Engineering
City University , Dhaka

Submitted By
S.N Name ID Batch
1 Md. Rasel Rana 1924205044 42nd
2 Morsheda akter 1924205069 42nd
3 Noor A Siam 1924205062 42nd
4 Md.Alamin 1924205056 42nd
5 Mehedi Hasan Rahat 1924205076 42nd
6 Md Mamun Hossain 1924205050 42nd
7 Khandakar Alinur 1924205045 42nd
8 Md.Ali Hossain Rajib 1924205096 42nd
9 Ismaiel Hossain Jahid 1924205101 42nd
10 Md. Samiul alim 1924205080 42nd

Date Of Submission: 17-10-2021

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Experiment Experiment name Date Page

No
01 layout of wet processing laboratory. 21-08-2021 03-06
02 Experiment on singeing machine. 26-08-2021 07-09
03 Experiment on desizing machine. 28-08-2021 10-11
04 Experiment on scouring 02-09-2021 12-13
05 Experiment on Bleaching. 09-09-2021 14-15
06 Beck Dyeing Machine 30-09-2021 16
07 Cotton Fabric Dyeing By Vat Dyes 02-10-2021 17-21
08 Experiment On Dyeing Machine 10-10-2021 22-25
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Experiment No: 01
Experiment name: layout of wet processing laboratory.
Introduction:
A wet lab is type of laboratory where it is necessary to handle various types of chemicals
and potential wet hazards. The room has to be carefully designed, constructed and controlled to avoid
spillage and contamination.
Objective:
1)To know about different machine used in wet lab.
2)To know about construction and instrumental layout of wet processing laboratory.
3)To know about different chemical and dyes.

Description:
Acid dye:
Water soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibres such
as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibres from neutral to acid dyebaths. Attachment to the fibre is
attributed, at least partly, to salt formation between anionic groups in the dyes and cationic groups in the
fibre. Acid dyes are not substantive to cellulosic fibres.

Basic dye:
Water soluble cationic dyes that are mainly applied to acrylic fibres but find some use for wool,
and silk. Usually acetic acid is added to the dyebath to help the take up of the dye onto the fibre. Basic
dyes are also used in the coloration of paper.
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Vat dye:
These dyes are essentially insoluble in water and incapable of dyeing fibres directly. However,
reduction in alkaline liquor produces the water-soluble alkali metal salt of the dye. In this leuco form
these dyes have an affinity for the textile fibre. Subsequent oxidation reforms the original insoluble dye.

Reactive dye:
First appeared commercially in 1956, after their invention in 1954 by Rattee and Stephens
at the ICI Dyestuffs Division site in Blackley, Manchester, UK. They are used to dye cellulosic fibres.
The dyes contain a reactive group, either a haloheterocycle or an activated double bond, that, when
applied to a fibre in a weakly alkaline dyebath, forms a chemical bond with an hydroxyl group on the
cellulosic fibre. Reactive dyeing is now the most important method for the coloration of cellulsic fibres.
Reactive dyes can also be used to dye wool and nylon, in the latter case they are applied under weakly
acidic conditions.

Direct (Substantive) dye:

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Dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dyebath, at or near the boil, with
the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulphate (Na2SO4). Direct dyes are used on cotton,
paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon. They are also used as pH indicators and as biological stains.

Chemicals:
Acid:
acid are highly water soluble, and have better light fastness than basic dyes.The textile acid dyes are
effective for protein fibers such as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylics. They contain sulphonic acid
groups, which are usually present as sodium sulphonate salts. These increase solubility in water, and give
the dye molecules a negative charge. In an acidic solution, the -NH2 functionalities of the fibres are
protonated to give a positive charge: NH3+. This charge interacts with the negative dye charge, allowing
the formation of ionic interactions. As well as this, Van-der-Waals bonds, dipolar bonds and hydrogen
bonds are formed between dye and fibre. As a group, acid dyes can be divided into two sub-groups: acid-
leveling or acid-milling.

Salt:
Salt is necessary in three ways, firstly, to drive dye into textile during the dyeing process in textile.
Secondly, use of salt leads to maximum exhaustion of dye molecules during dyeing process in textiles.
Thirdly it is used as an electrolyte for migration, adsorption and fixation of the dyestuff to the cellulose
material.

Scouring agent:
Scouring agent in textile refers to a large number of auxiliaries with functions of
emulsifying, penetrating, washing, dispersing and wetting in the scouring process before dyeing and
printing, in order to remove oil stains and impurities from the textile fibers.

Washing agent:
soaping is used for washing in textile material.
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Brightening agent:
This agent is used to increase the brightness of textile materials.

Anti-creasing agent:
usually used in dye bath on finishing stage to prevent creasing fabric.

Conclusion:
wet processing lab plays a vital role in the quality control of wet processing department.
Dyes and chemicals are one of the major components in wet lab. From this experiment we can learn about
chemicals, dyes and other major knowledge of wet processing laboratory.
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Experiment no: 02
Experiment name: Experiment on singeing machine.

Introduction:
Singeing is a part of the pretreatment processes carried out in textile processing, and is usually the first
step carried out after weaving. It is the process of burning off of protruding fibers from the surface of yarn
or fabric in order to improve the luster and smoothness of the material. The ‘fuzz’, as the protruding fibers
also tends to scatter incident light on the yarn or fabric surface and contributes to a dull appearance of the
textile material. Removal of ‘fuzz’ results in a smoother and more uniform surface that reflects more light
and therefore gives a brighter appearance.

Objectives:

1. 1.Burning of projecting fibers from yarn/fabric surface.

2. 2.Fabric/Yarn surface become smooth, even and clean.
3. 3.To develop maximum luster in the textile materials.
4. 4.Help to create smart design by printing.
5. 5.Save from uneven dyeing & printing.
6. 6.To make the textile materials suitable for subsequent next process.
7. To remove the short fibers from the textile materials (yarn and fabric).
8. To make the textile materials smooth, even and clean looking.
9. To develop maximum luster in the textile materials.
10. To make the textile materials suitable for subsequent next process.

Description:
singeing is process of removal of projectile fibers from the surface of fabric using thermal
and mechanical energy.
There are three main types of singeing machine-
1. Gas singeing machine
2. Plate singeing machine
Rotary cylinder or roller singeing machine.

Gas Singeing Machine:

In this type of singeing machine, the fabric passes over a burning gas flame at such a speed that only the
protruding fibers burn and the main body of the fabric is not damaged by the flame. This is the most
common type of machine used for singeing fabrics as well yarns.
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Fig 1: gas singeing machine.

Singeing procedure:

1. This machine can singed both parts/sides.

2. At first the fabric is drawn on to the guide roller and the brushing is done on the both sides of
the fabric, so that flying fibers strands sufficiently.
3. Then the fabric is passed over the burner. The height of the flame depends upon the fineness
and coarseness and speed of the fabric.
4. After singeing the fabric is immersed in the water or desizing tank to prepare the next process.

Advantage of Gas Singeing Machine:

1. Uniform temperature ensure to proper singeing.

2. Both side of the fabric can be singed.
3. As the process is continuous, there is no hamper in production.
4. After singeing, fabrics are easily cleaned.
5. Standard process.
6. Ideal singeing.

Disadvantage of Gas Singeing Machine:

1. The burner can produce spot on the fabric.

2. This is not suitable for synthetic fabric.
3. Due to inconsistent of fabric speed, it may be burnt.

Possible causes of defects of gas singeing and its precaution:

1. The speed of the fabric must be consistent with the flame height otherwise fabric may be burnt.
2. Synthetic blend must be operated carefully. Otherwise uneven dyeing may occur during dyeing
process.
3. Fabric may be burnt due to power failure. So automatic gas burner stopping must necessary.
4. Burner should be clean, otherwise singed fabric will be faulty and as a result stripe found during
dyeing.
5. The fabric must be evenly dried before singeing.
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Rotary-cylinder singeing machine:

In this type of singeing machine, the cloth passes over and in contact
with a heated rotary cylinder made of copper or cast iron. The rotary cylinder has internal firing and revolves
slowly so that constantly a fresh surface of the roller comes in contact with the cloth. The direction of
rotation of the cylinder is opposite to the direction of the fabric so that the protruding fibres or nap of the
fabric is raised. This type of machine is particularly suitable for the singeing of velvets and other pile fabrics.
If the singeing of both sides of the fabric is required, then two cylinders are employed, one for each side of
the fabric.

Fig 2: rotary-cylinder singeing machine

Conclusion:
singeing is done in order to obtain a smooth clean fabric surface which allows the structure of
the fabric to be clearly seen. It is done to minimize the pilling. Singeing is important for wet processing
section.
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Experiment no: 03
Experiment name: Experiment on desizing machine.
Objects of Desizing:

1. To remove the starch material from the fabric.

2. To increase the absorbency power of the fabric.
3. To increase the affinity of the fabric to the dry chemicals.
4. To make the fabric suitable for the next process.
5. To increase the luster of the fabric increase of dyeing and printing.

Factors of Size Removal Efficiency:

The factors, on which the efficiency of size removal depends, are as follows:
▪ Type and amount of size applied
▪ Viscosity of the size in solution
▪ Ease of dissolution of the size film on the yarn
▪ Nature and the amount of the plasticizers
▪ Fabric construction
▪ Method of desizing, and
▪ Method of washing-off

Fig 3: Desizing Machine.

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Methods of Desizing:

1. Hydrolytic Method
2. Oxidative Method

1. Hydrolytic Method

▪ Rot Stepping
▪ Alkali Stepping
▪ Acid Stepping
▪ Enzymatic Stepping

2. Oxidative Method

▪ Bromide Desizing
▪ Chlorite Desizing
▪ Ammonium per Sulphate Desizin

Description:

▪ Cloth is taken from the batch into the entry J-scray and through the guiders to the desizing
chamber.
▪ The fabric is arranged inside the desizing chamber in S-threading. Temperature is maintained at
65°c-70°c. There are 7 rollers above and 8 rollers below the chamber. The length of fabric inside
the desizing chamber is 24m, which have a capacity of holding 1000L of liquor.
▪ he fabric is then passed into the steamer using a squeezer and bow roll/expander to remove
crease. The capacity of steamer is 350 kg. The threading length is 84m arranged in a double S-
threading.
▪ The dwell time varies from 8min for yarn dyed fabric to 12min for bleached fabric. The
temperature is maintained at 95°c-100°c. The temperature at lower compartment of steamer is
slightly less to avoid formation of cloud.
▪ The fabric is then passed through a metallic guider to washing chamber having water holding
capacity of 1000L.
▪ After three consecutive hot wash at 95°c, the fabric is cold washed or washed with oxalic acid at
55°c (if online route is taken) and passed to the exit J-scray
▪ From where it is taken through the guiders and guide rollers to the winding roller and finally
batching is done.

Remarks:
From this experiment we learned about scouring and its methods that will need in future at textile sector.
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Experiment No: 04
Experiment name: Experiment on scouring.
Introduction:
The term ‘scouring’ applies to the removal of impurities such as oils, was, gums, soluble impurities
and sold dirt commonly found in textile material and produce a hydrophilic and clean cloth.

Objectives:
• To remove natural as well as added impurities of essentially hydrophobic character as
completely as possible.
• To increase absorbency of textile material.
• To leave the fabric in a highly hydrophilic condition without undergoing chemical or
physical damage significantly.

Fig 4: scouring Machine.

Recipe:
▪ Alkali (NaOH) - 2 to 5 gm per litre.
▪ Soda ash - x gm per litre to adjust PH (PH required for scouring is 10.5).
▪ Wetting agent - 1 gm per litre.
▪ Sequestering agent - 1 gm per litre.
▪ Detergent - 1 to 2 gm per litre.
▪ Temperature - 100 to 1250c.
▪ Time - 6 hours (close vessel) and 8 hours (open vessel) § M : L - 1 : 10

Description:
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Kier boiler is a long mild steel or cast-iron cylindrical vessel provided with two perforated tube sheets
(disc with a number of holes). One is placed at the bottom and another is top. These discs are connected
by a number of tunes which carry the liquor from the bottom compartment to the upper one. In the middle
compartment steam is passed.
Thus, the tubes carrying the liquor are surrounded by steam which heats them.

The hot liquor from the multitublar heater is sprayed over the cloth, packed in the kier, through a hollow
perforated ring. The liquid passes slowly over the packed cloth, collects below the false bottom, from
where it is pumped into the auxiliary heater by a centrifugal pump and the cycle repeats.

Precaution:

1. Kier boiler should be cleaned.

2. Material should be packed evenly.
3. Complete immersion of the fabric needs.
4. After boiling the liquor should be removed in absence of water.
5. Before starting all the joining parts should be checked.
6. Fabric should always keep under scouring solution.
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Experiment No: 05

Experiment Name: Experiment on Bleaching.

Introduction:

Bleaching is a chemical process which removes the natural color from textile fibers. The fiber, yarn, fabric
become permanent white. Bleaching is the second step of pre-treatment.

Objective:

• Removal of coloring matter.

• Increase whiteness.

• Removal of seed coats.

• Low chemical and energy consumption

• Bleaching is process to make the fabric or yarn look brighter and whiter.

Fig 5: Bleaching Machine.

Recipe:

NaOH - 17ml/kg
SOAP (DTC) - 2ml/kg

STABILIZER - 5ml/kg
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H2O2 - 30ml/kg
Reaction time - 25min.
Speed - 50-70m/min

Working Procedure:

1) At first the chemical is dissolved in a separate mixing tank.

2) Materials are feed and liquor circulation are continuing.
3) When mils are half filled of the kier, then steam is supplied and temperature raised from 40o-60o
C.

4) For 10 minutes steam and liquor turned off to remove air from kier.
5) Again, temperature raised up to 80oC and flow of steam and liquor turned off for 10 minutes.
6) After that, kier is completely closed and raised the temp. 110oC and kept it 1-3 hours.
7) After 3hours checking is done and thus bleaching id done.

Conclusion:

Bleaching is must needed for whiting the fabric. For dark shade of dyeing we can reduce our cost
removing of this process.
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Experiment no: 06
Experiment name: Beck Dyeing Machine

Introduction :

Beck dyeing is a continuous process used to dye long pieces of fabric, up to several thousand yards. The
fabric is loaded open width in rope form, and then passed over a pony reel and through the dye bath in a
constant circular motion until the fabric dyeing process is complete.

Objective:
The primary objective of dyeing is to apply uniform color to the substrate (fiber, yarn, or fabric) with
required color fastness. Tie-dye and printing are the methods where the color is applied in a localized
manner.

Fig 6: Beck Dyeing Machine

Working procedure:
Dye becks are a more economical piece of equipment found in most dye houses, they are used for wet
process atmospheric dyeing of piece goods. A typical function of the dye beck would be to start the dye
bath at 120 degrees F., then slowly raise the temperature to 160 degrees F. or higher through steam heat,
and dye the fabric for a few hours. The reason steam heat is used rather than by adding hot water is to
ensure an exact consistency in the pre formulated dye bath. If you added water, the viscosity as well as
the dye bath would change. Used in a multitude of dye houses for fabric dyeing.
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Experiment no: 07
Experiment name: Cotton Fabric Dyeing By Vat Dyes

Introduction :

Cotton can be dyed with many natural colours extracted from natural sources and synthetic dyes (Thakare
et al, 2006). The original vat dye is indigo, once obtained from plants but now produced synthetically
(Burch Paula, 2013).

Vat dye is the most popular dye used for coloration of cotton, particularly when high fastness is required
(Philips et al, 1996). The coloration of cellulose fibres about 120 000 tons of vat dyes are being used
annually (Mojca Bozic and Vanja Kokol, 2008). Vat dye is not soluble in water, but can be solubilized by
reaction with a reducing agent, e.g., sodium hydrosulfite ("hydros", Na2S2O4) in dilute NaOH (Philips,
1996).

Once it has been converted to its soluble (LEUCO) form, the vat dye can penetrate into the cotton fibers.
pad
hydros Vat dye
(insol) → on fabric surface → LEUCO
form (soluble) NaOH

This accounts for their good wash fastness. This is because they can be applied, solubilized by reduction,
and finally re-oxidized when inside the cotton (Baumgarte et al, 1987). Although fabric preparation
involving desizing and mercerization treatment of the cotton fabrics can definitely increase and improves
the dye uptake and ensures more shelve life of the vat dyed cotton fabrics as compared to the untreated
ones.

Materials :

• White cotton fabrics

• Vat dyes

• Sodium Hydrosulphite

• Caustic Soda

• Stirrer

• Nose mask

• Beakers

• Hand gloves

• Weighing balance.
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• Basic laboratory glass wares, such as, conical flasks, measuring cylinders, thermometer, stirring
rod, and volumetric flask

Method:

Fabric preparation
The cotton fabrics were obtained in its grey state, desizing and mercerization operation was carried out on
the fabrics. It was then weighed and wetted out before immersion into the dye liquor.

Desizing operation:

The cloth was impregnated with water only and stored for 48 hours at room temperature. During this
period, the starch becomes degraded by enzymes naturally present in the medium, it was then washed off.
This is necessary to allow easy penetration of the dye into the cotton fabrics as compared to the un-
desized materials.

Mercerization operation:

Mercerization process was carried out by treating the cotton fabrics in a concentrated solution of 25%
caustic soda for 2 minutes at room temperature. The material was then thoroughly washed in water, rinsed
to remove the alkali, and dried. This increases the colour yield on dyeing and significantly increases the
dye affinity of the cloth relative to that of an untreated material.

The dyeing process:

The de-sized and mercerized {treated samples} were immersed in the already prepared dyed liquor, this
process was also repeated for the untreated samples.
The result is as shown in the discussion of results.

`1. Colour fastness Test:

An aspect of fabrics which is always of interest to consumer is how fast the colour is. This is because the
beauty of a fabric is of no value unless the dye is fast under the conditions in which the fabric is to be
used. The colour fastness tests used for this analysis are the colour fastness to light and washing. The
results are displayed in tables 1 and 2
.
Results Of The Dyed Fabrics (Untreated And Treated)

The results of the dyed untreated and treated fabrics is displayed below
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Plate1 Plate2

Plate 1 shows the sample of the untreated dyed fabrics while plate 2 shows the samples of the treated
dyed fabrics (desizing and mercerization treatment). They both indicate the level of dye absorption during
vat dyeing of the fabrics.
It can be seen that plate 2 which is the treated fabric is darker in colour under the same dyeing conditions
with the untreated fabrics. This is attributable to the fact that treated fabrics readily absorb dyes easily as
compared to the untreated fabrics.

Results Of Colour Fastness Test:

The colour fastness tests carried out are: colour fastness to light and washing.

Results of Colour fastness to light:

The results are displayed in Table 1 below:
Table 1a:

UNTREATED SAMPLES DESIZED SAMPLES

LOW MODERATE

LOW MODERATE

Table 1b :

UNTREATED SAMPLES MERCERIZED SAMPLES

LOW MODERATE

LOW MODERATE
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Table 1c :

UNTREATED SAMPLES DESIZED / MERCERIZED SAMPLES

LOW HIGH

LOW HIGH

Results Of Colour Fastness To Washing:

The Results Are Displayed In Table 2 Below;

Table 2a

UNTREATED SAMPLES DESIZED SAMPLES

LOW MODERATE

LOW MODERATE

Table 2b

UNTREATED SAMPLES MERCERIZED SAMPLES

LOW MODERATE

LOW MODERATE

Table 2c

UNTREATED SAMPLES DESIZED /MERCERIZED SAMPLES

LOW HIGH

LOW HIGH
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Tables 1a To C, Show That The Untreated Fabric Gave Low Colour Fastness (Resistance) To Light. This
Can Be Attributed To The Fact That The Untreated Cotton Fabric Does Not Readily Retain The Vat Dyes.
However In Table 1a Only The De-Sized Samples Were Analysed And They Have Moderate Fastness To
Light. This Is Attributable To The Fact That The Desizing Treatment Gave A Better Dye Absorption And
Retention Though Moderately As Compared To The Untreated Samples.
In Table 1b, Only The Mercerized Samples Were Analysed, And It Gave Moderate Fastness To Light. This
Is Also Attributable To The Fact That Only Mercerized Treatment Gave A Better Dye Absorption As
Compared To The Un-Mercerized Samples.
Table 1c, However Showed A Complete Pre-Treatment Of Both The Desizing And Mercerizing Treatment
On The Cotton Fabrics. This Gave A Relative High Colour Fastness To Light As Compared To Desizing
Or Mercerization Alone. This Is Also Attributable To The Fact That Desizing And Mercerization Treatment
Combined Gave The Most Efficient Form Of Cotton Fabric Pre-Treatment Prior To Dyeing Which Account
For The Excellent High Light Fastness Indicating That The Cotton Fabric Readily Absorbs The Vat Dyes
And Retains It.
Tables 2a To C Which Show The Result Of The Colour Fastness To Washing, Gave Similar Result Like
That Of Tables 1a To C, Indicating That Both The Desized And Mercerized Cotton Combined, Gave A
Better Wash Fastness Because It Has Better Efficiency In Dye Absorption Compared To Each Alone, And
By Far Better Than The Untreated Samples As Far As The Preparation Of Cotton Fabrics For Vat Dyeing
Is Concerned.

Conclusion:

It Is A Common Experience That Cotton Fabrics Fades With Time When Dyed With Vat Dyes. This
Research However, Has Shown That Pre-Treatment Of Such Fabrics Using Desizing And Mercerization,
Gave A Better And More Durable Fabrics Due To Imparting On The Fabrics The High Absorption And
Retention Ability That Would Not Have Been Possible If Not Pre-Treated, As Assessed By The Colour
Fastness Test Especially To Light And Washing.
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Experiment no: 08
Experiment name: Experiment On Dyeing Machine

Introduction:
It was found that in using Winch dyeing machines, there were some inherent problems. So the Jet dyeing
machines when they came up in the 1970’s were specifically designed to overcome those shortcomings. In
the Jet dyeing machine the reel is completely eliminated. A closed tubular system exists where the fabric is
placed. For transporting the fabric through the tube a jet of dye liquor is supplied through a venturi. The Jet
creates turbulence. This helps in dye penetration along with preventing the fabric from touching the walls
of the tube. As the fabric is often exposed to comparatively higher concentrations of liquor within the
transport tube, so little dye bath is needed in the bottom of the vessel. This is just enough for the smooth
movement from rear to front. Aqueous jet dyeing machines generally employs a driven winch reel along
with a jet nozzle.

Fig 7: Modern Jet dyeing machine

Modern Jet dyeing machine are three types:

1. Overflow Dyeing Machine

2. Soft-flow Dyeing Machine
3. Airflow Dyeing Machine

In this article I will discuss on soft flow dyeing machine.

Soft Flow Dyeing Machine:

In the past, winch machines were used to dye knitted fabrics, with a material to liquor ratio of 1:20. A soft
flow dyeing machine needs only 4 L of water for every 1 kg of fabric processed. Now, a new range
of dyeing machines is available with an M:L ratio even lower than 4. In soft flow dyeing machines, the
fabrics are circulated using the liquor, which needs some amount of liquor. In the soft flow dyeing
machine, water is used for keeping the fabric in circulation. The conceptional difference of this equipment
from a conventional jets that operates with a hydraulic system is that the fabric rope is kept circulating
during the whole processing cycle (right from loading to unloading). There is no stopping of liquor or
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fabric circulation for usual drain and fill steps. The principle working behind the technique is very unique.
There is a system for fresh water to enter the vessel via a heat exchanger to a special interchange zone. At
the same time the contaminated liquor is allowed channel out through a drain without any sort of contact
with the fabric or for that matter the new bath in the machine.

Fig 8: Soft Flow Dyeing Machine.

There are several versions of both jet dyeing and soft flow
dyeing machines. Some designs have two or more tubes, mounted side by side, which share a common dye
liquor. The speed of the rollers, the circumference of the tube and the force of the jets can be altered to
accommodate different fabrics and reduce potential issues of fabric creasing and any stretching of the fabric,
thereby making the machines versatile in the range of fabrics that can be processed.

Key Features of Soft flow Dyeing Machine:

1. Significant savings in processing time.

2. Savings in water that is around 50%.
3. Excellent separation of different streams results in optimum heat recovery and a distinct
possibility of further use or a dedicated treatment.
4. Machine pressure vessel and major wet parts made of stainless steel AISI 316/ 316 L, highly
corrosion resistance material.
5. Heavy duty stainless steel centrifugal pump for optional dye liquor circulation. Highly
efficient heat exchanger for fast heating and cooling.
6. A stainless steel filtering device placed in such a way for easy cleaning.
7. A unique design of jet nozzle can provide high discharge of liquor with subsequent pressure
to ensure fast movement of fabric transport upto 300 meter / min., and the speed of fabric can
be adjusted, required to desire quality.
8. A mirror polished fabric transport perforated basket for easy trouble free movement of fabric
from back to the front of machine, perforated basket fabricated in such a way that welding
part does not come in contact with fabric.
9. For preparing chemical, color kitchen tank is provided made out of stainless steel 316, with
required valves for auto dozing.
10. All valves is made of investment casting and is of stainless steel 3l6.
11. Electrical control panel with microprocessor to operate the machine is provided with
pneumatic control circuits.
12. Magnetic level indicator duly calibrated for correct liquor measurement.
13. Take off reel with direct couple geared motor and stainless steel structure
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14. All safety device required for a pressure vessel is incorporated with the machine.

Types of Soft Flow Dyeing Machine:

A few of the commercially popular brands along with their particular technical specifications are
discussed here. The categories are not exhaustive as such.

1. Multi Nozzle Soft Flow Dyeing Machine:

Technical Features:

• Very low liquor ratio – around 1:1 (Wet Fabric).

• Can reach high temp. up to 140°C.
• Suitable for nearly all types of fabric quality.
• Easily dye 30 to 450 g/mt.sq. of fabrics (woven and knitted fabrics).
• Work as a jet dyeing machine for polyester and blend fabrics.
• Work as a soft flow machine for cotton fabrics.
• Number of very soft-flow nozzles.
• No pilling effect.
• Wide capacity.
• Capacity 50 to 2000kgs.
• Max. Fabric Speed – 250 to 300 Mtr./Min.

2. High Temperature High Pressure Soft Flow Dyeing Machine:

Technical Features:

• Compact body made of stainless steel.

• High efficiency heat exchanger for quick heating/cooling.
• Compact body made of stainless steel.
• Heating rate – around 4°C/Min up to 900°C – around 3°C/Min up to 135°C At steam
pressure of 6 Bar.
• Cooling Rate- around 4°C/ Min At water pressure of 4 Bar and 15°C.
• Maximum working temp is 135°C.
• Maximum working pressure of 3.2 Bar.
• Control manual as well as automatic.
• Heavy duty stainless steel pump.

Working Principle of Soft Flow Dyeing Machine:

In soft flow dyeing machine, the fabric rope and the dye liquor move only slowly, giving a gentler
mechanical action. The main dye vessel is tubular in shape and contains the bulk of the fabric. A circular
driven reel gently lifts the rope from the dye liquor and feeds it into the vessel down, which it progresses
to a narrow transportation tube that delivers the fabric back to the reel. Some machines use a jet to
transport the fabric that provides greater speeds, but this does sacrifice some of the gentle action. The
transportation tube can be located above or below the main vessel and is filled with dye liquor. The fabric
rope experiences no tension, so the machine causes less creasing of delicate fabrics.
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Textile material can be dyed using batch, continuous or semi continuous process. Batch processes are the
most common method used to dye textile materials. There are three general types of batch dyeing
machines:

1. In which fabric is circulated

2. In which dye bath is circulated
3. In which both the bath and material is circulated.

Soft flow dyeing machine is the best example of a machine that circulated both the fabric and the dyebath.
It is used for knitted fabrics. For Terry-towels soft flow dyeing is use.

Conclusion:
The countless advantages of dyeing include not only being cost effective but one easy way of transforming
your fabrics to look new. It is also a great way to renew the fabrics you currently have and enjoy each one
year after year. Dyeing fabric has to do with the process of textile colouring using pigments