DATE :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER - 1

NAME OF EXPERIMENT – DETECTION OF AMMONIUM ION

Seperation of cations into groups : -

(i) Add NaOH to the salt solution.

Smell
Ammonia
Gas were

Observed. .
Zero group

Present.

NH₄⁺ may
Be present.

CONFIRMATORY TEST OF NH4+

No Experiment Observation Inference

1 Asmall amount of salt solution is heated Colourless pungent May be presence of
with NaOH. smelling gas NH4+
2 A glass rod dipped in Conc HCl is shown Dense white fumes Presence of NH4+
at the mouth of the above test tube
3 2 ml of salt solution is treated with Alkali Brown colour or ppt NH4 + is confirmed.
(NaOH)and then Nessler’s reagent is
added

Chemical Equations:
NH4+ + NaOH NH3 + H2O + Na+
NH3 + HCl NH4 Cl
2K2[HgI4] + NH3 +3KOH H2N.HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O

Result: The given salt contains NH4+ as Cation.

 DATE :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER - 2

NAME OF EXPERIMENT – DETECTION OF LEAD ION

Seperation of cations into groups : -

(i) Add NaOH to the salt solution.

No Smell (ii) Add dilute HCl to the salt solution.

of
Ammonia
Gas were White
Ppt.
Observed. Group1 .
Zero group
absent. Pb²⁺

NH₄⁺ may may be

be absent. Present

CONFIRMATORY TEST OF Pb2+

No Experiment Observation Inference

1 Given salt solution is treated with hot Ppt dissolves in hot water Pb2+ may be
water present
2 Given solution is treated with Yellow ppt Pb2+ is confirmed
potassium chromate solution.
3 Given solution is treated with Yellow ppt which dissolves Pb2+ is confirmed.
potassium iodide solution. in hot water and reappears on
cooling as golden spangles

Chemical Equations:
Pb2+ + HCl PbCl2 + 2 H+
PbCl2 + K2 CrO4 PbCrO4 + 2KCl
PbCl2 + KI PbI2 + 2KCl

Result: The given salt contains Pb2+ as Cation.

 DATE :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER - 3

NAME OF EXPERIMENT – DETECTION OF ALUMINIUM ION

Seperation of cations into groups : -

(i) Add NaOH to the salt solution.

No Smell (ii) Add dilute HCl to the salt solution.

of
Ammonia No
Gas were White
Ppt. (iii) NH₄OH&NH₄Cl is added to the given salt solution.
Observed. Group1 .
absent
Zero group white
absent. Pb²⁺
Ppt.
NH₄⁺ may may be
absent. absent Group

3
May be
Present
Al³⁺
May be
present

CONFIRMATORY TEST OF Al3+

No Experiment Observation Inference

3+
1 The given salt solution is added with Gelatinous white ppt is Al is confirmed.
limited amount of dil HCl and divided into produced .
2 parts:
To 1st part NH₄OH is added slowly and
then in excess
2 To 2nd part NH₄OH solution is added Lake like appearance Al3+ is confirmed.
followed by blue litmus solution

Chemical Equations:
Al3+ + 3NH4OH Al (OH)3 + 3NH4+
𝐵𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑚𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Al3+ + 3NH4OH → Al (OH)3 + 3NH4+

Result: The given salt contains Al3+ as Cation.

 DATE :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER - 4

NAME OF EXPERIMENT – DETECTION OF BARIUM ION

Seperation of cations into groups : -

(i) Add NaOH to the salt solution.

No
Smell of (ii) Add dilute HCl to the salt solution.

Ammonia No
Gas were White
Ppt. (iii) NH₄OH&NH₄Cl is added to the given salt solution.
Observed. Group1 .
absent No
Zero group reddish (iv)NH₄OH, NH₄Cl & (NH₄)₂CO₃ is added to the salt soluti

absent. Pb²⁺ brown White

Ppt.
NH₄⁺ may may be ppt
absent. absent Group
Group 5
May be
3 present
May be
ansent Ba²⁺,Sr²⁺
Al³⁺ Ca²⁺ may be
May be present
absent

CONFIRMATORY TEST OF Ba2+

No Experiment Observation Inference

1 Given salt solution is added with limited amount Yellow ppt Presence of Ba2+
of acetic acid and then the solution is treated with is confirmed
potassium chromate solution

Chemical Equations:
Ba2+ + (NH4)2CO3 BaCO3 + 2NH4+
BaCO3 + 2CH₃COOH → (CH₃COO)₂Ba + H2O + CO2
(CH₃COO)₂Ba + K2 CrO4 → Ba CrO4 + 2 CH₃COOK

Result: The given salt contains Ba2+ as Cation.

 DATE :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER - 5

NAME OF EXPERIMENT – DETECTION OF CALCIUM ION

Seperation of cations into groups : -

(i) Add NaOH to the salt solution.

No
Smell of (ii) Add dilute HCl to the salt solution.

Ammonia No
Gas were White
Ppt. (iii) NH₄OH&NH₄Cl is added to the given salt solution.
Observed. Group1 .
absent No
Zero group reddish (iv)NH₄OH, NH₄Cl & (NH₄)₂CO₃ is added to the salt soluti

absent. Pb²⁺ brown White

Ppt.
NH₄⁺ may may be ppt
absent. absent Group
Group 5
May be
3 present
May be
ansent Ba²⁺,Sr²⁺
Al³⁺ Ca²⁺ may be
May be present
absent

CONFIRMATORY TEST OF Ca2+

No Experiment Observation Inference

rd
1 3 part of the solution is treated with White ppt Presence of Ca2+
ammonium oxalate solution is confirmed
4 2 ml of the original solution is treated with White ppt Presence of Ca2+
Ammonium carbonate solution is confirmed

Chemical Equations:
Ca2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2NH4+

CaCO3 + 2 CH₃COOH → (CH₃COO)₂Ca + H2O + CO2

(CH₃COO)₂Ca + (NH4)₂C2O₄ → CaC2O4 + 2 CH₃COO NH₄

Result: The given salt contains Ca2+ as Cation

 DATE :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER - 6

NAME OF EXPERIMENT – DETECTION OF STRONTIUM ION

Seperation of cations into groups : -

(i) Add NaOH to the salt solution.

No
Smell of (ii) Add dilute HCl to the salt solution.

Ammonia No
Gas were White
Ppt. (iii) NH₄OH&NH₄Cl is added to the given salt solution.
Observed. Group1 .
absent No
Zero group reddish (iv)NH₄OH, NH₄Cl & (NH₄)₂CO₃ is added to the salt soluti

absent. Pb²⁺ brown White

Ppt.
NH₄⁺ may may be ppt
absent. absent Group
Group 5
May be
3 present
May be
absent Ba²⁺,Sr²⁺
Al³⁺ Ca²⁺ may be
May be present
absent

CONFIRMATORY TEST OF Sr2+

No Experiment Observation Inference

1 Obtained white precipitate is treated with white ppt Presence of Sr2+ is
Ammonium sulphate solution . confirmed

Sr2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → SrCO3 + 2NH4+

SrCO3 + 2 CH₃COOH → (CH₃COO)₂Sr + H2O + CO2

(CH₃COO)₂Sr + (NH4)₂SO₄ → SrSO4 + 2 CH₃COO NH₄

Result: The given salt contains Sr2+ as Cation

 EXPERIMENT NUMBER - 7

NAME OF EXPERIMENT – DETECTION OF MAGNESIUM ION

Seperation of cations into groups : -

(i) Add NaOH to the salt solution.

No
Smell of (ii) Add dilute HCl to the salt solution.

Ammonia No
Gas were White
Ppt. (iii) NH₄OH&NH₄Cl is added to the given salt solution.
Observed. Group1 .
absent No
Zero group reddish (iv)NH₄OH, NH₄Cl & (NH₄)₂CO₃ is added to the salt soluti

absent. Pb²⁺ brown No White

Ppt. (v) Add NH₄OH and ammonium
NH₄⁺ may may be ppt
absent. absent Group hydrogen phosphate
Group 5
May be White ppt.
Group 6 may be present
3 absent
May be Mg²⁺ may be present.

absent Ba²⁺,Sr²⁺
Al³⁺ Ca²⁺ may be
May be absent
absent

CONFIRMATORY TEST OF Mg2+

No Experiment Observation Inference

1 2 ml of the original solution is treated with white ppt Presence of Mg2+
Diammonium hydrogen phosphate solution is confirmed
.
2 2 ml of the original solution is treated with White ppt Presence of Mg2+
Barium chloride solution is confirmed
3 2 ml of the original solution is added with Sky blue ppt. Presence of Mg2+
Excess of NaOH solution . is confirmed

Chemical Equations:
3Mg2+ + (NH₄)₂HPO₄ + NH₄OH → Mg(NH₄)PO₄ + 2NH₄⁺ + H₂O
BaCl2 + MgSO4 Ba SO4 + MgCl2

Result: The given salt contains Mg2+ as Cation.

 EXPERIMENT NUMBER - 8

NAME OF EXPERIMENT – DETECTION OF CARBONATE ION

PRELIMINARY TESTS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.Rub a pinch of salt with
water between your finger by
wearing gloves and smell
2. A small amount of salt is
taken in a test tube . The test
tube is heated gently and then
strongly.
(i) No Vinegar like smell
(ii)No Smell of rotten egg
(iii) NoSuffocating smell
(i) Evolution of colourless and
odourless gas is evolved .
(ii) No Evolution of colourless
with smell of rotten eggs
(iii) No white suffocating
fumes
(iv) No brown gas
(v) No yellowish green with
pungent smell
C𝐻3 COO− 𝑖𝑜𝑛 may be absent
𝑆 2− ion may be absent
𝑆𝑂4 2− may be absent
𝐂𝑶𝟑 𝟐− may be present .
𝑆 2− ion may be absent
𝑺𝑶𝟑 𝟐− may be present .
𝑵𝑶𝟐 𝟐− 𝑵𝑶𝟑 𝟐− , 𝐵𝑟 −may be
absent .
𝐶𝑙 − absent

(vi) No violet vapour 𝐼 − absent

(vii) No Vinegar like smell
C𝐻3 COO− 𝑖𝑜𝑛 may be absent

CONFIRMATORY TEST OF 𝐂𝑶𝟑 𝟐−

No Experiment Observation Inference

1 Treated a pinch of the salt with Brisk effervescence CO32- may be present.
dil.H2SO4 and warmed. and colourless gas was
evolved
2 The gas evolved was passed through Lime water turned CO32- confirmed.
lime water milky
3 The carbonate salt solution (if soluble in White ppt which is CO32- confirmed.
water) is treated with magnesium soluble in dil. HCl
sulphate solution.

Chemical Equations:
1. CO32- + H2SO4 SO42- + CO2 + H2O
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

2 CO32- + MgSO4 MgCO3 +SO42-

Result: The given salt contains Carbonate anion.

 EXPERIMENT NUMBER - 9

NAME OF EXPERIMENT – DETECTION OF ACETATE ION

PRELIMINARY TESTS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.Rub a pinch of salt with
water between your finger by
wearing gloves and smell
2. A small amount of salt is
taken in a test tube . The test
tube is heated gently and then
strongly.
(i) Vinegar like smell
(ii)No Smell of rotten egg
(iii) NoSuffocating smell
(i) Evolution of colourless and
odourless gas is evolved .
(ii) No Evolution of colourless
with smell of rotten eggs
(iii) No white suffocating
fumes
(iv) No brown gas
(v) No yellowish green with
pungent smell
C𝐻3 COO− 𝑖𝑜𝑛 may be
present
2−
𝑆 ion may be absent
𝑆𝑂4 2− may be absent
𝐂𝑶𝟑 𝟐− may be present .
𝑆 2− ion may be absent
𝑺𝑶𝟑 𝟐− may be present .
𝑵𝑶𝟐 𝟐− 𝑵𝑶𝟑 𝟐− , 𝐵𝑟 −may be
absent .
𝐶𝑙 − absent

(vi) No violet vapour

𝐼 − absent
(vii) Vinegar like smell
C𝐻3 COO− 𝑖𝑜𝑛 may be
present

CONFIRMATORY TEST OF ACETATE ION

No Experiment Observation Inference

1 Treated a pinch of the salt with conc. Evolution of vapour CH3COO - may be
sulphuric acid. having vinegar smell present.
2 (a)Take a small amount of the salt on a Smell of vinegar CH3COO- confirmed.
watch glass and mix it with solid oxalic Greenish yellow gas
acid
(b)Ferric chloride test:
A little of the salt solution is treated with Blood red colour CH3COO- confirmed
neutral FeCl3

Chemical Equations:
1. CH3COO -+ H2SO4 CH3COOH + HSO4-
2. CH3COO - + FeCl3 (CH3COO)3 Fe + 3 Cl-

Result: The given salt contains Acetate anion.

 EXPERIMENT NUMBER - 10

NAME OF EXPERIMENT – DETECTION OF CHLORIDE ION

PRELIMINARY TESTS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.Rub a pinch of salt with
water between your finger by
wearing gloves and smell
2. A small amount of salt is
taken in a test tube . The test
tube is heated gently and then
strongly.
(i) NoVinegar like smell
(ii)No Smell of rotten egg
(iii) NoSuffocating smell
(i) Evolution of colourless and
odourless gas is evolved .
(ii) No Evolution of colourless
with smell of rotten eggs
(iii) No white suffocating
fumes
(iv) No brown gas
(v) Yellowish green with
pungent smell
C𝐻3 COO− 𝑖𝑜𝑛 may be absent
𝑆 2− ion may be absent
𝑆𝑂4 2− may be absent
𝐂𝑶𝟑 𝟐− may be present .
𝑆 2− ion may be absent
𝑺𝑶𝟑 𝟐− may be present .
𝑵𝑶𝟐 𝟐− 𝑵𝑶𝟑 𝟐− , 𝐵𝑟 −may be
absent .
−
𝐶𝑙 may be present

(vi) No violet vapour

𝐼 − absent
(vii) Vinegar like smell
C𝐻3 COO− 𝑖𝑜𝑛 may be
present

CONFIRMATORY TEST OF CHLORIDE ION

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

(a)Silver nitrate test: Treated 1 White ppt is formed which is 𝐶𝑙 − is confirmed.
ml of the salt solution with dil. soluble in excess of
nitric acid and then silver ammonium hydroxide solution
nitrate solution
b)Manganese dioxide test: Greenish yellow gas 𝐶𝑙 − is confirmed.
Heat a pinch of the salt with a
small quantity of MnO2
andconc.H2SO4.

Chemical Equations:

AgNO3 + Cl- → AgCl + NO3-

AgCl + 2 NH₄OH → Ag(NH₃)₂Cl + 2H₂O
. MnO2 + H2SO4 + 2 Cl- → MnSO4 + H2O + Cl2

Result: The given salt contains Chloride anion.

EXPERIMENT NUMBER - 11
NAME OF EXPERIMENT – DETECTION OF BROMIDE ION
EXPERIMENT
1.Rub a pinch of salt with
water between your finger by
wearing gloves and smell
2. A small amount of salt is
taken in a test tube . The test
tube is heated gently and then
strongly.
CONFIRMATORY TEST OF BROMIDE ION
EXPERIMENT
(a)Silver nitrate test: Treated 1
ml of the salt solution with dil.
nitric acid and then silver
nitrate solution
Chemical Equations:
. AgNO3 + 𝐵𝑟 ⁻
PRELIMINARY TESTS
OBSERVATION
(i) NoVinegar like smell
(ii)No Smell of rotten egg
(iii) NoSuffocating smell
(i) Evolution of colourless and
odourless gas is evolved .
(ii) No Evolution of colourless
with smell of rotten eggs
(iii) No white suffocating
fumes
(iv) brown gas
(v) Yellowish green with
pungent smell
(vi) No violet vapour
(vii) Vinegar like smell
OBSERVATION
White ppt is formed which is
sparingly soluble in excess of
ammonium hydroxide solution
AgBr + NO3-
INFERENCE
C𝐻3 COO− 𝑖𝑜𝑛 may be absent
𝑆 2− ion may be absent
𝑆𝑂4 2− may be absent
𝐂𝑶𝟑 𝟐− may be present .
𝑆 2− ion may be absent
𝑺𝑶𝟑 𝟐− may be present .
𝑵𝑶𝟐 𝟐− 𝑵𝑶𝟑 𝟐− , 𝐵𝑟 −may be
present .
𝐶𝑙 − may be absent
𝐼 − absent
C𝐻3 COO− 𝑖𝑜𝑛 may be
present
INFERENCE
𝐵𝑟 − is confirmed.
 EXPERIMENT NUMBER - 12

NAME OF EXPERIMENT – DETECTION OF IODIDE ION

PRELIMINARY TESTS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.Rub a pinch of salt with
water between your finger by
wearing gloves and smell
2. A small amount of salt is
taken in a test tube . The test
tube is heated gently and then
strongly.
(i) NoVinegar like smell
(ii)No Smell of rotten egg
(iii) No Suffocating smell
(i) Evolution of colourless and
odourless gas is evolved .
(ii) No Evolution of colourless
with smell of rotten eggs
(iii) No white suffocating
fumes
(iv) No brown gas
(v) Yellowish green with
pungent smell
(vi) Violet vapour
(vii) Vinegar like smell
C𝐻3 COO− 𝑖𝑜𝑛 may be absent
𝑆 2− ion may be absent
𝑆𝑂4 2− may be absent
𝐂𝑶𝟑 𝟐− may be present .
𝑆 2− ion may be absent
𝑺𝑶𝟑 𝟐− may be present .
𝑵𝑶𝟐 𝟐− 𝑵𝑶𝟑 𝟐− , 𝐵𝑟 − absent .
𝐶𝑙 − may be absent
𝐼 − present
C𝐻3 COO− 𝑖𝑜𝑛 may be
present

CONFIRMATORY TEST OF IODIDE ION

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Silver nitrate test: Treated 1 Yellow ppt is formed which is 𝐼 − is confirmed.
ml of the salt solution with dil. insoluble in ammonium
nitric acid and then silver hydroxide solution
nitrate solution

Chemical Equations:

AgNO3 + I ⁻ AgI + NO3-

 EXPERIMENT NUMBER - 13

NAME OF EXPERIMENT – DETECTION OF SULPHATE ION

PRELIMINARY TESTS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.Rub a pinch of salt with
water between your finger by
wearing gloves and smell
2. A small amount of salt is
taken in a test tube . The test
tube is heated gently and then
strongly.
(i) NoVinegar like smell
(ii)No Smell of rotten egg
(iii) Suffocating smell
(i) Evolution of colourless and
odourless gas is evolved .
(ii) No Evolution of colourless
with smell of rotten eggs
(iii) No white suffocating
fumes
(iv) No brown gas
(v) Yellowish green with
pungent smell
(vi) Violet vapour
(vii) Vinegar like smell
C𝐻3 COO− 𝑖𝑜𝑛 may be absent
𝑆 2− ion may be absent
𝑆𝑂4 2− may be present
𝐂𝑶𝟑 𝟐− may be present .
𝑆 2− ion may be absent
𝑺𝑶𝟑 𝟐− may be present .
𝑵𝑶𝟐 𝟐− 𝑵𝑶𝟑 𝟐− , 𝐵𝑟 − absent .
𝐶𝑙 − may be absent
𝐼 − present
C𝐻3 COO− 𝑖𝑜𝑛 may be
present

CONFIRMATORY TEST OF SULPHATE ION

No Experiment Observation Inference

3 The given salt solution is treated with White ppt which is SO42- is confirmed.
BaCl2 solution. insoluble in dil. HCl

4 A little of the salt solution is treated with White ppt SO42- is confirmed.
lead acetate

Chemical Equations:
1. SO42- + BaCl2 Ba SO4 + 2Cl-
2. SO42- + Pb AC2 Pb SO4 + 2AC-

Result: The given salt contains Sulphate anion.

 EXPERIMENT NUMBER - 14

NAME OF EXPERIMENT – DETECTION OF NITRATE ION

PRELIMINARY TESTS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.Rub a pinch of salt with
water between your finger by
wearing gloves and smell
2. A small amount of salt is
taken in a test tube . The test
tube is heated gently and then
strongly.
(i) NoVinegar like smell
(ii)No Smell of rotten egg
(iii) Suffocating smell
(i) Evolution of colourless and
odourless gas is evolved .
(ii) No Evolution of colourless
with smell of rotten eggs
(iii) No white suffocating
fumes
(iv) brown gas
(v) Yellowish green with
pungent smell
C𝐻3 COO− 𝑖𝑜𝑛 may be absent
𝑆 2− ion may be absent
𝑆𝑂4 2− may be present
𝐂𝑶𝟑 𝟐− may be present .
𝑆 2− ion may be absent
𝑺𝑶𝟑 𝟐− may be present .
𝑵𝑶𝟐 − , 𝑵𝑶𝟑 − , 𝐵𝑟 − may be
present .
𝐶𝑙 − may be absent

(vi) Violet vapour 𝐼 − present

(vii) Vinegar like smell C𝐻3 COO− 𝑖𝑜𝑛 may be
present

CONFIRMATORY TEST OF NITRATE ION

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Salt solution is taken in a test Appearance of ring near the N𝑂3 − ion confirmed
tube and freshly prepared junction of two solutions .
ferrous sulphate solution is
added. The test tube is then
inclined at about 600 angle
and then conc. 𝐻2 S𝑂4 is added
slowly along the side of the
tube .

Chemical reactions :

2HNO3+ 3H2SO4 + 6FeSO4 —>> 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 2NO + 4H2O

 [Fe(H2O)6]SO4 + NO = [Fe(H2O)5(NO)]SO4+ H2O

DATE :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER : 15

NAME OF EXPERIMENT : IDENTIFICATION OF ALCOHOLIC GROUPS

Required reagent : 1. Sodium
2. Acetic acid
3. Conc. H₂SO₄

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Sodium Test : Few drops of given Brisk Alcoholic group is
sample is taken in a test tube and effervescence with confirmed .
a dry piece of sodium metal is the evolution of H₂
added . gas .
2 Ester test : Few drops of given Pleasant fruity Alcoholic group is
sample is taken in a test tube . smell . confirmed
Now acetic acid and 2 – 3 drops
of conc. H₂SO₄ is added and
warmed .

Chemical reactions :

2 C₂H₅OH + 2 Na → 2 C₂H₅ONa + H₂
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐.H₂SO₄
C₂H₅OH + CH₃COOH → CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O
 Date :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER : 16

NAME OF EXPERIMENT : IDENTIFICATION OF PHENOLIC GROUPS .

Required reagent :
1. Neutral FeCl₃ solution
2. Aqueous Bromine

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Litmus Test : Few drops of given Blue litmus turned Phenolic group
sample is put on blue litmus paper red. may be present .
..
2 FeCl₃ solution test : Few drops of Red or violet Phenolic group is
given sample is taken in a test colour . confirmed
tube . Now neutral FeCl₃ solution
is added .
3 Bromine water test : Bromine A brown colour of Phenolic group is
water is added to aqueous bromine disappears confirmed
solution of phenol and a white
precipitate of
tribromophenol is
formed.

3𝐶6 𝐻5 OH + FeCl₃ → (𝐶6 𝐻5 O)₃Fe + 3HCl

 DATE :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER : 17

NAME OF EXPERIMENT : IDENTIFICATION OF CARBOXYLIC GROUPS :

Required reagents :
1.Acetic acid
2. conc. H₂SO₄
3. NaHCO₃

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Litmus Test : Few drops of given Blue litmus turned Carboxylic group
sample is put on blue litmus paper red. may be present .
..
2 Ester test : Few drops of given Pleasant fruity Carboxylic group
sample is taken in a test tube . smell . . is confirmed
Now acetic acid and 2 – 3 drops
of conc. H₂SO₄ is added and
warmed .
3 NaHCO₃ Test : Few drops of Brisk Carboxylic group
given sample is taken in a test effervescence is confirmed
tube . Now 10% NaHCO₃
solution is added .

Chemical reactions :

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐.H₂SO₄
C₂H₅OH + CH₃COOH → CH₃COO C₂H₅ + H₂O
CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + CO₂ + H₂O
 DATE :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER : 18

NAME OF EXPERIMENT : IDENTIFICATION OF ALDEHYDIC GROUPS :

Required Reagent :

1. Fehling Solution A
2. Fehling Solution B
3. Tollens reagent

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Fehling solution test : Few drops Red ppt of cuprous Aldehyde group is
of given sample is taken in a test oxide . . confirmed
tube . Now Fehling solution A &
B is added and warm in water
bath .
2 Silver mirror Test : Few drops of Formation of silver Aldehyde group is
given sample is taken in a test mirror at inner wall confirmed
tube . NowTollens reagent is of test tube
added and heated in water bath .

Chemical reactions :

RCHO + 2Cu²⁺ + 5OH⁻ → RCOO⁻ + Cu₂O + 3H₂O

RCHO + 2[Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ +3OH⁻ → RCOO⁻ + 2Ag + 2H₂O + 4NH₃
 Date :
NUMBER OF EXPERIMENTS : 19

NAME OF EXPERIMENT :

Find the strength of KMnO₄ solution with the help of M/20 Oxalic acid .

Theory :

[ MnO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ + 5e⁻ → Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O ] X 2

[ C₂O₄²⁻ − 2 e⁻ → 2CO₂ ] X 5
……………………………………………………………………
2 MnO₄⁻ + 16H⁺ + 5 C₂O₄²⁻ → 2 Mn²⁺ + 8H₂O + 10CO₂

Apparatus required :
1. Burette
2. Pipette
3. Conical flask , funnel

Indicator : KMnO₄ acts as self indicator

Titration table :

S.N. Initial reading of Final reading of Difference Concordant

Buerette in ml Buerette in ml reading (ml)
1 0.00 12.5 12.5 12.5
2 12.5 25.0 12.5
3 25.0 38.0 13.0

Calculation :
KMnO₄ Oxalic acid
𝑀1 = ? 𝑀2 = M/20

𝑉1 = 12.5 (CONCORDANT READING) 𝑉2 = 10 ml

𝑍1 = 5 𝑍2 =2
We know that
𝑀1 𝑉1 𝑍1 = 𝑀2 𝑉2 𝑍2

1
Or 𝑀1 X 12.5 X 5 = X 10 X 2
20
1
Or 𝑀1 = M
62.5
Hence strength of KMnO₄ = Molarity x molar mass of KMnO₄
1
= 62.5 x molar mass of KMnO₄
1
= 62.5 x 158 = 2.528 g/L

Date :
NUMBER OF EXPERIMENTS : 20

NAME OF EXPERIMENT :

Find the strength of KMnO₄ solution with the help of M/50 Oxalic acid .

Theory :

[ MnO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ + 5e⁻ → Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O ] X 2

[ C₂O₄²⁻ − 2 e⁻ → 2CO₂ ] X 5
……………………………………………………………………
2 MnO₄⁻ + 16H⁺ + 5 C₂O₄²⁻ → 2 Mn²⁺ + 8H₂O + 10CO₂

Apparatus required :
1. Burette
2. Pipette
3. Conical flask , funnel

Indicator : KMnO₄ acts as self indicator

Titration table :

S.N. Initial reading of Final reading of Difference Concordant

Buerette in ml Buerette in ml reading (ml)
1 0.00 10.5 10.5 10.5
2 10.5 21.0 10.5
3 21.0 32.0 11.0

Calculation :
KMnO₄ Oxalic acid
𝑀1 = ? 𝑀2 = M/50

𝑉1 = 10.5 (CONCORDANT READING) 𝑉2 = 10 ml

𝑍1 = 5 𝑍2 =2
We know that
𝑀1 𝑉1 𝑍1 = 𝑀2 𝑉2 𝑍2
 1
Or 𝑀1 X 10.5 X 5 = 50 X 10 X 2
Or 𝑀1 = 0.0076 M

Hence strength of KMnO₄ = Molarity x molar mass of KMnO₄

= 0.0076 x molar mass of KMnO₄
= 0.0076 x 158 = 1.203 g/L

Date :
NUMBER OF EXPERIMENTS : 21

NAME OF EXPERIMENT :

Find the strength of KMnO₄ solution with the help of M/10 Mohr’s salt solution.

Theory :

[ MnO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ + 5e⁻ → Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O ] X 1

2+
[ 𝐹𝑒 − e⁻ → 𝐹𝑒 3+ ] X 5
……………………………………………………………………

MnO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ + 5 𝐹𝑒 2+ → Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O + 5𝐹𝑒 3+

Apparatus required :
1. Burette
2. Pipette
3. Conical flask
4. funnel

Indicator : KMnO₄ acts as self indicator

Titration table :

S.N. Initial reading of Final reading of Difference Concordant

Buerette (ml) Buerette (ml) reading (ml)
1 0.00 9.5 9.5 9.5
2 9.5 19.5 10.0
3 19.5 29.0 9.5

Calculation :
KMnO₄ solution Moh’s salt solution
𝑀1 = ? 𝑀2 = M/10

𝑉1 = 9.5 (CONCORDANT READING) 𝑉2 = 10 ml

𝑍1 = 5 𝑍2 = 1
We know that
 𝑀1 𝑉1 𝑍1 = 𝑀2 𝑉2 𝑍2

1
Or 𝑀1 X 9.5 X 5 = 10 X 10 X 1
Or 𝑀1 = 0.021 M

Hence, strength of KMnO₄ = Molarity x molar mass of KMnO₄

= 0.021 x molar mass of KMnO₄
= 0.021 x 158 = 3.326 g/L

Date :
NUMBER OF EXPERIMENTS : 22

NAME OF EXPERIMENT :

Find the strength of KMnO₄ solution with the help of M/20 Mohr’s salt solution.

Theory :

[ MnO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ + 5e⁻ → Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O ] X 1

[ 𝐹𝑒 2+ − e⁻ → 𝐹𝑒 3+ ] X 5
……………………………………………………………………

MnO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ + 5 𝐹𝑒 2+ → Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O + 5𝐹𝑒 3+

Apparatus required :
1. Burette
2. Pipette
3. Conical flask
4. funnel
Indicator : KMnO₄ acts as self indicator

Titration table :

S.N. Initial reading of Final reading of Difference Concordant

Buerette in ml Buerette in ml reading
1 0.00 9.8 9.8 9.8
2 9.8 19.8 10.0
3 19.8 29.6 9.8

Calculation :
KMnO₄ Mohr’s salt solution
𝑀1 = ? 𝑀2 = M/20

𝑉1 = 9.8 (CONCORDANT READING) 𝑉2 = 10 ml

𝑍1 = 5 𝑍2 =1
 We know that
𝑀1 𝑉1 𝑍1 = 𝑀2 𝑉2 𝑍2

1
Or 𝑀1 X 9.8 X 5 = 20 X 10 X 1
Or 𝑀1 = 0.0102 M

Hence, strength of KMnO₄ = Molarity x molar mass of KMnO₄

= 0.0102 x molar mass of KMnO₄
= 0.0102 x 158 = 1.6122 g/L

Date :

NUMBER OF EXPERIMENTS : 23

NAME OF EXPERIMENT :

Find the strength of KMnO₄ solution with the help of M/50 Mohr’s salt solution.

Theory :

[ MnO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ + 5e⁻ → Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O ] X 1

2+
[ 𝐹𝑒 − e⁻ → 𝐹𝑒 3+ ] X 5
……………………………………………………………………

MnO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ + 5 𝐹𝑒 2+ → Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O + 5𝐹𝑒 3+

Apparatus required :
1. Burette
2. Pipette
3. Conical flask
4. funnel
Indicator : KMnO₄ acts as self indicator

Titration table :

S.N. Initial reading of Final reading of Difference Concordant

Buerette in ml Buerette in ml reading
1 0.00 10.2 10.2 10.2
2 10.2 20.5 10.3
3 20.5 30.7 10.2

Calculation :
KMnO₄ Oxalic acid

𝑀1 = ? 𝑀2 = M/50

𝑉1 = 10.2 (CONCORDANT READING) 𝑉2 = 10 ml

𝑍1 = 5 𝑍2 =1
We know that
 𝑀1 𝑉1 𝑍1 = 𝑀2 𝑉2 𝑍2

1
Or 𝑀1 X 10.2 X 5 = 50 X 10 X 1
Or 𝑀1 = 0.00392 M

Hence, strength of KMnO₄ = Molarity x molar mass of KMnO₄

= 0.00392 x molar mass of KMnO₄
= 0.00392 x 158 = 0.619 g/L