– as the tool used in communication

process. Through this, we are able to express our

thoughts, share our feelings, and communicate our
views and perspectives about things.
Example:

KARON refers on the concept of time

Hiligaynon Cebuano
Later Now

Therefore it is important that familiarity in language

must be associated.
 is dynamic and it evolves through time.

1. Language is a purely human and non-instinctive

method of communicating ideas, emotions, and
desires by mean of a system of voluntarily
produced symbols (Sapir, 1921).
2. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by
means of which a social group cooperates (Bloch &
Trager, 1942).
3. Language is a set of sentences, each finite in
length and constructed out of a finite set of
elements (Chomsky, 1957).

4. Language is the process whereby humans

communicate and interact with each other by
means of habitually used oral-auditory
arbitrary symbols (Hall, 1969).
5. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal
symbols used for human communication
(Wardaugh, 1972).

6. Language is a symbol system based on

purely arbitrary conventions, infinitely
extendable and modifiable according to the
changing needs and conditions of the speakers
(Robins, 1985).
(Fromkin & Rodman, 2003)
1. Wherever humans exist, language exist.

2. There are no “primitive languages” - all

languages are equally complex and equally
capable of expressing any idea. The
vocabulary of any language can be expanded
to include new words for new concepts.

3. All languages change over time.

4. The relationships between the sounds and
meanings of spoken languages and between the
gestures and meanings of sign languages are for
the most part arbitrary.

5. All human languages utilize a finite set of discrete

sounds (or gestures) that are combined to form
meaningful elements or words, which may be
combined to form an infinite set of possible
sentences.
6. All grammars contain rules for the formation of
words and sentences of a similar kind.

7. Every spoken language includes discrete sound

segments, like p, n or a, that can all be defined by a
finite set of sound properties or features. Every
spoken language has a class of vowels and a class of
consonants.

8. Similar grammatical categories (e.g., noun, verb)

are found in all languages.
9. Every language has a way of referring to past time,
negating, forming questions, issuing commands, and
so on.

10. Speakers of all languages are capable of producing

and comprehending an infinite set of sentences.

11. Any typically developing child, born anywhere in

the world, of any racial, geographical, social, or
economic heritage, is capable of learning any
language to which he or she is exposed.
12. There are semantic universals such as
“male” or “female”, “animate” or
“inanimate”, found in every language in the
world.

13. Language is primarily oral

•Sender – Is the source of the message
•Receiver – is the recipient of the message
•Message – the body of information
•Channel – what connects the sender to
receiver
•Feedback – response of the receiver to the
sender
•Interference/Noise- what impacts the
communication process
Types of Interference
a. Physiological Noise
b. External noise
c. Semantic Language barrier

• Situation/Context – refers to all the

interrelated conditions in the communication
process.
1. Psychological Factors
- refers to the communication mood

2. Cultural Factors
- refers to values and norms shared by group

3. Physical Factors
- refers to place, time and environmental
condition
4. Social Factors
- refers to the nature of relationship between
the communicators

5. Historical Factors
- refers to previous communication incidents
between communications that may effect the
way they deal.
Shannon and Warren Weaver
Communication Model
by: Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver (1949)
SMRC Communication Model
by: David Berlo (1960)
Schramm Communication Model
by: Wilbur Schramm (1954)

Outlines what type

of things
(message)
By whom (sender),
in which form
(form) through
which medium
(channel) and to
whom (receiver)
Transactional Communication Model
by: Barnuld (1970)