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Engineering Standard: IPS-E-EL-110
Engineering Standard: IPS-E-EL-110
Engineering Standard: IPS-E-EL-110
ENGINEERING STANDARD
FOR
HAZARDOUS AREA
ORIGINAL EDITION
DEC. 1994
This Standard is the property of Iranian Ministry of Petroleum. All rights are reserved to the owner.
Neither whole nor any part of this document may be disclosed to any third party, reproduced, stored
in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written consent
of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum.
Dec. 1994 IPS-E-EL-110
0. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 4
PART 1
1. SCOPE ............................................................................................................................................ 6
2. REFERENCE CODES AND STANDARD ...................................................................................... 6
3. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY ............................................................................................. 7
4. GENERAL ..................................................................................................................................... 10
5. BASIC PRINCIPLES..................................................................................................................... 11
5.1 Fundamental Safety Concepts ............................................................................................ 11
5.2 Factors Which Determine Type and Extent of Zones........................................................ 11
5.3 Grading of Source of Release (see also Appendix A)....................................................... 13
6. PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF THE TYPE AND EXTENT OF ZONES ................... 13
6.1 General................................................................................................................................... 13
6.2 Open Air Unrestricted Ventilated Situations...................................................................... 14
6.3 Situations Other Than Those in the Open Air .................................................................... 14
7. VENTILATION............................................................................................................................... 14
7.1 General................................................................................................................................... 14
7.2 Natural Ventilation ................................................................................................................ 15
7.3 General Artificial Ventilation................................................................................................ 15
7.4 Local Artificial Ventilation .................................................................................................... 15
7.5 No Ventilation ........................................................................................................................ 15
7.6 Relationships Between Grades of Source of Release, Ventilation and Type and
Extent of Zone ............................................................................................................................ 16
8. QUANTIFICATION OF HAZARD DISTANCE.............................................................................. 17
8.1 Hazard Radius ....................................................................................................................... 17
8.2 Petroleum Fluid Categorization........................................................................................... 17
8.3 Classification of Petroleum.................................................................................................. 18
9. DATA FOR FLAMMABLE MATERIALS FOR USE WITH ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT ............ 19
10. TASK FORCE FOR AREA CLASSIFICATION .......................................................................... 19
APPENDICES:
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Dec. 1994 IPS-E-EL-110
PART 2
1. SCOPE .......................................................................................................................................... 70
2. METHODS OF SAFEGUARDING ................................................................................................ 70
2.1 Segregation ........................................................................................................................... 70
2.2 Flameproof Enclosures (IEC Concept Code Symbol Exd) ............................................... 70
2.3 Intrinsically Safe System (IEC Concept Code Symbol Exi) .............................................. 73
2.4 Apparatus With Type of Protection "s" .............................................................................. 76
2.5 Electrical Apparatus With Increased Safety Type of Protection Exe. ............................. 77
2.6 Electrical Apparatus with Type of Protection "n" IEC Concept Code Symbol Exn. ...... 78
2.7 Oil Immersed Apparatus Type of Protection "o" IEC Concept Code Symbol Exo......... 79
2.8 Encapsulated Electrical Apparatus Type of Protection (EExm) ...................................... 80
2.9 Special Cases ........................................................................................................................ 81
2.10 Enclosure Protection (IP) ................................................................................................... 84
2.11 Cathodic Protection ............................................................................................................ 86
3. TEMPERATURE CLASS AND GAS IGNITION TEMPERATURE .............................................. 86
4. PROCEDURE FOR SELECTING ELECTRICAL APPARATUS INCLUDING APPARATUS
GROUPING ....................................................................................................................................... 87
5. CERTIFICATION AND MARKING................................................................................................ 90
TABLES
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APPENDICES:
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0. INTRODUCTION
This standard specifies the requirement of Electrical Area Classification in Part 1 and Outlines the
Method of Safeguarding of Electrical Installation in Part 2.
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PART 1
AND
EXTENT
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1. SCOPE
This Standard provides guidance on the classification of areas where flammable gas or vapor risks
may arise in order to permit the proper selection of electrical apparatus for use in such areas.
By using the following procedure an area classification map could be sketched for each plant (see
Note 1). It is intended to be applied in oil industries, where there may be a risk due to presence of
flammable gas or vapor, mixed with air under normal atmospheric conditions (see Note 2) and
covers the following areas:
- Petroleum refineries;
- petroleum and gas pipeline transportation facilities;
- natural gas liquid processing plants;
- drilling rigs, production facilities on land and marine fixed or mobile platforms;
- chemical process areas.
It does not apply to:
- Mining;
- processing and manufacture of explosives;
- areas where risks may arise due to the presence of ignitable dusts or fibers;
- catastrophic failures, which are beyond the concept of abnormality dealt with this
standard(see Note 3);
- ignition sources other than those associated with electrical apparatus (see Note 4).
This standard does not take into account the effects of consequential damages. Definitions and
explanations of terms are given together with the main principles and procedures relating to area
classification.
However this standard is applicable for new plants, previous procedures will be retained temporarily
as a reference guide for the many existing plants installed according to the earlier code or standard.
Notes:
1) For the purpose of this standard an area is a three dimensional region or space.
2) Normal atmospheric conditions include variations above and below reference levels of
101.3 kPa. (1013 m bar) and 20°C provided the variations have a negligible effect on the
explosion properties of the flammable materials.
3) Catastrophic failure in this context is applied for example to rupture of a process vessel or
pipeline.
4) In any plant installation irrespective of size, there may be numerous sources of ignition
apart from those associated with electrical apparatus. Additional precautions may be
necessary to ensure safety in this aspect but these are outside the scope of this part,
however some reference is made to them in Part 2.
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IP (INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM)
"Area Classification Code. Part 15 of the IP Model Code of Safe
Practice in the Petroleum Industry March 1990"
3.4 Zones
Hazardous areas are classified in zones based upon the frequency of the appearance and the
duration of an explosive gas atmosphere as follows:
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Dec. 1994 IPS-E-EL-110
3.4.1 Zone 0
An area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is present continuously or is present for long
periods.
3.4.2 Zone 1
An area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is likely to occur in normal operation*.
3.4.3 Zone 2
An area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is not likely to occur in normal operation* and if does
occur it will exist for a short period only.
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Dec. 1994 IPS-E-EL-110
Note:
Different conditions mean, for example, different release rate of flammable material but
under the same ventilation conditions.
A source of release which is basically graded continuous may in addition be graded primary if the
rate of release of flammable material, for the primary grade frequency and/or duration, exceeds that
for the continuous grade.
It may, additionally or alternatively to the primary grade, also be graded secondary if the rate of
release of flammable material, for the secondary grade frequency and/or duration, exceeds that for
continuous and, if applicable, the primary grade.
Similarly a source of release which is basically graded primary may in addition be graded secondary
if the rate of release of flammable material for the secondary grade frequency and/or duration
exceeds that for the primary grade.
3.8 Ventilation
3.8.4 No ventilation
No ventilation exists where no arrangements have been made to cause air replacement with fresh
air.
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Note:
For mixtures the initial boiling point should be used.
"Initial boiling point" is used for liquid mixtures to indicate the lowest value of the boiling
point for the range of liquids present.
4. GENERAL
Area classification is a method of analyzing and classifying the environment where explosive gas
atmosphere may occur to allow the proper selection of electrical apparatus to be installed in that
environment.
The object of the classification procedure is to enable electrical apparatus to be operated safely in
that environment.
Once an area has been classified, there is little difficulty in understanding the equipment
requirements and associated wiring method because those can be determined from applicable
publications.
Where it is necessary to use electrical apparatus in an environment in which there may be an
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5. BASIC PRINCIPLES
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Where the examples do not strictly apply, a classification may be arrived at by adjusting those
examples to the actual condition and using the logic typified in Fig. 1.
Where the actual conditions are not related to the examples, additional consideration should be
introduced in the classification procedure which at any case needs sound engineering judgment.
For open air unrestricted ventilated situations, Fig. 1 may be used. Depending on conditions of
release and subsequent propagation, it may be necessary in some cases to require a less
hazardous zone surrounding a more hazardous zone.
b) Release velocity
Due to an improved dilution for release of flammable gases, vapors and/or mists in air, the
extent of a hazardous area may decrease if, with constant release rate, the release velocity
increases that which causes turbulent flow.
d) Ventilation
With an increased rate of ventilation, the extent of a hazardous area may be reduced. The
extent may also be reduced by an improved arrangement of the ventilation system.
e) Obstacles
Obstacles may impede the ventilation and thus may enlarge the extent of the zone. On the
other hand some obstacles, for example dikes and walls, may limit the movement of a cloud
of an explosive gas atmosphere and thus may reduce the extent.
f) Boiling point of flammable liquids (initial boiling point for liquid mixtures)
For flammable liquids, the concentration of the released vapor is related to the vapor
pressure at the relevant maximum liquid temperature. The lower the initial boiling point, the
greater the vapor pressure for a given liquid temperature and hence the greater the extent
of the hazardous area.
h) Flash point
An explosive gas atmosphere can not exist if the flash point is significantly above the
relevant maximum temperature of the flammable liquid. The lower the flash point, the larger
may be the extent of the hazardous area. Some liquids (such as certain halogenated
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Dec. 1994 IPS-E-EL-110
Note:
In special conditions the mist of a flammable liquid may be released at a temperature below
the flash point and may therefore produce an explosive gas atmosphere.
i) Relative density
The horizontal extent of a hazardous area may increase with increasing relative density.
Where the relative density is less than unity, the vertical extent may increase with a
decrease in relative density.
j) Liquid temperature
The extent of a hazardous area may increase with increasing temperature of process liquid
provided the temperature is above the flash point. It should be noted that the liquid or vapor
temperature after the release may be increased or decreased by the ambient temperature
or other factors (e.g., a hot surface).
6.1 General
It is rarely possible by cursory examination of a plant or plant design to decide which parts of the
plant can be equated to the three zonal definitions (Zones 0,1 and 2). A more objective approach is
therefore necessary and involves the analysis of the basic possibility of an explosive gas
atmosphere occurring. Since an explosive gas atmosphere can exist only if a flammable gas, vapor
or mist is present with air, it is necessary to decide if any of these flammable materials can exist in
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the area concerned. Generally speaking such materials (and also flammable liquids and solids
which may give rise to them) are contained within process equipment which may or may not provide
a totally enclosed containment. To discover the cause of an explosive gas atmosphere existing in
an area it is necessary therefore to determine how the items of process equipment containing
flammable materials can release them to atmosphere.
Once the likely frequency and duration of release (and hence the grade of source of release), the
release rate, concentration, velocity, ventilation and other factors which affect the type of zone
and/or extent of the hazardous area have been determined, there is then a firm basis on which to
determine the likely presence of an explosive gas atmosphere in the surrounding areas. This
approach therefore requires detailed consideration to be given to each item of process equipment
which contains a flammable material, and which could therefore be a source of release.
In some cases there may be other considerations (e.g., consequential damage) which may call for a
different classification but these considerations are outside the scope of this standard.
It is often convenient to carry out an area classification study in tabular form. An example of such a
table is shown in Fig. 2, Appendix A, which should also include details of apparatus group and
temperature classification. When the extent of each zone surrounding each source of release has
been determined, the composite area classification drawing can be produced. An example of such a
drawing is shown in Fig. 3, Appendix A. The preferred way of indicating the zones is shown in Fig.
4, Appendix A.
Note:
Consideration should be given to the possibility that an explosive gas atmosphere may flow
into areas in the soil beloxw ground level such as cavities, pits and depressions.
6.2.1 A procedure which may be adopted in determining the type and extent of zones around a
particular process equipment item is illustrated in Fig. 1, Appendix A.
7. VENTILATION
7.1 General
Gas or vapor released to the atmosphere can be diluted by dispersion or diffusion in the air until its
concentration is below the lower explosive limit. Ventilation, that is air movement, will promote
dispersion. The degree of ventilation, for example number of air changes per hour, may affect the
type and/or extent of zones. The most important factor is that the design of ventilation is related to
the source of release in order to achieve optimal ventilation conditions in the hazardous area. In
considering the effect of ventilation, the relative density of the gases or vapors is important and
should receive special consideration in determining the ventilation arrangements.
The following main types of ventilation are recognized:
a) Natural ventilation.
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Note:
It should be noted that the above terms are related to the type and not to the degree of
ventilation.
It is also necessary to recognize:
d) no ventilation.
7.2 Natural Ventilation
Examples are:
7.2.1 Open air situations typical of those in the chemical and petroleum industries which comprise
open structures, pipe racks, pump bays and the like.
7.2.2 An open building which, having regard to the relative density of the gases and/or vapors
involved has opening in the wall and/or roof so dimensioned and located that the ventilation inside
the building for the purpose of area classification, can be regarded as equivalent to that in an open
air situation.
7.2.3 A building which is not an open building but which has natural ventilation (generally less than
that of an open building) provided by permanent openings made for ventilation purposes.
Examples are:
7.3.1 A building which is provided with fans in the walls and/or the roof to improve the general
ventilation in the building.
7.3.2 An open air situation provided with suitably located fans to improve the general ventilation of
the area.
Examples are:
7.4.1 An air/vapor extraction system applied to a process machine or vessel which continuously or
periodically releases flammable vapor.
7.4.2 A forced or extract ventilation system applied to a small in-adequately ventilated local area
where it is expected that an explosive atmosphere may otherwise occur.
7.5 No Ventilation
An example of an area with no ventilation is an enclosure or room having no permanent opening.
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Note:
In a large building, the volume of which is large compared with the hazardous area around
the source of release, that area need not necessarily be considered to have "no ventilation".
7.6 Relationships Between Grades of Source of Release, Ventilation and Type and Extent
of Zone
Note:
For air situations, the zone number and extent can be determined from Fig. 1: Appendix A.
7.6.3 No ventilation
Where a source of release is within an area with no ventilation, a continuous grade will, and a
primary grade may, lead to a Zone 0 and a secondary grade to a Zone 1.
Where there are special factors, for example very infrequent release and/or monitoring of the
release, higher zone number may apply.
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Dec. 1994 IPS-E-EL-110
Where the ventilation is likely to fail infrequently and for short periods, the additional area (see
Notes) due to ventilation failure need have a zone number no less than 2.
If provision is made to prevent release of flammable material when the ventilation has failed (e.g.,
by automatically closing down the process) the classification determined with the ventilation
operating need not be modified.
Notes:
1) The electrical installation in the additional area need not be suitable for the zone of this
area if provision is made to switch off such electrical installation on ventilation failure.
2) For detailed information about variation in ventilation conditions covering ventilation
check for the classification of open sheltered or enclosed areas with released of heavier or
lighter than air gases or vapors see chapter 6 of I.P. Model Code of Safe Practice part 15
(1990).
3) While assessing ventilation condition, consideration shall be given to abnormal
topographical and or meteorological limitations (example: hollows, major unevenness and
sloping ground down where heavier than air gas/vapors or condensated vapor might
accumulate).
4) Natural ventilation is characterized by wind speed not less than 0.5 meters/second and
frequently over 2 meters/second.
5) Steady state twelve fresh air changes per hour is referred to as adequate ventilation.
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Dec. 1994 IPS-E-EL-110
pressure at which a potential release might take place is an essential factor, since this will
determine the extent of rapid vapor formation from that release. Thus for carrying out area
classification of a facility a knowledge of the vaporization potential of the petroleum materials to be
handled is required.
For the purpose of the area classification of flammable petroleum fluids by the point source
procedure they are categorized to Groups A, B, C and G according to their potential for rapid
production of flammable vapor release to the environment.
They are defined as follows:
Note:
Non hazardous (N.H.) fluids.
These fluids must be below their flash point. It should be established that this is also true
upon release under abnormal conditions.
Typically these fluids include kerosene and heavier products, provided they are not heated
or can not be heated to their flash point.
Caution: Although non hazardous fluids seems without danger; when spreadout as a thin
film under ground spill condition or spilled onto clothing, they can be ignited even at
temperatures below their flash point.
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classification.
9.1 Available data, such as names of flammable material including their individual formula, melting
point, boiling point relative vapor density, flash point flammable limits LFL and UFL expressed as
percentage of the material mixed with air by volume (also as milligrams of material per liter of air),
ignition temperature, minimum ignition current, "T" class of suitable apparatus and apparatus
grouping where appropriate are shown in tables of Appendix "D".
9.2 Apparatus group shown in above mentioned tables may be applicable to type of protection ’i’,
’d’, ’s’ and ’p’ some are determined by Minimum Ignition Current (MIC) and/or Maximum
Experimental Safe Gap (MESG) determinations and others by chemical similarity.
Notes:
1) For flameproof enclosures, gases and vapors are classified according to the group or sub-
group of apparatus required for use in the particular gas or vapor atmosphere.
The general principle used to establish the lists of gases and vapor are given below:
a) Classification according to the Maximum Experimental Safe Gap (MESG). MESG
determination is described in IEC publication 79.1A.
b) Classification according to the Minimum Ignition Current (MIC).
For intrinsic safety, gases and vapors are classified according to the ratio of their
Minimum Ignition Current (MIC) with that of a laboratory methane. The standard
method of determining "MIC" ratio is described in IEC 79-3.
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
EXAMPLES OF SOURCE OF RELEASE
AND
APPROACH TO THE DETERMINATION OF TYPE
AND
EXTENT OF ZONES IN OPEN AIR
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APPENDIX A (continued)
c) Relief valves, vents and other openings which are not expected to release flammable gas
or vapor to atmosphere during normal operation.
d) Sample points which are not expected to release flammable material to atmosphere
during normal operation.
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX A (continued)
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APPENDIX A (continued)
Note:
Other information such as temperature class and apparatus group may need to be included.
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APPENDIX A (continued)
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APPENDIX A (continued)
Notes:
1. The diagrams relate to:
a)open air situations,
b)sources of release near to ground level.
2. The shapes and sizes of the zones will depend on many factors (See sub-clause 5.2)
3. Zone 1 Zone 2
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APPENDIX A (continued)
Notes:
1. The diagrams relate to:
a)open air situations,
b)sources of release above ground level,
c)gases which are significantly lighter than air.
2. The shapes and sizes of the zones will depend on many factors (see Sub-clause 5.2).
3. Zone 1 Zone 2
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APPENDIX B
EXAMPLES OF EXTENT OF HAZARD
GENERAL NOTES FOR SECTIONS 1 AND 2
SECTION 1: EXAMPLES FROM IP
SECTION 2: EXAMPLES FROM API & NFC
Section 1: Are examples from Institute of Petroleum (IP) Model Code of safe practice (part
15).
Section 2: Are examples from American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice (API-
RP) and the National Fire Code (NFC).
6) For more details about each example reference shall be made to following sources as
applicable:
a) IP Model Code of Safe Practice (part 15).
b) API-RP 500 (A,B,C).
c) NFC 30.
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
SECTION 1
EXAMPLES OF EXTENT OF HAZARD
EXTRACT FROM IP
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
EXAMPLES OF EXTENT OF HAZARD
LIQUID SPILLS
TABLE 1
L (METERS) D (METERS)
LESS THAN 5 3
5 TO LESS THAN 10 7.5
10 OR GREATER 15
Notes:
1) In an open area the resulting hazardous area due to spills should be classified as zone 2,
because plant design should not allow spillage to occur in normal operation.
2) The size of hazard shall be determined from Fig. 7 and Table 1 shown above and
applicable to category C liquids.
3) D1 is the extent of the hazardous area from the edge of the pool.
4) For gases or category A and B liquids the size of hazardous area will often be determined
by that of the initiating release rather than on ground accumulation.
Note:
* This is the diameter of the smallest item on the vent line i.e. line, valve level glasses on
vessels and restriction orifices.
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
Notes:
1) This Table applies only to velocities upto 150 meters/second. It applies to heavier than air
gases and vapors with unrestricted upward discharge and dispersion of vapors without
condensation.
2) Direct venting to atmosphere of material which could condense should be particularly
avoided.
3) For lighter than air gases discharged upward a 5 meters hazard radius may be used or
alternatively the radius may be obtained by calculation.
IP part 15
Notes:
* This is the diameter of the smallest item on drain or sample line i.e. line, valve, or
restriction orifice.
+ For this diameter the hazardous radius exceed 30 meters, the size of potential release is
greater than that normally considered for area classification, and should be avoided. For the
case of release as tabulated which would results in hazard radii of 30 or 15 meters it may be
chosen to use a limiter or restriction orifice to reduce these figure if a closed system is not
to be provided.
Note:
This Table assumes pipework construction to recognized codes and standards. For this
reason the possibility of the blowout of part of a gasket has not been considered.
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
TABLE 6 - COMPRESSORS +
IP part 15
Notes:
* The radius may be reduced to 7.5 meters for pressures below 20 bar (absolute) and shaft
diameters of 50 mm or less.
+ For diaphragm compressors the hazard radius may be reduced to 3 meters provided there
are no vents or drains to atmosphere at the compressor (if any application).W
TABLE 7 - PUMPS
A 30 7.5
B 15 3
C 7.5* 3
Note:
* For clean liquids e.g. finished products which are pumped from atmospheric storage at
rates not exceeding 100 m3/hour the hazard radius may be reduced to 3 meters.
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APPENDIX B (continued)
IP Part 15
Note:
This Table should be used only for Category "C" liquids.
*L: Is the width of the Sump.
The hazardous area should extend from the edge of the pool in the same direction.
Fig. 9
All dimensions are in meter.
TABLE 9
HAZARD RADIUS H1 D1 H2
5 7.5 5 3
3 5 3 3
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APPENDIX B (continued)
Notes:
1) Hazard radius is determined from Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 as applicable.
2) Hazard radius in zone 1 or 2 depending on grade of release.
3) For lighter than air release, height of source above ground is not relevant (unless <H2).
4) For mixed and heavier releases as in hydroprocessing plant buoyancy of the mixture shall
be determined i.e. either the density of release to atmosphere would be less than 0.75
relative to the ambient air (buoyant) or not.
Fig. 11
All dimensions are in meter.
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
TABLE 10
HAZARD D1 D2 H1 H2
RADIUS
30 30 15 7.5 3
15 15 7.5 7.5 7.5
7.5 7.5 7.5 3 H1+h
3 3 3 3 H1+h
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 H1+h
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 H1+h
Notes:
1) All pits and depressions in hazardous areas need special consideration. Often they are
classified zone 1.
2) Area above ground should be classified as zone 1 or 2 depending on the grade of release.
3) h is height of source above ground level on solid platform floor.
4) D1 for open area by definition is equal to the hazardous radious.
5) Hazardous radious is determined from preceding tables in Appendix B Section 1 (Table 1
to Table 7).
6) Hazardous areas shown should be classified as Zone 1 or 2 depending on grade of release
(see Clause 3.6).
7) All pits and depressions in hazardous areas without artifitial ventilation should be
regarded as inadequately ventilated rather than a sheltered area, and should be given a more
severe zone number than the surrounding area.
8) S is distance from source to edge of solid platform.
SHELTERED AREAS
Fig. 12
Extent of hazardous area around roof
producing sheltered area
(applicable to lighter and heavier than air gas or vapor)
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
Notes:
1) The area shown around the roof should be classified as hazardous and take the same
zone classification when the hazardous area from a source outside or below the area
impinges upon it.
2) When the two areas do not directly impinge, it is prudent to infill the intermediate space.
Where the underlying hazard zone is zone 1 then the intermediate space, upto and including
the roof area may be classified zone 2 for heavier than air gases or vapors.
3) H1 is obtained from figure "10" for heavier than air gases or vapors and from figure "9" for
lighter than air gases.
4) The area below roof is regarded as a sheltered area provided the ventilation is such that
any flammable vapor is quickly dispersed by natural ventilation with no stagnant area, that is
natural adequate ventilation.
SECTION 1
* EXAMPLE OF EXTENT OF HAZARD
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APPENDIX B (continued)
Notes:
1) Because of the possibility of mist, spray foam formation, the ullage space of Class II(1)
and III(1) tanks should be regarded as Zone"0". (See Appendix C)
It is recommended that the area surrounding any vents or opening, on the roof of such tank
to be regarded as Zone "1" to a diameter of 1 meter.
2) When unclassified products such as bitumens and heavy residual are stored under
confined heated conditions in fixed roof tank, flash points as sampled is not a sufficient and
reliable guide to the presence or absence of a flammable atmosphere that may have built up
in the tank vapor space, therefore it is prudent to classify the ullage space of all such tanks
as zone 0 with small Zone 1 around roof vents and opening.
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
SIDE ELEVATION
Fig. 16a
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
END ELEVATION
Fig. 16b
Notes:
1) This classification applies also for bottom loading with open venting.
2) Internal Zone "0" for compartment applies for all classes of petroleum.
PLAN
Fig. 17a
zone 1
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
Rail Tank Wagons Top Loading (loading rate above 2.5 m3 per minute).
Classes I, II (2) and III (2)
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
Fig. 19
Jetties Loading or Combined Loading and Discharge Facilities.
Classes I, II (2) and III (2)
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
SECTION 2
LIST OF FIGURES
EXAMPLES OF EXTENT OF HAZARAD (EXTRACTED FROM API AND NFC)
Fig. 20: Adequately ventilated process area, with heavier than air gas source
located near grade
Fig. 21: Adequately ventilated process area, with heavier than air gas source
located above grade
Fig. 22: Inadequately ventilated process area, with heavier than air gas source
Fig. 23: Refinery tank with heavier than air gas source
Fig. 24 (a,b,c): Separators, Dissolved air floatation (DAF) and Biological Oxidation (BiOx)
units
Fig. 25: Adequately ventilated process area with lighter than air gas source
Fig. 26: Mechanical draft cooling tower, handling process cooling water
Fig. 27: Adequately ventilated compressor shelter with lighter than air gas source
Fig. 28: Inadequately ventilated compressor shelter with lighter than air gas source
Fig. 29: Drilling rig adequate or limited ventilation in enclosed derrick (open top) and
inadequately ventilated sub structure
Fig. 30: Platform drilling rig adequate ventilation in substructure and inside derrick.
Several producing wells beneath in an adequately ventilated or limited
ventilated area
Fig. 31: Mud tank in a non enclosed adequately ventilated area
Fig. 32: Mud tank in an inadequately ventilated area
Fig. 33: Oil gas separation vessel or protected fire vessel
Fig. 34: Platform drilling rig, adequate ventilation in substructure and inside derrick.
Several producing wells beneath in an inadequately ventilated location
Fig. 35: Shale shaker in a non enclosed adequately ventilated area
Fig. 36: Refinery marine terminal handling flammable liquid
Fig. 37: Inadequately ventilated building
Fig. 38: Elevated storage tank or vessel
Fig. 39 and 40: Enclosed area adjacent to classified area (in two conditions)
Fig. 41: Adequately ventilated non enclosed area adjacent to a classified area
Fig. 42: Enclosed area adjacent to a classified area
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
SECTION 2
EXAMPLES OF EXTENT OF HAZARD
ADEQUATELY VENTILATED PROCESS AREA WITH HEAVIER THAN AIR GAS SOURCE
LOCATED ABOVE GRADE
Fig. 21
Note:
Distances given are for typical refinery installations, they must be used with judgment with
consideration given to all factors discussed in the text. In some instances, greater or lesser
distances may be justified.
General Note:
In setting limits, it is generally assumed that the flammable gases are heavier than air.
Classification on this basis is normally conservative for lighter than air gases such as
hydrogen.
However some modification of the limits may be necessary to accommodate certain
situations involving lighter than air gases. For classification purposes the term lighter than
air should be restricted to those gases having less than 75% of density of air at standard
conditions. Gases of greater density should be treated as heavier than air.
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
INADEQUATELY VENTILATED PROCESS AREA WITH HEAVIER THAN AIR GAS SOURCE
Fig. 22
Notes:
1) Apply horizontal distances of 15 m from the source of vapor or 3.0 m beyond the
perimeter of the building whichever is greater, except that beyond unpierced vaportight
walls the area is safe.
2) Distances given are for typical refinery installations, they must be used with judgment,
with consideration given to all factors discussed in the text.
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APPENDIX B (continued)
Notes:
1) The extent of the classified areas shown shall be modified as required by the proximity of
other potential sources of release or of nearby obstructions, such as dikes or hills, that
would impede dispersal of vapors. Distances given are for typical refinery installations, they
must be used with judgment, with consideration given to all factors discussed in the text.
2) For unit separators and preseparators: 7.5 m, for separators: 3.0m.
3) Applies to open top tanks or basins.
4) Distance above top of basin or tank. Extend to grade for basins or tanks located above
ground.
SEPARATORS, DISSOLVED AIR FLOATION (DAF) UNITS & BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION (BIOX)
UNITS
Fig. 24 (to be continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
ADEQUATELY VENTILATED PROCESS AREA WITH LIGHTER THAN AIR GAS SOURCE
Fig. 25
Note:
Distances given are for typical refinery installations, they must be used with judgment, with
consideration given to all factors discussed in the text.
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APPENDIX B (continued)
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
Notes:
1) The "Source of Vapor" shall be the operating envelope and stored position of the
outboard flange connection of the loading arm (or hose).
2) The berth area adjacent to tanker and barge cargo tanks is to be Div. 2 to the following
extent:
a) 7.5 m horizontally in all directions on the pier side from that portion of the hull
containing cargo tanks.
b) From the water level to 7.5m above the cargo tanks at their highest position.
3) Additional locations may have to be classified as required by the presence of other
sources of flammable liquids on the berth.
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APPENDIX B (continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
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APPENDIX C
CLASSIFICATION OF PETROLEUM MATERIALS
FROM
PART 15 OF THE IP MODEL CODE OF SAFE PRACTICE
1990
Classification of petroleum by the Institute of Petroleum, based (except for Liquefied Petroleum
Gases, LPG) on closed cup flashpoints
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APPENDIX C (continued)
Notes:
1) The IP classes of petroleum conform to the most frequently used flash points divisions in
European, EEC and UK regulations and directives, and with the above subdivision of
Classes II and III have been standardized upon by the Institute in its various codes of
practice to govern the handling of petroleum materials throughout the sections of bulk
storage, loading, conveyance, discharge and distribution.
2) For related API flammable and combustible liquids classes see extract from API-RP 500A
Fourth edition 1982 (1987) which follows.
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX C (continued)
1) Flammable liquids are defined by NFPA 30 as those liquids having a flash point below 37.8 °C
and a vapor pressure not exceeding 276 kilopascals absolute (40 pounds per square inch absolute)
at 37.8°C. These are further divided into the following general classes:
a) Class IA includes those liquids having flash points below 22.8°C and boiling points below
37.8°C.
b) Class IB includes those liquids having flash points below 22.8°C and boiling points at or
above 37.8°C.
c) Class IC includes those liquids having flash points at or above 22.8°C and below 37.8°C.
2) Combustible liquids are defined by NFPA 30 as those liquids having flash points at or above
37.8°C. These are further divided into the following general classes:
a) Class II includes those liquids having flash points at or above 37.8°C and below 60°C.
b) Class III includes those liquids having flash points above 60°C and are subdivided as
follows:
c) Class IIIA includes those liquids having flash points at or above 60°C and below 93.3°C.
d) Class IIIB includes those liquids having flash points at or above 93.3°C.
3) The densities of air saturated with gases of these flammable and combustible liquids at ordinary
atmospheric temperatures are generally less than 1.5 times that of air. However, when these gases
are diluted with sufficient air to make a flammable mixture, the density of the mixture approaches
that of air.
4) Class I liquids, where released in appreciable quantities to the atmosphere, may produce large
volumes of gas. This is particularly the case with the more volatile liquids in this class, such as
natural, motor, and aviation gasolines. The less volatile liquids in this class, such as some of the
tinners and solvents, xylenes, and some intermediate refinery stocks, release gases more slowly at
normal storage temperatures and are hazardous only near the surface of the liquid.
At elevated temperatures, however, these liquids give off larger volumes of gas that can spread
farther. These gases, even when involved rapidly, have a natural tendency to disperse into the
atmosphere and, thus, rapidly become diluted to concentrations below the lower limit of the ignitable
range. This tendency is greatly accelerated by air movement.
5) Class II liquids include kerosene, most of the solvents, and some heating oils, but do not include
diesel fuel and heavier fuel oils. The degree of hazard is low because the rate of gas release is
almost nil at normal temperatures for handling and storage. When these liquids are heated, more
gas is released and the hazard may be increased near the point of release. Still, the likelihood of
ignition by electrical equipment is not as great as for Class I liquids because the gases tend to
condense as they are cooled by the surrounding air and so will not travel as far. If heated to
extremely high temperatures, the gases may ignite spontaneously when released to the
atmosphere.
6) Class III liquids having flash points at or above 60°C, when heated substantially above their flash
points, evolve gases that behave in a similar manner to those of Class II liquids.
7) Normally, Class I liquids will produce gases considered to be in the flammable range.
8) Class II liquids should be considered as producing gases in the flammable range near the point
of release when handled, processed, or stored under conditions that may cause the temperature of
the liquid to exceed its flash point.
9) Class III liquids may release gas in the flammable range at their surfaces if heated above the
flash point, but the extent of the classified area, near the point of release, will ordinarily be very
small.
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APPENDIX D
DATA FOR FLAMMABLE MATERIALS FOR USE WITH ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX D (continued)
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX D (continued)
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX D (continued)
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX D (continued)
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX D (continued)
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX D (continued)
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APPENDIX E
EXTRACT FROM NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE (NFC 70)
DESCRIPTION FOR CLASS 1 LOCATIONS (DIVISION 1 & 2)
CLASS I LOCATIONS:
Class I locations are those in which flammable gases or vapors are or may be present in the air in
quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitible mixtures. Class I locations shall include those
specified in (a) and (b) below.
a) CLASS I, DIVISION 1
A Class 1, Division 1 location is a location:
1) In which ignitible concentrations of flammable gases or vapors can exist under
normal operating conditions,or,
2) In which ignitible concentrations of such gases or vapors may exist frequently
because of repair or maintenance operations or because of leakage, or,
3) In which breakdown or faulty operation of equipment or processes might release
ignitible concentrations of flammable gases or vapors and might also cause
simultaneous failure of electric equipment.
FPN) This classification usually includes locations where volatile flammable liquids or
liquefied flammable gases are transferred from one container to another, interiors of spray
boots and areas in the vicinity of spraying and painting operations where volatile flammable
solvents are used, locations containing open tanks or vats of volatile flammable liquids,
drying rooms or compartments for the evaporation of flammable solvents, locations
containing fat and oil extraction equipment using volatile flammable solvents, portions of
cleaning and dyeing plants where flammable liquids are used, gas generator rooms and
other portions of gas manufacturing plants where flammable gas may escape, inadequately
ventilated pump rooms for flammable gas or for volatile flammable liquids, the interiors of
refrigerators and freezers in which volatile flammable materials are stored in open, lightly
stoppered, or easily ruptured containers, and all other locations where ignitible
concentrations of flammable vapors or gases are likely to occur in the course of normal
operations.
b) CLASS I, DIVISION 2
A Class I, Division 2 location is a location:
1) In which volatile flammable liquids or flammable gases are handled, processed,
or used but in which the liquids, vapors, or gases will normally be confined within
closed containers or closed systems from which they can escape only in case of
accidental rupture or breakdown of such containers or systems, or in case of
abnormal operation of equipment, or,
2) In which ignitible concentrations of gases or vapors are normally prevented by
positive mechanical ventilation, and which might become hazardous through failure
or abnormal operation of the ventilating equipment, or,
3) That is adjacent to a Class I, Division 1 location and to which ignitible
concentrations of gases or vapors might occasionally be communicated unless
such communication is prevented by adequate positive pressure ventilation from a
source of clean air and effective safeguards against ventilation failure are provided.
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX E (Continued)
FPN) This classification usually includes locations where volatile flammable liquids or
flammable gases or vapors are used but which, in the judgment of the authority having
jurisdiction, would become hazardous only in case of an accident or of some unusual
operating condition. The quantity of flammable material that might escape in case of
accident, the adequacy of ventilating equipment, the total area involved and the record of the
industry or business which respect to explosions or fires are all factors that merit
consideration in determining the classification and extent of each location.
FPN) Piping without valves, checks, meters and similar devices would not ordinarily
introduce a hazardous condition even though used for flammable liquids or gases.
Locations used for the storage of flammable liquids or of liquefied or compressed gases in
sealed containers would not normally be considered hazardous unless subject to other
hazardous conditions also.
Electrical conduits and their associated enclosures separated from process fluids by a single seal or
barrier shall be classed as a Division 2 location if the outside of the conduit and enclosures is a non-
hazardous location.
CLASS II LOCATIONS:
Class II locations are those that are hazardous because of the presence of combustible dust. Class
II locations shall include Those specified in (a) and (b) below:
FPN) Combustible dusts which are electrically non-conductive include dusts produced in the
handling and processing of grain and grain products, pulverized sugar and cocoa, dried egg
and milk powders, pulverized spices, starch and pastes, potato and wood flour, oil meal from
beans and seed, dried hay and other organic materials which may produce combustible
dusts when processed or handled. Electrically conductive dusts are dusts with a resistivity
less than 105 ohm-centimeter.
Dusts containing magnesium or aluminum are particularly hazardous and the use of extreme
precaution will be necessary to avoid ignition and explosion.
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APPENDIX E (continued)
FPN) The quantity of combustible dust that may be present and the adequacy of dust
removal systems are factors that merit consideration in determining the classification and
may result in an unclassified area.
FPN) Where products such as seed are handled in a manner which produces low quantities
of dust, the amount of dust deposited may not warrant classification.
FPN) Such locations usually include some parts of rayon, cotton and other textile mills,
combustible fiber manufacturing and processing plants, cotton gins and cotton seed mills,
flax processing plants, clothing manufacturing plants, wood working plants and
establishments and industries involving similar hazardous processes or conditions.
FPN) Easily ignitible fibers and flyings include rayon, cotton (including cotton liters and
cotton waste), sisal or henequen, istle jute, hemp, tow, cocoa fiber oakum, baled waste
kapok, spanish moss excelsior and other materials of similar nature.
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APPENDIX F
REFERENCE
IEC 79.10
Zone 0 Zone 2
PART 10 (1986) Zone 1
IP
Zone 0 Zone 2
PART 15 (1990) Zone 1
BS 5345
Zone 0 Zone 2
PART 2 (1983) Zone 1
NEC 70
ARTICLE 500 (1987)
DIVISION 1
ALSO NFC 70 DIVISION 2
ARTICLE 500 (1989)
Notes:
1) Definitions for Zone 0,1 and 2 in hazardous area classification are technically identical (in
pertinent part and edition) of IEC, IP and BS.
2) There is no Division 0 (similar to Zone 0) in NEC (covering API) classification of hazardous
location, but scrutiny of definition for Class 1 Division in Article 500 NEC 70 (1987) shows
that the upper end of Division 1 i.e. the most hazardous locations will come under Zone 0
locations in IEC, IP and BS hazardous classification.
For latest definition of Class 1 Division 1 hazardous location see Appendix "E".
3) There is no hazardous locations with Class II and or Class III classification in Oil, Gas and
Petrochemical Industries for the time being and there is no need to be covered in this
standard.
Caution:
Only the certified and approved intrinsically safe, light current devices, circuits and systems
or special devices which are particularly designed, tested and certified for application in:
a) Zone 0: (shall be installed in Zone 0 to IEC, IP and BS concept). Where an
explosive gas is continuously present or present for long time.
b) Division 1: (shall be installed in Division 1 to NEC 70 Article 500 and API-RP 500
A,B,C).Where explosive or ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors
exist continuously, for long time or intermittently: i.e., the upper end of hazard in
Class 1 Division 1 hazardous location.
4) See also Table 3 in Part 2 for selection of apparatus according to zone, gas and vapor risk.
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PART 2
METHOD OF SAFEGUARDING
OF
ELECTRIC INSTALLATION
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1. SCOPE
This Recommendation deals with the special precautions necessary to ensure the safe use of
electricity in oil, gas, and petrochemical industries where flammable materials are manufactured,
processed, handled, or stored. It does not deal with the dangers in Explosive factories nor does it
deal with risk arising from static electricity or lightning.
It is concerned mainly with sources of ignition arising from the use of current electricity that is to say
electric arcs, sparks, and heating effects.
2. METHODS OF SAFEGUARDING
2.1 Segregation
2.1.1 Definition
Segregation is method of safeguarding where fire resistant impermeable barriers are used to create
a lower risk zone or a non hazardous area in which electrical apparatus appropriate to the lowered
classification should be used.
2.2.1 Definition
A flameproof enclosure is defined in IEC 79.1 part 1 As:
An enclosure for electrical apparatus that will withstand an internal explosion of the flammable gas
or vapor which may enter it without suffering damage and without communicating the internal flame
to the external flammable gas or vapor for which it is designed, through any joints or structural
openings in the enclosure.
A flameproof enclosure is designed to withstand the pressure of an internal explosion; it is not
necessary therefore to provide openings for pressure relief. Where there is a joint, however, or
where a spindle or shaft passes through the enclosure, the products of the explosion can escape.
Any path which these may take needs to be of sufficient length and constriction to cool the products
of the explosion so as to prevent ignition of a flammable atmosphere external to the enclosure. The
dimensions of these flame paths are critical and are specified in IEC 79.1 Part 1.
Flameproof enclosures cannot yet be certified independently of their contents but this situation may
change for small enclosures as a result of current work.
Alteration to the disposition of the internal components is not permitted because conditions may be
created inadvertently which will lead to pressure piling (a condition resulting from the ignition of
precompressed gases in compartments or subdivisions other than those in which ignition was
initiated, and which may lead to higher maximum pressure than would otherwise be expected). No
modification, addition or deletion to the enclosure or its internal components shall be made without
the written permission of the certifying authority (such permission shall be obtained through the
manufacturer of the apparatus) unless it can be verified that such change does not invalidate the
certification.
It should be noted that a flameproof enclosure is not tested for its ability to withstand the effects of
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2.2.6 The effect of grease, other sealants and paint on flanged joints
Experience has shown that the presence in a flanged joint of grease or non setting jointing
compound has caused no deterioration in the flameproof qualities of the joints, the same results has
been obtained where the exterior of the flanges has been painted, even if the paint has filled and
bridged the gap. Therefor no special precautions are necessary when these materials are applied,
except that aluminum paint should not be used because of the potential danger from a combination
of aluminum and rust. (see also clause 2.11.4)
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Dec. 1994 IPS-E-EL-110
and because of the danger of arcs burning through the enclosure, the use of such enclosures is
restricted to circuits protected by a 15 ampere or smaller fuse.
Cables with aluminum conductors shall not be used in flameproof enclosures unless the possibility
of ejecting hot aluminum particles from the enclosures has been minimized by either:
a) Using cable terminating enclosures whose joints are threaded or spigoted, or
b) Using fully insulated conductors, and using terminals which are designed or reduce the
likelihood of faults and are shrouded by insulation. The compound filling of boxes is one
method of meeting this requirement.
2.3.1 Principle
I) In an intrinsically safe system the energy release in those part of the system intended for
use in the hazardous area is limited under both normal and specified fault conditions, to well
below the minimum energy which can cause ignition.
II) In BASEEFA certification standard SFA 3012 an intrinsically safe system is defined as a
system comprising apparatus and interconnecting wiring in which any spark or thermal
effect in any part of the system intended for use in the hazardous area is incapable under
prescribed conditions, of causing ignition of a given gas or vapor.
Note:
In this part the term intrinsically safe system is also used to describe the self contained
intrinsically safe apparatus in which all the circuits are intrinsically safe circuits.
III) Because the minimum ignition energy is very small usually below one millijoule, this
method of safeguarding can be applied only to light current application such as:
Instrument, communication and data transmission.
IV) No modification, addition or deletion shall be made to an intrinsically safe system, until a
certificate of intrinsic safety has been obtained for the proposed change or until it has been
established that the change is permitted by the original certificate issuing authority.
V) All intrinsically safe systems posses power sources, and precautions needs to be taken
to ensure that these can not release, unsafe amount of energy in the hazardous area.
Intrinsically safe system also require to be protected against invasion from all other circuits
and systems, whether these are intrinsically safe or not, thus there are requirements for
clearance and creepage distances. Insulation values, earthing, screens etc., to prevent
invasion of an intrinsically safe system either directly or by induction.
VI) The two most common forms of intrinsically safe systems are:
1) Those which have parts in the hazardous area and a power supply in the non
hazardous area, such a power supply often being an integral part of the associated
safe area apparatus see diagram 1.
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diagram 1
Notes:
1) The associated safe area apparatus and the intrinsically safe apparatus may have
individual certificates but the interconnection of such items of apparatus does not
necessarily constitute an intrinsically safe system, because an item of apparatus has input
and output parameters (e.g., inductance, capacitance, voltage, and current which may not
match those of the apparatus in the system). A certificate of intrinsic safety shall therefore
be obtained for the complete intrinsically safe system.
In these cases in order to prevent dangerous amount of energy being fed to the hazardous
area. The power supply is of special design, and energy limiting components are where
necessary installed in the circuit to the hazardous area.
In the case of main power supply, it is usually necessary for the transformer to comply with
"BASEEFA" certification standard SFA 3012 requirements (or its equivalent) for inviolate
transformers, so that there is virtually no possibility of the main voltage breaking through to
the power voltage circuit, current limiting is then usually achieved by the insertion of
inviolateresistors in the circuit.
Alternatively when barrier units are used these effectively limit both voltages and current to
the hazardous area, provided that the associated safe area apparatus complies with the
requirements of the certificate of intrinsic safety. Circuit connected to the hazardous area
terminals of a barrier unit need to be certified for use with the barrier unit.
Additional information may be obtained from BASEEFA certification standard SFA 3004.
2) Those which have all parts in the hazardous area and are battery or self powered (see
diagrams 2 and 3).
diagram 2
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Dec. 1994 IPS-E-EL-110
which may not match those of the other apparatus in the system. A certificate of
intrinsic safety shall therefore be obtained for the complete intrinsically safe system.
diagram 3
2.3.2 Certification
Intrinsically safe apparatus,circuits and systems shall be certified.
A certificate of intrinsic safety certifies that a specified system or apparatus is intrinsically safe in
accordance with the requirements of BASEEFA certification standards SFA 3012. (or its
equivalent).
The certificate is valid only when the system or apparatus is installed in accordance with the
requirements laid down in the certificate.
Because of misuse and misunderstanding of the term intrinsically safe a check should always be
made to ensure that a certificate of intrinsic safety exists and that it applies to the system
concerned. A certificate of intrinsic safety for apparatus is not necessarily proof that the system
which contains it is safe except in the case of self contained intrinsically safe apparatus which is
considered to be an intrinsically safe system for the purpose of this volume (see also the notes to
the diagrams in Clause 2.3.1). It is therefore necessary to examine carefully the scope of particular
certificate of intrinsic safety and to ensure that all parts of the system both within and outside the
hazardous area are fully covered by the certificate or by the series of complementary and cross
referenced certificates.
2.3.3 Categories
There are two categories of intrinsic safety "ia and ib". The difference relates to the fault
consideration of the apparatus or circuit and defines the safety factor under these conditions.
Essentially the definition are as follows:
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Ex "ia": Electrical apparatus of this category shall be incapable of causing ignition in normal
operation with a single fault and with any combination of two faults applied with the following safety
factors:
"1.5" : In normal operation and one fault.
"1" : With two faults.
Ex "ib": Electrical apparatus of category Exib shall be incapable of causing ignition in normal
operation and with a single fault applied with the following safety factors:
"1.5" : In normal operation and with one fault.
:1" : With one fault if the apparatus contain no unprotected switch contacts in parts likely to
be exposed to a potentially explosive atmosphere and the fault is self revealing.
Therefore category Exia apparatus considers up to two faults and even with two faults there will still
be a unity safety factor, where as category Exib apparatus considers only one fault.
For either category the safety factor in normal operation or with one fault is 1.5.
Category "ia" is suitable for zone 0, 1 and 2, while category "ib" shall not be used in zone 0, and is
only suitable for zones 1 and 2.
Notes:
1) Safety factor is the amount of load above the normal operating rating that a device can
handle without failure.
2) Opening shorting or grounding of field installed wiring is considered to be a part of
normal operation.
Note:
The presence of dust layers may impair normal heat dissipation and result in elevated
temperatures of both apparatus and dust.
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2.4.1 Definition
A concept for those type of electrical apparatus that by nature do not comply with the constructional
or other requirements specified for apparatus with established types of protection, but nevertheless
can be shown, where necessary by test to be suitable for use in hazardous areas in prescribed
zones.
Note:
This concept will largely be superseded by type of protection ’m’ encapsulation for which a
CENELEC publication No. EN 50028 is prepared.
Note:
When the subject apparatus is a torch, correct dry cells shall be used. If high power cell is
applied it may invalidate the approval or certification. When selecting apparatus special care
shall be taken to ensure that the apparatus and its component parts are constructed so as to
guard against electrical and mechanical failure in the intended condition of use.
Particular attention shall be given to the need for weather proofing and protection against corrosion,
for apparatus with type of protection "s".
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Note:
The main advantage of this type of protection is its economy particularly when it is applied
to three phase and single phase induction motors and to the non sparking parts such as
stator, and rotor of synchronous motors.
2.6 Electrical Apparatus with Type of Protection "n" IEC Concept Code Symbol Exn.
2.6.1 Definition
A type of protection applied to electrical apparatus such that in normal operation it is not capable of
igniting a surrounding explosive gas atmosphere and a fault capable of causing ignition is not likely
to occur.
The general requirements of such apparatus are that it shall not in normal operation.
I) Produce an arc or spark unless:
a) the operational arc or spark occurs in an enclosed break device; or,
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Dec. 1994 IPS-E-EL-110
Note:
This requirement applies to the temperature of internal and external surfaces to which a
surrounding atmosphere has access, except internal surfaces within enclosed break
devices, hermetically sealed devices or restricted breathing enclosures.
Type "n" protection is intended for use in Zone 2 hazardous areas, its cost and its
requirements is less severe than type of protection "e" apparatus 1.
2.6.2 Condition of use
I) Apparatus with type of protection "n" is only suitable for Zone 2 (and safe areas) and shall
not be used in Zone 1 classified hazardous areas.
II) Suitability of apparatus for use in all gases and vapors including hydrogen and acetylene
when mixed with air shall be tested and certified with due consideration to surface
temperature.
III) Temperature classification of this type of apparatus shall comply with requirements of
clause 4.3 of IEC publication 79.15 Part 15 for maximum surface temperature. T1-T6
IV) Ingress protection (IP) of apparatus shall be IP 54 and IP 44 part for location of
installation in compliance with the requirements of IEC publications 34.5, 144, 529
whichever relevant.
V) No modification addition or deletion shall be made to apparatus with type of protection
"n" without the written permission of the certifying authority (such permission shall be
obtained through the manufacturer of the apparatus) unless it can be verified that such
changes does not invalidate the certification.
VI) When selecting apparatus special care shall be taken to ensure that the apparatus and
its component parts are constructed so as to guard against electrical and mechanical failure
in the intended conditions of use.
VII) Particular attention shall be given to the need for weather proofing and protection
against corrosion.
VIII) Apparatus with type of protection "n" are categorized as follows:
a) ExnA non sparking
b) ExnC sparking apparatus in which the contacts are suitably protected other than
by restricted protection enclosure.
c) ExnR restricted breathing enclosure is a method of construction of enclosure in
which the possibility of entry of surrounding explosive gas atmosphere is reduced to
a low level.
Note:
For more details about electrical apparatus with type of protection "n". reference shall be
made to IEC publication 79.15 Part 15.
2.7 Oil Immersed Apparatus Type of Protection "o" IEC Concept Code Symbol Exo.
2.7.1 This type of protection is one in which immersed in non volatile oil such that an explosive
atmosphere which may occur above the oil level or outside of the enclosure can not be ignited.
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Note:
For apparatus which may have to carry short time current (short circuit current lasting a
specified time) special attention to be paid to the behaviour of the equipment in relation to
its surface temperature. In any case the permissible temperature as stated above must not
be exceeded.
d) The maximum temperature of the oil at any point in the equipment shall in no
case exceed 115°C.
This limit is fixed so as to avoid excessive deterioration of the oil.
e) The requirements leading to the lowest limit will be decisive.
2.8.1 No specification is yet prepared for this type of protection by IEC, however EN 50028 gives
the required information for the type EExm, and can be described as an apparatus which is
embedded in mass of fire resistant solid insulating materials, the material should withstand against
fracture under internal fault condition.
2.8.2 In this type of protection parts that could ignite an explosive atmosphere by either sparking or
heating are enclosed in a compound in such a way that this explosive atmosphere can not be
ignited.
2.8.3 This type of protection is permitted for use in all zones except Zone O of classified hazardous
areas.
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I) Adequate ventilation
Ventilation of battery room shall be so designed that the concentration of hydrogen does
not exceeded 1% of free air volume of battery room. or
II) Use of electrical apparatus for Zone 1 with appropriate apparatus subgroup and
temperature class for hydrogen ie IIC, T1.
Note:
For further information regarding precaution in battery rooms see:
a) BS 6132 code of practice for safe operation of alkaline secondary cells and
batteries.
b) BS 6133 code of practice for safe operation of lead acid statio nary cells and
batteries.
III) It is necessary to exercise the same precautions where lift trucks and electrical vehicles
are charged in non open buildings.
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Notes:
1) Fire fighting and other emergency service vehicles of standard type and design can
present a source of ignition.
2) Where they may have to enter plant, storage and distribution areas etc., under normal,
emergency or exercise other than fire, their entry should be strictly controlled.
3) Where for contingency measures such vehicles are part of facilities, they should be
located in a central non hazardous area remote from possible sources of major hydrocarbon
release but with good immediate access.
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2.10.1 In addition to protection against explosion, measures are required to be applied for a degree
of protection for enclosure to safeguard:
I) Persons against contact with internal live or rotating parts inside the enclosure, and to the
apparatus against ingress of solid objects dusts etc.
II) The apparatus against the ingress of water spray, jets, heavy seas and even total
immersion.
2.10.2 IP classification has been systemized internationally and described in IEC publications 144,
529 and 34.5 (and also, in EN 60034.5 for rotating machines only).
Ingress protection is denoted by "IP" followed by two characteristic numerical.
I) The first characteristic numeral indicates the degree of protection provided by the
enclosure with respect to persons also to the equipment inside the enclosure.
II) The second characteristic numerical indicates the degree of protection provided by the
enclosure with respect to harmful ingress of water.
Table 1a, 1b gives degrees of protection of enclosures (as defined in IEC publication 144).
Notes:
1) A third characterizing numerical may also be added to indicate protection against
mechanical damage (under consideration by IEC).
2) Lettering may also be added to indicate whether the machinery shall be tested stationary
or in operation for which letters ’S’ and ’M’ are applied respectively.
The absence of this lettering denotes that the protection is assessed with machine both running and
stationary.
Note:
Tests to prove protection of enclosure of equipment against mechanical damage is under
consideration by IEC.
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Note:
Normally, this will mean that the equipment is hermetically sealed. However with certain
types of equipment it can mean that water can enter but only in such a manner that it
produces no harmful effects.
3.1 Since flammable gas or vapor can be ignited by contact with a hot surface, for all type of
protection apparatus, it is necessary to specify an appropriate temperature (T) class such that the
maximum accessible surface temperature internally or externally will not exceed the ignitions
temperature of the gases and vapors to which it may become exposed, this is achieved by
consideration of the following factors:
Note:
The most adverse conditions include recognized overloads and any fault conditions
specified in the standard for the type of protection concerned.
3.1.2 Where ambient temperatures are above 40°C. This shall be mentioned in apparatus
specification and the normal derating shall apply to maintain the maximum internal and external
surface temperatures for which the apparatus shall be designed and supplementary certification is
required.
3.1.3 Where apparatus are coupled or assembled to form a system the effective system "T" class
will be that of the lowest item in the system, i.e., that of the maximum surface temperature in the
system.
3.3.1 There are six recognized international temperature class namely "T1" to "T6" which has been
reflected in IEC 79.0 Part 0 (previously IEC 79.8 part 8).
3.3.2 Method of test of ignition temperature of a vapor or chemically pure gas in air at atmospheric
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Note:
All temperatures are based on an ambient of 40°C.
Figures are for group II electrical apparatus.
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4.2.1 The type of protection of the apparatus in relation to the area classification of the hazardous
area:
Table 3 of this standard gives example of apparatus according to zone gas and vapor risks.
4.2.2 For the temperature classification of the apparatus in relation to the ignition temperature of the
gases and vapors involved, see:
- Table 2 of this standard
- Table 7 of BS 5345.1 Part 1
4.2.3 The apparatus gas subgroup (where applicable) in relation to the relevant properties of the
gases and vapors involved; for detail see:
- Table 7 of BS 5345.1 Part 1
- Table 4a of this standard for grouping of electrical apparatus. (See also Table 4b).
4.2.4 The apparatus construction and enclosure in relation to the environmental conditions; refer to
table 1 of this standard.
Note:
It should be noted that apparatus with type of protection flameproof Exd are not necessarily
weather proof.
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Note:
Groupings in different countries may slightly differ. The above table is for rough
comparisons only and reference should be made to the relevant standard to ascertain the
grouping for a particular gas. (See also Table 4b).
Notes:
* For pertinent definitions see Article "500" of NEC. 70 (1987) in Appendix "E" in part 1 of this
part.
2) Class II and class III are not within the scope of this standard.
GROUPS:
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5.1 Certification
A certificate is a document formally attesting a fact. Therefore certification is the exercise of
producing a "Certificate".
5.1.1 In the contest of electrical equipment for use in potentially explosive atmospheres it can be
said that the act of obtaining a certificate from an unbiased expert (third party) is an ideal way of
ensuring that the risk of utilizing such equipment in such atmospheres produces the minimum of
risk.
5.1.2 To secure the interest of users to this end, the following requirements shall be met:
I) User of apparatus needs confidence that a particular apparatus is suitable for use in the
place intended for installation.
II) The types of protection, grouping, temperature classification etc. Which are awarded to
the apparatus complies with the specific standard.
Note:
Purged or pressurized equipment shall be assessed on the basis of the actual site of use.
III) The certifying body and expert organization should be internationally well known, and
documentation produced by them shall be recognized by Regulatory Bodies.
IV) Certificate conditions if any, shall be submitted by manufacturer to user.
5.1.3 The name of some of the recognized Certifying Authorities are given below:
- BRITISH APPROVAL SERVICES FOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN FLAMMABLE
ATMOSPHERES.
(BASEEFA).
- ASSOCIATION OF SHORT CIRCUIT TESTING AUTHORITIES (ASTA).
- UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES (UL).
- EUROPEAN AUTHORITY FOR HARMONIZED STANDARD CERTIFICATION UNDER
ECC "NOW EOTC" Which stands for European Organization for Testing and Certification.
- PHISICALSCH TECHNISCHE BUNDESANSTAITS (PTB).
5.2 Marking
Part of the certification procedure is to ensure that the product is suitably indelibly marked with at
least the following information:
5.2.1 Manufacturer’s name or trade mark.
5.2.2 Manufacturer type designation for apparatus.
5.2.3 The indication of the testing station, and the certification reference.
5.2.4 Zonal classification.
5.2.5 Identification of the type of protection (s).
5.2.6 The apparatus group or sub-group (as applicable).
5.2.7 The class of maximum surface temperature.
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5.2.8 The standard number to which compliance has been certified, the pertinent part number and
the date.
5.2.9 Maximum rating (kW., Volt, Frequency......... etc.).
Any other relevant information.
Note:
Manufacturer should be asked to provide complete instructions for the installation and
maintenance.
Notes:
1) If there is any doubt about the use of equivalent standards, advice may be sought from the
following Authorities, as applicable:
BASEEFA
EOTC
UL
PTB
2) Table 4a gives grouping of electrical apparatus in different countries.
3) Table 4b gives U.S.A hazardous locations classification and grouping concept.
4) Some equivalent standards for potentially explosive atmosphere are given in Table ’5’ in
which :
≡ Stands for identical
= Stands for technically identical
# Stands for related
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IEC 79. 1A
(1975)
≡ EN 50018
INCREASED SAFEY "e" BS 5501 # IEC 79.7
PT. 6 PT. 7
(1977) (1969)
Note:
The symbols under description of standard, refer to BS They shall be preceded by Ex for
IEC., and EEx for EN Standards.
7. PRECAUTIONS IN INSTALLATION
7.1 Types of protection to which reference is made in this part relates not only to apparatus, but
also to the whole system; and installation shall be carried out according to the detailed guidance
given in standard No. IPS-C-EL-195.
Which shall cover but shall not be limited to the following items:
- Wiring
- Cabling and cable glands
- Cables with aluminum, sheathing and armoring
- Trunking, ducts, pipes and trenches
- Plugging off of unused cable entries
- Means of effecting safe circuit isolation
- Earthing and bonding
- Etc.
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8.1 Initial and periodic inspection is beyond the scope of this part and will be dealt within standard
No. IPS-E-EL-215.
Complete safeguarding is not achieved unless proper operation, periodic inspection and
maintenance is accomplished, after installation.
8.2 Safe operation and maintenance can only be carried out if there is effective documentation, and
when the operation and maintenance personnel are fully trained and familiar with the hazard of gas
and vapors, instruction manuals, and are made aware and informed of any changes which may
affect the scope of hazard in potentially explosive gas/vapor atmospheres, and the precautions to
be observed.
9.1 When the areas that were formerly safe become hazardous because of development or other
reasons the extension of zones can affect the mechanical ventilation of some enclosed area.
9.2 With the new zones and their extents some air intake could be in zone 2 which changes the
ventilation condition and may affect the safety requirements criteria.
9.3 The ventilation systems in such cases shall be re-evaluated and modified to needs.
9.4 To maintain the required safeguard, new system might be installed, the associated fans may
demand more power from the normal or emergency power system which might have also impact on
power from the normal or emergency power system which might have also impact on power
demand.
9.5 Electrical equipment especially motors could become unsuitable for their newly classified areas.
9.6 Emergency equipment and installations such as the fire water pump, control room and
emergency power supply system may need relocation to safe areas.
9.7 When a zone changes or ventilation is reduced existing intrinsically safe circuits and systems
shall be evaluated for new condition (zones) and to be redesigned and or modified to avoid any
danger from them.
9.8 The enhancement as a consequence of change could be in the form of system relocation,
increased mechanical ventilation, and incorporation of additional safety and control devices,
including pertinent wiring and cabling.
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY
Abnormal
In the context of abnormal operation, the untoward, irregular though not necessarily wholly
unexpected, deviation from ’normal’operation .
Adequate Ventilation
This is ventilation, natural, artificial or a combination of both. Sufficient to avoid persistence of
flammable atmospheres within sheltered or enclosed areas but insufficient to avoid their initial
formation and spread throughout the areas.
This will normally be achieved by a uniform ventilation rate of a minimum of twelve air changes per
hour.
Barrier Unit
A device which restricts the voltage and current entering the hazardous area.
BASEEFA
British Approvals Service for Electrical Equipment in Flammable Atmospheres.
Dilution Ventilation
Artificial ventilation sufficient to maintain generally as non hazardous an enclosed area containing a
source of release or an aperture into a hazardous area.
Enclosed Area
An enclosed area is any building, room or enclosed space within which in the absence or failure of
artificial ventilation, the ventilation does not meet the requirement for adequate ventilation.
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX A (continued)
EEC
European Economic Community
EOTC
European Organization for Testing and Certification
Flameproof
The term applied to an enclosure for electrical apparatus that will withstand an internal explosion of
the flammable gas or vapor which may enter it without suffering damage and without
communicating the internal flame to the external flammable gas or vapor for which it is designed
through any joints or structural openings in the enclosure.
Flammable Dust
A dust capable of ignition when mixed with air in certain proportions as a dust cloud, or capable of
ignition as a dust layer.
Flammable Liquid
A liquid capable of forming a flammable mist or vapor.
Flammable Material
Flammable gas, vapor, liquid, mist or dust.
Flammable Mist
Droplets of flammable liquid capable of ignition when in suspension in air.
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX A (continued)
Flammable Vapor
See flammable gas or vapor.
Flash point
The minimum liquid temperature at which sufficient vapor is given off to form a mixture with air
which is capable of ignition under prescribed test conditions (Note: The two types of test apparatus
commonly used are ’closed cup’ and ’open cup’ the flash point for most liquids being slightly lower
when determined by the former method).
Hazard
Likelihood of the occurrence of a flammable atmosphere.
Hazardous area
An area which is classified zone 0, 1 or 2.
IEC
International Electrotechnical Commission.
Inadequate Ventilation
Ventilation natural or artificial which is insufficient to avoid persistence of flammable atmosphere
within sheltered or enclosed areas.
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX A (continued)
Intrinsically-Safe Circuit
A circuit in which any spark or thermal effect produced either normally or in specified fault
conditions is incapable of causing ignition of a given gas or vapor.
Note:
The term intrinsically safe system is used in this part also to describe self-contained
intrinsically safe apparatus in which all the circuits are intrinsically safe circuits.
Invasion
The term used to denote breakthrough of dangerous energy levels into an intrinsically safe system
eg by insulation failure or induction.
Inviolate
The term used to denote a component, sub assembly or apparatus which in service or in storage is
not likely to become defective in such a manner as to lower the safety of an intrinsically safe
system.
IP
Institute of petroleum. (Also ingress protection).
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APPENDIX A (continued)
Non Sparking
The term applied to apparatus which under normal operating conditions and except when subject to
electrical or mechanical failure will not produce arcs or sparks capable of igniting a surrounding
flammable atmosphere.
Open Area
An area in an open air situation where vapors are readily dispersed by wind. Typically air velocities
should rarely be less than 0.5 meters per second and should frequently be above 2 meters per
second.
Pressurizing
A method of safeguarding whereby air or inert gas, in a room or enclosure, is maintained at a
pressure sufficient to prevent the ingress of the surrounding atmosphere which might be flammable.
Where appropriate, the pressure may be provided by a mechanical ventilation system.
Pressurizing/purging
A method of safeguarding employing both pressurizing and purging.
PTB
Physicalsch Technische Bundesanstalt.
Purging
A method of safeguarding whereby a flow of air or inert gas is maintained through a room or
enclosure in sufficient quantity to reduce or prevent any hazard which, in the absence of the purge,
could arise. (To reduce in this context means to reduce the risk that a flammable atmosphere will
occur thus permitting the use of electrical apparatus with a lower standard of safeguarding. Where
the object is to prevent a hazard, "sufficient" shall take account of the highest likely rate of release
of flammable material within or into the room or enclosure).
Where appropriate the purging may be provided by mechanical ventilation of the forced or induced
type.
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX A (continued)
Segregation
A method of safeguarding where fire resistant impermeable barriers are used to create a lower risk
zone or a non hazardous area in which electrical apparatus appropriate to the lower classification
should be used.
Sheltered Area
An area within an open area where ventilation may be less than in a true open area, but is adequate
ventilation.
Totally Enclosed
The term applied to apparatus within an enclosure which is so constructed that the risk of entry of a
flammable atmosphere which may surround it for a short period is small.
UL
Underwriters laboratories
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX A (continued)
Vapor Density
See gas or vapor density.
Well Ventilated
An area of building substantially open where there is little or no restriction to the natural passage of
air through it. (A compressor shelter with a large roof ventilator and with the sides open sufficient to
allow free passage of air through all parts of the building is considered to be well ventilated).
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APPENDIX B
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APPENDIX B (continued)
BS 6132 1983 Code of practice for safe operation of alkaline secondary cells and
batteries.
BS 6133 1985 Code of practice for safe operation of lead-acid stationary cells and
batteries.
BS 6467 Electrical apparatus with protection by enclosure for use in the presence of
combustible dusts.
BS 6959 1988 Code of practice for selection, installation use and maintenance of
apparatus for the detection and measurement of combustible gases (other
than for mining applications or explosives processing and manufacture).
BS 7117 Metering pumps and dispensers to be installed at filling stations and used
to dispense liquid fuel.
Part 1: 1989 Specification for construction.
(to be continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
Part 5 (Withdrawn)*
Part 6 Pipeline (4th edition), 1982
Part 7 Airports, 1989
Part 8 Drilling and Production Safety Code for Offshore Operations, 1990
Part 9 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Volume 1(2nd edition), 1987
Part 10 (Withdrawn)
Part 11 Bitumen (3rd edition), 1990
Part 12 Pressure Vessel Inspection, 1976
Part 13 Pressure Piping Systems Inspection, 1978
Part 14 Inspection and Testing of Protective Instrumentation Systems, 1980
Part 15 Area Classification Code for Petroleum Installation, 1990
Part 16 Tank Cleaning Safety Code, 1989
International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals (ISGOTT) (Joint publication by
international Chamber of Shipping, Oil Companies International Marine Forum, and the International
Association of ports and Harbours). (replaces part 5 of IP).
to be continued)
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APPENDIX B (continued)
14. UK Statutes
1976 SI 1019 Offshore Installations (operational safety health and welfare) Regulations
1976.
1981 SI 1059 Dangerous Substances (Conveyance by road in road tankers and tank
containers) Regulations 1981.
1989 SI 635 Electricity at work regulations 1989.
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Gate.W.E. Module ventilation rates quantified. Oil and Gas Journal. 23rd December 1985, pp.39-42.
Marshall. M.R. The effect of ventilation on the accumulation and dispersal of flammable gases I.
chem.E. 4th International Symposium. Harrogate. 1983.
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