Inheritance in Python

S.N.B.P College of Art’s Commerce Science & Management

Studies Pimpri, Pune-18

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

2021-2022

PROJECT REPORT

ON

“INHERITANCE IN PYTHON”

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION COMPUTER

APPLICATION
SUBMITTED BY:-

PRASHANT SUDHAKAR LAMB

&
GURUDATTA KAMBLE
UNDER GUIDANCE OF

Prof. Jayashree Gholap

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Inheritance in Python

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Project Report entitled “INHERITANCE IN PYTHON”
with reference to SNBP college of Arts, commerce, science and Management
studies, Morwadi, Pimpri, Pune-18 which is being submitted here with the
completion of Bachelor of Business Administration (Computer Application) of
Semester V of Savitribai Phule Pune University is the result of the original work
completed by Mr. PRASHANT SUDHAKAR LAMB (BC213018) and Mr.
GURUDATTA KAMBLE (BC213014) under my supervision and guidance and
to the best of my knowledge and belief, the work complied in this project report
is original & not formed earlier.

Project Guide Lab In-charge Program Co-coordinator

Academic Head Seal Principal

Verified By
Seat No. Date:

Internal Examiner External Examiner

(Sign & Name) (Sign & Name)

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Inheritance in Python

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“When we start a journey towards something worthwhile which is

never a simple trail or an easy mile, but we often move on without
looking back. At all the people who helped put us on track, so today
we have reached the end of our journey, we’d like to thank of all
those who walked with us”

“ALONE WE CAN DO LITTLE”

“BUT TOGETHER WE CAN DO SO MUCH”

Before going into intricacies of the project, we would like to thank

our Academic Head “Prof. Umeshwari Patil” and all staff
members of S.N.B.P college of A.C.S pimpri pune-18.

We express our special thanks to “Prof. Jayashree Gholap”

(project guide), and ALL TYBBA(CA) STAFF for their inspiring
guidance and constant encouragement throughout endeavor, which
enable us to successfully complete this project work, we are grateful
for their invaluable assistance and support at all stage.

Sincerely,
-Prashant Sudhakar Lamb
-Gurudatta Kamble
T.Y.BBA (CA)

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Inheritance in Python

Declaration
It is hereby declared the all the facts and figures included
in the project is results of my own research and investigation
including formal analysis of the entire research work and the
same has not been previously submitted to any examination of
the University or any other University.
This declaration will hold a good and in my wise behalf
with the full consciousness.

Date:
Place: Morwadi

Name & Signature of the student

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Inheritance in Python

CONTENTS
SR NO. Chapter name and Page No.
contents

01 Class and objects 6

in python

02 Classes 7
03 Inheritance 8
04 Object class 10
05 Types of 12
inheritance

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Inheritance in Python

Chapter 1
CLASS And OBJECTS IN PYTHON

A class is a user-defined blueprint or prototype from which objects

are created. Classes provide a means of bundling data and
functionality together. Creating a new class creates a new type of
object, allowing new instances of that type to be made. Each class
instance can have attributes attached to it for maintaining its state.
Class instances can also have methods (defined by their class) for
modifying their state.

To understand the need for creating a class let’s consider an example,

let’s say you wanted to track the number of dogs that may have
different attributes like breed, age. If a list is used, the first element
could be the dog’s breed while the second element could represent its
age. Let’s suppose there are 100 different dogs, then how would you
know which element is supposed to be which? What if you wanted to
add other properties to these dogs? This lacks organization and it’s the
exact need for classes.

Class creates a user-defined data structure, which holds its own data
members and member functions, which can be accessed and used by
creating an instance of that class. A class is like a blueprint for an
object.

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CHAPTER 2
CLASSES

Classes provide a means of bundling data and functionality together.

Creating a new class creates a new type of object, allowing new
instances of that type to be made. Each class instance can have
attributes attached to it for maintaining its state. Class instances can
also have methods (defined by its class) for modifying its state.

Compared with other programming languages, Python’s class

mechanism adds classes with a minimum of new syntax and semantics.
It is a mixture of the class mechanisms found in C++ and Modula-3.
Python classes provide all the standard features of Object Oriented
Programming: the class inheritance mechanism allows multiple base
classes, a derived class can override any methods of its base class or
classes, and a method can call the method of a base class with the same
name. Objects can contain arbitrary amounts and kinds of data. As is
true for modules, classes partake of the dynamic nature of Python:
they are created at runtime, and can be modified further after
creation.

In C++ terminology, normally class members (including the data

members) are public (except see below Private Variables), and all
member functions are virtual. As in Modula-3, there are no
shorthands for referencing the object’s members from its methods:
the method function is declared with an explicit first argument
representing the object, which is provided implicitly by the call. As in
Smalltalk, classes themselves are objects. This provides semantics for
importing and renaming. Unlike C++ and Modula-3, built-in types
can be used as base classes for extension by the user. Also, like in C++,
most built-in operators with special syntax (arithmetic operators,
subscripting etc.) can be redefined for class instances.

(Lacking universally accepted terminology to talk about classes, I will

make occasional use of Smalltalk and C++ terms. I would use Modula-
3 terms, since its object-oriented semantics are closer to those of
Python than C++, but I expect that few readers have heard of it.)

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CHAPTER 3
INHERITANCE
Inheritance is the capability of one class to derive or inherit the
properties from another class. The benefits of inheritance are:

1. It represents real-world relationships well.

2. It provides reusability of a code. We don’t have to write the same
code again and again. Also, it allows us to add more features to a
class without modifying it.
3. It is transitive in nature, which means that if class B inherits from
another class A, then all the subclasses of B would automatically
inherit from class A.

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EXAMPLE
# A Python program to demonstrate inheritance
# Base or Super class. Note object in bracket.
# (Generally, object is made ancestor of all classes)
# In Python 3.x "class Person" is
# equivalent to "class Person(object)"
class Person(object):

# Constructor
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name

# To get name
def getName(self):
return self.name

# To check if this person is an employee

def isEmployee(self):
return False

# Inherited or Subclass (Note Person in bracket)

class Employee(Person):

# Here we return true

def isEmployee(self):
return True

# Driver code
emp = Person("Geek1") # An Object of Person
print(emp.getName(), emp.isEmployee())

emp = Employee("Geek2") # An Object of Employee

print(emp.getName(), emp.isEmployee())

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CHAPTER 4
OBJECT CLASS

Like Java Object class, in Python (from version 3.x), object is root of
all classes.
In Python 3.x, “class Test(object)” and “class Test” are same.
In Python 2.x, “class Test(object)” creates a class with object as
parent (called new style class) and “class Test” creates old style class
(without object parent).

Subclassing (Calling constructor of parent class)

A child class needs to identify which class is its parent class. This
can be done by mentioning the parent class name in the definition of
the child class.

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Eg: class subclass_name (superclass_name):

# Python code to demonstrate how parent constructors are called

parent class.

class Person( object ):

# __init__ is known as the constructor

def __init__(self, name, idnumber):

self.name = name

self.idnumber = idnumber

def display(self):

print(self.name)

print(self.idnumber)

# child class

class Employee( Person ):

def __init__(self, name, idnumber, salary, post):

self.salary = salary

self.post = post

# invoking the __init__ of the parent class

Person.__init__(self, name, idnumber)

# creation of an object variable or an instance

a = Employee('Rahul', 886012, 200000, "Intern")

# calling a function of the class Person using its instance

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CHAPTER 5
TYPES OF INHERRITANCE IN PYTHON

Types of Inheritance depend upon the number of child and parent

classes involved. There are four types of inheritance in Python:

1. Single Inheritance: Single inheritance enables a derived class to

inherit properties from a single parent class, thus enabling code
reusability and the addition of new features to existing code.

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2. Multiple Inheritances: When a class can be derived from more

than one base class this type of inheritance is called multiple
inheritances. In multiple inheritances, all the features of the base
classes are inherited into the derived class.

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3. Multilevel Inheritance: In multilevel inheritance, features of the

base class and the derived class are further inherited into the new
derived class. This is similar to a relationship representing a child
and grandfather.

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4. Hierarchical Inheritance: When more than one derived

classes are created from a single base this type of inheritance is
called hierarchical inheritance. In this program, we have a
parent (base) class and two child (derived) classes.

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