DATE UUT

hermodunamiG-
Thermodynamics t is the byanch of Suence h a shud
the
n e
quanhtatjve relationship blw h e a and other fonm
Shudit
of enerqies
Other fomm of enerqies
Cuibbs ree nergy
o Helmholt z bee energu

AS
H

HTw0 Basicconcepts of thermodynamics

) Sushem Pat of the universe whuch is under 10vestigatn
6 SuTTounding Part of the universe orher han the sysHm.

Three type9 Of SusttmS

a) 0pen Systmn
b) CuOsed system
)Jsolated systHm.
maAs
a Open systemn

SSSSS
exchange of bo h_en ergy and mas

b) uosed systm
eneyg
ms
only exchange 0 enerqy
cASSMAte
PAGE L
 DATE O

udie 1solated Suslem enerqy

ma
no exchauge

#Stae _of the Sustem

(t is the conditim of
eRstence of apau icuulay susem
maomsLOplc p20perfi es haveQ dehaie when the
2 ylnder to Hh 0 volume
pstom
Chaving ived P, v , )
ion MacrosLopic Properties
The_properties of a SuStem which contauns
tatonms mo lewlesioms),
P peries not omse due
lo he col1Rcive behaviouY
moleulles, lns ,atoms hom which the of auU the
system Is made.
eq volume oF a qas
V Va+V + Vc t *

#Exengive and lntengive Pzpperhes

Exlensie Pznperies Ldepends on amount

The properties of a syshm wnich depends upon the quanti ry of
motter Contaun ed.
S)
e gEnerqy H,u,A e
no of moles, Volume, heak capau ly

inensiye Properties does not dapenc on amount)

Ihe pruperhes of a sysRM whuch indepenolent of +he quanti ty

OF motHeY
PAGE
casSMAte
 eq Temperaure Vistos ity
. Mola volume S. Dielechnc onstanF
3 Densi Fy 6. Concen ranm

NOR 1he raHo of two eklenSlve

Popet7 S beomes oan
ntensi VO p0pexry

TuPes of Processe s
a Isochoic
Pevemible
b 1sobamc
gP rew Oible
c) Isotherm
d Adiaboui c i s0enopi c
O Poyhropic

a) l4oHh erm Ol focoss

When aSysHm changes rom ome
stale to ano HheY stat
duing tus he lemperarunme remains
pro Cess is
consfant nen the
Colled ag Soherma poCess
Sonerm ou pons)m
(SoneNad OupresSAOn
Isothemad expans ign
isotmermal expausim wok is done bu
In
he cysem-
Dumna expausiOn he system
absoos heot from he
SuTTOUnotina
Isothemol CompreSsiM
In isothermo ConmpYe ss tM wo is oo ne om he2
Syslem by the Surouncung In his Case heat Is
eiecko to ne suOUndiG s.

clasSMAte PAGE
 DATE

Adiobohc_ >ocess
NO
LoWplly odiodo atic
Adiodo hc o
oces s Possble
possi ble-
exchanae Df ar
hat blw
blo he
SUYOUMdinaS ne 6ysHm
6ysm ond
Aq-0) onnd
Pi Pexr
P T
RPouns m
TT E,1
T G
Riz Pex)
6-E = C-ve) TT2
fext

E E
T)
Pexr
Co egtion T2T

he syshm which _dlo es no E exchange heat witn he

Sumounding1S Called aAabohc uGHem
A ciab ouhc compress fnn
AdibOnc ex pansim
In _expankion ea ysHm expanols A tho xpense of
inemal energy ecowe Hhere 1S noothey
POsibiliy o energy
AE decreases
hnal np ow0s do von.
aOUabaHC COmpres4IOn Uwok is OLonu
bu Hne
n
CuY OndinS

PAGE
elasSmet
 DATE DIT

C Reveible PoeM
Hypothaical n o imaqinany proces pracically not
possikle --
-Opposig fore and dmvina fore ae LOuporasie , So
ooe do ne S MoAxiMuM
inhnit time o complee ond inhnie seps
taeuplace ininity souoly in su ch o manner the
Sysm Temaing O 0quibmum ou eacn amd evey
SHp-

d eveiblMe Poces
vem rapic pmes
o ediAteren ce opPosnqand diving fone
|-natua ondl spontaneous pr0cete
or we donL =-
Po Va - V)

Pa opi c Pocess
The Oro ceL 10 whCM wh en there is nO chanqe in h eak
copauny taks placl,then Hhus ocLLs 1S (aut2el Poyhropic
Proces

y e l i c PooceRL
PVT2
PVT
Ohen a sysem trawels many SHPSs touhes ound fnaly
etth-es retumS to the omqino Stae hen the Poces
PYDc@ss.
iS call ed cyclIc

PAGE
elassmAte
 DATE NO

19ob
bamc Pocegg

h 1sochomc ocess.

1Soentvopic ocers
AS 0

nd
WKdone

P f

w fome olisplacem ent

IEIS aan orqanised Fom oF eneAY
Staun dard unut:.Ioule
- 1t 1S a pah dependent funchiom
-In eneroA ohen wovk is done on
he suskm inernol
nerqy incres es
woMe done by h ysHm, i n e r n d enerquy decreseS
fx c
PA
PAVV

Siqn COnvento
o Is done by he Sysem then weaw ay1S
Consid er C-ve) sign
NOk_s dlone_m the Systen then we alway9comsidev
poSitive Stan
PAGE
ASSMACe
 He A bSoMo +ve
Reeas e - > v e

Heak 1S n un orqounised ov rand on form O enerqy

N

Heak is alosobed bu the sysm then ioternal enerqy of

the suSkm increases

Hea 1S
Yeeased n en iowinau enerqy decreaces

Noe Only tuwo_paameters in thermo dy namuCS 1S

poh dependlent, one 16 heou ond oher is wOk

Stuke Funchhons .
The
Ihe funciontho dep ends on the
intol arnd fin
srue nor om h e pahm mot G
acen to ata
Ctcun he hnal stae is enbon as gtaH functiun
knergy 1s a Steute funchon

ESenHad Cn EMa
La lE depends upon inihal und Hne Stale Cnot on
Dath

buclic integrou of stoUR fuuchion tS 2rD

A C- D

aU U g - VA + Oc-U+ OD-U + UA - UO

u 0
These Oe couLed exac diewentialCquattons.

PAGE
clASSMAte
 DATE IN

Theu shoud folLo w

Euers ue
A Atmo st
uHhermodnanmuc _enthos aue ckeuke uuchiMS
extep w,Q

UA UB Uc Up
A D

Ug-VA mVe mv
d

Uc-Vg = mv- mvB

D-Vt = mv mve2

AAUO AU = U D - UA

Euwers theoem

d (d+(d
M fFor exaut oiterenHal eqn.
hong es SimuuneowslM

de M dm + N dH
N
M

M aN

Euer's heoRm
Ony

elAsSMAte
PAGE
a.Ddz S Imy + y ) dat+ (13+ 189y3)dy

N 51+ 0
Sla-+ 138 y

M N n is not enac

clo o t Fo u o Bulere Hhoem

w o t t u stoe fuuhm ,
dz =
dy+y cdn
M
N
2 X

aM
N
. a n is wo 2kaF
y do es oB olo v GuleNs meonm,
s no a stoHu hmchm.
cOe d + y cy
M2 N-yy

M N A 2qn 15 exaut
tollos Eulrs Haom.
S 0stout funuhiom
Cyuuc Rwe

de 8z dtz oly

F Z15 owtaut tunthon

dz =0

d x dx +pzdy

asSMALe PAGE
 DATE O

/a0
Oy

(
ay - , )

3).),
for P. V,T

(T

eroth lauw of ThermDolynamucS

B
A
C

ame seporoRby K n hermou equ tibnum

F two cysemS
third syskm hey aue oAO in hormd eq i ibvium
with a
wih each oHer

Thus luo olehg HemP

which olltermnis
vThe emp of a SysRm in he pro pey
wtth
thermol equlbmum
0r n o f a sySRM 15 in
whetho

OHher SysHm

PAGE
elASSMATte