PACKAGING AND MATERIAL HANDLING

1. several fundamentals of packaging, such as the promotional and protective

functions as well as labeling considerations

2. Packaging attributes strongly influence materials handling concerns; nonpackaged

products necessitate different handling than do packaged products. For example,
bulk items (i.e., free flowing or loose) can be handled by pumps, shovels, or
conveyor devices.

Nonbulk materials can be placed in various types of containers and can be

handled by such conveyances as carts, cranes, dollies, and forklifts.

3. product characteristics that can influence packaging and materials handling

considerations:
answer: Physical and Chemical characteristics (2)
physical characteristics –
(1) Substances exist in three forms—solid, liquid, gas—and each form has
specific packaging requirements.
(2) Another physical characteristic is the product’s ability to withstand the
elements;
(3) Product density (weight per volume) is yet another physical characteristic
that can affect packaging considerations
(4) Products such as fresh produce, meats, fish, and baker’s yeast are referred
to as perishables. They require special packaging, loading, storage, and
monitoring as they are moved from source to customer.
(5) example of how packaging can benefit several members of the supply
chain-The growth in popularity of washed, cut lettuce sold in plastic bags

products also possess chemical characteristics that affect the manner in

which they should be handled.example: (Certain pairs of products are
incompatible. For example, commodities that are sensitive to ethylene, such
as broccoli, lettuce, and watermelon, should never be held for more than a
few hours in the same area as products that emit ethylene, such as apples,
pears, and tomatoes. Prolonged exposure to ethylene can cause ethylene-
sensitive products to yellow, soften, and decay)

4. Fabric care label –

that contains both symbols and words - be made known to consumers to help
them make the correct buying decision and care for the product properly
5. S-P-F
indicates that the stud comes from a spruce, pine, or fir tree.
6. The KD marking indicates that
 the stud is kiln-dried with a moisture content of between 16 and 19 percent,
7. HT signifies that
the lumber is heat treated. In recent years, interest has grown in having an
additional symbol that indicates the wood used for packing was free of insects

8. Packaging, refers to
materials used for the containment, protection, handling, delivery, and
presentation of goods,
 It can be thought of in terms of the building-blocks concept

9. Building-blocks concept, in which a very small unit is placed into a slightly

larger unit, which then might be placed into a larger unit, and so on.

FUNCTIONAL TRADEOFFS
10. Packaging serves three general functions :

to promote, to protect, and to identify the relevant product.(3)

11. Functions mean that packaging design decisions involve a number of separate
departments within an organization, such as
engineering, manufacturing, marketing, quality control, transportation, and
warehousing.(6)

12. * upstream and downstream supply chain members can also be involved in
packaging design decisions; the departments and supply chain members tend to
pursue different packaging design objectives.

13. So many potential entities involved in packaging decisions, a natural question

arises— which entity(ies) drive(s) the packaging design process?

*the marketing department and retailers might prefer packaging designs that

are attractive and that encourage consumers to purchase the product
*quality control might be interested in packaging design that minimizes loss and
damage.
*transportation and warehousing might be interested in packaging designs that
minimize the amount of a package container’s excess space—so that purchasing
additional transportation or warehouse space might be minimized. Doing so,
however, might lead to an overwhelming number of different-sized packaging
containers—which would create an entirely different set of issues.

PACKAGE TESTING AND MONITORING

14. To properly design a protective packaging system requires three important
kinds of information: (3)
the severity of the distribution environment,
the fragility of the product to be protected,
the performance characteristics of various cushion materials.

15. The packages are subject to tests that attempt to duplicate all the expected
various shipping hazards:
*
vibrations,
dropping,
horizontal impacts,
compression (having too much weight loaded on top),
overexposure to extreme temperatures or moisture,
rough handling

16. In addition to the testing of new products or new packages, shippers should
keep detailed records on all loss and damage claims.
17.
* Statistical tests can be applied to the data to determine whether the damage
pattern is randomly distributed. If it is not, efforts are made toward providing
additional protection for areas in the package that are overly vulnerable.

18. Example of packaging test applications for customers -* customers can ship a
sample test package to the company, which will test the package at no cost to the
customer.
*The package undergoes various tests to include multiple free-fall drops, vibration
testing, and compression testing, among others. (FedEx)

19. Package monitoring increasingly involves sensor technology that allows the
transmission of real-time data
Advantages of package monitoring:
*real-time data quickly notifies shippers if something is amiss,( such as whether a
shipment isn’t where it should be at a particular time or whether a shipment’s
temperature is too high or too low)
*allows shippers to quickly address the problem.
20. package testing - is actual monitoring of the environment the package must pass
through.
* This is done by enclosing recording devices within cartons of the product that
are shipped
 Measuring devices(2)

21. simple measuring devices, such as hospital-like thermometers that record only
temperature extremes and springs that are set to snap only if a specified number of
g’s (a measure of force) are exceeded
sophisticated measuring devices record a series of variables over time, such as
temperature, humidity, and acceleration force and duration (in several directions)

22. Acceleration force and duration are usually recorded along three different axes,
making it possible to calculate the precise direction from which the force
originated.
Labeling
23. Packaging is usually done …?
Answ: at the end of the assembly line

24. Package labeling also occurs at which process?

Answ: packaging, because using this location avoids accumulating an inventory of
preprinted packages.

25. Package labeling is also a key point for control because this is where there is an
exact measure of what comes off the assembly line

26. When do goods become responsibility of the firm’s outbound logistics

system?
Answ: As the packaged goods are moved from the end of the assembly line, they
become stocks of finished goods and become the responsibility of the firm’s
outbound logistics system

27. Near the point where product packaging occurs, it is necessary to …

Answ: maintain a complete inventory of all the packages, packing materials, and
labels that will be used.

28. the contents are hidden, when …

answ: Once the material being packaged is placed into the box and the cover is
closed
* At this point, it becomes necessary to label the box.
29. pictures, or code numbers are used depends on …
answ: the nature of the product and its vulnerability to pilferage.

30. Retroflective labels

*that can be read by optical scanners may also be applied

31. Batch numbers

*are frequently assigned to food and drug products, so they may be more easily
traced in case of a product recall.

32. Failure to comply with the relevant labeling guidelines can result in
* surcharges, administrative fees, or penalty charge

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
* Special care is needed to handle these and many other substances

33. While the specific requirements differ for each hazardous commodity, all of the
requirements involve
labeling,
packaging and repackaging,
placing warnings on shipping documents,
and notifying transportation carriers in advance.
Requirements for handling hazardous materials – 4

34. GHS,
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals -
One of the UN’s more recent efforts in this area involved in developing a global
system to classify and label hazardous materials.

35. GHS provides three key pieces of classification and labeling information:
(1) a symbol; (2) a signal word (e.g., “danger”); and (3) a hazard statement
(e.g., “explosion; severe projection hazard”).

36. ISSUES IN PACKAGING (4)

Environmental Protection
Metric System
Identifying Packaging Inefficiencies
Packaging’s influence on Transportation Considerations
37. Number of environmentally friendly packaging strategies:
Kitabda 4’unu verib
First strategy is to reduce the amount of packing materials used, but this is
tempered by the fact that, as pointed out earlier, transportation carriers may have a
great deal of influence on packaging specifications for goods they are transporting.
*Possible suggestions to reduce the amount of packing materials include the use of
just one material, which should improve recyclability, as well as changing a
product or format to minimize packaging waste.

Second packaging strategy is to use environmentally friendly packaging

materials. For example, although plastic tends to be an environmentally unfriendly
product, some plastics are less environmentally friendly than others.

* Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), commonly referred to as vinyl, is an extremely

unfriendly plastic because it produces dioxin, a highly carcinogenic (cancer-
causing) chemical.
* Biodegradable plastics (sometimes referred to as bioplastics), have found their
greatest usage to date in packaging applications. Unlike traditional plastic
packaging, biodegradable plastic packaging takes less time to break down,
requires less energy to produce, is easier to recycle, and is non-toxic.

A third strategy is to use reusable containers, such as refillable glass beverage

bottles.
*This cannot be done for all products because problems arise when goods in
reused containers are contaminated by traces of whatever product had been carried
earlier.
* Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an order restricting the reuse of
such containers to avoid food contamination
A fourth environmentally friendly packaging strategy is to retain or support
services that collect used packaging and recycle it This fourth strategy is well
suited for companies that receive large quantities of packaged products; if
sufficient units of waste material can be collected, it is easier to process for reuse.

* Recycling companies can specialize in plastic bottles, wooden pallets, cardboard

cartons, aluminum cans, and glass bottles, among others.

38. An increasing number of companies currently utilize ….. in their operations.

Answ: returnable containers
39. reusable plastic containers by produce shippers
* in part to improved and less expensive technological devices that allow
shipments to be monitored while in transit.

40. The reusable plastic containers provide benefits in the produce cold chain such
as
-improved product protection,
-improved packing efficiency that reduces transport and storage costs,
-reduced labor costs.

41. Which strategies add a returned packaging loop to the supply chain and are
examples of closed-loop systems, or those that consider the return flow of
products, their reuse, and the marketing and distribution of recovered products?
Answ: 3 and 4

42. Dust and vapors produced during bulk-cargo transfer operations are also being
scrutinized more closely by public agencies.
* For liquids with vapor-escape problems, the transfer processes are redesigned
so that tanks and other receptacles are loaded from the bottom rather than the
top.

METRIC SYSTEM

43. US, Liberia, Myanmar do not use

Answ: Metric system

44. Info: More and more products are being packaged and sold in metric units, with
the nonmetric equivalents printed in smaller type. For example, residents of the
United States used to be able to purchase soft drinks in 16-ounce containers.
Today, by contrast, the 16-ounce beverage container has been replaced by the 0.5-
liter (approximately 16.9 ounces) beverage container

* the liquor industry’s adoption of the metric system also caused some short-term
packaging issues because the cartons that were used for transporting and storing
quart bottles were in some cases just a bit too small to hold one-liter bottles
45. 1.Which undesirable logistics consequences can have Packaging inefficiency?
increased loss, increased damage, slower materials handling, higher storage costs,
and higher transportation costs
46. 2.What is the building-blocks concept packaging?
 This means that a very small unit is placed into a slightly larger unit, which is then
placed into a larger unit, and so on
47. 3.What is unit load(utilization?
Refers to consolidation of several units (cartons or cases) into larger units to
improve efficiency in handling and to reduce shipping costs.
48. 4.How many material handling principles are there?
10
49. 5.Three different bulk materials
Iron ore
Coal
Grain
50. 6.Wkat is a material’s angle of repose?
It is the size of angle that would be formed by the side of a conical 
stack of that material.
51. 7. What is picker-to-part systems?
an order picker goes to where a product is located
52. 8.What is part-to-picker systems?
the pick location is brought to the picker
53. 9.Materials handling principles(sual ola bilər ki hansı aid deyil)
1. Planning (proactive)
2. Standardization (activities, processes and equipment)
3. Work (smart not hard)
4. Ergonomic
5. Unit load (max value unit load)
6. space utilization (space)
7. System principle (impacts other areas)
8. Automation (improve efficiency and reliability)
9. Environmental (and energy consumption)
10. Life cycle cost
54. 10.What is Ergonomics?
Science that seeks to adapt work or working conditions to suit the abilities of the
worker.
55. 11.What is Slip Sheet?
A flat sheet of either fiberboard material or plastic, which is placed under the unit
load.
56. 12.What is materials handling?
Short-distance movement that usually takes place within the confines of a building
such as a plant or DC and between a building and a transportation service
provider.

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