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STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
QUARTER 3: MODULE 2&3
DATA COLLECTION AND PRESENTATION

PREPARED BY:
MS. JOAN L. MONCAWE, LPT
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ……………………………………………………………
Module 1……………………………………………………………….
Warm up Discussion……………………………………………
Lecture………………………………………………………….
Activity ………………………………………………………...
Module 2.
Warm up Discussion……………………………………………
Lecture………………………………………………………….
Activity ………………………………………………………...

INTRODUCTION

At the end of this chapter, the student are expected to:

a. Prepare a survey plan and formulate survey questions
b. Apply the basic statistical concepts and principles in the collection of data.
c. Explore different ways of presenting data
d. Make observations, construct, compare and interpret different graphs
e. Make observations, construct and interpret statistical tables;
f. Know the different sampling methods; and
g. Determine the method of sampling that is most appropriate to use in a given
population;

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 MODULE NO.2: DATA COLLECTION AND PRESENTATION

 Methods of Data Collection

In order to have accurate data, the researcher must know the right sources and right way
collection them.

Characteristics of a Good Question

1. A good question in unbiased.

Question must not be worded in manner that will influence the respondent to answer in
a certain way, that is to favor certain response or to be against it.
An unbiased question is stated in neutral language and no element of pressure.

Example of unbiased questions:

1. Do you favor the enrolment procedure employed last semester?
2. Do you like classical music?

Example of unbiased questions:

1. Do you favor the enrolment procedure employed last semester which makes long
lines shorter?
2. Do you listen to boring classical music?

2. A good question must be clear and simply stated.

A question that is simple and clear will be easier to understand and more likely to be
answered truthfully.
Example of a simple and clear questions:
1. What is your average performance grade last semester?

Example of a not simple questions:

1. What is your academic performance last semester?

3. Question must be precise.

Question must not be vague, The question should indicate clearly the manner how
manner the answer must be given,
Example of a precise question:
1. In terms of mathematical ability, do you think male and female are equal?

Example of a vague question:

2. Do you think male and female are equal?

4. Good questionnaires lend themselves to easy analyses.

Two Categories of Survey Questions:

1. Open Question – An open question allows a free response.
Example: What do you think can be done to reduce time?
2. Closed Question – closed question allows only, a fixed response,
Example: Which of the following approaches would be most effective in reducing
crime? Choose One.
a. Get parents to discipline children more
b. Correct social and economic condition in slums
c. Improve rehabilitation efforts in jails
d. Give convicted criminals tougher sentences
e. Reforms courts.

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  Type of Data
1. Primary Data are information collected from an original source of data, which is first-hand in
nature. Examples are data collection from interview, and survey.
2. Secondary Data are information collected from published or unpublished sources like books,
newspaper and thesis.

FOUR IMPORTANT POINTS TO CONSIDER WHEN COLLECTING DATA

1. If measurements of some characteristics from people (such as height) are being obtained,
better results will be achieved if the researcher does the measuring instead of asking the
respondent for the value.
2. The method of data collection used may expedite or delay the process. Avoid a medium that
would produce low responses rates.
3. Ensure that the sample sizes are large enough for the required purposes.
4. Ensure that the method used to collect data actually results in a simple that is representative of
population.

 Methods of Data Collection

1. Direct or Interview Method the direct or interview method of data collection use at least two
persons (an interviewer and interviewee/s) exchanging information. This method will give
precise and consistent information because clarifications can be made.
2. Indirect or Questionnaire Method this is a method where written answer are given to
prepared questions, This method requires less time and is inexpensive since the
questionnaires can simply be mailed and hand-carried, Also this will give a respondent a
sense of freedom a sense of freedom in honestly answering the question because of
anonymity.
3. Registration Method this is a method enforced by certain laws
4. Observation Method this is a method, which observes the behavior of individuals or
organization in the study, this is also used when the respondents cannot read or write.
5. Experiment Method this method is used when the objective of the study is to determine the
cause and effect of certain phenomena or event.

Exercise 1:
A. Change the following question to make it simpler and clearer.
1. What is your opinion about beauty contest being demeaning to womanhood and against
the vaunted equality of the sexes?
2. What is your mass measure in metric units?
B. Determine which of the following question is best to ask about someone’s health _________.
a. Are you a weakling?
b. Are you bursting over with health?
c. Can you be an advertisement for health club?
d. Are you in good health?
C. To find how much someone likes music, which question is the best to ask?
a. Do you go for the present trend- all noise and sound?
b. How much time do you spend listening to the radio?
c. Do you prefer popular music, jazz, classics, or rock?
d. Do you listen to boring classical tunes’?

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 ACTIVITY NO. ____
NAME: ADVISER:
GRADE AND SECTION: CONTACT NUMBER

A. Carry Out a Survey

1. Get a partner. Work together to write a plan for a survey using questionnaire method.

2. Think of any topics that is interest to you and construct a questionnaire.

3. The plan should include: (COMPLATION FOLDER)

 Title of the Survey
 Purpose (What you want to do)
 Importance what you want to do (Why you want to do it)
 Population and Sample
 The Questionnaire

4. Submit the plan and the questionnaire to you teacher for approval. Finalize the
questionnaire.

5. Prepare the necessary survey forms and conduct the survey.

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 MODULE NO.3: PRESENTATION OF DATA

Concept of Sampling:
Sampling is the process of selecting units, like people, organizations, or objects from population
of interest in order to study and fairly generalize the results back to the population from which the
sample was chosen.
Types of Sampling:

Simple Random - Sampling every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Your sampling frame should include the whole population.

Example: You want to select a simple random sample of 100 employees of Company X. You assign
a number to every employee in the company database from 1 to 1000, and use a random number
generator to select 100 numbers.

Systematic sampling is similar to simple random sampling, but it is usually slightly easier to
conduct. Every member of the population is listed with a number, but instead of randomly
generating numbers, individuals are chosen at regular intervals.

Example: All employees of the company are listed in alphabetical order. From the first 10
numbers, you randomly select a starting point: number 6. From number 6 onwards, every 10th
person on the list is selected (6, 16, 26, 36, and so on), and you end up with a sample of 100 people.

Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into subpopulations that may differ in
important ways. It allows you draw more precise conclusions by ensuring that every subgroup is
properly represented in the sample.
To use this sampling method, you divide the population into subgroups (called strata) based on the
relevant characteristic (e.g. gender, age range, income bracket, job role).

Example: The company has 800 female employees and 200 male employees. You want to ensure
that the sample reflects the gender balance of the company, so you sort the population into two
strata based on gender. Then you use random sampling on each group, selecting 80 women and 20
men, which gives you a representative sample of 100 people.

Cluster sampling also involves dividing the population into subgroups, but each subgroup should
have similar characteristics to the whole sample. Instead of sampling individuals from each
subgroup, you randomly select entire subgroups.

Example: The company has offices in 10 cities across the country (all with roughly the same
number of employees in similar roles). You don’t have the capacity to travel to every office to
collect your data, so you use random sampling to select 3 offices – these are your clusters.

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  Methods of Data Presentation

METHODS OF PRESENATING DATA

1. Textual Methods – a narrative description of the data gathered.
2. Tabular Methods – a systematic arrangement of information into columns and rows.
3. Graphical Methods – an illustrative description of the data.

THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (FDT)

An FDT is a statistical table showing the frequency or number of observations contain in
each of the defined classes or categories.
Parts of a Statistical Table
1. Table Heading – Includes the table number and the title of the table
2. Body – main part of the table that contains the information or figures
3. Stubs or Classes – classification or categories describing the data and usually found at the
left most side of the table.
4. Captions – designations or identifications of the information contained in a column.
Usually found at the top most of the column.

Types of FDT
1. Qualitative or Categorical FDT a frequency distribution table where the data grouped
according to some qualitative characteristics; data are grouped into no numerical categories.

Example of a Qualitative FDT:

Table 2: Frequency Distribution of the Gender of Respondents of a Durvey
Gender of Number of
Respondent Respondents
Male 38
Female 62
Total 100

2. Quantitative FDT – frequency distribution table where the data are grouped according to
some numerical or quantitative characteristics.
Example of a Quantitative FDT:
Table 3: Frequency Distribution for the Weights of 50 PIECES OF Luggage.

WEIGHT (KG) Frequency

7-9 2
10-12 8
7 13-15 14
16-18
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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 19-21 7
TOTAL 50
 Steps In the Construction of A Frequency Distribution Table
1. Determine the Range (R)
R = highest value – lowest value
2. Determine the number of classes (k)
k =√ N
Where N is the total number of observation in the data set.

3. Determine the class size (c) by calculating first the preliminary class size c’/
Preliminary Class size c’
' R
c=
k
Conditions for the actual c:
a. It should have same number of decimal places as in the raw data; i.e. if the
observation in the data set are all whole number, then your c should also be a
whole number.
b. It should be odd in the last digit.
4. Enumerate the classes or categories.
5. Tally the observations (note: Sometimes the number of classes (k) is not followed. An extra
class will be added to accommodate then highest observed value in the data set and a class
will be deleted if it turns out to be empty)
6. Computed for values in others columns of the FDT as deemed necessary.

Other Columns In the FDT

1. True Class Boundaries (TCB)

A. Lower True Class Boundaries (LTCB)
LTCD = LL – ½ units of measure
B. Upper true classes boundaries (UTCB)
LTCD = UL + ½ units of measure

2. Class Mark (CM) – midpoint of the class interval where the observations tend to cluster
about.
CM = ½ (LL + UL) or CM = ½ (LTCB + UTCB)
3. Relative Frequency (RF) – proportion of observations falling in a class and is expressed
in percentage.
frequency frequency
RF= %RF= x 100 %
N N
4. Cumulative Frequency (CF) – accumulated of the classes.
a. Less than CF (<CF) – total number of observation whose values do not exceed the
upper limit of the class.
b. Greater than CF (>CF) – total number of observation whose values are not less than
the lower limit of the class.
5. Relative Cumulative Frequency (RCF)
c. Less than RCF (<RCF)
d. Greater than RCF (>RCF

Example: Construct the FDT of the given data set.

Age (in years) of 40 Patients Confined at A certain Hospital
5 1523 27 33 38 44 52
5 15 24 30 33 40 45 53
8
7 20 25 31 34 42 45 55
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STATISTICS13AND PROBABILITY
21 26 32 36 43 51 57
Solution:
Step 1: Range (r) = 57 – 5 = 52

Step 2: K = √ 40=6.32 ≅ 6 classes

' 52
Step 3: c = =8.67 ≅ 9 . thus c=9
6

Step 4:

Table: Frequency Distribution of Age (In years) of 40 Patients confined at a certain Hospital

Age Classes
5-13
14-22
23-31
32-40
41-49
50-58
TOTAL
Step 5:

Table: Frequency Distribution of Age (In years) of 40 Patients confined at a certain Hospital

Age Classes Tally FREQ.

5-13 IIIIl 5
14-22 IIIIl 5
23-31 IIIIl-IIII 9
32-40 IIIIl-III 8
41-49 IIIIl-I 6
50-58 IIIIl-II 7
TOTAL 40
Step 6:

Table: Frequency Distribution of Age (In years) of 40 Patients confined at a certain Hospital

Graphical Presentation of Data

A graph or a chary is device for showing numerical values or relationships in pictorial form.

Advantages:
1. Main features and implications of a body of data can be seen at once.
2. Can attract attention and hold the readers’ interest

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 3. Simplifies concepts that would otherwise have been expressed in so many words.
4. Can readily clarify data, frequency bring hidden facts and relationship.

Common Types of Graphs:

1. Scatter Graph – a graph used to present
measurement or values that are thought to be
related.

2. Line Chart – graphical presentation of data

especially useful for showing trends over a period
time.

3. Pie Chart – a
categories. The “pieces of pie” represent the
proportions of the total that fall into each category.

4. Column and Bar Graph – like pie charts, column charts

and bar charts are applicable only to grouped data. They
should be used for discrete, grouped data or ordinal or
nominal scale.

Graphical Presentation of the Frequency Distribution Table

1. Frequency Histogram – a bar graph that displays that classes on the horizontal axis and
the frequencies of the classes on the vertical axis; the vertical line of the bars are erected at
the class boundaries and the height of the bars correspond to the class frequency.
2. Relative Frequency Histogram – graph that displays the classes on the horizontal axis
and the relative frequencies on the vertical axis.
3. Frequency Polygon – a line chart that is constructed by plotting the frequencies at the
class marks and connecting the plotted points by means of straight lines; in polygon is
closed by considering an addition class at each end and the ends of the lines are brought
down to the horizontal axis at the midpoints of the additional classes.
4. Ogives – graphs of the cumulative frequency distribution
a. <Ogives – the <CF is plotted against the UTCB
b. >Ogives – the >CF is plotted against the LTCB

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 ACTIVITY NO. ____
NAME: ADVISER:
GRADE AND SECTION: CONTACT NUMBER

1. Survey taken at a hotel in Malate indicated that 30 guests preferred the following means of
transportation.

car car bus plane train bus bus plane car plane plane
bus plane car car train train car car car car plane
plane car bus car bus car plane car plane plane car
car car bus train car bus car

Construct a categorical distribution showing the frequencies corresponding to the different

means of transportation. Interpret the results.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 2. Construct a graph for the given FDT and write a brief interpretation.

Data on Scores of 50 Students

Class Interval Frequency

100-104 4
105-109 6
110-114 10
115-119 13
120-124 8
125-129 6
130-134 3
Total 50

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 3. Fill up the missing values in the FDT below .

Table: IQ Score of Randomly Selected DLSU- Students

Classes TCB CM FREQ <CF %RF %RCF

80-86 79.5-86.5 83 16 16 10.96 10.96
87-93 86.5-93.5 90 37 53 25.34 36.30
94-100 93.5-100.5 97 50 103 34.25 70.55
101-107 100.5-107.5 104 29 132 19.86 90.41
108-114 107.5-114.5 111 14 146 9.59 100
total 146 100%

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 Question 1
18
16
14

12
10 Series 1
8
6

4
2

0
41-44 45-48 49-52 53-56 57-60 61-64 65-68 69-72 73-76

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