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Multiprocessor Is A Computer Used For Processing and Executes Isolated
Multiprocessor Is A Computer Used For Processing and Executes Isolated
Multiprocessor Is A Computer Used For Processing and Executes Isolated
CISC:
It stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. These processors offer the users, hundreds of
instructions of variable sizes. CISC architecture includes a complete set of special-purpose circuits
that carry out these instructions at a very high speed. These instructions interact with memory by
using complex addressing modes. CISC processors reduce the program size and hence lesser number
of memory cycles are required to execute the programs. This increases the overall speed of
execution.
Examples: Intel architecture, AMD
In CISC many instructions are present in the architecture while in RISC very few instructions
are present. The number of instructions is generally less than 100.
In CISC some instructions with long execution times. These include instructions that copy an
entire block from one part of memory to another and others that copy multiple registers to
and from memory while in RISC no instruction with a long execution time due to a very
simple instruction set. Some early RISC machines did not even have an integer multiply
instruction, requiring compilers to implement multiplication as a sequence of additions.
Variable-length encodings of the instructions in CISC, Fixed-length encodings of the
instructions are used in RISC
In CISC multiple formats are supported for specifying operands. A memory operand specifier
can have many different combinations of displacement, base, and index register while in
RISC no instruction with a long execution time due to a very simple instruction set. Some
early RISC machines did not even have an integer multiply instruction, requiring compilers to
implement multiplication as a sequence of additions.
CISC supports array, RISC does not support an array.
In CISC arithmetic and logical operations can be applied to both memory and register
operands. In RISC arithmetic and logical operations only use register operands. Memory
referencing is only allowed by loading and storing instructions, i.e. reading from memory
into a register and writing from a register to memory respectively.
In CISC Implementation programs are hidden from machine-level programs. The ISA provides
a clean abstraction between programs and how they get executed, In RISC implementation
programs exposed to machine-level programs. Few RISC machines do not allow specific
instruction sequences
Condition codes are used in CISC while no condition codes are used in RISC
In CISC the stack is being used for procedure arguments and returns addresses. In RISC
registers are being used for procedure arguments and return addresses. Memory references
can be avoided by some procedures.
Flynn’s classification –
Single-instruction, single-data (SISD) systems –
An SISD computing system is a uniprocessor machine which can execute a single instruction,
operating on a single data stream. In SISD, machine instructions are processed in a sequential
manner and computers adopting this model are popularly called sequential computers. Most
conventional computers have SISD architecture. All the instructions and data to be processed must
be stored in primary memory.
The speed of the processing element in the SISD model is limited(dependent) by the rate at which
the computer can transfer information internally. Dominant representative SISD systems are IBM PC,
workstations.
Answer :
Flynn’s classification –
Single-instruction, single-data (SISD) systems –
An SISD computing system is a uniprocessor machine which can execute a single
instruction, operating on a single data stream. In SISD, machine instructions are
processed in a sequential manner and computers adopting this model are popularly
called sequential computers. Most conventional computers have SISD architecture.
All the instructions and data to be processed must be stored in primary memory.
The speed of the processing element in the SISD model is limited(dependent) by the
rate at which the computer can transfer information internally. Dominant
representative SISD systems are IBM PC, workstations.
Single-instruction, multiple-data (SIMD) systems –