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Optical solitons via the collective variable method for the classical
From the journal
and perturbed Chen–Lee–Liu equations
Open Physics
Reyouf Alrashed, Aisha Abdu Alshaery and Sadah Alkhateeb
Volume 19 Issue 1
From the journal Open Physics
https://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2021-0065

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In this article, the collective variable method to study two types of the Chen–Lee–Liu (CLL) equations, is employed. The CLL
This issue All issues
equation, which is also the second member of the derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equations, is known to have vast
applications in optical fibers, in particular. More specifically, a consideration to the classical Chen–Lee–Liu (CCLL) and the Articles in the same Issue

perturbed Chen–Lee–Liu (PCLL) equations, is made. Certain graphical illustrations of the simulated numerical results that Lump, lump-one stripe, multiwave and breather
depict the pulse interactions in terms of the soliton parameters are provided. Also, the influential parameters in each model solutions for the Hunter–Saxton equation

that characterize the evolution of pulse propagation in the media, are identified. Circular Rydberg states of helium atoms or
helium-like ions in a high-frequency laser field
Keywords: CLL equations; perturbation term; collective variables method; solitons
Closed-form solutions and conservation laws of
a generalized Hirota–Satsuma coupled KdV…
1 Introduction
W-Chirped optical solitons and modulation
Nonlinear Schrödinger equations are complex-valued time-evolving equations that are known to have a variety of instability analysis of Chen–Lee–Liu equation …

applications in nonlinear sciences including biological models, optics, fluid dynamics, plasma physics, among other fields New quantum integral inequalities for some new
[1,2, 3,4,5, 6,7]. Hyperbolic function solutions of these equations or rather solitary wave solutions which are also referred to classes of generalized ψ-convex functions and…

as solitons are found to play a vital role in many pulse propagation processes in modern telecommunication and optical Computational fluid dynamic simulations and
fibers. In addition, solitary wave solutions or solitons are important structures of evolution equations with fascinating heat transfer characteristic comparisons of…

characteristics that occur in various forms and have great uses. One of the renowned equations in this category is the Chen– The problem of a hydrogen atom in a cavity:
Lee–Liu (CLL) equation [8] which emerged in 1979. CLL equation which is also the second member of the derivative Oscillator representation solution versus…

nonlinear Schrödinger equations is known to have many applications in optical fibers and in the sub-picosecond soliton Gaussian radial basis functions method for
propagation, in particular. Due to its interesting applications, CLL model has over the years undergone various extensions, linear and nonlinear convection–di usion…

modifications, and perturbations in relation to di erent situations and applications [9,10,11, 12,13,14]. Besides, optical An analytical model for the Maxwell radiation
soliton perturbation is one of the most energetic areas of study in the areas of telecommunication technology and physics field in an axially symmetric galaxy

[15,16,17, 18,19,20, 21,22]. Furthermore, there exist various computational, semi-analytical, and analytical techniques to Investigation of interactional phenomena and
treat di erent forms of nonlinear Schrödinger equations including the computational Adomian’s method [23,24,25], tanh multi wave solutions of the quantum…

function expansion method [26,27], certain integration schemes [28], Kudryashov method [29], rational (G/G)-expansion See more...

method [30], trial equation approach [31], sine-Gordon equation approach [32], and many more [33,34] to mention a few.

Furthermore, a method of interest in this article is the collective variable method [35,36,37, 38,39,40, 41,42,43]. In the given
references, di erent researchers have over a time employed the collective variable method to examine various evolution and
Schrödinger equations. This method is relatively a new technique that splits the complex-valued wave function into two
components and thereafter introduces new variables to characterize the dynamics of soliton propagation. Additionally, the
method which was first introduced by Boesch et al. [44] is a mixture of an analytical process with a computational technique
or semi-analytical process to analyze the model under consideration. Above and beyond, the method gives the dynamics of
each of the pulse parameter by utilizing the Gaussian ansatz to get hold of the resulting dynamical equations of motions for
the subsequent examination. The resulting equations of motions are set to be numerically examined with the help of fourth-
order Runge–Kutta numerical technique. Moreover, di erent methods have been utilized in the literature to examine
various forms of evolution equations as cited in the above references and references therein; besides, most of these methods
used to examine the CLL models gave only sets of exact soliton solutions to the model via various analytical approaches.

However, we employ in this study the collective variable method to investigate two forms of the CLL equations. Specifically,
we will examine the CCLL and the PCLL equations. Also, certain graphical illustrations of the simulated numerical results
will be depicted to portray the pulse interactions, in addition to identifying the influential parameters in each model that
characterize the evolution of pulse propagation in the media. Additionally, we arrange the present study as follows: Section 2
gives the two models of interest; while Section 3 gives the basic outline of the adopted methodology. Section 4 considers a
particular pulse configuration function f through the Gaussian ansatz to construct the resulting equations of motions for
both models; while Sections 5 and 6 present the numerical results and conclusion, respectively.

2 Governing equations
In this section, we consider the two famous dimensionless types of the governing CLL equation to be analyzed in the present
study.

2.1 Classical Chen–Lee–Liu (CCLL) equation

The governing CCLL equation that is known for its various applications in optical fibers is given in dimensionless form as
follows [8,9,10, 11,12]:

iqz + aqtt + ib ∣ q∣
2
qt = 0, (1)

where q = q (z, t) is the complex-valued wave function that depends on the spatial and temporal variables z and t,
respectively. Furthermore, the real constant a represents the coe cient of group-velocity dispersion; while b is a real
constant that denotes the coe cient of nonlinearity. Additionally, it is very clear for one to obtain a regular CLL equation
from equation (1) by simply setting a = 1 and b = 1.

2.2 Perturbed Chen–Lee–Liu (PCLL) equation

The governing CLL equation in the presence of perturbation terms is expressed in dimensionless as follows [13,14]:

2 2 2
iqz + aqtt + ib ∣ q∣ qt = i [αqt + β(∣
∣q∣ q)
t
+ γ(∣
∣q∣
∣ ) q] .
t
(2)

Clearly, equation (2) emanates from equation (1) due to the presence of perturbation terms with q = q (z, t) being the
complex-valued wave function that depends on the spatial and temporal variables z and t , respectively. Similarly, the real
constants a and b represent the coe cients of the group-velocity dispersion and nonlinearity term, respectively.
Furthermore, going to the other side of the equation, the real constant α denotes the coe cient of inter-modal dispersion;
while the real constants β and γ denote the coe cients of self-steepening and nonlinear dispersion, respectively. Moreover,
the subscripts in equations (1) and (2) are partial derivatives in the respective spatial and time variables.

3 Collective variable methodology

This section presents the method collective variable approach [35,36,37, 38,39,40, 41,42,43] based on the initial work by
Boesch et al. [44]. First, the method starts o by splitting the complex-valued wave function (solution) of the given
nonlinear Schrödinger equation into two parts. The first part constitutes the soliton solution that is called the pulse
configuration; while the second part is called the residual field function. Mathematically, we express the complex-valued
wave function q (z, t) after splitting as

q (z, t) = f (z, t) + g (z, t) , (3)

where f (z, t) is the pulse configuration and g (z, t) is the residual field function. Moreover, the pulse configuration function
f (z, t) is further assumed to depend on N variables symbolically represented by Xj , for j = 1, 2, … , N . Thus, the above
equation in the presence of these new variables can be expressed as

q (z, t) = f (X1 , X2 , … , XN , t) + g (z, t) , (4)

where the collection of these new variables stands for the soliton’s amplitude, central position, inverse-width, chirp,
frequency, and the phase among others. Additionally, the introduction of these new variables in the pulse configuration
function f increases the degree of freedom, which results in the available phase space of the dynamical equations. Thus, in
view of the objectionable e ect, the constraints and the residual free energy expressed as

∞ ∞

2 2
E = ∫ ∣ g∣ dt = ∫ ∣q − f (X1 , X2 , … , XN , t)∣ dt, (5)
−∞ −∞

should be minimized. Now, if Cj designates the partial derivative of the residual free energy with respect to (w.r.t.) Xj , then

∞ ∞

∂E ∂ ∂
2 ∗
Cj = = ∫ ∣ g∣ dt = ∫ gg dt,
∂Xj ∂Xj ∂Xj
−∞ −∞

∞ ∞
(6)
∗
∂ ∂g ∂g
∗ ∗
= ∫ gg dt = ∫ ( g + g )dt.
∂Xj ∂Xj ∂Xj
−∞ −∞

Additionally, since

g (z, t) = q (z, t) − f (X1 (z, t) , X2 (z, t) , … , XN (z, t) , t) , (7)

we could rewrite equation (6) as

∗
∂g ∂g
∗
Cj = ⟨, , g ,⟩+⟨, g, ,⟩
∂Xj ∂Xj

∂g ∂g
∗ ∗
= ⟨, , g ,⟩+⟨, , g ,⟩,
∂Xj ∂Xj

∗ ∗
∂g ∂g
= ⟨, , g,⟩+⟨, , g,⟩
∂Xj ∂Xj

∗
∂g
= 2R(,⟨, , g,⟩,),
∂Xj (8)
∗
∂(q (z, t) − f (X1 , X2 , … , Xn , t))
= 2R(,⟨, , g,⟩,),
∂Xj

∗ ∗
∂q (z, t) ∂f (X1 , X2 , … , Xn , t)
= 2R(,⟨, − , g,⟩,),
∂Xj ∂Xj

∞
∗ ⎛ ∗ ⎞
∂f ∂f
= −2R(,⟨, , g,⟩,)= −2R⎜ ∫ gdt⎟,
∂Xj ∂Xj
⎝ ⎠
−∞

∞
with ⟨. , . ⟩ denoting ∫−∞ (⋅) and R denotes the real part of the given expressions. Therefore, the rate of change of Cj w.r.t. z
is expressed as follows:

dCj
˙
Cj =
dz

∞
⎧
⎪ ⎛ ∗ ⎞⎫
⎪
d ∂f
= −2R⎨ ⎜ ∫ gdt⎟⎬,
⎪ dz ⎝
⎩ ∂Xj ⎭
⎠⎪ (9)
−∞

∞ ∞
N
⎛ ∗ 2 ∗ ⎞
∂f ∂g ∂ f ∂Xk
= −2R⎜ ∫ dt + ∑ ∫ gdt⎟.
∂Xj ∂z ∂Xj ∂Xk ∂z
⎝ k=1 ⎠
−∞ −∞

Therefore, on using Dirac’s theory, a function is nearly not zero for all parameters, if its variations can be set to zero
[35,36,37, 38,39,40, 41,42,43]. Hence, Cj is minimum when

Cj ≈ 0 (10)

and

˙
C j ≈ 0. (11)

Thus, on using either of the governing models given in equations (1) and (2), we have

N
∂f dXj ∂g (z, t)
qz = ∑ + , (12)
∂Xj dz ∂z
j=1

or equally

N
∂f dXj ∂g (z, t)
∑ + = τr , r = c, p, (13)
∂Xj dz ∂z
j=1

where r = c corresponds to the CCLL equation given in equation (1), and r = p stands for the PCLL equation given in
equation (2).

Therefore, the CCLL equation given in equation (1) coupled to equation (12) reveals from equation (13) the following:

τc = iaftt + iagtt − b ∣ f + g∣
2
ft − b ∣ f + g∣
2
gt . (14)

Similarly, combination of the PCLL equation given in equation (2) to equation (12) yields via equation (13) the following:

2 2 2 2 2
+ iagtt − b ∣ f + g∣ ft − b ∣ f + g∣ gt + αft + αgt + β(∣
∣f + g∣ f) + β(∣
∣f + g∣ g) + γ(∣
∣f + g∣
∣ )
t t t

Thus, we express from equation (13) the following:

N
∂g ∂f dXj
= −∑ + τr , r = c, p. (16)
∂z ∂Xj dz
j=1

On putting equation (16) into equation (9), we thus obtain

∞ ∞
⎛ N ∗ N 2 ∗ ∗ ⎞
∂f ∂f ∂ f dXk ∂f
˙
C j = −2R⎜∑ ∫ (− + ∑ g)dt + ∫ τr dt⎟,
∂Xj ∂Xk ∂Xk ∂Xj dz ∂Xj
⎝ k=1 k=1 ⎠
−∞ −∞
(17)
∞ ∞
N ∗ 2 ∗ ∗
∂f ∂f ∂ f dXk ∂f
= 2R ∑ ∫ ( − g)dt − 2R ∫ τr dt,
∂Xj ∂Xk ∂Xk ∂Xj dz ∂Xj
k=1
−∞ −∞

for j ∈ {1, 2, 3, … , N } .

Alternatively, equation (17) can equally be expressed in compact form as follows:

∂C
Ċ = Ẋ + R, (18)
∂X

with

∂C1 ∂C1 ∂C1

⎛ ⋯ ⎞

⎜ ∂X1 ∂X2 ∂XN ⎟

⎜ ⎟
⎜ ∂C2 ∂C2 ∂C2 ⎟
⎜ ⋯ ⎟
∂C ⎜ ∂X ∂X2 ∂XN ⎟
= ⎜ 1 ⎟,
∂X ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
∂CN ∂CN ∂CN (19)
⎝ ⋯ ⎠
∂X1 ∂X2 ∂XN

⎡ Ẋ 1 ⎤ ⎡
R1
⎤
⎢ Ẋ ⎥ ⎢ R2 ⎥
2
Ẋ = ⎢ ⎥, R =⎢ ⎥,
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋯ ⎥ ⎢ ⋯ ⎥

⎣ ˙ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
XN RN

where the entries are explicitly computed using

∞
∗
∂f
Rj = −2R ∫ τr dt and
∂Xj
−∞

∞
(20)
∗ 2 ∗
∂Ci ∂f ∂f ∂ f
= 2R ∫ ( − g)dt.
∂Xj ∂Xi ∂Xj ∂Xi ∂Xj
−∞

4 Dynamical equations of motions

This section determines the resulting dynamical equations of motions of the two forms of CLL equations under
consideration via the outlined collective variable method. First, by the Gaussian ansatz, we suppose the following pulse
configuration function f (X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 , X5 , X6 ) for both models as follows:

2
(t−X )
2

(21)
X
− 4 2
2 i( (t−X2 ) +X5 (t−X2 )+X6 )
x 2
f (X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 , X5 , X6 ) = X1 e 3
e ,

with the pulse characteristic parameters including the amplitude X1 , central position X2 , inverse-width X3 , chirp X4 ,
frequency X5 , and the phase X6 .

The equations of the collective variables otherwise called the dynamical equations of motions are determined through the
application of the theory of lowest order collective variable, also referred to as the bare approximation (theory). Thus, with
this development, the residual field function g (z, t) becomes zero.

4.1 Dynamical equations of motions for CCLL equation

To determine the resulting dynamical equations of motions of the CCLL equation given in equation (1), we first compute the
entries of the matrix R with the help of Maple software as

R1 = 0, (22)

2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2
√πx (2√2ax5 (3x x + 4x x + 12) + b (x x + 8x x + 4) x )
R2 = −
1 4 3 5 3 4 3 5 3 1
, (23)
8x3

(24)
2
R3 = −√2πax x4 ,
1

2 2 4 2 2 2 2
√πx x3 (√2a (3x x + 4x x − 4) + 2bx x5 x )
R4 =
1 4 3 5 3 1 3
, (25)
32

3 2 4
√πx x4 (4√2ax5 x + bx )
R5 =
3 1 1
, (26)
8

2 2 4 2 2 2 2
√πx (√2a (x x + 4x x + 4) + 4bx x5 x )
R6 =
1 4 3 5 3 1 3
. (27)
4x3

Therefore, the resulting dynamical equations of motions are thus given by

Ẋ 1 = −ax1 x4 , (28)

1
Ẋ 2 = (8ax5 + √2bx ) ,
2
1
(29)
4

Ẋ 3 = 2ax3 x4 , (30)

2
8a √2bx5 x
1
˙ 2
X 4 = −2ax +
4
+ , (31)
4 2
x x
3 3

˙
X 5 = 0, (32)

2
2a 3bx5 x
1
Ẋ 6 = ax
2
5
−
2
− . (33)
x 4√2
3

4.2 Dynamical equations of motions for PCLL equation

To determine the resulting dynamical equations of motions of the PCLL equation given in equation (2), we first compute the
entries of the matrix R as follows:

R1 = 0, (34)

2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(x x (α − 3ax5 ) + 4x x (α − ax5 ) + 4(α − 3ax5 )) √πx (x ((x x + 8x )x (−(b − β)) − 4b + 8
4 3 5 3 1 1 3 4 5 3
+
8x3 8x3

R3 = −a√2πx x4 ,
2
1
(36)

2 2 4 2 2 2 2
√πx x3 (√2a (3x x + 4x x − 4) − 2x x5 (2√2α + x (β − b)))
R4 =
1 4 3 5 3 3 1
, (37)
32

2 3 2
√πx x x4 (x (b − β) − 2√2 (α − 2ax5 ))
R5 =
1 3 1
, (38)
8

2 2 2 4 2 2
√πx (√2 (4x5 x (ax5 − α) + ax x + 4a) + 4x x5 x (b − β))
R6 =
1 3 4 3 1 3
. (39)
4x3

Thus, the resulting dynamical equations of motions are as follows:

˙
X 1 = −ax1 x4 , (40)

2
x (b − 2γ − 3β)
1
Ẋ 2 = 2ax5 + α + , (41)
2√2

˙
X 3 = 2ax3 x4 , (42)

2
8a √2x5 x (b − β)
1
Ẋ 4 = −2ax
2
4
+ + , (43)
4 2
x x
3 3

2
x x4 (γ + β)
1
˙
X5 = − , (44)
√2

2
2a x5 x (3b + 4γ + β)
1
˙ 2
X 6 = ax −
5
− . (45)
2
x 4√2
3

5 Numerical simulations and discussion

In this section, we give some graphical depictions of the obtained computational results with regard to both the CCLL [8,9,
10,11] and PCLL [12,13] models. Moreover, the obtained dynamical equations of motions via the application of the collective
variable method [35,36,37, 38,39,40, 41,42,43] in both cases and given in equations (28)–(33) and equations (40)–(45),
respectively, are simulated numerically for the dynamics of pulse parameters with the help of fourth-order Runge–Kutta
numerical technique. In doing so, we consider the following common initial conditions in both the CCLL and PCLL models
as:

X1 = X3 = 1, at t = 0, (46)

and

X2 = X4 = X5 = X6 = 0 at t = 0. (47)

More so, Figure 1 depicts the discrepancy of the pulse characteristic parameters including the amplitude X1 , central
position X2 , inverse-width X3 , chirp X4 , frequency X5 , and the phase X6 with respect to a specified distance z of the
CCLL equation; while Figures 2 and 3 give similar depictions in relation to the PCLL equation. In Figure 1, the influence of the
pulse propagation parameters is not that visible for di erent values of a and b with regards to the CCLL equation; however,
X4 seems to be an active parameter in the propagation having oscillates. Also, it is noted in Figures 2 and 3 that the pulse
parameters X1 , X3 , X4 , and X5 are the most influential parameters as the real constant b increases with regard to the
evolution of pulse propagation associated with the PCLL equation (see Figure 4 for b = 8 ).

Figure 1

Evolution of pulse characteristic parameters against the propagating distance when a = 0.1 ,b = 10 .

Figure 2

Evolution of pulse characteristic parameters against the propagating distance when a = 0.1 ,b = 9 ,α = 0.25 ,β = 0.1 , and γ = 0.1 .

Figure 3

Evolution of pulse characteristic parameters against the propagating distance when a = 0.1 ,b = 15 ,α = 0.25 ,β = 0.1 , and γ = 0.1 .

Figure 4

Evolution of pulse characteristic parameters against the propagating distance when a = 0.1 ,b = 8 ,α = 0.25 ,β = 0.1 , and γ = 0.1 .

6 Conclusion
In conclusion, the collective variable method is employed to investigate the evolution of pulse propagation via optical
solitons of the two famous members of the CLL equation. The method is a very powerful technique that splits the complex-
valued wave function into two components and thereafter introduces new variables to characterize the dynamics of soliton
propagation. Additionally, the method is a mixture of an analytical process with a computational technique or a semi-
analytical process. More specifically, we extensively examined the classical and perturbed versions of the CLL equation in
optical fibers. Also, we provided supportive graphical depictions for the simulated numerical results of both models that
depicted pulse interactions in terms of the soliton parameters. Finally, we identified the most influential parameters in each
model that characterized pulse propagation in the media. In the end, it is recommended that other complex-valued
nonlinear evolution equations can be scrutinized using the employed method.

Funding information: The authors state no funding involved.

Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved
its submission.

Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2021-07-03
Revised: 2021-08-09
Accepted: 2021-08-13
Published Online: 2021-10-07

© 2021 Reyouf Alrashed et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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