Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) 1–3

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3-D Bioprinting in cartilage tissue engineering for bioinks-short review
Abhinav Raut, A. Akhilesh, B. Ashutosh, F. Punit, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed

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Bio-Innovation Center, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha 442004, Maharashtra, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history: This short review focuses on developments in the field of bioprinting for cartilage tissue engineering, along with
Available online xxx discussion on the various approaches for cartilage fabrication. The methods (cell-laden, cell-free and a combina-
tion of both) involved intended to obtain microenvironment to cells for better development and cell growth using
the said methods. The controlled dimension of the scaffold can be decided with great precision. The hybrid bio-

D
Keywords
3D bioprinting printing of cell laden and cell-free materials gives the most promising results for cartilage tissue engineering with
Cartilage tissue engineering multiple materials bio-print including high strength polymers. Although hybrid technology is new but currently
Bioink 3D-printing for cartilage applications is in high demand, and complete conversation on the current and future
viewpoints is presented in this review.
TE
© 2021

1. Introduction velop, implantable tissues, it can design cells in 3D builds with high-
lights encouraging development and vascularization [8–10]. Further
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The improvement of expulsion based bioprinting for tissue engineer-
ing is adopted by the plan of bioinks showing sufficient printability,
shape strength, and post-printing bioactivity. In this specific circum-
stance, basic bioink definitions, made of cells upheld by a polymer grid,
frequently come up short on the vital adaptability. To address this is-
sue, serious exploration work has been centered around bringing col-
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advances in the field may empower the production of builds that can
copy local tissues in multifaceted nature, spatial heterogeneity, and
eventually, clinical utility. This audit examines the utilization of 3D bio-
printing for designing bone, ligament, muscle, ligament, tendon, and in-
terface tissue. Furthermore, the current constraints and difficulties in the
field are talked about, and the possibilities for future advancement are

loidal particles into the ink plan [1,2]. By making powerless cross-joins
between polymer chains, added particles adjust the rheology and me-
chanical conduct of bioinks to improve their printability and primary
respectability. Also, nano-and infinitesimal particles show creation and
structure-specific properties that can affect the cell conduct and upgrade
the development of tissue inside the literature [3,4]. This Review offers
a far-reaching image of the part of colloids in bioprinting from a physic-
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featured [11–12].
From the late 1970s it was known that building blocks has to be
used for tissue repair, the artificial biomaterials can't be use as an ideal
tissue repair. Certainly, the man-made artificial biomaterial is there
but cannot be compared with the natural construct. During the 1990s
regenerative cells therapy concept came in to existence to help the
body for rejuvenating from the injury the mixture of biomaterials and

ochemical and organic point of view. Accordingly, it gives direction on
contriving versatile bioinks for the manufacture of biomimetic tissues.
The musculoskeletal framework is basic for looking after stance, se-
curing organs, encouraging velocity, and managing different cell and
metabolic capacities. Injury to this framework because of injury or wear
is normal, and serious harm may expect a medical procedure to reestab-
lish work and forestall further damage. Autografts are the current best
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cells used to repair the tissue gave birth to new area known as tis-
sue engineering. The principal necessities for this new area are the
things which contain cells, growth factors, and artificial extracellular
matrix [13–14]. Musculoskeletal tissue that incorporates bones, liga-
ments, muscles, and tendons is subject for offering assistance, reliability,
and body advancement. Besides depicted by run of the mill mechano
responsiveness and a gainful complementarity among the as of late re-

quality level for the substitution of lost or harmed tissues. Notwith-
standing, these unions are compelled by restricted stockpile and bene-
factor site bleakness [5–7]. Allografts, xenografts, and alloplastic ma-
terials speak to practical other options, yet every one of these tech-
niques likewise has its own issues and impediments. Mechanical ad-
vances in three-dimensional (3D) printing and its biomedical trans-
formation, 3D bioprinting, can possibly give practical, autologous tis-
sue-like develops that can be utilized to fix musculoskeletal imperfec-
tions. Despite the fact that bioprinting is at present unfit to create de
ferred to organs. Musculoskeletal infections are achieved by injury to
a locale, for instance, breaks, falls, disasters, and moreover repetitive
turns of events. The said disease start a basic tissue loss with the neces-
sity for cautious intercession, for the case of extraordinary musculoskele-
tal deformations [15]. The cautious procedures for the support of the
musculoskeletal system rewards are confined by the transparency, mea-
sure, and quality of materials used for the recovery. Hence, tissue plan-
ning holds exceptional assurance in making procedures for fixing tissue
wound and postponing the necessity for more nosy solid strategy [16].
A tissue-planned thing gives a basic structure or system that mirrors

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.625
2214-7853/© 2021.
2 A. Raut et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) 1–3
nearby properties. These structures should be biodegradable and bio-
compatible, have a lot of interconnected porous networks with un-
surprising and entrance, and have suitable mechanical and genuine
properties. To date the two ordinary systems for 3-D bioprinting, and
cell-stacked stage have been used to bioprint materials.
2. Bioink
The mixture of biomaterial and cells used for printing 3D dimen-
sional material is known as bioink. It involves a cell-laden biomater-
ial close by various added substances. Building materials are selected
on the basis of chemical, physical and biological properties. Substances
are expected not only to show little cytotoxicity but also to have tissue
regenerative properties [17]. There are various different polymers are
used for the preparation of bioinks to date that consolidate the alginate,
gelatin, collagen, silk fibrin, Matrigel and derivatives of these materials
are also use for the 3D bioprinting. Cells are included in the polymer
matrix and blend ordinary biomaterials to form bioinks. Multi layered
biomaterial with different properties are used to help in the formation
of cell stack and gains extracellular matrix like properties [17,39]. A
combination of nanomaterials and biomaterials for example, graphene,
carbon, and gold nanoparticles used to make bioink nanocomposites
used in electroactive tissues, for example, skeletal muscle, and heart. De-
signed to separate bone tissue, bioceramic nanoparticle hydroxyapatite
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and its substrate or nano-alumina can be used in bioink studies [18,20].
3. 3-D Cartilage bioprinting tissue engineering
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Tendon is a flexible muscle and a delicate body piece. It is found in
various parts of the body including the joints between the bones (e.g.,
elbows, knees, and lower legs), amputation of the nose, ears, ribs, and
chambers. Tendon contains chondrocytes that produce a large propor-
tion of the outer grid made up of elastin fibers, collagen fibers, and pro-
teoglycan. Enhancers are still distributed by connective tissue includ-
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ing the perichondrium tendon as there are no arteries in the tendon to
supply the chondrocytes with ingredients [19–21]. It is thus, that ten-
don creates and fixes more steadily than various tissues. Tendon con-
tains three sorts: hyaline, adaptable, and fibrocartilage. The tender is
used to carry and put on weight and has low contact and low wear re-
sistance. Fibrocartilage is located between the vertebrae and the knees,
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which have a dreaded and strong material [22–24]. The wounded ten-
don at times must choose between limited options aside from to be sub-
stituted by the 3D printed tendon. In his respect, the 3-D bioprinting
has got a tremendous opportunity in the gathering of the tendon. This
is a result of the high accuracy of this method in the local distribution
of ECM and particle cells, which is essential for the renewal of produc-
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tive tenderness. Gao et al. developed a copolymer hydrogel to act as a
bioink used in osteochondral treatment give up. The resulting copoly-
mer has been made more powerful by approaching a higher reaction
[25–30]. Bioink is composed of acrylamide copolymer (NGAC). They
had an alternative to making biohybrid incline hydrogel with 3-D print-
ing since the bioink they used had the right reaction properties. Trans-
ferred structures were made with a printed tender using TGF-β contain-
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ing NGAC bioink and a portion of the printed bone using β-TCP contain-
ing NGAC bioink. After the frames were collected, they were placed in
a room. The results showed that, after 12 weeks, new bone and bone
tissue was defined in the biohybrid point hydrogel categories. Levato et
al. written down sections on the use of GelMA-based hydrogel. Thus,
they repair BMSCs, articular tendon cells residing in chondroprogen-
itors, and chondrocytes [31–34]. Their results have shown that it is
possible to make bioprint 3-D create the distribution of collagens and
glycosaminoglycans using the coculture system. Similarly, it is possible
that the cell of all cell types in the hydrogel area in vitro is said to be
over 90% after 14 days. Stichler et al. print the function of a thiol-func-
tionalized HA cross hydrogel embedded in human and equine MSCs,
which replicates the articular tendon feature. In hydrogel the use of
macromer-thick layers of acrylate poly (glycerolebacinate) affects the
overall rate. To achieve high mechanical strength, a double-printer ther-
moplastic printing method has been used [35–39]. Twofold printed gels
have two sorts of fragile and extraordinary sections. By means of this el-
ement, they get higher strength while keeping a high-moisture content.
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Kundu et al. fabricated a hybrid 3-D cell-printed tendon that contained
alginate, and PCL by the use of multihead removal based 3-D bioprinter.
The results exhibited that the alginate hydrogel is a particularly con-
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vincing material for tendon regeneration [40–42]. It will be hard to use
the hydrogel in vivo which has low mechanical properties. They have
found new material with sufficient mechanical properties for the cells
which can give long stretch [43–47]. Further the cell-optimized algi-
nate bioink was put inside them. It will, in general, be induced that, with
all the fantastic properties that PCL has for being used as a bioprinting
material, its unyielding brand name could incite scratched spot of the
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enveloping tendon tissue [48–52].
4. Summary and future perspective
As mentioned above in this portion, in common, be interpreted that
the 3-D bioprinting can be a critical instrument to form compound tissue
like musculoskeletal tissues within the close future, whereas the utilize
of bioinks as however remaining parts were making and extending. In
any case, there are huge challenges to be settled so also to inventive pro-
gresses. The current bioprinted tissue theories are until now making and
just fairly copy significant natural tissues will by and large focus in on
genuine vascularization of tissues and multiple devices. There should be
a concordance within the creative cycle between the basic elements of
making liberal biopolymer fabricate and achieving normal cell strength.
One perspective that will unquestionably require support headway here
is the printing objective. This part is critical since cells should be put
away with an objective like their size. The printing objective of avail-
able advances is one huge degree more significant than the cell dimen-
sion, which gives requirement on the making of forefront assembles. A
couple of assessments report that scaled-down and nanoscale feature of
cell movie/centre through cell/sub-nuclear etching procedures can coor-
dinate cell works in view of the acknowledgment of bio mimicking sig-
nals. Copying nature through etching engages 3-D creates to truly give
ensured, and compelling instigation to lacking cell division, which is at
present considered as the principle need tissue planning things. Other
inventive issues that should be enhanced in 3-D bioprinting are the re-
producibility and speed of the printing cycle to grow high-throughput
3-D-bioprinted tissues.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial in-
terests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
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