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Mathematical Induction
Mathematical Induction
Mathematical Induction
2
a1 (1 — rn)
,
—
a—
1(1 r1 )
a1 S1
1 —r
a—
1 (1 rk )
1—r
a1(1 —rk+1)
1—r
| {z }
. Σ
a1 1 —rk
=
.1 — r Σ
a1 1 — rk a1rk (1 — r)
1—r Σ
1 — r r k— r k+1
k
1 —Σ r
1—
rk+1 1
—r
a1(1 — rn)
1—r
6 6
Part 2
6
6
6 6
Part 2
6
integers n.
2.3.2. Proving Divisibility Statements
f We now prove some divisibility statements using mathematical induction.
Example 2.3.4. Use mathematical induction to prove that, for every positive integer n,
7n — 1 is divisible by 6.
Part 1
— ·
71 — 1 is divisible by 6.
Part 2
Assume: 7k — 1 is divisible by 6. To
show: 7k+1 — 1 is divisible by 6.
7k+1 — 1 = 7 · 7k — 1 = 6 · 7k 7k — 1 = 6 · 7k (7k — 1)
By definition of divisibility, 6 · 7k is divisible by 6. Also, by the hypothesis
(assumption), 7k — 1 is divisible by 6. Hence, their sum (which is equal to
7k+1 — 1) is also divisible by 6.
—
— — ·
—
03 — 0+3 is divisible by 3.
—
—
Part 1
72(0) — 3 · 50 +2 is divisible by 12
Part 2
Assume: 72k — 3 · 5k +2 is divisible by 12
To show: 72(k+1) — 3 · 5(k+1) +2 is divisible by 12
72(k+1) — 3 · 5(k+1) +2
7272k — 3 · 5 · 5k +2
49 · 72k — 15 · 5k +2
72k 48 · 72k — 3 · 5k — 12 · 5k +2
. Σ
— · ·
. 2k Σ Σ
7 — 3 ·—5k 2 · 12 · 72k — 5k
— ·
Part 1
Part 2
Example 2.3.6. Use mathematical induction to prove that 2n > 2n for every integer n ≤
3.
Part 1
Part 2
. Σ
Part 2
. Σ
3 3k < 3 [(k 2)!] .
. Σ
3 3k < 3 [(k 2)!] < (k 3) [(k 2)!] , since k > 0,
3
Part 1
Part 2
3n n
(1) (3i — 1)
2
1 1 1 1 n
X
2 · 3i—1 3n —1
k+1 k
n [2a1 (n — 1)d]
(n — 1)d] =
7n — 4n is divisible by 3
Hint: 7k+1 — 4k+1 = 7 · 7k — 4 · 4k (3 4)7k — 4 · 4k = 3 · 7k (7k — 4k)
xn — yn is divisible by x — y for any positive integer n
Hint: xk+1 — yk+1 x · xk — y · xk y · xk — y · yk (x — y)xk y(xk — yk)
y 2 yk — y 2 yk
— —
If 0 < a < 1, then 0 < an < 1 for any positive integer n