AIR FILTRATION MATERIALS/PARTS

Your exhaust system is comprised of a variety of components that work together to

direct harmful gases away from the vehicle, in the safest way possible.

EXHAUST MANIFOLD
The exhaust manifold connects to the cylinder head and takes each cylinder’s exhaust,
collecting it into one pipe. The size of your car’s exhaust manifold will depend on the
number of cylinders your engine has.

OXYGEN SENSOR
All modern vehicles have at least two oxygen sensors (O2 sensors). Just as the name
says, it senses how much oxygen is in your exhaust and sends that information to your
car’s computer.
From there, the computer can then add or subtract fuel to achieve maximum fuel
economy. The other job it does is it makes sure that your catalytic converter is doing its
job and cleaning the air going through your exhaust system.

The first O2 sensor was used by Volvo in the late 1970s. Due to federal emission laws
in 1981, oxygen sensors became virtually mandatory in all vehicles’ exhaust system
components.

CATALYTIC CONVERTER
This vital part of your exhaust system converts harmful carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbons into water vapor and carbon dioxide. Some catalytic converters also
reduce harmful nitrogen oxides.

HANGERS
The exhaust system hangers, that can also be referred to as exhaust supports, are the
mounts that are used to secure and support the exhaust pipes to the underside of the
vehicle. For your exhaust system’s overall health, even a single broken hanger can be
dangerous. When one hanger breaks, there’s increased pressure on the others.
If your exhaust system has a broken hanger, it need to be replaced immediately by your
local professional repair shop.

EXHAUST JOINTS
Clamps and joints can be damaged when there’s a lot of movement in the exhaust
system. Fortunately, cracked welded joints at a muffler or resonator joint can be
replaced. In other cases, clamped joints may not be cracked, but are leaking exhaust
fumes. In this case, an exhaust pipe sealer can be applied to the affected area to cure
or the pipe itself can be replaced.

MUFFLER
The muffler may not seem essential to your car’s exhaust system, but all of your
neighbors are happy you have it. That’s because the one thing that keeps your car
running quietly is the muffler. Since the combustion process is a series of small
explosions that create a lot of noise, your muffler helps quiet the sound.
OTHER MATERIALS

Various air filters have been used to optimize indoor and outdoor air quality, remove air
pollutants and effectively alleviate the deterioration of indoor/outdoor air quality.

HEPA an acronym for “High Efficiency Particulate Air” or “High Efficiency

Particulate Arrestance.” That captures 99.97% of the 0.3-micron (0.000012-inch)
particles in the air passing through the filter (Suwanee, 2018). It traps air contaminants
in a complex web of fibers depending on the size of the particle, this can happen in four
different ways: Inertial Impaction, Diffusion, Interception, or Sieving. Larger
contaminants are trapped via inertial impaction and sieving. The particles either collide
with the fibers and become trapped or are trapped while attempting to travel through the
fibers. Medium sized particles, as they move through the filter, are grabbed by the fibers
via interception. Smaller particles are dissipated as they travel through the filter and
eventually collide with a fiber and are trapped (Sarah, 2014). Also through this,
microscopic airborne particles which can cause aggravate asthma and cause allergies
or disease are possible to remove from the air (Watt, 2014)

Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3 formed by three
main elements: carbon, oxygen, and calcium. It is a common substance found in rocks
in all parts of the world (most notably as limestone), and is the main component of
shells of marine organisms, snails, coal balls, pearls, and eggshells. CaCO3 exists in
different polymorphs, each with specific stability that depends on a diversity of variables
(Al Omari et.al, 2016). They are known to have high adsorption capacities for polar
organic compounds. This invention includes the use of CaCO3 and CaCO3-containing
materials (e.g., synthetic calcite, calcite coated sorbents) and their mixture with other
materials (e.g., activated carbon, resins) for removing bioagents (viruses, bacteria,
hormones, pharmaceutical intermediates, and other hazardous biological agents)
(Fallgren et.al, 2009). It is also capable of neutralizing any acidic gases that exist in the
air (Amirian, 2015) and increased the calcium content from 0.5 to 5% that reduced the
particulate emission by 50%.(Yang, 2006).

Carbon filtering is a method of filtering that uses a piece of activated carbon to remove
contaminants and impurities volatile organic compounds (VOCs), odors, and other
gaseous pollutants from the air. The huge surface area of activated charcoal gives it
countless bonding sites. When certain chemicals pass next to the carbon surface, they
attach to the surface and are trapped. Activated carbon adsorbs to it’s surface. When
there is no more surface left to adsorb to the carbon, it is depleted of its capability to be
effective. But, generally speaking, the more carbon used, the more effective it can be
because there will be more portion sites to stick to (Myers, 2018)