Statistics II Week 1-8

Name: Grade & Section: Score:
School: Teacher: Subject: Statistics & Probability

LAS Writer: JANRIE M. RAGUINE, MAT Content Editor: JOHANNAH Y. ACHURRA
Lesson Topic: Understanding Random Variable (Q3 – Wk. 1, LAS 1)
Learning Targets: Illustrate random variable; and (M11/12SP–IIIa–1)
Distinguishing between a discrete and a continuous random variable. (M11/12SP–IIIa–2)
Reference(s): Walpole, R. and Myers, R., 1993. Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists. 5th ed. New
York: Macmillan Publishing Company, pp.49-56.
UNDERSTANDING RANDOM VARIABLE
A variable is something which can change its value. It may vary with different outcomes of an experiment. If the value
of a variable depends upon the outcome of a random experiment it is a random variable. A random variable can take up any real
value.
Mathematically, a random variable is a real-valued function whose domain is a sample space S of a random experiment.
A random variable is always denoted by capital letter like X, Y, Z, M etc. The lowercase letters like x, y, z, m etc. represent the
value of the random variable.
Consider the random experiment of tossing a coin 20 times. You will earn 5 pesos if you get head and will lose 5 pesos
if it is a tail. You and your friend are all set to see who will win the game by earning more money. Here, we see that the value
of getting head for the coin tossed for 20 times is anything from zero to twenty. If we denote the number of a head by X, then:
X = {0, 1, 2, … , 20}. The probability of getting a head is always ½.
Classifications of Random Variable:

A random variable can be classified as discrete or continuous. A discrete random variable is one that can assume
only for countable number of values. A continuous random variable can assume infinite number of values in one or more
intervals.
A. Discrete Random Variable
- a discrete random variable is one that can assume only for countable number of values.
- it has a finite number of elements or countable values and can be represented by whole numbers. The
number of calls a person gets in a day, the number of items sold by a company, the number of items
manufactured, number of accidents, number of gifts received on birthday etc. are some of the discrete random
variables.
Examples:
X: The number of women among 10 newly hired teachers
B: The number of gifts received by 20 students during the Christmas seasons
D: The number of eggs a hen lays
B. Continuous Random Variable
- a continuous random variable is one that can assume infinite number of values in one or more intervals.
These values usually arise from measurements such as heights, weights and temperatures.
Examples:
Z: The weight (in grams) of 8 randomly selected 8 Mathematics books
C: The amount of rainfall (in milliliter) in the different cities in Metro Manila
V: The average height of 12 Grade 11 students
ACTIVITY
Determine the following whether Discrete or Continuous Random Variable:
1. X: The number of defective computers produced by a manufacturer
2. M: The average temperature (in oC) in Koronadal City for past 7 days
3. Q: The number of siblings in a family of a region
4. A: The amount of paint utilized in a building project
5. P: The number of dropout in a school district for a period of 10 years
6. F: The speed of a car
7. R: The number of female athletes
8. T: The time needed to finish the test
9. G: The amount of sugar in a cup of coffee
10. K: The number of people who are playing LOTTO each day
Lesson Topic: Values Of A Random Variable (Q3 – Wk. 1, LAS 2)
Learning Targets: Find the possible values of a random variable. (M11/12SP–IIIa–3)
VALUES OF A RANDOM VARIABLE

In some experiment such as tossing a coin three times, rolling a die twice, drawing two balls from an urn, we are
oftentimes concerned with every detail of outcomes.
Definitions:
Random Variable
- a random variable is a set whose elements are the numbers assigned to the outcomes of an experiment. It
is usually denoted by uppercase letters such as X, whose elements are denoted by lowercase letters; x1, x2,
x3, … , xn. That is:
X = { x1, x2, x3, … , xn }
Example:
Suppose a fair of coin is tossed. Let X be the random variable representing the number of tail that occur. Find the
values of the random variable.
Value of the Random Variable X So, the possible values of the
Possible Outcomes
(number of tail) random variable X are 0 and 1.
H 0 Answer: X = { 0, 1 }
T 1
Activity 1:
Write all the possible values of each random variable as described. A sample is given below:
X: Number of female among 6 nurses
Answer: X = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
1. Y: Number of even number outcomes in a roll of a die
2. F: Scores of a student in a 10-item test
3. Z: Product of two numbers taken from two boxes containing numbers from 0 through 3
4. Q: Weight (in mg.) of a powdered milk that does not exceed 80mg
5. V: Duration (in minutes) of a movie that does not exceed 2 hours
Activity 2:
Answer the following problems:
1. Let D represent the defective cell phone and N represent the non defective cell phone. If we let X be the
random variable representing the number of defective cell phones, can you show the values of the random
variable X? Complete the table below to show to show the values of the random variable.
Value of the Random Variable X
Possible Outcomes
(number of defective cell phones)
2. Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable representing the number of tails that occur. Find
the values of the random variable Y. Make a table to show the values of the random variable.
3. Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn containing 5 red balls and 6 blue balls.
Let Z be the random variable representing the number of blue balls. Find the values of the random variable
Z. Make a table to show the values of the random variable.
Lesson Topic: Probability Distribution Of Discrete Random Variable (Q3 – Wk. 1, LAS 3)
Learning Targets: Illustrate probability distribution of discrete random variable;
Determine the properties of discrete probability distribution; and
Construct the graphical presentation of discrete probability distribution. (M11/12SP–IIIa–4)
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE

In constructing probability distribution of a discrete random variable, the concept of getting the probability of an
event is very important.
In doing the frequency distribution of the values of the random variable and determine the probability that each
value of the random variable will occur. The resulting distribution is called a probability distribution of the discrete random
variable. The probability distribution of a discrete random variable is sometimes called the probability mass function.
Properties of a Discrete Probability Distribution
If X is a random variable with n elements, then:
1. Each of the probabilities, P(X), has value which range from 0 through 1.
2. The sum of the probabilities, P(X1) + P(X2) + P(X3) + … + P(Xn) = ∑ 𝑃(𝑋) = 1.
Example: If X is a discrete random variable defined by the number of heads in three tosses of a coin. Find the following:
a. Sample space of the discrete random variable.
b. Illustrate the probability distribution of the discrete random variable.
c. Construct corresponding histogram of the discrete random variable.
Solution:
a. List the sample space of the c. Construct the frequency distribution of
experiment. the values of the random variable X:
S = { HHH, THH, HTH, HHT, Value of the
HTT, THT, TTH, TTT } Values Random Variable
P(X)
of X (X)
b. Construct the frequency distribution (Number of heads)
of number of heads (H) in each 3 1 1/8
outcome and assign this number to
2 3 3/8
this outcome.
1 3 3/8
Value of the
Possible Random Variable 0 1 1/8
Outcomes (X) Total 8 1
(Number of heads) d. The Probability Distribution or Probability
HHH 3 Mass Function:
THH 2 X 0 1 2 3
HTH 2 P(X) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
HHT 2
HTT 1 e. The histogram of the probability distribution
THT 1 of the random variable X.
TTH 1
TTT 0
The values of the random
variable (X) are:
X = { 0, 1, 2, 3 }
Activity 1: Activity 2:
Determine if each probability distribution is a Determine the following whether Discrete or
Discrete Probability Distribution or Not. Continuous Random Variable:
x 0 1 2 3 1. Box A and Box B both contain the numbers
1. 1, 2, 3 and 4. Construct the probability mass
P(x) 1/5 2/5 1/5 1/5
function and draw the histogram of the sum
a 1 2 3 4 5 when one number from each box is taken at
2. a time, with replacement.
P(a) 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.05 0.05
2. Write the probability distribution of the
c 0 1 2 3 random variable Q defined by the outcomes
3. of rolling a fair die.
P(c) 2/7 1/7 5/7 1/7
Lesson Topic: Computing Probabilities In A Random Variable (Q3 – Wk. 2, LAS 1)
Learning Targets: Compute probabilities corresponding to a given random variable. (M11/12SP–IIIb–1)
COMPUTING PROBABILITIES IN A RANDOM VARIABLE

Consider:
x 1 2 3 4
P(x) 1/7 3/7 1/7 2/7
Find:
1. P(3)
2. P(3) + P(4)
3. P(2) P(3)
4. The probability that x assumes a value greater than 1, P(x ˃ 1).
5. The probability that x assumes a value between 2 and 4, P(2 ˂ x ˂ 4).
Answers:
1. P(3) = 1/7
2. P(3) + P(4) = 1/7 + 2/7 = 3/7
3. P(2) P(3) = (3/7) (1/7) = 3/49
4. P(x ˃ 1) = P(2) + P(3) + P(4) = 3/7 + 1/7 + 2/7 = 6/7
5. P(2 ˂ x ˂ 4) = P(3) = 1/7
ACTIVITY
1. Answer the following using the given discrete probability distribution.
y 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(y) 1/7 1/7 1/7 2/7 1/7 1/7
Find:
1. P(even)
2. P(odd)
3. P(greater than 2)
4. P(less than 4)
5. P(between 2 and 6)
2. Answer the following using the given discrete probability distribution.

z 1 2 3 4 5
P(z) 1/9 2/9 1/3 2/9 1/9
Find:
1. P(z ≥ 3)
2. P(z < 5)
3. P(odd)
4. P(2) + P(odd)
5. P(z < 1)
Lesson Topic: The Mean Of A Discrete Random Variable (Q3 – Wk. 2, LAS 2)
Learning Targets: Illustrate the mean of a discrete random variable; (M11/12SP–IIIb–1)
Calculate the mean of a discrete random variable; and (M11/12SP–IIIb–2)
Interpret the mean of a discrete random variable. (M11/12SP–IIIb–3)
THE MEAN OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE

To find the mean (𝜇) or the expected value E(X) of a discrete probability distribution, we use the following formula:
where:
𝜇 = E(X) 𝑋 – value of the random variable
= 𝑋1 . P(𝑋1 ) + 𝑋2 . Pሺ𝑋2 ሻ + 𝑋3 . Pሺ𝑋3 ሻ + … + 𝑋𝑛 . P(𝑋𝑛 ) P(𝑋) – probability of the random variable 𝑋
= ∑[𝑋. P(𝑋)]
𝜇 – mean of the probability distribution
Example:
Suppose four tiles numbered 1, 2, 3 If we rewrite the calculation separating
and 4 are in a jar. A tile is picked and returned the tile number from the probability of each based
in the jar 15 times. The results are as follows: on the results as illustrated below, the
computation would be:
Number of times X 1 2 3 4
Tile
picked
1 2 P(X) 2/15 4/15 8/15 1/15
2 4
3 8 From the results, the average number per
4 1 picked would be computed by:
2 4 8 1
𝜇 = 1( )+2( ) +3( )+4( )
From the results, the average number 15 15 15 15
2 8 24 4
per picked would be computed by: = + + +
15 15 15 15
38
=
15
1ሺ2ሻ + 2ሺ4ሻ + 3ሺ8ሻ + 4ሺ1ሻ
𝑋ത = 𝜇 = 2.53
15
2 + 8 + 24 + 4
= This means that for every tile picked from the
15
38 jar, the number in the tile is in average of 2.53.
=
15
𝑋ത = 2.53
This means that for every tile picked from the
jar, the number in the tile is in average of 2.53.
ACTIVITY:
Answer the following problems.

1 1 1 2 1
1. The probabilities that the customer will buy 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 items in a grocery store are , , , and ,
6 6 6 6 6
respectively. What is the average number of items that a customer will buy?
2. The probabilities that a surgeon operates on 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 patients in any day are 0.15, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30,
respectively. Find the average number of patients that a surgeon operates on a day.
3. Find the mean of the probability distribution of the random variable X, which can take only the values 1, 2 and
10 1 12
3, given that P(1) = , P(2) = and P(3) = .
33 3 33
𝑥+1
4. Find the mean of the probability distribution of the random variable Z if P(Z) = , for X = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
20
5. The random variable Y, representing the number of nuts in a chocolate bar has the following probability
distribution. Compute the mean.
K 0 1 2 3 4
P(K) 1/10 3/10 3/10 2/10 1/10
Lesson Topic: The Variance Of A Discrete Random Variable (Q3 – WK. 2, LAS 3)
Learning Targets: Illustrate the variance of a discrete random variable; and (M11/12SP–IIIb–1)
Calculate the variance of a discrete random variable. (M11/12SP–IIIb–2)
THE VARIANCE OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE

Consider the following formulas:
Variance of a Discrete Probability Distribution Standard Deviation of a Discrete Probability
- the variance of a discrete probability Distribution
distribution is given by the formula: - the standard deviation of a discrete probability
𝜎 2 = ∑[(𝑋 − μ)2 . P(𝑋)] distribution is given by the formula:
where: 𝜎 = √ ∑[(𝑋 − μ)2 . P(𝑋)]
𝑋 – value of the random variable Steps in finding the Variance and Standard Deviation:
P(𝑋) – probability of the random variable 𝑋 1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.
𝜇 – mean of the probability distribution 2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X.
3. Square the results obtained in Step 2.
4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding probability.
5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 4. The result is the value of the variance.
6. Get the square of the variance to get the standard deviation.
Example:
Suppose four tiles numbered Solution:
1, 2, 3 and 4 are in a jar. A tile is Following the steps in finding the variance and standard deviation
picked and returned in the jar 15 of a discrete probability distribution, the following table will be made.
times. Find the variance and standard 𝑋 P(𝑋) 𝑋 . P(𝑋) 𝑋−𝜇 (𝑋 − 𝜇)2 (𝑋 − 𝜇)2. P(𝑋)
deviation if the results are as follows: 2 2
1 15 15
−1.53 2.341 0.312
Number of times 4 8
Tile 2 −0.53 0.281 0.075
picked 15 15
8 24
1 2 3 15 15
0.47 0.221 0.118
2 4 1 4
4 15 15
1.47 2.161 0.144
3 8
4 1 𝜇 = 2.53 𝜎 2 = 0.65
To find for the standard deviation, square the variance. That is:
𝜎 = √ ∑[(𝑋 − μ)2 . P(𝑋)]
= √ 0.65
𝜎 = 0.82
The variance is 0.65 and the standard deviation is 0.82. This means that the
data points are very spread out from the mean, and from each other.
ACTIVITY:
Answer the following problems.
1. Find the variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution of a random variable Z, which can take
10 1 12
only the values 1, 2 and 3, given that P(1) = , P(2) = and P(3) = .
33 3 33
1
2. Find the variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution of the random variable X if for X = 1,
10
2, 3, … , 10.
3. Find the variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution of the random variable M if P(M)
𝑥+1
= , for M = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
20
4. When three coins are tossed, the probability 5. The number of cars sold per day at a local car
distribution for the random variable 𝑋 representing dealership, along with its corresponding probabilities,
the number of heads that occur is given below. is shown in the succeeding table. Compute the variance
Compute the variance and the standard deviation of and the standard deviation of the probability
the probability distribution by following the given distribution by following the given steps.
steps.
Numbers of Cars Sold 𝑋 P(𝑋)
Numbers of Heads 𝑋 P(𝑋) 0 2/17
0 1/8 1 4/17
1 3/8 2 8/17
2 3/8 3 1/17
3 1/8 4 2/17
Lesson Topic: Solving Problems Involving Mean And Variance Of Discrete Random Variable
(Q3 – Wk. 3, LAS 1)
Learning Targets: Solve problems involving mean and variance of a discrete random variable; and (M11/12SP–IIIb–2)
Interpret the mean and variance of a discrete random variable. (M11/12SP–IIIb–3)
SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING MEAN AND VARIANCE OF DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE

To find the mean (𝜇) or the expected value E(X) of a discrete probability distribution, we use the following formula:
where:
𝜇 = E(X) 𝑋 – value of the random variable
= 𝑋1 . P(𝑋1 ) + 𝑋2 . P(𝑋2 ) + 𝑋3 . P(𝑋3 ) + … + 𝑋𝑛 . P(𝑋𝑛 ) P(𝑋) – probability of the random variable 𝑋
= ∑[𝑋. P(𝑋)]
𝜇 – mean of the probability distribution
To find the variance (𝜎 2 ) and the standard deviation (𝜎) of a discrete probability distribution, we use the following
formulas:
Variance of a Discrete Probability Distribution Standard Deviation of a Discrete Probability
- the variance of a discrete probability Distribution
distribution is given by the formula: - the standard deviation of a discrete probability
𝜎 2 = ∑[(𝑋 − μ)2 . P(𝑋)] distribution is given by the formula:
where: 𝜎 = √ ∑[(𝑋 − μ)2 . P(𝑋)]
𝑋 – value of the random variable Steps in finding the Variance and Standard Deviation:
P(𝑋) – probability of the random variable 𝑋 1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.
𝜇 – mean of the probability distribution 2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X.
3. Square the results obtained in Step 2.
4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding probability.
5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 4. The result is the value of the variance.
6. Get the square of the variance to get the standard deviation.
Example:
The random variable X, representing the number of nuts in a chocolate bar has the following probability
distribution. Compute the mean, variance and standard deviation and interpret the results.
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 1/10 2/10 3/10 3/10 1/10
Solution:
To find for the standard deviation,
Following the steps in finding the variance and standard deviation
square the variance. That is:
of a discrete probability distribution, the following table will be made.
𝑋 P(𝑋) 𝑋 . P(𝑋) 𝑋−𝜇 (𝑋 − 𝜇)2 (𝑋 − 𝜇)2 . P(𝑋) 𝜎 = √ ∑[(𝑋 − μ)2 . P(𝑋)]
0 1/10 0 −2.10 4.41 0.441 = √ 1.29
1 2/10 2/10 −1.10 1.21 0.242 𝜎 = 1.14
2 3/10 6/10 −0.10 0.01 0.003 This means that for every chocolate bar,
3 3/10 9/10 −0.90 0.81 0.243
the number of nuts is in average of 2.10. The
variance is 1.29 and the standard deviation is
4 1/10 4/10 −1.90 3.61 0.361
2
1.14. This means that the data points are very
𝜇 = 2.10 𝜎 = 1.29 spread out from the mean, and from each
other.
Activity:
Solve the following problems.
1. The number of cars sold per day at a local car dealership, along with its corresponding probabilities, is shown in
the succeeding table. Compute the mean, variance and the standard deviation of the probability distribution by
following the given steps. Interpret the results.
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 1/10 2/10 3/10 2/10 2/10
2. The number of items sold per day at a retail store, with its corresponding probabilities, is shown in the table. Find
the mean, variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution. Interpret the results.
X 19 20 21 22 23
P(X) 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.20 0.10
Lesson Topic: Understanding Normal Distribution (Q3 – Wk. 3, LAS 2)
Learning Targets: Illustrate the concept of normal distribution; and
State the properties of a normal distribution. (M11/12SP–IIIc–1)
UNDERSTANDING NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

A normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution for a random variable. The graph of a normal
distribution is called the normal curve. The equation of the normal curve with a mean 𝜇 and a standard deviation 𝜎 is:
2
1 𝑋− 𝜇
− ( )
𝑒 2 𝜎 Based on the equation of the
𝑌= normal curve, the appearance of
𝜎 √2𝜋
where: the bell shaped curve still
𝑌 – height of the curve in a particular depends on two values, the mean
values of X 𝜇, and the standard deviation 𝜎
𝑋 – any score in the distribution
𝜎 – standard deviation of the population of the distribution, as illustrated
𝜇 – mean of the population at the left.
𝜋 – 3.1416
𝑒 – 2.7183 Figure 1. The Normal Curve
Understanding Mean and Standard Deviation

Normal distribution can have any mean and
any positive standard deviation. These two parameters,
𝜇 and 𝜎, determine the shape of the normal curve. The
mean gives the location of the line of symmetry, and
the standard deviation describes how much the data are
spread out.
Figure 1 shows some examples of normal
curve with different means and standard deviations.
Normal curve (A) shows a minimal standard deviation, Consider the given figure above, one of the inflection
(B) with medium standard deviation, and (C) with a points occur one standard deviation to the left of the mean,
large standard deviation. Normal curves (A) and (C) and the other occurs one standard deviation to the right of
have the same means, and (B) with a large mean. the mean.
Properties of Normal Distribution:

1. The distribution curve is bell shape.
2. The curve is symmetrical about its center.
3. The mean, the median, and the mode coincide at the center of the distribution.
4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the distribution.
5. The curve is asymptotic with respect to the x-axis, as it extends farther and farther away from the mean.
6. The total area under the normal curve is equal to 1.
Example: Questions:
1. Which normal curve has a greater mean?
2. Which normal curve has a greater standard deviation?
Solutions:
1. The line of symmetry of curve A occurs at x = 15. The line of symmetry
of curve B occurs at x = 12. So, curve A has a greater mean.
2. Curve B is more spread out than curve A. So, curve B has a greater
standard deviation.
ACTIVITY:
Consider the given figure below and answer the following questions.
Questions:
1. Which of the following illustrates a normal curve distribution?
2. Which normal curve has a greater mean? Explain your answer.
3. Which normal curve has a greater standard deviation? Explain your
answer.
4. Compare the means of A and C.
5. Compare the standard deviations of A and B.
Lesson Topic: Interpreting Graphs Of Normal Distributions (Q3 – Wk. 3, LAS 3)
Learning Targets: Interpret graph of a normal distribution. (M11/12SP–IIIc–1)
INTERPRETING GRAPHS OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS

Consider:
The scaled test scores for Bukay Pait National High School Grade 11 Mathematics Test are normally distributed.
The normal curve shown below represents this distribution.
Answer the following:

1. What is the mean test score?
2. Estimate the standard deviation of this normal distribution.
3. Interpret the graph.
Solution:
Interpretation: The scaled test scores for the Bukay Pait National High School Grade 11
Mathematics Test are normally distributed with a mean of about 675 and a
standard deviation of about 35.
Activity:
Try It Yourself:
The scaled test scores for the New York State Grade 8 English Language Arts Test are normally distributed. The
normal curve shown below represents this distribution. What is the mean test score? Estimate the standard deviation of this
normal distribution.
Answer the following:

1. What is the mean test score?
2. Estimate the standard deviation of this normal distribution.
3. Interpret the graph.
LAS Writer: JONH RELL Y. PINGOY Content Editor: JOHANNAH Y. ACHURRA
Lesson Topic: Normal Distribution (Q3 – Wk. 4, LAS 1)
Learning Targets: Identify regions under the normal curve (M11/12SP-IIIc-3)
Reference(s): Belecina, R., Baccay, E. & Mateo, E., 2016. Statistics and Probability. First Edition. Rex Book Store,
Inc, pp. 54 – 71.
It is a normal probability distribution that has a mean µ = 0 and a standard deviation σ = 1 unit. The following
diagram below, is a simplified representation of a standard normal distribution curve showing approximately the
percentage of observations or scores in various regions.
From the given figure we can see that:
a. About 68% of the area lies within 1 standard deviation
of the mean, that is, between −1 and +1
b. About 95% of the area lies within 2 standard
deviations of the mean, that is between −2 and +2.
c. Almost all of the area lies between −3 and +3 standard
deviations from the mean. (Our graph shows 100% of
the observations lie between between−3 and +3 but
more accurately this is 99.74%).
To find the areas of the regions under the normal curve that correspond the z – value, simply find the area of the
given z – value using the z – Table also known as Table of Areas under the Normal Curve.
Note: The z-Table is attached on the later part of this activity sheet.
Example 1. Find the area that corresponds to z = Example 2. Find the area that corresponds to
1.36. z = -0.3.
1. Express the given z into a
z = 1.36 1. Express the given z into a
three – digit form. z = -0.30
three – digit form.
2. In the z – Table, find the row
2. In the table find the row -0.3
1.3
3. In the table, find the Column
3. In the z – Table, find the
with the heading 0.00.
Column with the heading
4. Read the area (or probability) This area is
0.06
at the intersection of the Row 0.38209.
4. Read the area (or probability) This area is
-0.3 and the Column 0.00
at the intersection of the Row 0.91308.
1.3 and the Column 0.06 .
Exercises:
A. Use the z table to find the area that corresponds to each of the following:
1. z = .56
2. z = 1.32
3. z = - 1.05
4. z = - 2.18
5. z = 0.01
The Z-Table / Table of Areas under the Normal Curve
Less Than Cumulative
Z 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

0.00 0.50000 0.50399 0.50798 0.51197 0.51595 0.51994 0.52392 0.52790 0.53188 0.53586
0.10 0.53983 0.54380 0.54776 0.55172 0.55567 0.55962 0.56356 0.56749 0.57142 0.57535
0.20 0.57926 0.58317 0.58706 0.59095 0.59483 0.59871 0.60257 0.60642 0.61026 0.61409
0.30 0.61791 0.62172 0.62552 0.62930 0.63307 0.63683 0.64058 0.64431 0.64803 0.65173
0.40 0.65542 0.65910 0.66276 0.66640 0.67003 0.67364 0.67724 0.68082 0.68439 0.68793
0.50 0.69146 0.69497 0.69847 0.70194 0.70540 0.70884 0.71226 0.71566 0.71904 0.72240
0.60 0.72575 0.72907 0.73237 0.73565 0.73891 0.74215 0.74537 0.74857 0.75175 0.75490
0.70 0.75804 0.76115 0.76424 0.76730 0.77035 0.77337 0.77637 0.77935 0.78230 0.78524
0.80 0.78814 0.79103 0.79389 0.79673 0.79955 0.80234 0.80511 0.80785 0.81057 0.81327
0.90 0.81594 0.81859 0.82121 0.82381 0.82639 0.82894 0.83147 0.83398 0.83646 0.83891
1.00 0.84134 0.84375 0.84614 0.84849 0.85083 0.85314 0.85543 0.85769 0.85993 0.86214
1.10 0.86433 0.86650 0.86864 0.87076 0.87286 0.87493 0.87698 0.87900 0.88100 0.88298
1.20 0.88493 0.88686 0.88877 0.89065 0.89251 0.89435 0.89617 0.89796 0.89973 0.90147
1.30 0.90320 0.90490 0.90658 0.90824 0.90988 0.91149 0.91308 0.91466 0.91621 0.91774
1.40 0.91924 0.92073 0.92220 0.92364 0.92507 0.92647 0.92785 0.92922 0.93056 0.93189
1.50 0.93319 0.93448 0.93574 0.93699 0.93822 0.93943 0.94062 0.94179 0.94295 0.94408
1.60 0.94520 0.94630 0.94738 0.94845 0.94950 0.95053 0.95154 0.95254 0.95352 0.95449
1.70 0.95543 0.95637 0.95728 0.95818 0.95907 0.95994 0.96080 0.96164 0.96246 0.96327
1.80 0.96407 0.96485 0.96562 0.96638 0.96712 0.96784 0.96856 0.96926 0.96995 0.97062
1.90 0.97128 0.97193 0.97257 0.97320 0.97381 0.97441 0.97500 0.97558 0.97615 0.97670
2.00 0.97725 0.97778 0.97831 0.97882 0.97932 0.97982 0.98030 0.98077 0.98124 0.98169
2.10 0.98214 0.98257 0.98300 0.98341 0.98382 0.98422 0.98461 0.98500 0.98537 0.98574
2.20 0.98610 0.98645 0.98679 0.98713 0.98745 0.98778 0.98809 0.98840 0.98870 0.98899
2.30 0.98928 0.98956 0.98983 0.99010 0.99036 0.99061 0.99086 0.99111 0.99134 0.99158
2.40 0.99180 0.99202 0.99224 0.99245 0.99266 0.99286 0.99305 0.99324 0.99343 0.99361
2.50 0.99379 0.99396 0.99413 0.99430 0.99446 0.99461 0.99477 0.99492 0.99506 0.99520
2.60 0.99534 0.99547 0.99560 0.99573 0.99585 0.99598 0.99609 0.99621 0.99632 0.99643
2.70 0.99653 0.99664 0.99674 0.99683 0.99693 0.99702 0.99711 0.99720 0.99728 0.99736
2.80 0.99744 0.99752 0.99760 0.99767 0.99774 0.99781 0.99788 0.99795 0.99801 0.99807
2.90 0.99813 0.99819 0.99825 0.99831 0.99836 0.99841 0.99846 0.99851 0.99856 0.99861
3.00 0.99865 0.99869 0.99874 0.99878 0.99882 0.99886 0.99889 0.99893 0.99896 0.99900
3.10 0.99903 0.99906 0.99910 0.99913 0.99916 0.99918 0.99921 0.99924 0.99926 0.99929
3.20 0.99931 0.99934 0.99936 0.99938 0.99940 0.99942 0.99944 0.99946 0.99948 0.99950
3.30 0.99952 0.99953 0.99955 0.99957 0.99958 0.99960 0.99961 0.99962 0.99964 0.99965
3.40 0.99966 0.99968 0.99969 0.99970 0.99971 0.99972 0.99973 0.99974 0.99975 0.99976
3.50 0.99977 0.99978 0.99978 0.99979 0.99980 0.99981 0.99981 0.99982 0.99983 0.99983
3.60 0.99984 0.99985 0.99985 0.99986 0.99986 0.99987 0.99987 0.99988 0.99988 0.99989
3.70 0.99989 0.99990 0.99990 0.99990 0.99991 0.99991 0.99992 0.99992 0.99992 0.99992
3.80 0.99993 0.99993 0.99993 0.99994 0.99994 0.99994 0.99994 0.99995 0.99995 0.99995
Less than Cumulative
Z 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
-3.80 0.00007 0.00007 0.00007 0.00006 0.00006 0.00006 0.00006 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005
-3.70 0.00011 0.00010 0.00010 0.00010 0.00009 0.00009 0.00008 0.00008 0.00008 0.00008
-3.60 0.00016 0.00015 0.00015 0.00014 0.00014 0.00013 0.00013 0.00012 0.00012 0.00011
-3.50 0.00023 0.00022 0.00022 0.00021 0.00020 0.00019 0.00019 0.00018 0.00017 0.00017
-3.40 0.00034 0.00032 0.00031 0.00030 0.00029 0.00028 0.00027 0.00026 0.00025 0.00024
-3.30 0.00048 0.00047 0.00045 0.00043 0.00042 0.00040 0.00039 0.00038 0.00036 0.00035
-3.20 0.00069 0.00066 0.00064 0.00062 0.00060 0.00058 0.00056 0.00054 0.00052 0.00050
-3.10 0.00097 0.00094 0.00090 0.00087 0.00084 0.00082 0.00079 0.00076 0.00074 0.00071
-3.00 0.00135 0.00131 0.00126 0.00122 0.00118 0.00114 0.00111 0.00107 0.00104 0.00100
-2.90 0.00187 0.00181 0.00175 0.00169 0.00164 0.00159 0.00154 0.00149 0.00144 0.00139
-2.80 0.00256 0.00248 0.00240 0.00233 0.00226 0.00219 0.00212 0.00205 0.00199 0.00193
-2.70 0.00347 0.00336 0.00326 0.00317 0.00307 0.00298 0.00289 0.00280 0.00272 0.00264
-2.60 0.00466 0.00453 0.00440 0.00427 0.00415 0.00402 0.00391 0.00379 0.00368 0.00357
-2.50 0.00621 0.00604 0.00587 0.00570 0.00554 0.00539 0.00523 0.00508 0.00494 0.00480
-2.40 0.00820 0.00798 0.00776 0.00755 0.00734 0.00714 0.00695 0.00676 0.00657 0.00639
-2.30 0.01072 0.01044 0.01017 0.00990 0.00964 0.00939 0.00914 0.00889 0.00866 0.00842
-2.20 0.01390 0.01355 0.01321 0.01287 0.01255 0.01222 0.01191 0.01160 0.01130 0.01101
-2.10 0.01786 0.01743 0.01700 0.01659 0.01618 0.01578 0.01539 0.01500 0.01463 0.01426
-2.00 0.02275 0.02222 0.02169 0.02118 0.02068 0.02018 0.01970 0.01923 0.01876 0.01831
-1.90 0.02872 0.02807 0.02743 0.02680 0.02619 0.02559 0.02500 0.02442 0.02385 0.02330
-1.80 0.03593 0.03515 0.03438 0.03362 0.03288 0.03216 0.03144 0.03074 0.03005 0.02938
-1.70 0.04457 0.04363 0.04272 0.04182 0.04093 0.04006 0.03920 0.03836 0.03754 0.03673
-1.60 0.05480 0.05370 0.05262 0.05155 0.05050 0.04947 0.04846 0.04746 0.04648 0.04551
-1.50 0.06681 0.06552 0.06426 0.06301 0.06178 0.06057 0.05938 0.05821 0.05705 0.05592
-1.40 0.08076 0.07927 0.07780 0.07636 0.07493 0.07353 0.07215 0.07078 0.06944 0.06811
-1.30 0.09680 0.09510 0.09342 0.09176 0.09012 0.08851 0.08692 0.08534 0.08379 0.08226
-1.20 0.11507 0.11314 0.11123 0.10935 0.10749 0.10565 0.10383 0.10204 0.10027 0.09853
-1.10 0.13567 0.13350 0.13136 0.12924 0.12714 0.12507 0.12302 0.12100 0.11900 0.11702
-1.00 0.15866 0.15625 0.15386 0.15151 0.14917 0.14686 0.14457 0.14231 0.14007 0.13786
-0.90 0.18406 0.18141 0.17879 0.17619 0.17361 0.17106 0.16853 0.16602 0.16354 0.16109
-0.80 0.21186 0.20897 0.20611 0.20327 0.20045 0.19766 0.19489 0.19215 0.18943 0.18673
-0.70 0.24196 0.23885 0.23576 0.23270 0.22965 0.22663 0.22363 0.22065 0.21770 0.21476
-0.60 0.27425 0.27093 0.26763 0.26435 0.26109 0.25785 0.25463 0.25143 0.24825 0.24510
-0.50 0.30854 0.30503 0.30153 0.29806 0.29460 0.29116 0.28774 0.28434 0.28096 0.27760
-0.40 0.34458 0.34090 0.33724 0.33360 0.32997 0.32636 0.32276 0.31918 0.31561 0.31207
-0.30 0.38209 0.37828 0.37448 0.37070 0.36693 0.36317 0.35942 0.35569 0.35197 0.34827
-0.20 0.42074 0.41683 0.41294 0.40905 0.40517 0.40129 0.39743 0.39358 0.38974 0.38591
-0.10 0.46017 0.45620 0.45224 0.44828 0.44433 0.44038 0.43644 0.43251 0.42858 0.42465
-0.00 0.50000 0.49601 0.49202 0.48803 0.48405 0.48006 0.47608 0.47210 0.46812 0.46414
Learning Targets: Convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa (M11/12SP-IIIc-4)
Inc, pp. 54 – 71.
To convert a normal random variable X to a standard normal variable Z, use the

formula for calculating z – score:
X − where:
z= (z – score for the population data)
 X = the given measurement of
X −x a normal random variable
z= (z – score for the sample data) μ = population mean
x
σ = population standard
To convert standard normal variable Z to a random variable/raw score X, use the
deviation
formula for calculating X:
x = sample mean
X = µ + z(σ) (raw score for the population data)
 x = sample standard
X = x + z(  x ) (raw score for the sample data)
deviation
Note: The raw score X is above the mean if z is positive and it is below the mean
when z is negative.
Example 1: Find the z-score value that corresponds to a Example 3: Compute for a raw score X for given the sample
normal random variable X = 93 in the given mean µ = 85 and mean 𝑥̅ = 135, and sample standard deviation  x = 30, and
standard deviation σ = 8 of a population in Statistics test.
z = -2.
Given: X = 93, μ = 85, σ = 8, find z Given: x = 135,  x = 30, z = -2, find X
x− X = x + z ( x )
z=
 Thus, the z – score value
X = 135 + (-2)(30)
93 − 85 that corresponds to a
z= normal random variable
X = 135 + -60
8 X = 75
93 is 1.
8
z = =1
8
Example 2: Given X = 20, x = 26 and  x = 4. Compute the Example 4: Find the raw score of standard score of z = 2.52
corresponding z – score. in a normally distributed population with mean 42 and
standard deviation 3.
Given: X = 20, x = 26,  x = 4, Find z Given: μ= 42, σ = 3, z = 2.52, find X
X −x The corresponding z – X =  + z ( )
z=
x score is -1.5 to the left of X = 42 + (2.52) (3)
the mean. X = 42 + 7.56
20 − 26
z= X = 49.56
4
−6
z= = −1.5
4
ACTIVITY
Find what is being asked in the given problems.

1. In a given normal distribution, the sample mean is 20.5 and the sample standard deviation is 5.4. Find the corresponding
standard score of 18.
2. The average score in a Statistics and Probability Test is 83 with standard deviation 12. Find X, when z = 1?
3. A group of students in ABM compares their scores in their major subject for this semester. They find that the average
score is 39 with the standard deviation of 6. Find the score when z – value is equal to 0.17.
4. The weight of adults in one Barangay of South Cotabato approaches to normal distribution with a mean of 52.9 kg and
standard deviation of 7.2 kg. Find the z – value when the weight is 48.5 kg.
5. The weights of 10 – year – old girls are known to be normally distributed with a mean of 33 kg and a standard deviation
of 4 kg. Find the z value of 10-year-old girls that weights 29 kg.
Learning Targets: Co Computes probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal table. (M11/12SP-IIIc-d-1)
Inc, pp. 74 – 88.
The Probability Notations Under the Normal Curve
The following mathematical notations for a random variable are used in various solutions concerning the normal
curve.
P ( z < a ) denotes the probability that the z-score is less than a
P ( z > a ) denotes the probability that the z-score is greater than a
P ( a < z < b ) denotes the probability that the z-score is between a and b where: a and b are z-score values.
Note: It is important to correctly interpret the phrases such as:
Notation Possible Phrases
P(z<a) Less than z At most z Not more than z Below z To the left of z
P(z>a) Greater than z At least z More than z Above z To the right of z
P(a<z<b) z is between a and b
Example 1: Find the probability of the area below z = 0.50. Example 3: Find the 85th percentile of a normal distribution.
Step 1: Sketch the Step 1: Draw appropriate
curve. normal curve.
85%
The probability that
Z<0.5 is equal to
the shaded area 0 z
Step 2: Express the 85% is the same as .8500
under the curve.
percentage as probability.
Step 3: Refer to the Table This area is not found in the
Step 2: Consult the z = 0.50 corresponds to an area of of Areas Under the Normal table. It is between 0.84849 (z
z - Table and find 0. 0.69146 Curve. = 1.03 and 0.85083 (z = 1.04).
the area that Step 4: Find the average of 1.03 + 1.04 2.07
corresponds to z = z= = = 1.035
the two z values. 2 2
0.50 Step 5: Locate z=1.035 The 85th percentile is z=1.035
Step 3. Make a Thus, the probability of the area under the curve in step 1
statement indicating below z = 0.50 is 0.69146 or and make a statement
the required area. 69.146%. Step 6: Describe the The shaded region is 85% of
shaded region the distribution.
Example 2: Find the probability of the area between z = -1 The 85th percentile of the
and 1.3. distribution is the shaded
Step 1: Sketch the region to the left of z=1.035
curve. 85%
as shown in the normal curve.
0 1.035
The probability that
-1<Z<1.3 is equal
Activity: Answer the following and illustrate each under
to the shaded area
under the curve. the normal curve:
Step 2: Examine To find the probability of P (-1<Z<1.3), 1. Compute the probability area to the left of z = -1.25.
the graph and use we use the following formula: 2. Find the 90th percentile of a normal curve.
probability notation P (-1<Z<1.3) = P (Z<1.3) – P(Z<-1)
to form an equation That is: 3. Find the probability area between z = -0.25 and z =
showing the P(Z<1.3) = 0.90320 and 1.5.
appropriate P(Z<-1)= 0.15866
operation to get the P (-1<Z<1.3) = 0.90320 - 0.15866 4. In one Barangay of South Cotabato, there are 500
required area. = 0.74454 families who are members of SAP. Their mean of
Step 3. Make a Thus, the probability of the area
statement between z = -1 and z = 1.3 is 0.74454 family members is 6 with a standard deviation of 2.
indicating the
or 74.454%. a. How many families have 4 to 11 members?
required area.
b. Find the percentage of families with more than 9.
Lesson Topic: Sampling Distribution (Q3 – Wk. 5, LAS 1)
Learning Targets: Illustrate random sample (M11/12SP-IIId-2);
Inc, pp. 100 – 102.
Finch, S., & Gordan, L., 2013. Random sampling-A guide for teachers–Years 11 and 12. Probability
and statistics: Module, 23.
Researchers in different fields want to learn about a population. However, it may be impossible or at least impractical to
obtain data from the whole population. Suppose you want to find out the plans after completing Junior High School of 1,
000 Grade 10 Learners. Rather than asking all of them it would be easier if you will ask representatives of the whole
population. We call that random sample.
The word random describes the procedure used to select elements from a population. When random sampling is used, each
element in the population has an equal chance of being selected. A population includes all the elements from a set of data.
A sample consists of selected observations drawn from a population. It is a subset of the population. Gathering information
about an entire population often costs too much or is virtually impossible. Instead, we use a sample of the population.
For example, the total learners in a school is 1000 and to conduct a survey, a sample group of 100 learners is selected to do
the survey. In this case, the population is the total number of learners in the school and the sample group of 100 learners is
the sample. Each member has an equal opportunity of being chosen because all the learners which were chosen to be part
of the survey were selected randomly. But, there is always a possibility that the group or the sample does not represent the
population as a whole, in that case, any random variation is termed as a sampling error
Example:
Illustrative Example:
Grade 10 learners: 1, 000 learners (population) Random sample: 100 learners
sample
100
population
1,000
Activity 1. Identify whether the following refer to population or sample:

________1. The total number of students in a school.
________2. A group of 30 patients in a hospital undergoing treatment for COVID.
]]] ________3. The ages of all vendors in a public market.
________4. The top 50 top-earning Filipinos.
________5. The list of all countries in the world.
Activity 2. Consider sampling the 300 students, in a different way, to obtain a sample of 150 stu-dents. Alongside each
name, the numbers 1 and 2 are listed alternately (1, 2, 1, 2, . . .). A fair coin is tossed. If the outcome is heads, the sample is
taken to be the 150 students with a ‘1’ next to their name. If the outcome is tails, the sample is the 150 students with a ‘2’
next to their name.
a. Using this method, how many possible samples of 150 can be obtained?
b. Does every student have the same chance of selection?
c. Is this a simple random sample?
Learning Targets: Distinguish between parameter and statistic (M11/12SP-IIId-3)
Inc, pp. 100 – 102.
Recall the difference between population and sample as what we have learned in the introduction of statistics. A
population data set contains all members of a specified group (the entire list of possible data values). A sample data set
contains a part, or a subset, of a population. The size of a sample is always less than the size of the population from which
it is taken.
If the average comes from the population, we call that parameter (a numerical measure that describes the whole
population). If the average comes from the sample, we call that statistic (a numerical measure that describes a sample).
Parameters are denoted by the following symbols; (µ) for population mean, (σ2) for population variance and (σ) for
population standard deviation. Statistics are denoted by the following symbols; ( x ) for sample mean, (  x2 ) for sample
variance and (  x ) for sample standard deviation.
Illustrative Example: Illustrative Examples:

Grade 10 learners: 1, 000 learners (population) A. Parameter
Random sample: 100 learners 1. The average income of employees of South
Cotabato.
sample
2. Mean height of the dogs in the municipality.
100
statistic 3. The percentage of parents willing to permit their
Generalization learners for Face to Face learning in the
from sample. province.
1,000
population B. Statistic
parameter 1. The grade point average of 50 of graduating
Generalization Grade 12 learners.

from population. 2. The percentage of 100 parent who agrees with
the latest health care protocols to fight against
COVID 19.
ACTIVITY
B. For each, identify the parameter and statistic used in
A. Distinguish the following as Parameter or Statistic.
the given study.
1. The average score in Statistics and Probability of 50
learners in a class of 200. 1. A researcher wants to estimate the average death
2. The average allowance of learners in South Cotabato. age of Filipino women in the last decade and
3. The average income of 50 families in the province. from a sample of 100 deaths, he obtained a
4. The percentage of individuals who willing to get sample mean age of 73.
vaccinated in the municipality. 2. A researcher wants to estimate the average
5. Percentage of learners choosing Modular Distance height of men. From a simple random sample of
45 men, the researcher obtains a sample mean
learning out of 100 respondents.
height of 163.22 cm.
Learning Targets: Identifies sampling distributions of statistics (sample mean). (M11/12SP-IIId-4)
Inc, pp. 100 – 109.
Sampling distribution of sample means is a frequency distribution using the means computed from all possible
random samples of a specific size taken from a population.
In other words, if we repeatedly collect samples of the same sample size from the population, compute the statistics
(mean, standard deviation, proportion), and then draw a histogram of those statistics, the distribution of that histogram tends
to have is called the sample distribution of that statistics (mean, standard deviation, proportion)
The mean of the sampling distribution ALWAYS equals the mean of the population.
x=
Steps in Constructing the Sampling Distribution of the Means
1. Determine the number of possible samples that can be drawn from the population using the formula:
N Cn
Where: N = size of the population
n = size of the sample
2. List all the possible samples and compute the mean of each sample.
3. Construct a frequency distribution of the sample means obtained in Step 2.
A population consist of the numbers 2, 4, 9, 10, and 5. Consider Step 3. Construct a Frequency Distribution
samples of size 4 that can be drawn from this population.
Sample Mean Probability
Step 1. Determine the number of possible samples Frequency
x P( x )
N! 5! 5x4 x3x2 x1 1
5.00 1
N = 5, n = 4 N C n = ( N − n)!n! = (5 − 4)!4! = (1)(4 x3x 2 x1) 5
1
5.25 1 5
=5
1
6.25 1
Step 2. List all the possible samples and compute the mean of 5
each sample. 1
6.5 1 5
Sample 2,4,9,10 2,4,9,5 2,9,10,5 2,5,10,4 4,5,9,10
1
Mean 6.25 5.00 6.50 6.25 7 7 1
5
Total 5 1
Exercises:
A. How many samples of size n = 3 can be selected from a population with the following sizes?
1. N = 4 2. N = 8 3. N = 20 4. N = 50
B. Construct the Simple Distribution of the Means for the given problem
A population consist of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 8, and 11. Consider the samples of size 2 that can be drawn from
this population.
Learning Targets: Finds the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean. (M11/12SP-IIId-5)
Inc, pp. 110 – 125.
Properties of the Sampling Distribution of Sample Mean

If all possible samples of size n are drawn from a population of size N with mean μ and variance σ 2, then the
sampling distribution of the sample means has the following properties:
1. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means x is equal to the population mean μ. That is,
x=
2. The variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given by:
2 N −n 2
 x2 = • for finite population  x2 = for infinite population
n N −1 n
3. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given by:
 N −n 
x = • for finite population  x = for infinite population
n N −1 n
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is called the standard error of the mean.

Example 1. Given μ = 80, σ = 20, n = 19. Find x , x and
2
Example 2. Given μ = -10, σ = 5, n = 500, find x and x
 x2 Solution:
Solution: a. Solve for sample mean x :

x =  = −10
A. Solve for sample mean: x = 
x =  = 80 b. Solving for variance
 x2
2
52 25
B. Solving for standard deviation:  x  = = = = 0.05
2
x
n 500 500
 20 20
X = = = = 4.59
n 19 4.36
C. Solving for variance:  x

2
2 20 2 400
 x2 = = = = 21.05
n 19 19
2 
ACTIVITY: Find x , x and x for the following.
1. Given μ = 5.75, σ = 1.02, n=81.

2. Given μ = 128, σ = 22, n=36.
3. Given μ = 12, σ = 1.5, n=90.
4. Given μ = 72, σ = 6, n=45.
5. A population has mean 5.75 and standard deviation of 1.02. If a random sample of 81 are taken, find the mean
and variance of the sample mean.
Learning Targets: Defines the sampling distribution of the sample mean for normal population when the
variance is known (M11/12SP-IIIe-1)
Inc, pp. 110 – 125.

x=
2 N −n 2
n N −1 n
 N −n 
n N −1 n
Example 1. Suppose the mean amount of cholesterol in Example 2. A school has 800 senior high school students.
eggs labeled “large” is 186 milligrams, with standard The average height of these students is 65 in. with a standard
deviation 7 milligrams. Find the mean and variance for a deviation of 5 in. Suppose you draw a sample of 45 students.
sample size of 100. Find the mean and standard deviation of the sampling
Given: μ = 186, σ = 7, n = 100 distribution.
Solution: Given: N = 800, μ = 65, σ = 5, n = 45
Solution:
A. Solving for sample mean x
x =  = 186 a. Solve for sample mean x :
x =  = 65
B. Solving for variance:
b. Solving for standard deviation
X
272 49
 x2 = = = = .49  N −n 5 800 − 45 1 755
n 100 100 X = • = • = • = .11 • .97
n N − 1 45 800 − 1 9 799
= 0.1067
ACTIVITY: Solve for the following
1. Compute the mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean when you plan to have
a simple random sampling of size 64 from a population with mean of 44 and standard deviation of 16.
2. Random samples of size 225 are drawn from a population with mean 100 and standard deviation 20. Find the
mean and variance of the sample mean.
3. Random samples of size 64 are drawn from a population with mean 32 and standard deviation 5. Find the mean
and variance of the sample mean.
4. With the same distribution of young women’s height where the mean is 52.5 inches and a standard deviation of
6.25 inches, what will be your new sample mean and standard deviation for a sample size of 100?
5. If a random sample of 81 are taken from a population with a mean (μ) of 5.75 and standard deviation of 1.02,
then what will be the mean and variance of the sample mean.
Learning Targets: Defines the sampling distribution of the sample mean for normal population when the
variance is known (M11/12SP-IIIe-1)
Inc, pp. 110 – 125.

x=
2 N −n 2
n N −1 n
 N −n 
n N −1 n
4. The standard deviation of an finite population is given by:
 (xi −  )2
σ = population standard deviation
= N = the size of the population
N xi
=each value from the population
μ = the population mean
When variance is unknown (if the population is finite with mean When variance is unknown (if the population is finite with mean
μ and standard deviation σ or the sampling is without μ and standard deviation σ or the sampling is without
replacement) replacement)
Example 1. Random samples with size 4 are drawn from a Example 2. Consider a group of N = 4 people with the following
population having the values 14,19,26,20,44 and 47. Find the ages: 16,18, 20 and 22. Consider samples of size n = 2 from the
mean and the standard error of the sample means. group. Find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution.
Solution: Solution:
A. Solving the population mean:
A. Solving the population mean:
16 + 18 + 20 + 22 76
14 + 19 + 26 + 20 + 44 + 47 170 = = = 19
= = = 28.33 4 4
6 6
x=
B. Solving for sample mean:
x= B. Solving for sample mean:
x =  = 19
x =  = 28.33
C. To compute for the population standard deviation:
C. To get the standard error of the sample means, compute
2 =
(16 − 19 )2 + (18 − 19 )2 + (20 − 19 )2 + (22 − 19 )2 =
20
=5
first the population standard deviation:
4 4
(14 − 28.33)2 + (19 − 28.33)2 + (26 − 28.33)2 + (20 − 28.33)2 + (44 − 28.33)2 + (47 − 28.33)2
= D. Solving for variance of the sample:
6
 =
205.35 + 87.05 + 5.43 + 69.39 + 245.55 + 348.57
=
961.33
= 160.22 = 12.66  2 N −n 5 4−2
6 6  x2 = • = • = 2.5 • .67 = 1.675
D. Solving for standard of error of the mean: n N −1 2 4 −1
 N − n 12.66 6 − 4 12.66 2
x = • = • = • = 3.165 • .6325 = 2.00
n N −1 4 6 −1 4 5
ACTIVITY:
1. If a population consist of the values (3,5,8,9). Consider possible samples of size 2. Find the mean and variance of
the sample mean.
2. A population consists of three numbers (3,4,7). Consider all possible samples of size 2 which can be drawn from
the population. Find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means.
3. A population consist of five numbers 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18. Find the mean and variance of the sample means when
sample size is 3.
LAS Writer: RODEL L. SAMBOG Content Editor: JOHANNAH Y. ACHURRA
Lesson Topic: Central Limit Theorem (Q3 – Wk. 7, LAS 1)
Learning Targets: Illustrate the Central Limit Theorem (M11/12SP-IIIe-2)
Inc, p.119.
Illustrating the Central Unit Theorem

Central Limit Theorem: If random samples of size n are drawn from a population, then as n becomes larger, the
sampling distribution of the mean approaches the normal distribution, regardless of the shape of the population
distribution.
Illustrative Example
The Central Limit Theorem can be illustrated by carrying out an experiment using a die. To get
accurate representation of the population distribution, let’s roll a die 500 times. Figure 1 shows the result of
this scenario, made possible by simulation using Microsoft Excel. As expected, we can see that the
distribution looks fairly flat, and not a normal distribution.
Figure 1. Histogram reflecting the frequency of rolling a die 500 Figure 2. Histogram of the sampling distribution of the means
times. for rolling the die twice.
Figure 3. Histogram of the sampling distribution of the Figure 4. Histogram of the sampling distribution of the
means for rolling the die 10 times. means for rolling the die 30 times.
In Figure 2, the die was rolled twice and the process was repeated 500 times. The histogram depicts the sampling
distribution of the means which is looking more bell-shaped. This gets better in Figure 3 and Figure 4 where the number
of rolls (sample size) increased to 10 and 30, respectively. The histograms for each set of averages show that as the
sample size, or number of rolls, increases, the sampling distributions of the means comes closer to resembling a normal
distribution. In addition, the variation of the sample means decreases as the sample size increases.
The Central Limit Theorem states that for a large enough n, the population mean 𝜇 can be approximat ed by a normal
𝜎
distribution with mean 𝑥̅ and standard deviation 𝑛. The population mean for a six-sided die is (1+2+3+4+5+6)/6=3.5 and the
√
population standard deviation is 1.708. Thus, if the theorem holds true, the mean of the thirty averages should
1.708
be about 3.5 with standard deviation = 0.3 Using the die we rolled via simulation on Microsoft Excel, the mean of
√30
the 30 averages is 3.49 and the standard deviation is 0.30 which are very close to the calculated approximations.
ACTIVITY
Assume that 5 students have the following ages: 17, 19, 22, 26, and 20. Assume that random samples
of size n=2 are selected with replacement (the same student could be chosen twice).
a. Make a list of all possible samples.
b. Find the mean of each sample and construct a table and histogram of the sampling distribution of the
means.
c. Compare the mean of the population to the mean of the sampling distribution of the mean.
d. Do the sample means target the value of the population mean?
Lesson Topic: Describing the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean using the CLT
(Q3 – Wk. 7, LAS 2)
Learning Targets: Define the sampling distribution of the sample mean using the Central Limit
Theorem (M11/12SP-IIIe-3)
Inc, pp.120-121.
Applying CLT to the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

According to Central Limit Theorem, any sampling distribution of sample mean approaches the normal distribution as the
sample size increases. Consequently, (a) the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means 𝜇𝑥 will be equal to
population mean 𝜇 and (b) the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means 𝜎𝑥 will be equal to the
quotient of the population standard deviation 𝜎 and the square root of the sample size n (remember that the square of both
sides of the equation gives the variance). In symbols,
Remark: Infinite population is being assumed. In reality, samples of infinite population rarely exist. But we still use this
formula because of Central Limit Theorem.
Examples
A population has a mean of 110 and a standard deviation of 6. A random sample of 20 measurements is drawn from this
population. Describe the sampling distribution of the sample means by computing its mean and standard deviation.
Steps Solution
1. Identify the given information. 𝜇 = 110, 𝜎 = 6, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 20
2. Find the mean of the sampling distribution. Use the 𝜇𝑋 = 𝜇
property that 𝜇𝑋 = 𝜇. =110
3. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.

Use the property that .
20
The grades of Senior High School learners in Statistics is normally distributed with mean of 84 and standard deviation of
2.75. If 45 samples consisting of 30 learners each are drawn from the population, what would be the expected mean and
standard deviation of the resulting sampling distribution of the means?
Steps Solution
1. Identify the given information. 𝜇 = 84, 𝜎 = 2.75, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 30
2. Find the mean of the sampling distribution. Use the 𝜇𝑋 = 𝜇
property that 𝜇𝑋 = 𝜇. =84
3. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.

Use the property that .
ACTIVITY
1. A random sample of n=200 measurements is obtained from a population with 𝜇 = 103 and 𝜎 = 18. Describe the
sampling distribution of the sample means by computing the 𝜇𝑋 and .
2. A random sample of n=65 measurements is obtained from a population with 𝜇 = 97.4 and 𝜎 = 6.9. Describe the
sampling distribution of the sample means by computing the 𝜇𝑋 and 𝜎𝑋 .
3. The scores of individual students on a national test have normal distribution with mean 17.8 and standard deviation
of 4.2. At a certain school in South Cotabato, 69 learners took the test. If the scores of this school have the same
distribution as national scores, what are the mean and standard deviation of the sample mean for 69 students?
Lesson Topic: Solving Problems Involving Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean (Q3 – Wk. 7, LAS 3)
Learning Targets: Solve problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean (M11/12SP-IIIf-1)
Inc, pp.126 - 133.
SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEANS
The Central Limit Theorem assures that no matter the shape of the population distribution of the mean is, the
sampling distribution of the sample means is closely normally distributed whenever n is large. It justifies the use of the
formula below when computing for the probability that 𝑋̅ will take on a value within a given range in the sampling
distribution of 𝑋̅.
Where 𝑋̅ = sample mean
𝑋̅ − 𝜇 𝜇 = population mean
𝑧= 𝜎
𝜎 = population standard deviation
√𝑛
n = sample size
Example
The average number of Facebook (FB) friends of the Senior High School learners in South Cotabato is 2, 896 with a
standard deviation of 17. Assume that the variable is normally distributed. (a) If a learner is selected, what is the
probability that he or she has more than 2 900 FB friends? (b) If 69 learners are randomly selected, what is the probability
that their average FB friends is less than 2, 900?
Solution to (a) Solution to (b)
ACTIVITY
An electrical company claims that the average life of the bulbs it manufactures is 1 300 hours with a standard deviation
of 260 hours. If a random sample of 110 bulbs is chosen, what is the probability that the sample mean will be:
a. greater than 1 160 hours?
b. less than 1 260 hours?
c. between 1 160 and 1 260 hours?
Lesson Topic: Percentile and the T-Distribution (Q3 – Wk. 8, LAS 1)
Learning Targets: Illustrate the t-distribution (M11/12SP-IIIg-2)
Identify the percentile using the t-table (M11/12SP-IIIg-3)
Inc, pp.169 - 171.
Percentile and the T-Distribution

Student’s t-distribution (or simply t-distribution) is any member of a family of continuous probability distributions
that arises when estimating the mean 𝜇 of a normally distributed population in situations where the sample size is small (𝑛
< 30) and the population standard deviation 𝜎 is unknown. It incorporates the fact that for smaller sample sizes, the
distribution will be spread out using the degrees of freedom. Degrees of freedom are defined as the number of values or
“observations” in the data that are free to vary when estimating statistical parameters. For confidence intervals, the degree
of freedom will always be df = n – 1, or one less the sample size. Moreover, using the t-table, percentiles can be identified.
Examples (Use the attached t table which reflects the right-tailed area 𝛼 of the distribution)
1. Given 𝛼 = 0.05 to the right of the

tdistribution and 𝑛 = 7, find the t value.
Solution: First, we need to compute df.
Using the formula for df, we have 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛
− 1 = 7 − 1 = 6.
Next, find the intersection of 𝛼 and df as
shown at the right. Hence, 𝒅𝒇 =
𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟑.
Note: 𝛼 = 0.05 𝑖𝑠 𝑡0.050
1. Given 𝑑𝑓 = 12 and 𝑡 = 7, find the 90th

percentile.
Solution: The 90th percentile is the number
where 90% of the values lie below it and 10%
lie above it, so you want the right-tail area to
be 0.10. Move across the row, find the
column for 0.10, and then locate the t-value
using 𝑑𝑓 = 12.
Hence, the 90th percentile is 1.356.
Note: 𝛼 = 0.10 𝑖𝑠 𝑡0.100
Activity
Complete the table.
Percentile n df Right-Tailed Area t

1. 90th 16
2. 95th 9
3. 75th 16
4. 97.5th 11
5. 99th 29
T Table
0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.001 0.0005

df
1 3.078 6.314 12.076 31.821 63.657 318.310 636.620
2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 22.326 31.598
3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 10.213 12.924
4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 7.173 8.610
5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 5.893 6.869
6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.208 5.959

7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.785 5.408
8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 4.501 5.041
9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.297 4.781
10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.144 4.587
11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.025 4.437

12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.930 4.318
13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.852 4.221
14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.787 4.140
15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.733 4.073
16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.686 4.015

17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.646 3.965
18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.610 3.922
19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.579 3.883
20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.552 3.850
21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.527 3.819

22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.505 3.792
23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.485 3.767
24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.467 3.745
25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.450 3.725
26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.435 3.707

27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.421 3.690
28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.408 3.674
29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.396 3.659
30 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.385 3.646
40 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.307 3.551

60 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.232 3.460
120 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 3.160 3.373
1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090 3.291
Lesson Topic: Length of the Confidence Interval (Q3 – Wk. 8, LAS 2)
Learning Targets: Identify the length of the confidence interval (M11/12SP-IIIj-1)
Compute for the length of the confidence interval (M11/12SP-IIIj-2)
Inc, p.159.
Length of the Confidence Interval

Confidence interval refers to the probability that a population parameter will fall between a set of values for a certain
proportion of times. Confidence intervals measure the degree of uncertainty or certainty in a sampling method. Furthermore,
the length of the confidence interval can be calculated under different conditions using the formulas below.
Condition Formula
Population standard 𝑧𝑎/2 − 𝑧 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒, 𝑛 − 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
deviation 𝜎 is known and 𝑛 ≥ 30 𝜎 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Population standard deviation 𝜎 is 𝑡𝑎/2 − 𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
unknown and 𝑛 < 30 𝑠 − 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑛 − 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
When the population standard deviation 𝜎 is known and 𝑛 ≥ 30, the values of 𝑧𝑎/2 are listed below with the usual
confidence level used in estimating population mean.
Confidence Level
90%
95%
98%
99%
Examples
Problem Solution
1. Find the length of the confidence From the table above, 95% confidence level has a 𝑧𝑎/2 value of 1.96. Using the
interval given the following data: formula, we have,
𝜎 = 0.5, 𝑛 = 68,
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 95%
Thus, the length of the confidence interval is equal to 0.24.

2. Find the length of the confidence Since 𝜎 is unknown and 𝑛 < 30, we use the t distribution. Let’s solve first for the df.
interval given the following data: 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 =18-1=17
𝑠 = 7.5, 𝑛 = 18, Since 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑠 98% ,
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 98%
𝛼 = 1 − 0.98 = 0.02. Moreover, .
From the t table, 𝑡𝛼/2 = 𝑡0.01 = 2.57. Hence,
Thus, the length of the confidence interval is 9.09.

Note: When the limits or intervals are the only values given, just subtract the lower limit from the upper limit.
Activity
Find the length of the confidence interval (LCI) given the following data:
1. 𝜎 = 0.4, 𝑛 = 56, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 90%
2. 𝜎 = 0.5, 𝑛 = 121, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 95%
3. 𝑠 = 0.7, 𝑛 = 12, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 98%
4. 𝑠 = 2.5, 𝑛 = 28, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 99%
5. Upper confidence limit = 0.471; Lower confidence limit = 0.438
Lesson Topic: Solving Problems involving Sample Size Determination (Q3 – Wk. 8, LAS 3)
Learning Targets: Compute for the appropriate sample size using the length of interval (M11/12SP-IIIj-3)
Solve problems involving sample size determination (M11/12SP-IIIj-4)
Reference(s): Belecina, R., Baccay, E. and Mateo, E. 2016. Statistics and Probability. 1st ed. Sta. Mesa Heights,
Quezon City: Rex Book Store, Inc. (RBSI). p. 159
SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION

The sample size is the number (n) of observations taken from a population through which statistical
inferences for the whole population are made.
The following formulas are used in determining the sample size:
The minimum sample size needed when estimating the The minimum sample size needed when estimating the
population mean is determined by the formula population proportion is determined by the formula
Where E is the maximum error of the estimate. Where E is the maximum error of the estimate.
Examples
Directions: Find the sample size of each of the following.
98% confidence, 𝜎 = 40, 𝐸 = 5 98% confidence, 𝐸 = 0.3, 𝑝̂ = 0.62 Note: 𝑞̂ = 1 − 𝑝̂
𝑧𝛼⁄2 ∙ 𝜎
2 = 1 − 0.62 = 0.38
𝑛=( )
𝐸
(2.33)(40) 2
𝑛=[ ]
5
𝑛 = 347.45 𝑜𝑟 348
Directions: Solve the following problems to determine the sample size.
A Senior High School teacher wants to estimate the Rodel wants to know, with 95% confidence, the
average number of hours his working students work per proportion of students who play Mobile Legends (ML). A
week. The standard deviation from previous study is 3.2 previous study showed that 46% play ML. Rodel wants to
hours. How large a sample must be selected if he wants to be accurate within 3% of the true proportion.
be 99% confident of finding whether the true mean differs What sample size does he need?
from the sample mean by 1 hour? Solution:
Solution: Since 𝜎 = 3.2, 99% 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Note that 𝑞̂ = 1 − 𝑝̂ = 1 − 0.46 = 0.54 Since 𝐸 =
̂ = 0.46, 𝑞̂ = 0.54, and confidence level is
0.03, 𝑝
95%, then
Therefore, to be 99% confident that the estimate differs

from the true mean by 1 hour, the teacher needs a sample Thus, Rodel needs a sample of 1291 students.
size of at least 69 working students.
Activity.
Find the sample size of each of the following:
1. 90% confidence, 𝜎 = 25, 𝐸 = 3 2. 98% confidence, 𝐸 = 2.6, 𝑝̂ = 0.37
3. Yellow Bus Lines, Inc. wants to know the amount of time it takes its bus to travel from one bus stop to the next.
From the past observations, the standard deviation is 25 minutes. How many samples are needed in order to be 98% sure
that that the maximum error of estimate is 5 minutes?
4. You want to know the average number of hours a student spends each day in watching Korean Drama Series. The
standard deviation from previous study is 3.7 hours. How large a sample must be selected if you wants to be 95% confident
of finding whether the true mean differs from the sample mean by half an hour?

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Name: Grade & Section: Score:

School: Teacher: Subject: Statistics & Probability

UNDERSTANDING RANDOM VARIABLE

Classifications of Random Variable:

VALUES OF A RANDOM VARIABLE

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE

COMPUTING PROBABILITIES IN A RANDOM VARIABLE

2. Answer the following using the given discrete probability distribution.

THE MEAN OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE

Answer the following problems.

THE VARIANCE OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE

SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING MEAN AND VARIANCE OF DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE

UNDERSTANDING NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Understanding Mean and Standard Deviation

Properties of Normal Distribution:

INTERPRETING GRAPHS OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS

Answer the following:

Answer the following:

Less Than Cumulative

Z 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

To convert a normal random variable X to a standard normal variable Z, use the

Find what is being asked in the given problems.

The Probability Notations Under the Normal Curve

Activity 1. Identify whether the following refer to population or sample:

variance and (  x ) for sample standard deviation.

Illustrative Example: Illustrative Examples:

Generalization Grade 12 learners.

vaccinated in the municipality. 2. A researcher wants to estimate the average

Steps in Constructing the Sampling Distribution of the Means

Properties of the Sampling Distribution of Sample Mean

Solution: a. Solve for sample mean x :

C. Solving for variance:  x

1. Given μ = 5.75, σ = 1.02, n=81.

Properties of the Sampling Distribution of Sample Mean

ACTIVITY: Solve for the following

Properties of the Sampling Distribution of Sample Mean

Illustrating the Central Unit Theorem

Applying CLT to the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

3. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.

3. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.

SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEANS

Solution to (a) Solution to (b)

Percentile and the T-Distribution

1. Given 𝛼 = 0.05 to the right of the

Note: 𝛼 = 0.05 𝑖𝑠 𝑡0.050

1. Given 𝑑𝑓 = 12 and 𝑡 = 7, find the 90th

Percentile n df Right-Tailed Area t

0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.001 0.0005

6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.208 5.959

11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.025 4.437

16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.686 4.015

21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.527 3.819

26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.435 3.707

40 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.307 3.551

Length of the Confidence Interval

Thus, the length of the confidence interval is equal to 0.24.

Thus, the length of the confidence interval is 9.09.

SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION

Therefore, to be 99% confident that the estimate differs

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