STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN 1

CESB 333/CESB 3024

Eurocode 3 Part 1
EN 1993 – 1 (2005)
Topic 3: Design of Beams-Part 2
Prepared by
Dr. Ean Lee Woen
 Topic 3: Design of Beams
1. cross section design resistance
2. design resistance for bending moment
3. design shear resistance
4. design resistance for compression
5. design buckling resistance moment (lateral
torsional buckling)
6. design resistance for combination actions
7. deflection of beams
Design Procedure for a Laterally Unrestrained
Beam -Ref: F.Hejazi& K.C Tan (2018)

1. Determine the support condition (i.e., pin, roller, or fixed at both ends of
the beam).
2. Determine the DL and LL that act on the beam.
3. Choose the steel grade (refer to Table 2.1). Refer to BS 4 Part 1 2005 to
choose the beam section for use in construction. A table for the universal
beam section and its corresponding properties is provided in Appendix
A.2-section properties.
4. Perform a structural analysis to determine the maximum shear force VEd
and bending moment MEd induced by loading. Prior to the analysis, the
partial safety factor for ULS (Table 1.1) is applied to the actions
determined in Step 2, including the self-weight of the beam section.
5. Classify the beam section (refer to Table 2.2).
6. Determine the critical buckling moment , Mcrusing the equation below.
The support condition influences the effective length of the member
subjected to buckling, as shown in Table 2.5 (Refer to Appendix A.2 for
the section properties of the beam sections). (SN003b Access Steel
document)
Bending Strength ULS of Laterally
Unrestrained Beams

LTB of a beam with central restraint and central point load

7. Determine the slenderness for lateral torsional buckling using the
equation below. (BS EN 1993-1-1:2005 6.3.2.2(1))
8. Determine the imperfection factors for lateral-torsional buckling, αLT and
ϕLT. These values may be determined using two approaches: general case
approach, which is applicable to all section types, and rolled section
approach, which is only applicable to rolled sections. The depth of the
section is denoted by h. Both approaches may generate values with
significant differences. (BS EN 1993-1-1:2005 6.3.2.2(1) and 6.3.2.3(1))
9. Determine the lateral torsional buckling reduction factor χLT. In case the
rolled section approach is used, refer to Table 2.7. (BS EN 1993-1-1:2005
6.3.2.2(1) and 6.3.2.3(1))
10. Determine the buckling moment resistance,Mb,Rd. When the rolled
section approach is used in the previous steps, χLT,mod should be used
instead of χLT in the following equation. γM1 should be set as 1.0. (BS EN
1993-1-1:2005 6.3.2.1(3))
11. Compare the design bending moment MED of the structure and the
buckling moment resistance of the section Mb,RD. If the buckling moment
resistance of the structure is insufficient, repeat Step 3 to choose a better
section. Otherwise, proceed to Step 12. MED /Mb,RD <1
12. Determine the shear resistance Vpl,RD of the section by referring to Table
2.3 and Eqn below.
γM0 = 1
13. Compare the design shear force VED on the structure and the shear
resistance Vpl,RD of the section. If the shear resistance of the structure is
insufficient, repeat Step 3 to choose a better section. Otherwise, proceed
to Step 14. VED / Vpl,RD <1
14. Determine the maximum deflection Δmax of the structure under the
loading specified in Step 2. The load combination for this calculation
should be any of those specified for the SLS design, as shown in Table 1.1.
15. Determine the allowable deflection Δall of the structure by referring to Table
2.4.

16. Compare the maximum deflection and allowable deflection of the structure. If
the deflection of the structure exceeds the allowable deflection, repeat Step 3
to choose a better section. Otherwise, proceed to Step 17. Δ /Δ <1
max all

17. Check whether the section is an overdesign by checking the ratio of design
value to resistance for shear and bending and the ratio of maximum deflection
to allowable deflection. If both ratios are less than 0.5, repeat Step 3 and
choose a smaller section to ensure optimum design.
Design Flowchart for a Laterally Unrestrained Beam
Example 1:
Check the suitability of a 457 x 191 x 89 section for a beam 10 m in length and
subjected to a uniform load. Use steel grade S235. Assume the beam is laterally
unrestrained and sits on 100 mm bearings at each end. Ignore the self-weight of
the beam. If the said section is not suitable, briefly describe the action to be
taken to make the section suitable for this condition.
The section specified is not suitable for the situation. Besides selecting a larger
section, higher-grade steel may be selected or the buckling length of the beam
may be reduced by providing a secondary beam or support at the mid-span of
the beam.

Try section 533 x 210 x 122.

Example 2:

A secondary beam is connected to the mid-span of the primary beam by

shear connection. The reaction force of the secondary beam is 30 kN. Select
the optimum section for the primary beam 10 m in length. Use steel grade
S235. Assume the primary beam is laterally unrestrained and sits on 100 mm
bearings at each end. Ignore the self-weight of the beam.
Example 3:

Select the optimum section for a cantilever beam subjected to a uniform

load. Use steel grade S235 rolled section and take the self-weight of the beam
into account.
Try to complete the solution…
Example 4:
Determine the design buckling resistance moment Mb,Rd of an unrestrained
686 x 254 x 170 kg/m UB segment in S275 steel with an effective length of 5.0
if the bending moment is constant along the segment.

Solution:
Try:
A 533 x 165 x 66 kg/m UB in S275 steel has a simply supported span of 8.0
and carries a single central point ULS load of 150kN which includes an
allowance for the self-weight of the beam. The beam is laterally restrained at
both ends and at the centre but unrestrained elsewhere. Determine whether
the bending strength of the beam is sufficient.
my next class…
Reference
1. Trevor Draycott and Peter Bullman, Structural Elements Design Manual:
Working with Eurocodes, Butterworth Heinemann, Second Ed. 2009.
2. Airya C, Design of Structural Elements: Concrete, Steelwork, Masonry and Timber
Designs to British Standards and Eurocodes, Taylor & Francis, 2009.
3. Farzad Hejazi and Tan Kar Chun, Steel Structures Design Based on Eurocode 3,
2018.
4. Lawrence Martin and John Purkiss, Structural Design of Steelwork to EN 1993
and EN 1994, Third Ed. 2008.
5. I. Vayas, J. Ermopoulos, G. Ioannidis. Design of Steel Structures to Eurocodes,
2019.
DESIGN OF BEAMS- PART2

END