English

Speaking Radoslava Valkošáková

Countries
CANADA
Flag

maple leaf – symbol of Canada the first official appearance of the flag

1921

1868 1965, February 15

the king declared national colors of Canada

Naming Canada

 1534 – 1542 - Jacques Cartier made three

voyages across the Atlantic (claiming the land for
King Francis I of France) Cartier heard two
captured guides speak the Iroquoian
word kanata, meaning “village.” By the 1550s,
the name of Canada began appearing on maps.
Brief History

 Native Americans lived in Canada for

thousands of years. In the early 1600s,
colonists from Britain and France began to
settle in eastern Canada, along the St.
Lawrence River. Canada proved to be an
excellent spot for trapping and trading the
furs. In the 1800s, settlers began to push
west, most of the native Americans were
displaced by the Europeans.
  second largest country in the world (space wise, not
population; 9.985 million square km)
 slightly smaller than all of Europe (45 countries)
 4,800 km from north to south, 5,000 km from west to east

Geography  the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean

 shares borders with USA
 90% of Canada – too cold for agriculture
 Landscape was affected by glaciation and was under thick sheet
of ice - glacier
 during last 1.5 million years – almost all of Canada was under ice
 now only 1% is under ice
 6 major regions:
1. Western Cordillera – maritime climate, major source of lead, zinc, copper and gold, economies are
based on logging, mining, and tourism
2. Praire Plains – farming, historically this region was called the Canadian Northwest or simply the West”,
agriculture (wheat, barley, canola, oats), cattle and sheep ranching, oil production
3. Canadian Shield – largest region, lots of bog, muskeg, drumlins, eskers, and lake basins, very rich mining
opportunities (nickel, uranium, gold, silver and copper), mostly covered by Boreal Forest (conifer threes)

4. Arctic North – permafrost (soil that remains frozen for more than 2 years), over 20 Aboriginal bands,
over 30,000 Inuit, earliest Europeans came around 1500s; gold discoveries in the Yukon in the 1890s and
mining finds in the 1930 – more significant settlements, oil and gas (Beaufort Sea and Arctic Ocean),
trapping and fishing, zinc, iron ore, lead, diamonds
5. St. Lawrence Lowlands (the Great Lakes Region) – 50% of Canada’s population, extremely fertile soils
and great agriculture, crops (tobacco, peaches, cherries, grapes, apples, hay, vegetables – carrots, corn,
onions, beets, peas, and beans), construction material (clay, sand, gravel), largest manufacturing area
6. Atlantic Region – 2% of Canada’s area, 11,200km of shoreline, in the 20th century the Atlantic provinces
faltered with slow economic and population growth, offshore oil and gas
 5 main drainage basins:
o Hudson Bay
o Arctic Ocean
o Atlantic Ocean
o Pacific Ocean
o Gulf of Mexico

 they not only cycle water around

the country, but also can be used
for transportation, opportunities
for power (hydro dams), fishing,
recreation and provide water for
many uses
 Rivers
 Mackenzie River – 4,241 km
 Yukon River – 3,185 km
 St. Lawrence River – 3,058 km
 Nelson River – 2,575 km
 Slave River – 2,338 km

 Lakes
 31,752 lakes that are larger than
3 km2 of which 561 are larger
than 100 km2
 Great Lakes:
 Lake Erie – 25,700 km2
 Lake Huron – 59,600 km2
 Lake Michigan – 58,030 km2
 Lake Ontario – 18,960 km2
 Lake Superior – 82,100 km2
 Great Bear Lake – 31,328 km2
 Great Slave Lake – 28,568 km2
 Highest major summits

 Mount Logan – 5959m

 Mount Saint Elias – 5489 m
 Mount Lucania – 5260 m
 King Peak – 5173 m
 Mount Steele – 5020 m
 Mountain Ranges

 Saint Elias Mountains

 Coast Mountains
 Canadian Rockies
 Columbia Mountains
 Rocky Mountains
 Most extreme points:

 Highest: Mount Logan, Yukan – 5959 m

 Lowest: Great Slave Lake Bottom, Northwest Territories –
depth 614 m
 Northernmost: Cape Columbia, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut
 Southernmost: Middle Island, Ontario
 Westernmost: Yukon-Alaska Border

 Easternmost: Cape Spear, Newfoundland

Climate
 variety of climates
 northern part of Canada is extremely cold - summer last less than two months
 almost all Canadians live near the southern border - the weather is warmer
 there are 8 distinct climate regions in Canada:
1. Pacific Maritime Climate Region
2. Cordilleran Climate Region
3. Prairie climate region
4. Boreal Climate Region
5. Taiga Climate Region
6. Arctic Climate Region
7. South-Eastern Climate Region
8. Atlantic Maritime Climate Region
Population

 1851 – 1900 – population grew slowly by few million; high

fertility was offset by very high mortality
 1901 – 1945 – despite the two world wars the growth rate
generally accelerated (settlement of Western Canada)
 Second half of 20th century – baby boom and strong
immigration caused the population to grow at even faster
pace
 1946 – 2006 – population went from 12,3 million to 32,6
million
 Population 2021 – 38 million
 Natality (2021): 10.224 births per 1000 people
 Mortality (2020): 7.8 (all ages) per 1000 people
 Capital city: Ottawa
  Canadian demographics (ethnic group)

DEMOGRAPHICS
35%
32%

30%

25%

20% 18.30%

15% 13.90% 13.60% 13.40%

9.60%
10%

5.10% 4.60% 4.40%

5% 4% 3.90%

0%
 Religion
 not very religious country in total
Religions In Canada
45%

40% 39%

35%

30%

25% 23.90%
20.30%
20%

15%

10%
6.30%
5% 3.20%
1.60% 1.50% 1.40% 1.10% 1% 0.60%
0%
  federal state, parliamentary democracy, and constitutional
monarchy
 a federal state - brings together several different political
communities with central government (federal) for national
(provincial/ territorial) for local affairs
Politics  a parliamentary democracy - people elect members to their
parliament and legislatures across the country
 a constitutional monarchy - Canada’s head of state is a
hereditary sovereign (queen or king), who reigns in accordance
with the Constitution
 Legislative Branch:

•creates laws, rules, and regulations under federal jurisdiction

•is made up of federal elected representatives called
members of Parliament

Executive Branch:

•responsible for government operations, and implementing

and enforcing laws and regulations
Three •includes the Queen’s representative (the governor general)
and cabinet ministers (appointed by the prime minister)
Branches of
Judicial Branch:
Government
•interprets the law and determines the penalty for those who
violate established laws, rules, and regulations
•includes Canadian court system, which is headed by the
Supreme Court and nine appointed judges
Federal

 elected representative –
Members of Parliament (MP)
 Canadians will elect 338 MPs in
the current election – federal
legislative body, which creates or
enacts laws
 MPs debate and pass laws in the
House of Commons in Ottawa
 the leader of the government –
prime minister
 the Queen’s represented by the
governor general
Provincial/Territorial

o elected representatives:
 Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs)
 Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs)
 Members of National Assembly (MNAs)
 Members of the House of Assembly (MHAs)
 name depends on the province or territory

o elected representatives debate and pass laws at the provincial or territorial legislature
o the leader of the government is called a premier
o The Queen is represented by a lieutenant governor in Canada’s 10 provinces and by a
territorial commissioner in the three territories
Municipal/Local

• the elected representative at the

municipal level is called
councillor or alderman
• the head of the council is called a
mayor, reeve or chairperson
• the size and structure of the
council differs depending on the
population it represents
Division of
responsibilities

 Federal: justice, citizenship and

immigration, national defence,
currency, public safety, fisheries and
oceans
 Provincial/Territorial: education,
healthcare delivery, environment,
energy
 Municipal/Local: road maintenance,
water and sewer service, recreation and
community facilities, libraries, police
protection services

 Political parties:
https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en
_CA/Parties/politicalPartiesLeaders
 is highly developed and one of the largest in the world
 In 2020 - the country’s annual gross domestic product (GDP) -
$1.64 trillion in current USD
 one of the ten largest economies in the world
 part of the G8 group of leading industrialized countries with
the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy,
France, Japan and Russia
 Exports: crude petroleum, cars, refined petroleum,
aircraft, helicopters, spacecraft, coal, potassic fertilizers,
wheat, raw aluminium, rapeseed, pharmaceuticals, iron
ore, sulfate chemical wood pulp, ethylene polymers,
gold, rapeseed oil, gas turbines, copper ore, pork, aircraft Economy
parts, spark-ignition engines
 Agriculture: wheat, canola, barley, corn, soybeans, rye,
oats, white beans, mixed grains, cattle and calves, beef
and veal, vegetables and poultry

 Trading partners: United States, China, United Kingdom,

Japan, Germany, Mexico

 Canada uses Canadian dollar - CA$, C$, CAD, …

Canada’s Economy Includes Three Main Types of Industries

 Service industries provide thousands of different jobs in areas like transportation,

education, health care, construction, banking, communications, retail services, tourism
and government. More than 75% of working Canadians now have jobs in service
industries

 Manufacturing industries make products to sell in Canada and around the world.
Manufactured products include paper, high technology equipment, aerospace technology,
automobiles, machinery, food, clothing and many other goods. Our largest international
trading partner is the United States

 Natural resources industries include forestry, fishing, agriculture, mining and energy.
These industries have played an important part in the country’s history and development.
Today, the economy of many areas of the country still depends on developing natural
resources, and a large percentage of Canada’s exports are natural resources commodities
Culture

 influenced by the various

European cultures and traditions,
particularly British and French
culture
 influences of its indigenous
peoples, and from the USA.
Attractions

1. The Canadian Rockies

2. Pacific National Rim Park
3. Niagara Falls
4. Cabot Trail (Nova Scotia)
5. Baffin Island (Oikiqtaaluk)
6. Vancouver/Victoria
7. The Prairies
8. The Rocky Mountaineer
9. Old Québec City
10. Bay of Fundy
Australia
Flag
 the first Australian flag was flown in 1901
 has three symbols on the blue background:
1. The Union Jack – represents history of British settlement
2. The Commonwealth (Federation) Star – it has 6 points
representing the unity of 6 states and territories of the
Commonwealth of Australia
3. The Southern Cross – it is a constellation of 5 stars that can only
be seen from the southern hemisphere, and it is a reminder of
Australia’s geography
Naming Australia

 during the 17th century - ‘New Holland’ after Dutch

navigators charted the northern, western and
southern coast of Australia

 Matthew Flinders - the first to circumnavigate the

continent in 1803

 he used the name ‘Australia’ to describe the

continent on a hand drawn map in 1804

 When the map and book describing his journey was

finally published in 1814 the name ‘Terra Australis
Incognita’ (‘Unknown South Land’ was used
instead)

 Australia – from Latin ‘australis’ meaning southern

Brief History

 thousands of years before the arrival of the British,

Australia was settled by indigenous people of Australia
called Aborigines
 Australia was founded as a country on January 26, 1788.
 Six colonies were formed in Australia:

o New South Wales, 1788

o Tasmania, 1825
o Western Australia, 1829
o South Australia, 1836
o Victoria, 1851
o Queensland, 1859
Geography
 the world’s smallest and flattest continent
 is world’s sixth largest country by total area (7.692 million km2)
 neighbouring countries: Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the
Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east
 some of Earth’s oldest and least fertile soils
 only Antarctica receives less rainfall than some parts of Australia
 surrounded by the Indian and Pacific Oceans
 Australia has around 245 basins.

 Drainage basins:

 Tanami-Timor Sea Coast – 1,162,000 km2

 Lake Eyre Basin – 1,281,000 km2
 South-Western Plateau – 1,093,000 km2
 Murray-Darling Basin – 1,061,000 km2

 North-Western Plateau – 716,000km2

 Rivers

 Murray River – 2375 km

 Murrumbridgee River – 1485 km
 Darling River – 1472 km
 Lachlan River – 1448 km
 Warrego River – 1380 km
 Lakes

 Lake Eyre – 9500 km2

 Lake Torrens – 5745 km2
 Lake Carnegie – 5714 km2
 Lake Mackay – 3494 km2
 Lake Frome – 2596 km2
 Highest major summits

 Mount Kosciuszko – 2228 m

 Mount Townsend – 2209 m
 Mount Twynam – 2195 m
 Rams Head – 2190 m
 Unnamed peak on Etheridge Ridge – 2180 m
 Mountain Ranges

- Australian Alps
- Blue Mountains
- Snowy Mountains
- Great Dividing Range
- Hann Range
 Most extreme points

 Highest: Mount Kosciuszko – 2228 m

 Lowest: the dry bed of Lake Eyre – 15 m below the sea
level
 Northernmost: Cape York Peninsula, Queensland
 Southernmost: the tip of Wilson Promontory National
Park near Tidal River in Victoria
 Westernmost: Steep point in Western Australia
 Easternmost: Cape Byron in New South Wales
Climate

 due to the huge size of the

country, Australia has several different
climate zones (8 climate zones)

1. Hot humid summer, warm winter

2. Warm humid summer, mild winter
3. Hot dry summer, warm winter
4. Hot dry summer, cool winter
5. Warm temperate
6. Mild temperate
7. Cool temperate alpine
8. Alpine
Population

 most immigrants came from the

British Isles
 the people of Australia are still mainly
of British or Irish ethnic origin
 population has grown from estimated
population of about 350,000 at the
time of British settlement in 1788
(numerous waves of immigration)
 has fewer than three people per
square kilometer of total land area
 Population (2021): 25 million
 Natality (2021): 12,4 births per 1000
people
 Mortality (2020): 6,6 deaths per 1000
people
 Capital city: Canberra
  Australian demographics (ethnic group)
Demographics
30.00%

25.90% 25.40%
25.00%

20.00%

15.80%
15.00%

10.00%
7.50%
6.40%

5.00% 3.30% 3.20% 3.10%

1.40% 1.40% 1.20%
0.00%
 30.10%

22.60%

13.30%
Religion

3.70%

2.60%

2.60%

2.40%

2.10%
RELIGION

1.90%

1.50%

1.10%

0.70%

0.50%

0.40%
  The politics of Australia take place within the frame work of a
federal constitutional parliamentary democracy and
constitutional monarchy.

 Political system

Politics  based on the liberal democratic tradition

 which includes religious tolerance and freedom of speech and
association
 institutions and practices reflect British and North American
models but are uniquely Australian
The Constitution

o sets out the rules and responsibilities of government and

outlines the powers of its 3 branches – legislative, executive and
judicial
 the legislative branch – contains the parliament (the body with the
legislative power) to make laws
 the executive branch – administers the laws made by the legislative
branch
 the judicial branch – allows for the establishment of the country’s courts
of law and the appointment and removal of its judges

o the purpose of the court is to interpret all laws, including the

Constitution, making the rule of law supreme
o can only be changed by referendum
Australia’s Constitutional
Monarchy
 head of state is Queen Elizabeth II. (although she
is also Queen of the United Kingdom, the two
positions now are quite separate, both in law and
constitutional practice)
 in practice, the Queen plays no role within the
Australian political system and is merely a
figurehead
 in Australia the Queen is formally represented by
a Governor General whom she appoints on the
recommendation of Australia’s Prime Minister
  while recognized as the Queen’s representative, the Governor
General is in no way subject to the direction, supervision or veto of
the Queen or the British Government
 the Governor General’s powers and duties:
1. summoning, proroguing and dissolving Parliament
2. assenting to Bills
3. appointing Ministers

The Governor 4. setting up Departments of State

5. appointing judges
General and  the Governor General’s acts only on the advice of Ministers in
State virtually all matters and the appointee to the office is selected on
the advice of the Government
Governors  the six State Governors perform similar roles in their States
 - is bicameral, having two chambers: the House of Representatives
(Lower House) and the Senate (Upper House)
- both are responsible for national laws, such as: trade, taxation,
immigration, citizenship, social security, industrial relationship and
foreign affairs
 legislation has to be proved by both houses before it can become law

 The House of Representatives:

The
 initiates most legislation
Commonwealth
 currently has 148 elected members (each representing around
or National 80,000 voters)
Government  the political party or parties with the most seats in the House of
Representatives forms the Government
 The Senate:

 known as the ‘house of review’

 proposed legislation is generally considered clause-by-clause and
often referred to committees
 one of the original roles was to ensure that laws were fair to all
states
 voters therefore elect 12 Senators from each State and Senators
from each of Australia’s two Territories
 are responsible for those powers not administered by the
Commonwealth Government
 has its own Parliament and its own Constitutional powers
of the Commonwealth
 all State Parliament other than Queensland and bicameral
with an Upper and Lower House
 the Parliament of each Territory has only one House
 responsible for matter which include: State and Territory
1. public health
Governments
2. education
3. roads
4. public land use
5. police, fire and ambulance service
6. local government within their own States or Territories
Local Government

 approximately 900 local government bodies in Australia

 the powers of local government vary from State to State and are responsibility of State
Governments
 some local government bodies operate transport and energy enterprises
 most levy tares as well as receiving funding from higher ties of government
 local government responsibilities typically include:
1. town planning
2. supervision of building codes, local roads, water, sewerage and drainage
3. waste and sanitary services
4. community recreational facilities
Relations between levels
of Government
 The Commonwealth and State Governments co-
operate in many areas where States and
Territories are formally responsible - education,
transport, health and law enforcement

 Income tax is levied federally, and debate

between the levels of governments about access
to revenue is a perennial of Australian politics
 - is a developed, modern market economy with GDP of
approximately US$ 1,23 trillion
- Australia was also ranked the 19th largest importer and 19th
largest exporter
- is a member of the APEC, G20, OECD and WTO organisations

Economy - is dominated by its service sector, representing 68% of

Australian GDP
- is dependent on imported crude oil and petroleum products,
the economy’s petroleum import dependency is around 80%

- trading partners: Japan, Singapore, China, USA, Germany

- natural resources: iron ore, coal, natural gas, gold, aluminium, petroleum
- exports: ores, slag, ash; mineral fuels including oil; gems, precious metals; meat; inorganic
chemicals; machinery including computers; cereals; pharmaceuticals; electrical
machinery, equipment; aluminium
- agriculture: wheat, coarse grains (barley, oats, sorghum, maize, and triticale), rice,
oilseeds (canola, sunflowers, soybeans, and peanuts), grain legumes (lupins and chick
peas), sugarcane, cotton, fruits, gapes, tobacco, and vegetables

 Australia uses Australian dollar – AUD, $

Culture

 a Western culture derived

primarily from Britain
 also influenced by:
1. the unique geography of the
Australian continent
2. the diverse input of Aboriginal,
Torres Strait Islanders and other
Oceania people
Attractions

1. Sydney Opera House

2. Great Barrier Reef
3. Uluru/Ayers Rock
4. Kakadu National Park
5. Whitsunday Islands
6. Blue Mountains National Park
7. Purnululu National Park
8. Great Ocean Road
9. Fraser Island
10. Cable Beach, Broome
New Zealand
Flag
 the symbol of the realm, government and people of New Zealand
 royal blue background - the ensign of the Blue Squadron of the Royal Navy
 the stars of the Southern Cross - location in the South Pacific Ocean
 the Union Jack - New Zealand’s historical origins as a British colony and dominion

widely used since 1869

1902

1869

formally adopted
 1834 – 1840 - the Flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand was the first ‘national’ flag
 has 6 other flags that are flown for official purposes
1. Queen’s personal flag
2. The Governor-General’s flag
3. New Zealand Red Ensign
4. New Zealand White Ensign
5. Royal New Zealand Air Force Ensign
6. New Zealand Civil Air Ensign
Naming New
Zealand
 The first European to arrive in
New Zealand was the Dutch
explorer Abel Tasman in 1642
 the name - from the Dutch
‘Nieuw Zeeland’
 the name first given by a Dutch
mapmaker
Brief History

 a young country in terms of its human

history
 was the last large and livable place in the
world to be discovered
 the first people to arrive: Polynesian
ancestors of the Māori (1200 – 1300 AD)
 has no fixed date of independence from the
United Kingdom
 the concept of a national "Independence
Day" does not exist in New Zealand
  an island country in the South Pacific Ocean
 the south-westernmost part of Polynesia
 a remote land—one of the last sizable territories suitable for
habitation to be populated and settled

Geography  lies more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Australia (its
nearest neighbour)
 the country comprises two main islands—the North and South
islands—and a number of small islands (some of them
hundreds of miles from the main group)
 The two main – 98,5% of New Zealand’s land
 Rivers

 Waikato River – 425 km

 Clutha River / Mata-Au – 338 km
 Whanganui River – 290 km
 Taieri River – 288 km
 Rangitikei River – 253 km
 Lakes

o Lake Taupo – 616 km2

o Lake Te Anau – 344 km2
o Late Wakatipu – 291 km2
o Lake Wanaka – 192 km2
o Lake Ellesmere – 180 km2
 Highest major summits

 Aoraki / Mount Cook – 3,724 m

 Aoraki: Middle Peak – 3,717 m
 Aoraki: Low Peak – 3,593 m
 Mount Tasman – 3,497 m
 Mount Dampier – 3,440 m
 Mountain ranges

 Southern Alps
 Kaikoura Ranges
 Kaweka Range
 Tararua Ranges

 Remutaka Range
 Most extreme points

 Highest: Aoraki / Mount Cook – 3,724 m

 Lowest: near Momona, Taieri Plains – 2 m below sea level
 Northernmost: Nugent Island, in the Kermadec Islands
 Southernmost: Jacquemart Island in the Campbell Island
group
 Westernmost: Cape Lovitt, Auckland Islands
 Easternmost: Forty-Fours/Motuhara, in the Chatham
Islands
Climate

 the climate has been of paramount importance to the people of

New Zealand
 mild temperatures, moderately high rainfall, and many hours of
sunshine throughout most of the country
 dominated by two main geographical features: the mountains
and the sea
 Auckland region – warm, humid and changeable without extremes of temperature
 Tauranga region – warm, humid summers and mild winters
 Hamilton region – mild and temperate with moderate rainfall
 Napier region – dry and temperate with long hot summers and cold winters
 Wellington region – temperate marine climate, relatively windy
 Nelson region – warm summers and cool winters
 Christchurch region – warm dry summers and cold winters
 Dunedin region – temperate coastal climate with four distinct seasons
 Invercargill region – cooler and wetter than other parts of New Zealand
Population

 not distributed evenly

 some places have more people than others
 in some parts on NZ where the population
density is as much as 150 people per square km
(dense)
 in rough hill country where there is a population
density of 1 person per square km (sparse)
 population (2021): 4.866 million
 natality (2021): 12,4 births per 1000 people
 mortality (2021): 7,1 deaths per 1000 people
 Capital city: Wellington
  New Zealand’s demographics (ethnic group)

Demographics
100.00%
89.90%
90.00%

80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%
20.50%
20.00%

10.00%
3.50% 2.00% 1.60% 1.20% 1.20% 1%
0.00%
English Maori Samoan Hindi French Northern Yue other/not
Chinese stated
Demographics
 Religion
Christian (Catholic, Methodist, ...) – 44,3%

Religion
45.00%
38.50%
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
15.00% 11.60% 10.80% 9.90%
10.00% 7.80% 8.20%
5.00% 2.40% 1.80% 2.10% 1.40% 1.30% 1.10% 1.90%
0.00%
Politics

 government is formed from a democratically elected House of Representatives

 the Sovereign acts on the advice of the Government in all but most exceptional
circumstances
 this system is known as a constitutional monarchy

 the system is based on the principle that power is distributed across three
branches of government – Parliament, the Executive, and the Judiciary
 Parliament makes the law
 the Executive (Ministers of the Crown also known as the Government)
administers the law
 the Judiciary interprets the law through the courts
Head of State

 the Sovereign – Queen Elizabeth II

 the Governor-General – the Queen’s representative

Constitutional arrangements
 has no single written constitution or any form of law that is higher than laws passed in
Parliament
 the rules are contained in a number of Acts of Parliament, documents issued under the
authority of the Queen, relevant English and United Kingdom Acts of Parliament,
decisions of the court, and unwritten constitutional conventions
Parliament

 consists of the Sovereign and the House of Representatives

 the Sovereign’s role in Parliament: opening and dissolving Parliament,
and giving the Royal assent to bills passed in the House of
Representatives

 is unicameral – it only has one chamber (the House of

Representatives) and there is no upper house such as senate
 usual number of members of Parliament – 120, there are
electoral circumstances when this could vary
Responsible Government

 a system where the Government is formed by

appointing Ministers who must first be elected
members of Parliament
 in New Zealand the Government can stay in power
only while it has the support (‘confidence’) of
majority of House of Representatives
 this support can be tested in a confidence vote (e.g.
passing the Budget)

 Ministers are responsible to Parliament

(collectively for the overall performance of the
Government, and individually for the
performance in their portfolios)
 - House of Representatives is elected using the mixed member
Proportional proportional representation (MPP) voting system

representation - each elector has two votes:

 one for a local member of Parliament
electoral  one for a preferred political party
system - political parties are represented in Parliament in proportion
to the share of votes each party won in the party vote in the
general election
  is a highly developed free-market economy
 it is the 52nd largest national economy in the world when
measured by GPD
 manufacturing is the main employment – twice as many as
agriculture
 financial, insurance and business services are a big part of the
Economy economy
 the country has one of the most globalised economies and
depends greatly on international trade
 trade partners: China, Australia, the US, Japan, South Korea, …
 natural resources: coal, silver, iron ore, limestone, gold
 exports: concentrated milk; sheep and goat meat; butter;
rough wood; frozen bovine meat; fish; beverages, spirits,
vinegar; machinery including computers; optical,
technical, medical apparatus; modified starches, glues,
enzymes
 agriculture: dairy farming, sheep farming, beef farming,
pig farming, fruit, vegetables, seeds and flowers, cereals
Culture

 a Western culture influenced by:

 the unique environment and
geographic location of the islands
 the cultural input of the
indigenous Māori people
 the various waves of migration
which followed the British
colonisation of NZ
Attractions

1. Fiordland National Park and Milford Sound, South Island

2. Bay of Islands, North Island
3. Queenstown, South Island
4. Lake Taupo and Tongariro National Park, North Island
5. Rotorua, North Island
6. Fox and Franz Josef Glaciers, South Island
7. Abel Tasman National Park & the Abel Tasman Coast Track, South
Island
8. Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park, South Island
9. Napier, Hawke’s Bay, North Island
10. Auckland, North Island
THANK YOU FOR
ATTENTION