SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

General
Mathematics Quarter
1 – Module 1 Functions

Department of Education Republic of the Philippines

11
 i
Module Content

In this module, you will learn to:

1. represent real-life situations using functions, including piece-wise functions;
2. evaluate a function;
3. performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and composition of functions; and 4.
solves problems involving functions.
General Directions
To help you attain the objectives of this module, you may try following the steps below.

❖ First, read carefully each lesson on this module. Should there be times that you need to read again
parts of the lesson, go ahead!
❖ Second, answer the pre-assessment test. It is expected that some parts may be unfamiliar to you as
new lessons will be learned in this module.
❖ Third, read and follow instructions honestly.
❖ Fourth, do not hesitate to answer all the activities set for you. Your teacher will be glad to answer your
queries.
❖ Then, you may check answers to each activity. An Answer Key is provided.
❖ And lastly, read the Summary carefully so you will not miss out important concepts in this module.

What I Know
Let us check how much you know about functions and their graphs.
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer and write this on your answer sheet.

C. 1) Given ��(��) = 2�� − 5 & ��(��) = 3�� + 4, solve for (�� ○ ��)(��).
a. 11− 6�� c. 6�� −11
b. 6��2 − 7�� −20 d. 6��2 − 23�� − 20

A. 2) Given �� = 3�� + 7, what is ��(−2)?

a. 1 c. -13
b. -1 d. 13

A. 3) The composite function denoted by �� ○ �� is defined as _____________.

a. (�� ○ ��)(��) = ��(��(��)) c. (�� ○ ��)(��) = ��(��)●��(��)
b. (�� ○ ��)(��) = ��(��(��)) d. (�� ○ ��)(��) = ��(��)●��(��)

C. 4) It is a set of ordered pairs (��, ��) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but different y
values.
a. relation c. domain
b. function d. range

C. 5) What is the domain of the equation �� = 3��2 − 4��?

a. {��: �� ∈ ��, �� < −��} c. {��: �� ∈ ��}
b. {��: �� ∈ ��, �� ≠ ��} d. {��: �� ∈ ��, �� ≥ ��}
C. 6) Given ��(��) = 2�� − 5 & ��(��) = 3�� + 4, find (��●��)(��).
a. 6��2 + 23�� − 20 c. 6��2 − 20
b. 6��2 − 23�� − 20 d. 6��2 − 7�� − 20

B. 7) If ��(��) = �� + 7 & ��(��) = 2�� −3, what is (�� − ��)(��)?

a. −�� + 4 c. �� − 4
b. 10− �� d. 10+ 3��

A. 8) When dividing two fractions or rational expressions, multiply the dividend with the ________ of the
divisor.
a. reciprocal c. abscissa
b. addend d. Theorem

A. 9) What is the set of all possible values that the variable x can take in a relation? a.
domain c. equation
b. range d. function

B. 10) Which of the following set of ordered pairs in NOT a function?

a. (1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5) c. (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)
b. (1,2), (1,3), (3,6), (4,8 d. (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2), (6, 2)

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 LESSON 1 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

Here you’ll learn how to interpret situations that occur in everyday life and use functions to represent
them. You’ll also use these functions to answer questions that come up.

What if your bank charged a monthly fee of $15 for your checking account and also charged $0.10 for
each check written? How would you represent this scenario with a function? Also, what if you could only afford
to spend $20 a month on fees? Could you use your function to find out how many checks you could write per
month? In this Concept, you’ll learn how to handle situations like these by using functions.

How can challenging problems involving functions be analyzed and solved?

Let’s answer these question by doing the activities below.

Activity 1: Pictures Analysis (eliciting prior knowledge, Motivation, Hook)

Observe the pictures below and answer the questions

Answer The Ff.:

1. What concepts of functions can you associate with the pictures?
-The concepts of functions base pn the picture is about statistics because they calculate their outputs in every input
2. How these concepts are used indifferent situations?
-These concepts are use to visual representations help us to understand data quickly. When you show an effective
graph or chart your report or presentation gains clarity and authority. Whenther your’re comparing sales figures
or highlighting trend.

3. Can you determine any purpose why these concepts are present in the pictures? Please specify.
-The main purpose of a chart/graph is to display data and invite further exploration of a topic.
Chart are used in situations where a simple table won’t adequately demonstrate the important
details.These concept help you tp locate to solve and simplify.

4. Can you cite any problem which can be answered through these concepts? Describe at least one.
-The concepts that can answered and help to solve by this problem is to help of this process like the
purpose of the third picture, this purpose of process is to locate and sudy of how we are on the
highest populations because of this process it can help to know other people to control and it can
effects on our economics.

5. How can challenging problems involving functions be analyzed and solved?

-Thinking skills can benefit from having a good problem. Solving skills as we all encounter
Problems on a daily basis. Some of these problems are obviously more sever or complex than others

Write a Function Rule

In many situations, data is collected by conducting a survey or an experiment. To visualize the data, it is
 arranged into a table. Most often, a function rule is needed to predict additional values of the independent
variable.

Example

Try to notice the trend of each variable.

2
Number of CDs 2 4 6 8 10

Cost (Php) 24 48 72 96 120

Solution: You pay Php 24 for 2 CDs, Php 48 for 4 CDs, and Php 120 for 10 CDs.

That means that each CD costs Php 12.

We can write the function rule.

Example: Write a function rule for the table.

�� −� �� �� −�� −�� �� ��
�

�� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��

�������� = ��ℎ�� 12 × ������������ ���� ������ or

��(��) = ������

Solution:

The values of the dependent variable are always the corresponding positive outcomes of the input values. This
relationship has a special name, the absolute value. The function rule looks like this: ��(��) = |��|.

Represent a Real-World Situation with a Function.

Let’s look at a real-world situation that can be represented by a function.

Example

Maya has an internet service that currently has a monthly access fee of $11.95 and a connection fee of
$0.50 per hour. Represent her monthly cost as a function of connection time.

Solution:

Let �� = the number of hours Maya spends on the internet in one month.

�� = Maya’s monthly cost.

The monthly fee is $11.95 with an hourly charge of $0.50.

The total cost = flat fee + hourly fee × number of hours. The function is

�� = ��(��) = ����. ����+ ��. ������.

Definition

A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second set
of values (called the range).

A relation is a set of ordered pairs (��, ��).

 A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in the
range by some rule.

A function is a set of ordered pairs (��, ��) such that no two ordered pairs have the same
x-value but different y-values. Using functional notation, we can write ��(��) = ��,
read as “�� ���� �� ���� ���������� ���� ��.” In
particular, if (1, 2) is an ordered pair associated with the function f, then we say that ��(2)
= 1.

Here is a video to introduce functions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAoe4xjUZQk

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Relations can be represented by using ordered pairs, graph, table of values, mapping diagram and rule or
equations. Determine which of the following represents functions.

1. Ordered Pairs
Example 1. Which of the following relations are functions?

�� = (1, 3), (4, 1), (2, 0), (7,2)

�� = (3, 2), (4,4), (3, 3), (8, 9)

ℎ = (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)

Solution:

The relations �� and ℎ are functions because no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but
different y-values. Meanwhile, �� is not a function because (3,2) and (3, 3) are ordered pairs with
the same x-value but different y-values.

Relations and functions can be represented by mapping diagrams where the elements of the
domain are mapped to the elements of the range using arrows. In this case, the relation or function
is represented by the set of all the connections represented by the arrows.

2. Table of values

A. y 10 5 2 1 2 5 6
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 3 4

Answer: Function. This is a many-to- one correspondence.

Inspecting the abscissas in the table,

x 1 1 1 2 4

y 1 2 3 4 5

B.

Answer: mere relation. This is a one- to- many correspondence. Looking at the table, there is duplication in the
domain. The element “1” in x is matched to three elements in y.

3. Mapping Diagrams
Example 3. Which of the following mapping diagrams represent functions?

��
�� ℎ
Solution.
The relations f and g are functions because each value y in Y is unique for a specific value of x.
The relation h is not a function because there is at least one element in X for which there is more
 than one corresponding y-value. For example, �� = 2 corresponds to �� = 20 or 40.

A relation between two sets of numbers can be illustrated by a graph in the Cartesian plane, and that a
function passes the vertical line test.

Example 4. Which of the following can be graphs of functions ?

The Vertical Line Test

A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph at most once.

1. 2. 5

3. 4.

Solution.

Graphs 2, 3, 4 are graphs of functions while 1 and 5 are not because they do not pass the

vertical line test.

Important Concepts.
Relations are rules that relate two values, one from a set of inputs and the second from the set
of outputs.

Functions are rules that relate only one value from the set of outputs to a value from the set
of inputs.

Example 5.
Identify the domain for each relation using set builder notation.

a. �� = 3�� −2
b. �� = 3��2 − 4��
c. ��2 + ��2 = 1
d. �� = √�� − 4
e. �� =2��+1
��−1
 f. �� = ⌊��⌋ + 1 where is the greatest integer function.

Solution. The domains for the relations are as follows:

a. {��: �� ∈ ��} d. {��: �� ∈ ��, �� ≥ ��}

b. {��: �� ∈ ��} e. {��: �� ∈ ��, �� ≠ ��}
c. {��: �� ∈ ��,−�� ≤ �� ≤ ��} f. {��: �� ∈ ��}

Functions as representations of real-life situations.

Functions can often be used to model real situations. Identifying an appropriate functional model will lead to a
better understanding of various phenomena.

Example 6.

Give a function C that can represent the cost of buying x meals, if one meal costs P40.

Solution: Since each meal costs P40, then the cost function is ��(��) = 40��.

Example 7.

One hundred meters of fencing is available to enclose a rectangular area next to a river (see
figure). Give a function A that can represent the area that can be enclosed, in terms of x.

Solution.
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The area of the rectangular enclosure is �� = ����. We will write this as a function of ��.
Since only 100 m of fencing is available, then �� + 2�� = 100 or �� =100−��
2= 50 – 0.5��. Thus, �� =
2
��(50 – 0.5��) = 50�� – 0.5�� .

Piecewise Functions.

Some situations can only be described by more than one formula, depending on the value of the independent
variable.

Example 8.

A user is charged ��300 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes 100 free text
messages. Messages in excess of 100 are charged P1 each. Represent the monthly cost for text
messaging using the function ��(��), where m is the number of messages sent in a month.

Solution. The cost of text messaging can be expressed by the piecewise function

��(��) = {300 , ���� 0 < �� ≤ 100

300 + �� , ���� �� > 100

Example 9.

A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the first 4 kilometers, and each additional integer kilometer adds
P1.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to represent the jeepney fare in terms of the distance (d)
in kilometers.

Solution.

The input value is distance and the output is the cost of the jeepney fare. If ��(��) represents the
fare as a function of distance, the function can be represented as follows:

��(��) = {8.00 , ���� 0 < �� ≤ 4

8 + 1⌊��⌋ , ���� �� > 4

Note that ⌊��⌋ is the floor function applied to d. The floor function gives the largest integer less
than or equal to d, e.g. ⌊4.1⌋ = ⌊4.9⌋ = ⌊4⌋

Example 10.

Water can exist in three states: solid ice, liquid water, and gaseous water vapor. As ice is heated, its
temperature rises until it hits the melting point of 0°C and stays constant until the ice melts. The
 temperature then rises until it hits the boiling point of 100°C and stays constant until the water
evaporates. When the water is in a gaseous state, its temperature can rise above 100°C (This is why
steam can cause third degree burns!).

A solid block of ice is at -25°C and heat is added until it completely turns into water vapor. Sketch the
graph of the function representing the temperature of water as a function of the amount of heat added
in Joules given the following information:

⮚ The ice reaches 0°C after applying 940 J.

⮚ The ice completely melts into liquid water after applying a total of 6,950 J.
⮚ The water starts to boil (100°C) after a total of 14,470 J.
⮚ The water completely evaporates into steam after a total of 55,260 J.

Assume that rising temperature is linear. Explain why this is a piecewise function.

Solution. Let ��(��) represent the temperature of the water in degrees Celsius as a function of cumulative
heat added in Joules.

This is a piecewise function because the temperature rise can be expressed as a linear function with positive
slope until the temperature hits 0°C, then it becomes a constant function until the total heat reaches 6,950��
��. It then becomes linear again until the temperature reaches 100°C, and becomes a constant function
again until the total heat reaches 55,260 ��.

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Answer the following item as instructed. Write your answer on a separate sheet. Justify your answer.

Activity 1: RELATION-ships

1. For which values of k is the set of order pairs (2, 4), (��, 6), (4, 0 ) a function?
-k = {k < 2 < k < 4 < k}.

2. Which of the following diagram represents a relation that is NOT a function?

C. Because you can tell that a relation is a function when each element of the domain (x)

corresponds to exactly one element of range (y)

3. Give the domain of �� = √6− �� using set builder notation.

- Domain of y= ⟌6-x is all the values of for which ,

6-x ≥ 0
x-6 ≤ 0
x≤6
so, x
4. A person is earning P600 per day to do a certain job. Express the total salary S as a function of the
number n of days that the person works.

5. A taxi ride costs P40.00 for the first 500 meters, and each additional 300 meters (or a fraction thereof)
 adds P3.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to represent the taxi fare in terms of the distance d in
meters

6. A certain chocolate bar costs P35.00 per piece. However, if you buy more than 10 pieces, they will
be marked down to a price of P32.00 per piece. Use a piecewise function to represent the cost in
terms of the number of chocolate bars bought.

LESSON 2 EVALUATING FUNCTIONS

You need a good grasp of GEMDAS. GEMDAS is an acronym for the words Grouping symbols,
Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction. When asked to simplify two or more operations in
one algebraic/numerical expression, the order of the letters in GEMDAS indicates what to calculate first,
second, third and so on, until a simplified expression is achieved.

Evaluating a function means replacing the variable in the function, in this case x, with a value from
the function's domain and computing for the result. To denote that we are evaluating �� at a for
some �� in the domain of f, we write ��(��).

Check this link for more examples: https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/functions-evaluating.html

Example 1. Evaluate the following functions at �� = 1.5:

a. ��(��) = 3�� − 2
b. ��(��) = 3��2 − 4��
c. ℎ(��) = √�� + 4
d. ��(��) =2��+1
��−1
e. ��(��) = ⌊��⌋ + 1 where is the greatest integer function

Solution:

a. �� = 3�� −2 = 3(1.5)− 2 = 4.5 −2 = 2.5

b. �� = 3��2 − 4�� = 3(1.5)2 −4(1.5) = 3(2.25)− 6 = 6.75 −6 = 0.75

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c. �� = √�� + 4 = √1.5+ 4 = √5.5 =
2.34 ��−1=2(1.5)+1
d. �� =2��+1 4
0.5= 0.5= 8
3+1
1.5−1=
e. �� = ⌊��⌋ + 1 = ⌊1.5⌋ + 1 = 1+ 1 = 2

Example 2. Evaluate the following functions, where f and q are as defined in

a) ��(2�� + 1) b) ��(4�� − 3)

Solution:

a. ��(2�� +1) = 3(2�� + 1)− 2 = 6�� + 3− 2 = ����+ ��

b. ��(4�� − 3) = 3(4�� − 3)2 − 4(4�� − 3)
= 3(16��2 − 24�� + 9)− 16�� + 12

= 48��2 − 72�� + 27 − 16�� + 12

= 48��2 −88�� + 39

Example 3

Evaluate ��(�� + ��) where ��(��) = 4��2 − 3�� .

Solution.

��(�� + ��) = 4(�� +��)2 −3(�� + ��) = 4(��2 +2���� + ��2)− 3�� −
3��

= 4��2 −3�� + 8���� − 3�� + 4��2

Example 4 Suppose that �� (��) is the top speed (in km per hour) of a runner when the temperature
is T degrees Celsius. Explain what the statements ��(15) = 12 and ��(30) = 10 mean.
 Solution. The first equation means that when the temperature is 15°��, then the top speed of a runner
is 12 km per hour. However, when temperature rises to 30°��, the top speed is reduced to 10 km per
hour.

Example 5 he velocity �� (in m/s) of a ball thrown upward �� seconds after the ball was thrown is
given by ��(��) = 20 – 9.8��. Calculate ��(0) and ��(1), and explain what these results mean.

Solution. ��(0) = 20 – 9.8(0) = 20 and ��(1) = 20 – 9.8(1) = 10.2. These results indicate that the
initial velocity of the ball is 20 m/s. After 1 second, the ball is traveling more slowly, at 10.2 m/s.

Activity 2: Check it out

a) Evaluate the following functions at �� = −3

1. ��(��) = ��3 − 64
2. ��(��) = |��3 − 3��2 + 3�� −1|
3. ��(��) = √3− 2��
4. ��(��) =3��+1
2
�� +7��+10

b) Given ��(��) = ��2 −4�� + 4, solve for:

1. ��(3)
2. ��(�� + 3)

c) A computer shop charges P20.00 per hour (or a fraction of an hour) for the first two hours and an
additional P10.00 per hour for each succeeding hour. Find how much you would pay if you used
one of their computers for:
1) 40 minutes 2) 3 hours 3) 150 minutes
d) Under certain circumstances, a rumor spreads according to the
equation ��(��) =1
−0.3��
1+15(2.1)

where ��(��) is the proportion of the population that knows the rumor (��) days
after the rumor started. Find ��(4) and ��(10), and interpret the results.

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LESSON 3 Operations on Functions & Composition of Functions

Learning Outcome(s): At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to perform addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, composition of functions, and solve problems involving functions. Lesson Outline:
1. Review: Operations on algebraic expressions
2. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of functions
3. Function composition

RECALL: Addition and Subtraction

a. Find the least common denominator (LCD) of both fractions.

b. Rewrite the fractions as equivalent fractions with the same LCD.
c. The LCD is the denominator of the resulting fraction.
d. The sum or difference of the numerators is the numerator of the resulting fraction.

Example 1. Find the sum of ����and ����

1 2 5 6 5+6
Solution. The LCD of the two fractions is 15. 3+ 5= 15+ 15=
11
15=
15

Example 2. Find the sum of 1

2
��−3and
��−5

Solution. The LCD of the two fractions is (�� −3)(�� − 5) = ��2 −8�� + 15
 �� −3+2
1

�� − 5=1(�� − 5)
��2 − 8�� +15 +2(�� − 3)

��2 −8�� + 15 =�� − 5+ 2�� −6

��2 − 8�� + 15 =3�� − 11

��2 −8�� + 15

RECALL: Multiplication

a. Rewrite the numerator and denominator in terms of its prime factors.

b. Common factors in the numerator and denominator can be simplified as “1”. c.
Multiply the numerators together to get the new numerator.
d. Multiply the denominators together to get the new denominator.

Example 3. Find the product of 10

15
21 and 8.

Solution. Express the numerators and denominators of the two fractions into their prime factors.
Multiply and simplify out common factors in the numerator and the denominator to reduce the final
answer to lowest terms. 10
15 2●5
21● 8=
3●5
3 ● 7●
25
2 ● 4=
28

Example 4. Find the product of ��2−4��−5

2 ��2
�� −3��+2 and −5��+6
2
�� −3��−10 .

Solution. Express the numerators and denominators of the two rational expressions into their prime factors.
Multiply and simplify out common factors in the numerator and the denominator to reduce the final answer
to lowest terms. Note the similarity in the process between this example and the previous one on fractions.

��2 − 4�� −5
��2 − 3�� +2●��2 − 5�� + 6

��2 − 3�� −10 =(�� + 1)(�� − 5)

(�� − 1)(�� − 2)●(�� − 2)(�� −3)

(�� − 5)(�� +2)

=(�� +1)
(�� −1)●(�� − 3)
(�� + 2)

2
=�� − 2�� −3
��2 + �� −2

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RECALL: Division To divide two fractions or rational expressions, multiply the dividend with the
reciprocal of the divisor.

Example 5. Divide 2��2+��−6

2 ��2
2�� +7��+5 and −2��−8
2
2�� −3��−20

Solution: 2��2+��−6
2 ��2
2�� +7��+5÷ −2��−8
2 2��2
2�� −3��−20= +��−6
 2 2��2
2�� +7��+5● −3��−20
2
�� −2��−8

=(2�� − 3)(�� + 2)

(2�� + 5)(�� + 1)●(2�� + 5)(�� −4)

(�� + 2)(�� −4)

=(2�� − 3)
(�� + 1)

Definition. Let �� and �� be functions.

1. Their sum, denoted by �� + �� , is the function denoted by (�� +

��)(��) = ��(��)+ ��(��) 2. Their difference, denoted by

�� −�� , is the function denoted by (�� −��)(��) = ��(��)

− ��(��) 3. Their product, denoted by ��●�� , is the function

denoted by (��●��)(��) = ��(��)●��(��) 4. Their

quotient, denoted by ���� , is the function denoted by (����) (��) =��(��)

��(��) , excluding
the values of x where ��(��) = 0.

Use the following functions below for Example 5

❖ ��(��) = ��+ ��
❖ ��(��) = ���� − ��
❖ ��(��) = ���� +���� + ��
❖ ��(��) = ���� + ����− ��
❖ ��(��) =��+��
��−��
❖ ��(��) =��+��
��+��

Example 6. Determine the following functions.

a) (�� + ��)(��)
b) (�� ● ��)(��)
c) (�� + ℎ)(��)
d) (�� −��)(��)
e) (����) (��)

Solution: a. (�� + ��)(��) = (x2 + 5x + 4)+ (x2 + 2x− 8)

= ��2 + 5�� +4 + ��2 +2�� − 8

= 2��2 +7�� − 4

a. (�� ● ��)(��) = (�� + 3)(2�� − 7) = 2��2 − �� − 21

b. (�� + ℎ)(��) = (�� + 3)+��+��

��−��
2
=6− �� −�� + �� + 7
=(�� +3)(2− ��)
2
2 − ��=13− ��
2 −��=(�� + 3)(2 −��)+ �� +7

2 − ��+�� + 7 2 −��

2
2− ��=�� −13
�� − 2

c. (�� − ��)(��) = (2�� − 7)− (�� +3) = 2�� − 7

−�� − 3 = �� −10 d. (vg) (x) =x2+5x+4

2 (x+1)(x+4)
x +2x−8=
 (x+1)
(��−2)(��+4)=
(��−2)

10
Applying operations on functions may be quite confusing but as soon as you fully learn the concept, you
can derive strategies to simplify functions easily.

For further understanding on this lesson, watch the video using the link below,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIbAiPUrtvQ

Definition.
Let �� and �� be functions.
The composite function denoted by �� ○ �� is defined by �� ○ �� (��) =

��(��(��)). The process of obtaining a composite function is called function

composition.

For examples 7 to 10, use the following functions:

��(��) = 2�� + 1 ��(��) = √�� + 1 ��(��) =2��+1

��−1

��(��) = ��2 − 2�� + 2 ��(��) = ⌊��⌋ +1

Example 7: Find and simplify �� ○ �� (��)

Solution: �� ○ �� (��) = ��(2�� + 1) = √2�� + 1 +1 = √2�� + 2

Example 8: Find and simplify �� ○ �� (��)

Solution: �� ○ �� (��) = (2�� + 1)2 − 2(2�� + 1)+ 2

= 4��2 +4�� + 1− 4�� −2 + 2

= 4��2 + 1

Example 9: Find and simplify �� ○ �� (��)

Solution: �� ○ �� (��) = 2 (2��+1

��−1)+ 1

=(4�� + 2)+ (�� − 1)

�� −1=5�� +1
�� −1

Example 10: Find and simplify �� ○ �� (5)

Solution: f ○ �� (5) = ⌊2(5)+1

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5−1⌋+ 1 = 4+ 1 = 2 + 1 = 3

PROBLEMS INVOLVING FUNCTIONS

Example 11 Suppose that ��(��) = �� denotes the number of shirts sold by a shop, and the selling price
per shirt is given by ��(��) = ������ – ����, for 0 ≤ �� ≤ 20. Find (�� ● ��)(��) and
describe what it represents.

Solution: (�� ● ��)(��) = ��(��)●��(��) = �� (������ – ����) =

��������− ������, 0 ≤ �� ≤ 20. Since this function is the product of the quantity sold and the
selling price, then (�� ● ��)(��) represents the revenue earned by the company.
Example 12 A spherical balloon is being inflated. Let ��(��) = 3�� cm represent its radius at time ��
seconds, and let ��(��) =43����3 be the volume of the same balloon if its radius is ��. Write (�� ○
��) in terms of ��, and describe what it represents.

Solution: (�� ○ ��) = ��(��(��) =43����(3��)3 =43��(27��3) = 36����3.

This function represents the volume of the balloon at time t seconds.

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Activity 3: We Co-Operate
a) Let f and g be defined as ��(��) = �� − 5 and ��(��) = ��2 − 1 . Find,
1. �� + �� 4. ����
2. �� − �� 5. ����
3. ��●��

b) Let ��(��) = ��2 − 1 and ��(��) =1��, find

1. �� ○ �� (��)
2. �� ○ ��(−1)
3. �� ○ ��(��)
4. �� ○ ��(5)

c) Evaluate the following composition of functions.

Given : ��(��) = 2�� + 1
��(��) = 5��2
ℎ(��) = �� + 3
1. (�� ∘ ��)(��)
2. (�� ∘ ��)(��)
3. (ℎ ∘ ��)(��)
4. (�� ∘ ℎ)(��)

d) Suppose that ��(��) = �� denotes the number of bags sold by a shop, and the selling price per
bag is given by ��(��) = 320 – 8��, for 0 ≤ �� ≤ 10. Suppose further that the cost of
producing x bags is given by ��(��) = 200��. Find
1. (�� ● ��)(��) and
2. (�� ● �� – ��)(��).

What do these functions represent?

Application

Let x represent the regular price of a book.

1. Give a function �� that represents the price of the book if a P100 price reduction applies. 2.
Give a function �� that represents the price of the book if a 10% discount applies. 3. Compute
(�� ○ ��)(��) and (�� ○ ��)(��). Describe what these mean. Which of these give a
better deal for the customer?

Process questions:

1. What information would help you solve the given problem?

2. What property can be used to solve the problem and why?
3. Show your solution and justification.
4. How can challenging problems involving functions be analyzed and solved?

Key Concepts

∙ A function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but
different y-values. Using functional notation, we can write f(x) = y, read as “f of x is equal to y.”

∙ A function can be presented in the following ways: as a set of ordered pairs, as a rule or equation, as
a table of values, as a mapping diagram (one -to-one, many-to-one), and through graphs.

∙ To check whether a graph represents a function, the vertical-line test is applied.

∙ A piece-wise function is a function that contains several expressions depending on restrictions of values
 the unknown variable will take on in a certain situation

∙ To evaluate a function means to substitute/replace the variable with a given value or an expression. f(a)
denotes that f will be computed by replacing all the variables in the functions with a.

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∙ Operations on functions is denoted by the following:

Let f and g be functions.

Their sum, denoted by f + g, is the function denoted by

(�� +��)(��) = ��(��) +��(��).

Their difference, denoted by f - g, is the function denoted by

(�� −��)(��) = ��(��) −��(��). .

Their product, denoted by �� ∙ ��, is the function denoted by

(��∙��)(��) = ��(��)∙ (��).

Their quotient, denoted by f ÷g, is the function denoted by

(�� ÷ ��)(��) =��(��)
��(��), excluding the values of x where g(x)=0.

∙ The composition of the function “ �� ���� �� ” is defined as follows:

(����)(��) = ��(��(��)). This means that ��(��) is composed of the function
��(��). In other words, the variable �� in ��(��) will take on the value of ��(��).

∙ In solving composite functions, it is important to apply the GEMDAS principle. ∙

Real-life problems/scenarios could be represented by functions.

POSTTEST Let us check how much you have learned about functions.

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer and write this on your answer sheet.

1. Given ��(��) = 2�� − 5 & ��(��) = 3�� + 4, solve for �� ○ ��(��).

a. 11− 6�� c. 6�� −11
b. 6��2 − 7�� −20 d. 6��2 − 23�� − 20

2. Given �� = 3�� + 7, what is ��(−2)?

a. 1 c. -13
b. -1 d. 13

3. The composite function denoted by �� ○ �� is defined by.

a. �� ○ ��(��) = ��(��(��)) c. �� ○ ��(��) = ��(��)●��(��)
b. �� ○ ��(��) = ��(��(��)) d. �� ○ ��(��) = ��(��)●��(��)

4. It is a set of ordered pairs (��, ��) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but different y
values?
a. relation c. domain
b. function d. range

5. What is the domain of the equation, �� = 3��2 − 4��?

a. {��: �� ∈ ��, �� < −��} c. {��: �� ∈ ��}
b. {��: �� ∈ ��, �� ≠ ��} d. {��: �� ∈ ��, �� ≥ ��}
6. Given ��(��) = 2�� − 5 & ��(��) = 3�� + 4, solve for ��●��(��)
a. 6��2 + 23�� − 20 c. 6��2 − 20
b. 6��2 − 23�� − 20 d. 6��2 − 7�� − 20

7. If ��(��) = �� + 7 & ��(��) = 2�� −3, what is �� − ��(��)

a. −�� + 4 c. �� − 4
b. 10− �� d. 10+ 3��

8. To divide two fractions or rational expressions, multiply the dividend with the ________ of the divisor. a.
reciprocal c. abscissa
b. addend d. Theorem

9. The ___ of a relation is the set of all possible values that the variable x can take. a.
domain c. equation
 b. range d. function

10. Which of the following set of ordered pairs in NOT a function?

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a. (1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5) c. (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)
b. (1,2), (1,3), (3,6), (4,8 d. (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2), (6, 2)

11. A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph at most _____. a.
once c. twice
b. thrice d. all of the these

12. What is the domain of the function �� = √�� − 5 ?

a. {��: �� ∈ ��, �� ≥ −5} c. {��: �� ∈ ��, �� ≥ 5}

b. {��: �� ∈ ��, �� ≤ −5} d. {��: �� ∈ ��, �� ≤ 5}

13. The composite function denoted by �� ○ �� is defined by ___________.

a. �� ○ �� (��) = ��(��) c. �� ○ �� (��) = ��(��(��))
b. �� ○ �� (��) = ��(��(��)) d. �� ○ �� (��) = ��(��)

14. Given ��(��) = 4��2 − 3��, what is ��(−2)?

a. −22 c. 22
b. −10 d. 10

15. The quotient, denoted by ���� , is the function denoted by (����) (��) =��(��)
��(��),
excluding the values of x where ��(��) = _________.
a. 0 c. 1
b. Both a and c d. None of these

REFERENCES

General Mathematics pg. 1-20

Department of Education Teachers Materials

Math is Fun

https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/functions-evaluating.html

Ronie Banan, June 30, 2018

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIbAiPUrtvQ

MathEase, September 1, 2014

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAoe4xjUZQk
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