THE RISE of NATIONALISM

IN EUROPE
HANDWRITTEN NOTES
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Designed with to
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Snobhit Ninian
 French Revolution and the idea of the Nation

# Elements that led to the development of collective Identity amongst French

in France
people :
°
Adoption of a constitution that gave citizen equal rights .

°
Adoption of the new tricolor national flag replacing the former royal standard .

0 Ideas of citizenship (de citoyen) and the fatherland (la Patrie)

° Abolition of internal custom duty goods and free
on movement of capital .

0
Adoption of French as the common
language .

pyo
← 2019
s

which nation was identifiable in the tricolour in Sorrier 's

:
revolutionary
utopian vision ? H France 134T 2nd point) -
.

The first clear expression of nationalism came with french Revolution

" ' '
2017 :

in 1789 Explain the statement GT

''
.

2015 : Describe five steps taken by French Revolutionaries to create a

any
sense of collective identity among
the French people CST .

#
↳
Napoleonic Code OR
civil code of 1804 : .

Napoleon destroyed democracy in France , but he incorporated revolutionary

principal by introducing the civil code of 1804 , which came to be known as
Napoleonic code Main features : .

Removed all
°

°
privileges based on birth
Abolished the feudal system .

°
Guild system removed .

°
Transport and communication system improved .

Secured the
°
right to
property .

PYD 2016 :
"
Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field he .

had incorporated
revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more
"
rational and efficient Analyse statement with 15T
. the
arguments .

The
Making of Nationalism in Europe
These are some important factors which led to the rise of nationalism
in
Europe :
o Rise of middle class -
latin word meaning free . -
.

I spread of ideology of Liberalism

The new spirit of conservatism and the Treaty of Vienna .

° The rise of Revolutionaries

# The Aristocracycisand New middle class :

°
Aristocracy They owned estates and property
: both in
countryside and
town houses
I spoke trench and are numerically small group .
 Iii It was also united by a common
way of life .

°
Peasantry
Middle class
: cis Majority in number
: cis Due to industrialisation social
°
,
the new
groups -
a
working class
and middle class came into being .

Ex consists of industrialists , businessmen and professionals

they .

( ius It was among the educated , liberal middle class , the idea of
national
unity gained popularity .

# Meaning of liberal Nationalism :

o for newmiddle classes gliberis m stood for freedom for individual and equality for
all before the law .

°
In economic sphere , liberian stood for the freedom of market and abolition of
state imposed restriction on the movement of goods and capital .

° Zollverein abolished tariff barriers , reduced no .

of currencies to two and promoted
a network of
railways to stimulate mobility .

# New conservatism after 1815 :

After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815g the spirit of conservatism became strong They .

believed that traditional Institutions like the monarchy , the church , social hierarchies ,
and family should be preserved
property
-

Treaty of Vienna 4815) :

dynasty restored to
Bour born way power in france
° .

o A series of state created on the french boundary for preventing french expansion
in future
°
German confederation way left untouched .

°
Main intension ways to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by napoleon .

°
Power which defeated Napo lean collectively were involved in treaty .

o New Autocratic Regimes didn't tolerate critBP cm .

PII 20148 How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European States after
1815 ? 1ST

Age of Revolutions : 1830 1848

The -

# Romantic and National

feeling
: Imagination
O
Culture
played
role in the idea
an Important
the
creating of Nation .

°
Art , poetry , stories , music shaped nationalist feelings .

°
Romantic artists criticised reason and science
° Emotions , Intuition and mystical feeling were
encouraged .

Popularised true spirit of nation

°
.

°
Collected local folklore to spread nationalism even illiterates
°
Used
language to resists foreign dominance .

PMT did nationalism develop through culture in Europe ? Explain GI centuries?

2015 : How .

20119 Explain three ways in which nationalist feeling were kept alive in Poland in 18M$19tha
Culture Played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe
" "
2010 : .

suppose the statement with Examples GI .

# Hunger , Hardship and Revolts :
0 The first half of 19h century saw an enormous increase in population all over the Europe
.

° Reduced Jobs .

°
Cities overcrowded
were .

° Stiff competition between hand made -

goods and cheap machine made

goods .

° Rise of food prices .

o
shortage of food .

° Revolt of peasants and weavers revolted .

M¥2017 : Describe
any
three hardships faced by Europe in 1830s 131 .

The decade of 1830 had brought

great economic hardship in Europe? Support the statement
"
2016 :

with arguments 131 .

2019 :
explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth
by the new commercial classes during the nineteenth century in Europe 131 .

# The Revolution of Liberals : 1848 : -

with the revolts of the poor , unemployed and starving peasants and workers in
Along
°
many
European countries in the year 1848 ,
a revolution led
by the educated middle classes was also
under way .

O Jn the parts of Europe where Independent nation-states did not yet exist such as germany , Italy -

Poland ete , men and women of liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism

with national unification .

their demands
°
They took
advantage of the
growing popular unrest all over Europe ,
to push
for the creation of a nation-state on
parliamentary principles .

The Making of Germany and Italy

# Germany :
Minister Otto von Bismark with the help of Prussian
army and bureaucracy took
°

on the
leadership of the movement for National unification .

o Three war over seven years ended in brass fan victory and completed the process
of unification .

o Kaiser William 2 of Prussia headed the New German Empire .

#
Italy : divided into
°
Italy was seven States of which only Sardinia Piedmont was
ruled by an Italian princely state .

Initially by Giuseppe Garibaldi

unification programme initiated
°
a was .

° Victor Emmanuel I was proclaimed king of united Italy

In 1861 .

o
Garibaldi was also helped by Cavour and Mazzini .

Large Part of Italy was illiterate

.

PH 2019 Describe the role of Otto von Bismarck in the making of Germany
: . GI
2012 Describe the
process of Unification of Italy
'
GI
'
: .
 Visualizing the Nation

Artists in the l 8th and I 9th out by

personifying nation
century found a
way .

Nations were then portrayed as female figures The female form that was chosen .

to personify the nation did not stand for in real life The female
any particular women
.

figure became an allegory of the nation In france , the female allegory was christened
.

Marianne and Germania became the allegory of the German nation .

Nationalism and Imperialism

# Balkans : The source of Nationalist Tension in Europe after 1871 :-

° It was too a
region of geographical and ethnic variations .

0 It was inhabited
by slaves and under control of Ottoman Empire .

°
Ideas of nationalism swept over entire Balkan region .

One nationalities declared their independence through struggles

°
by one different .
it
°
It later became one of the causes of 1st World War .

PIA 2018 : Describe the explosive conditions prevailing in Balkans after 1871 in Europe .

SOME MORE IMPORTANT SUBTOPICS

:#
→

Frideric of Soori eu's vision World

°o° In 1848, Frederic , afrench artist , prepared a series of four prints visualise
his dream of a world made up of democratic and social republics !
' Png
o first point of series , shows the peoples of Europe and America men and -

and social classes marching in a

women of all
ages train , and -

long offering
homage to the statue of liberty .

Statue of liberty the torch too

bears
englighten meat in hand and the charter of
°
one
the
Rights of Man in the other
0
People of world are
grouped distinct nations g in sorriness utopian vision
as .

End result was

emergence of nation-state
° .

# Giuseppe Mazzini of The secret societies :

Italian member of secret society of Carbonari
0 He was an
revolutionary who became a .

sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in

Liguria
°
He was .

° He founded two more

underground societies -

Young Italy Marseilles &

in Europe Young
in Berne .

0 He believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind .

So
Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic
,
.

° Metternich described him as the most dangerous enemy of social order !

'

# Revolution in Greece :
o
Greece which had been a
part of the Ottoman Empire since I5th century struggled ,

for independence
 Nationalist in Greece
got support from western European artists , poets and Greeks
°

that lived out of greece .

°
finally , the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation .

# Unification of Britain :
o The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones such
-

as
English g Welsh g Scot and Irish.

° But as the
English nation steadily grew in wealth , importance and power , it was able
to extend its influence over the other nations of islands .

Act of Union 4707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the United
'
°

Kingdom of Great Britain meant g in effect , that England was able to impose its
'

influence on Scotland .

Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic

language or wear their national
°

dress
.

A new ' British nation was forged through the

propagation of a dominant English culture
'
°
.