Formulals, Conversions and Data required to solve gate problems

Conversions
1litre= 0.001 cubic meter

1m^3=1000litres

1BTU(british thermal unit) = 1055 joules

1 btu/hr=3.412 joules/s

Area
100 cents = 1 Acre

1 Acre = 4840 sq yards

1 yard = 3' or 36"

1 cents = 435.60 sq ft

1 sq. m = 10.76 sq. ft

1 Acre= 4047 sq m

2.47 cents = 1 are(100 sq meter)

2.47 acres = 1 hectare(10,000 sq meters)

Contour interval: The difference in altitude represented by the space between two contour lines on a
map.

PERT
Te (expected time)= (O +4M + P)/6

Where, O=optimistic time, M= most likely time, P=pessimistic time.

V(variance)=( (P-O)/6)^2

Project variance= sum of variances along the critical path

Standard deviation = sq root of variance

Density of concrete= 2400kg/m3 = 24kN/m3

density of steel = 7850kg/m3

Scale of Aerial Photograph = Focal length/ Altitude above Ground level

Forecasting Population
Arithmatic method
dP/dt = Ka
P = P1+ Ka(t - t1)

P = population

t = time

Ka= arithmetic growth constant

Geometric method

dP/dt= KgP

lnP = lnP1+ Kg(t - t1)

Kg=lnP2-lnP1/t2-t1=ln[P2/P1]/t2-t1

P = population

t = time

Kg= geometric growth constant

Note: lim (1+K)1/K= e = 2.718… base of the natural logarithms

K0

1 lux = 1 lumen/sq meter

lux is the unit of illuminance

Flux= illumination required(lux) x surface area(sq m)

Flux(lumen output)(received)= MF(maintenance factor) x UF(utilization factor) x Flux(installed)

depreciation factor = reciprocal of maintenance factor

lux=candela/d^2

cd(candela) = lm(lumen) / ( 2π(1 - cos(º/2)) )

for isotrophic light source(all directions), lumen = candela x 4x22/7

Room Index(RI)= Lx W/[Hm x (L+W)]

Hm=mounting height

Spacing to height ratio SHR= 1/Hm x[ (A/N)^ 1/2]

Acoustics
T (reverbaration time in seconds)= 0.161x V(volume in m3)/A(sound absorption power in m2-sabine =
area x coeffcient of absorption)

Lp = 20 log 10(Prms/Pref) dB

Lp2 = Lp1 + 20 log10(r1/r2)

lp-sound pressure

sound level- 10 log 10(Prms/Pref) dB

Lifts
The handling capacity(lifts) is calculated by the formula: H= 3OOxQx100 /TXP

Where,

H = handling capacity as the percentage of the peak population handled during 5 min period

Q = average number of passengers carried in a car

T = waiting interval

P = total population to be handled during peak morning period. (It is related to the area served by a
particular bank of lifts.)

The value of ‘Q’ depends on the dimensions of the car. It may be noted that the car is not loaded always
to its maximum capacity during each trip and, therefore, for calculating ‘H” the value of ‘Q’ is taken as
80 percent of the maximum carrying capacity of the car.

The waiting interval is calculated by the formula:

T= RTT/N

Where,

T = waiting interval

N = number of lifts

RTT= round trip time, that is, the average time required by each lift in taking one full load of passengers
from ground floor, discharging them in various upper floors and coming back to ground floor for taking
fresh passengers for the next trip.

Thermal transmittance
Which also known as U-value, is the rate of transfer of heat (in watts) through one square meter of a
structure divided by the difference in temperature across the structure. It is expressed in watts per
meters squared kelvin, or W/m²K. Well-insulated parts of a building have a low thermal transmittance
whereas poorly insulated parts of a building have a high thermal transmittance.

Φ = A × U × (T1- T2)
where Φ is the heat transfer in watts, U is the thermal transmittance, T1 is the temperature on one side
of the structure, T2 is the temperature on the other side of the structure and A is the area in square
meters.

The formula for ventilation heat loss is:

Q = N . V . Sp.ht . dt

Where,

Q = heat loss (Watts) (W)

N = Number of air changes per hour. An air change is one room volume

V = Room volume (m3)

Sp.ht. = Specific heat factor for air. This is found from the following formula

Sp. Ht. Factor = (Specific heat capacity of air x 1000 to convert from kJ to Joules x density of air ) / 3600
to convert from hr to secs.

Sp. Ht. Factor = (1.01 x 1000 x 1.2) / 3600

Sp. Ht. Factor = 0.34

dt = temperature difference between inside and outside (C)

Duct cross sectional area A(m2)= q(air flow rate m3/s)/v(air speed m/s)

Traffic formulas
q(flow=no vehicles /time)=1/h(time headway=time between rear bumper to rear bumper)

density k=n/distance (number of vehicles occupying a given length n of highway

distance headway= distance between corresponding points in two successive vehicles

k(density)=1/s (distance headway)

Plumbing and Water Supply

Hazen -Williams Formula
used for pipes larger than 2" and smaller than 6' in dia

v = 1.32.Ch.R^0.63.S^0.54

v= average velocity ft/s

Ch=Hazen Williams Coefficient

R=Hydraulic radius of flow conduit(ft)

s=ratio of hL/L, energy loss/head lenghth of conduit(ft/ft)

in SI Units
v = 0.85.Ch.R^0.63.S^0.54

v= average velocity(m/s)

Ch=Hazen Williams Coefficient

R=Hydraulic radius of flow conduit(m)

s=ratio of hL/L, energy loss/head length h of conduit(m/m)

Volume flow rate Q= Av

Amortization formula for sinking fund

Compound Interest