cwongt: SU BIEN LI 1. Dung dich. 1. Khai nigm a. Thi du: Hoa tan HCI vao nuéc thu duge dung dich axit HCI Hoa tan NaCl vio nude thu due dung dich NaCl Hoa tan dung vao nuée thu duge dung dich nude dudng, Hoa tan néng chay Ag vio Au thu duge dung dich rin Ag — Au .CO2, cde khi hiém Khong khi 1a dung dich gdm c6 N: ». Khai nigm: Dung dich 1a hn hop déng nhét cia hai hay nhiéu céu tt (thanh phén) 2. Biéu dién thanh phan dung dich - nong 46. a. Nong 46 phan trim: Khdi lugng chat tan trong 100gam dung dich trong do ‘met; kh6i lugng chat tan madd: khéi lugng dung dich ma =n, b, Néng d6 mol/lit: $é mol chat tan trong 1 lit dung dich (2) (186 mol chat tan , V thé tich dung dich- lit) ©. Néng 46 olan: tan c6 trong Tkg dung mdi om = —— (3) (186 mol chat tan mgm khéi Iugng dung méi -kg ) 4. D6 tan : Sé gam chat tan c6 thé tan t6i da trong 100g dung méi =e sn (im héi Luong chat tan ,mam khéi lung dm -g ) My 3. Tich sé tan: Xét cin bing AaB nA + mB™ (*) Ta cd tich s6 tan T= [A™ J [B"]™ ‘Néu tich néng 46 cac ion < tich sé tan thi trong dung dich khéng xuat hién két tua, ‘Néu tich néng 6 cac ion = tich sé tan thi thu dung dich bao hoa. ‘Néu tich néng 6 cac ion > tich sé tan thi trong dung dich bat dau xuat hién két tua. - Méi lié hé gitta tich s6 tan va d6 tan xét can bang (*) T=n"m™sh™ I. Sydignii, 1, Chit dign li,a. Thi nghiém: Tinh dan dign cia céc nude nguyén chat, dung dich NaCl, dung dich nude dudng, dung dich ancol etylic. gi * vai trd ciia dung méi nude. thich tinh dan dign ctia cdc dung dich axit, bazc, mudi, b. Khai niém: + Chat khi tan trong nude tao dung dich din dién duge goi la chat dién Ii Thi du : cae axit, bazo, mudi 1a cde chat dién Ii. + Chat khi tan trong nuéc tao thanh dung dich khéng dan dign duge goi la chat khéng dién li Thi du: dudng , rou, ete ©. Su dign li * Qué trinh phan fi thanh cfc ion khi chat dign fi tan trong nude hod néng chay duge goi Li syr dign fi. * Su dién li duge biéu dién bang phuong trinh dién Ii, * Trong ptdl tong dign tich cdc cation = tng dign tich cac anion * Tong quat : Axit > Hé+ anion géc axit Bazo — Cation kim loai ( hoi NH," ) + OH" Muéi — Cation kim loai ( hoic NH” ) + anion goc axit Thi du HCl > H'+Cr HCOOH [| H’ +HCOO NaOH — Na’ + OH NaCl > Na* + Cr CH3COONa [)_ Na’ + CHsCOO" phan loai chat dién li, hing sé dién Ii a. D6 dign li: BS dién ia ( anpha) ca chat dién Ii a ti sé gidta sé phan tir phan li thanh ion va téng sé phan tir ban dau Biéu thite () (n' sé mol bi phan li thanh ion ; no s6 mol ban dau C’néng 49 mol bi phan fi , Co néng 46 mol ban du) Gia tri 0 + Chat dign Ii yéu : La chat khi tan trong nude phan Ii mot phan thanh ion. 0< @ <1 va ptdl duge biéu dién mai tén 2 chiéu +Thidw: — NaNOs -> Na’ +NOy HCOONa [| Na’ +HCOO" c. Can bing dign li - Hiing s6 dign li Bi véi cae chit dign Ii yéu trong dung dich xuat hign can bang hoa hoc duge goi la can bing dién li day la can bang déng, Thi du AX At+X"(*) hi t6c d6 thudn bing téc d6 nghich trong dung dich xuat hign can bing dién fi. Hing sé dién li xét déi voi cn bang (*) duge xac dinh. Thi du : Doi voi axit axetic CH;COOH. CH3COOH H+ CH3;COO™ xe llex,cooJ 'H COOH] Tac 2.10% (6 25°C) hang sé dién li chi phy thudc vao nhiét 46, khong phu thudc vao néng 46. M6i lién hé giita hing s6 dién li va d6 dién li a ‘Xét cn bing (*),, gia sir ndng d6 ban dau la Co va 46 dign fi AX Ay oe xy Ban diu Co Phan Ii a@Co aco @Co Ching (l-@)Co aCo aCo LEIP acaaty 0°, = (ax\e leao, 1a Taco a Nhu vay khi biét K va Co ta 06 thé xae dinh duge d6 dién li va nguoe lai bi vei truong hop chit dién li qué yéu 66 thé xem 1-e = 1. do d6 X hote a a jai thanh a cng thire (7) c6 thé (8) Veo [ion ]= @Co= JKC (cach tinh gin dang )Thi du : Tinh néng 46 ion H’ trong dung dich CHsCOOH 0,2M biét hing s6 dign li cia axit 6 1a 2.10%. ( dap 86 : 2.10% mol/l) II Axit, bazo, mudi. 1. Dinh nghia theo Aréniut a. Axit: La chat khi tan trong nude phan li cho ion H’ Thi du HCl > H+ cr HCOOH DH’ +HCOO" b. Bazo: La chat khi tan trong muse phan li cho ion OH" Thi du NaOH —> Na’ + OH ¢. Hidréxit ludng tinh: La nbiing hidroxit khi tan trong nude vita c6 thé phan li nhur axit vita c6 thé phan li nhu bazo. Thi du : Zn(OH)2 Phan li theo kiéu bazo Zn(OH)2 Zn’ + 20H" Phan li theo kiéu axit Zn(OH)2 2H’ +Zn0.> Cae chat AI(OH)s :2n(OH)z ; Pb(OH)s ; Sn(OH)s ; C(OH)s ; Cu(OH)2 d._Axit nhidu née, bazo nhiéu née Axit nhigu nde: Nhiing axit khi tan trong nuée phan li nhiéu nde cho ion H Thi du : HsPOs , HeS.( viet p.t.d.1) Bazo nhiéu née: Nhiing bazo khi tan trong nuéc phan Thi du : Mg(OH)2; Al(OH). ( viét p.t.d.1) 2. Dinh nghia theo Bronxtet a. Axitla chat nhudng prétén (H"); bazo la chat nhan prétén (H") biéu dién : Axit > Bazo +H Thi du 11: CHsCOOH + H0 | H30° + CHsCOO™ a) axit —bazo axit —bazo Thidu2: Ny + HO NH + OH @) bazo axit axit — bazo. Thidy3: HCOy + H20 130" + CO;* @) axit ——bazo axit baz HCOy + HO | HyCOs + OH (4) bazo axit axit bazar theo (3) va (4) HCOs, H20 vita c6 kha ning cho va nhan prétén nén ching durgc goi la chat hudng tinh, Nhiing chat khdng cho hoc khéng nhan prétén duoc goi la chat trung tinh.mudi trung hoa , mudi axit a. Mudi:La hgp chat khi tan trong nurée phan fi cho cation kim loai (hoa Ny") va anion goc axit. Thi du NaCl -> Na’ + Cr CH3COONa 0 Na’ +CHsCOO™ b. Mudi axit, mudi trung hoa, Muéi c6 anion géc axit khdng con kha nfing phan li cho ion H” duge goi la mudi trung hoa Thi du : NaCl , (NH4)280s, NasCOs Muéi c6 anion géc axit cén kha nang phan li cho ion H duge goi 1a muéi axit Thi du : NaHCOs;NaH2POs; NaHSOx. Muéi cé nhom —OH cé thé thay thé bang géc axit duge goi la mudi bazo Thi du : Mg(OH)CI ; Fe(OH)2Cl. Ngoai ra con ké dén mét s6 mudi kép hu: HCINaCl ; KCL MgCl.6H20; K2S0;.Als(SO4)s. Muéi phire : [Ag(NHs)2]CI ; [Cu(NH3)s]SOy, su dign li cda mudi ; Hau hét céc mudi (ké cd mudi kép) khi tan trong nude phan li hon toan thanh cation kim loai (NHs") va anion gée axit Thi du K2SO1 > 2K’ + SOW NaCL.KCI > K* + Na’ +2Cr NaHSO3 — Na’ + HSOr HSOy (i) H’ +S803* [Ag(NFa):]Cl > [Ag(NHs)2]' + Cl [Ag(NHs):]° 0 Ag’ +2NHs 4, Hing sé axit, hing sé bazo’ a. Hing sé axit: Sy dign li cla cac axit yéu trong nude 1a qua trinh thudn nghich. Thidui: CHsCOOH H+ CHsCOO™ a CH;COOH + H20 Hh0° + CHsCOO™ Q) Vi néng 46 cua nude duge coi nhu hang sé nén ta c6 thé bo qua néng d6 cua nude trong biéu thire xac dinh hang so Ky ~ Lt’ lle#,coo"J [cx#3cooH] ‘Déi vdi axit mhiéu nac sé co nhiéu hing s6 phan li 6 cac nac khac nhau. (Ka hang sé phan li axit ) Hing sé phan li axit chi phu thuéc vao ban chat axit va nhiét 46. Néu gid tri Ka cang nhé thi Ie axit cla né cing yéu ( hay tinh axit cang yéu ) ‘Thi du: 6 25°C CHyCOOH Ka = 1,75.10° ;HCIO Ka = 5.10%b. Hang sé bazo: Sy dién li ciia céc bazo yéu trong nude la qua trinh thuan nghich. Thidui: = NE +FhO1) NHy’ + ORF @) Kp = WH JOH (hang sé phan li bazo ) [#3] CHRCOO"+ #20 1) CHsCOOH + OFF @ Kp = CHCOOH JOH’) (hing 56 phan ti bazo) *H3COO ong dG cua nude duge coi nhu hing si in ta co thé bo qua néng 46 cia nude trong bidu thite xée dinh hing s6 phan li axit, hay bazo. ‘Déi voi bazo nhiéu nic sé cé nhiéu hing s6 phan li 6 céc nac khac nhau. Hing s6 phan li bazo chi phu thude vio ban chit bazo va nhiét d6. Néu gid tri Kb cang nho thi luc bazo cua né cing yéu ( hay tinh bazo cing yéu ) Méi lign hé gidta hing sé Ka va Kb K, ‘va nguoc lai hay Ka.Kb = 10° IV. pH cia dung dich, chit chi thj miu. a. Su dign li va tich s6 ion ciia nude, ¥ nghia tich s6 ion cua nude, Nude la chat dign Ii rit yéu, 6 nhiét d6 thudng ctr $5Strigu phan tir nude 66 1 phan tit bi phan Ii thanh ion 120 [| H* + OH (1) 1° lon [x.0] Tu (1) taco > Kio = K [1,0] = |" Jlor | Tich sé ion cia nude. 6 25°C ta c6 [Kizo = [4 Jon |= 1074, Tuy nhién c6 thé sit dung 6 khoang nhiét 46 khéc. Hay 6 thé coi gid tri tich s6 ion eta nudc lé hing s6 trong dung dich long cia céc chat khéc nha ‘Theo (1) ta c6 : |H* |= [ow |-Vio™ =107 M [ow-]= Vio® =107 m cca tich sé ion cua nude dé xac dinh méi truong cia dung dich = Méi trudng trung tinh 1a méi trudng 06 |" -¥nghi Méi trung trung tinh | |- 107M Méi trudng axit: | |> 107M Méi trudng bazo: lw |< 107M b. Khai niém vé d6 pH, d6 pH trong cae méi trudng. ‘Dé tranh ghi néng d6 H’ voi sé mi Am ngudi ta ding dai Luong dé pH. Néu |W" |= 10* > pH=ahay |W" |= 10" hote pH =-lg|H"|Thi dy [Hr |=10'M > pH=1 Moi trudng axit. |x" |=107M > pH=7—Méi truong trung tinh, |? |=10°M— pH=12 Moi tudng bazo ‘Thuat bién déi néu [/7° |= b.10 — pH = a—Igb (sit dung may tinh ) Thang pH thudng dimg co gia tri tr 1 dén 14 ( do tich sé ion cita nude ) Ngoai ra ngudi ta cén sit dung pOH , pKa, pKb. pOH = - 1g [OH] va pH + pOH =14 — pH = 14- pOH Chit chi thi mau: Quy tim, phenolphtalein, gidy chi thi van ning, ‘Théng thudng déi véi quy tim trong céc méi trudng, axit’ mau débazo: mau xanh —trung tinh: mau tim Oi véi phenolphtalein: pH <8,3 Khong miu pH >= 8,3 -Miu héng ach xéc dinh d6 pH cia cae dung dich ‘Déi véi axit manh, bazo manh: ‘Néu néng dé ciia axit hay bazo kha lén thi bé qua su dign li cia nudc, néu néng dé rat loing ( H’ + Ct do do |" |= [HCI] = 10? > pH= ‘Thi du 2: Tinh pH cia dung dich NaOH 0,01M ptdl: NaOH — Na’ + OH Ta cé [OH] = [NaOH]=10? -> pOH = 2 > pH= 14-2 = 12 Thi du 3: Xéc dinh 46 pH ciia dung dich H2SOs 0,01M. pid: H2SO0;> 2H’ + SO? 001M 0,02M [H- |=0.02 Thi du 4: Tinh pH cia dung dich HCI 107M. Do néng 46 cia axit rat loang nén phai xét dén sy phan li cua nude pit: HCL + Ht + Cr HO LH’ + OF 10? + pH 1g 2.107 =2 -Ig2 phuong trinh trung hoa dign ta ¢6 10" =107 }=107+ [H’] = [Cr] + [OHHay : [HF - 107[H'] -10" = 0, giai phuong trinh ta co [H’] = 1,62.107 + pH =-1g1,62.10” = 6,79. Lira Dung dich axit di loang dén dau thi pH <7. Bazo cé loaing dén dau thi ciing c6 pH > 7. Déi véi axit yéu, bazo yeu. Muén xac dinh pH ciia dung dich axit yéu hay bazo yéu ta phai dya vao hing sé axit hay hang sé bazo cing nhu phai chi y dén sy phan li cia nude khi néng d6 chat rat loang. ‘Céng thire tinh pH gan dung cua mét dung dich axit yéu pH 3 pK. Ig Cy) d6i v6i baza yéu pOH= (py Ie Cw) v6i pKa=-IgK, va pK =-IgKs Thi du |: Tinh pH cita dung dich CHsCOOH 0,1M, biét Ka = 2.10% Cach 1 Ta c6 can bang, CHsCOOH, CHiCOO" + H [bd] 0,1M [pu] xM xM xM [cb] @,1-)M xM xM ee (OC oo canscooH] o1- gia sit x << 0,1 taco: x= J0.2.10° =10°" =[H"] (chap nhan duge ) vay pH = - lg [H"] =-Ig 107 = 2,85 Néu [H"] =x khdng qué nho so véi 0,1 thi ta giai phurong trinh bac 2 dé xae dinh x va d6 pH cia bai toan. Cach 2 : Tinh tuong d6i pH $00Ka—Ig Cu) Ig 2.10" —1g 10")=2,85 ‘Thi du 2: Tinh pH ciia dung dich NHs 0,1M. Biét Ky = 1,8.10° Cach 1 NHy +H201) NH + OH Lap ludn tuong ty ta c6 x= [OH] = 102" [H']= 10" pH= 11,13 Néu x khong qua nh so véi 0,1 thi ta phai giai phuong trinh bac 2 dé chon nghigm va xée dinh pH ciia bai toan. Cach 2: Giai theo phuong phap tuong déipOH A pb ~Ig Cx Fest 8.10 10,1 — pH = 14~ pOH = 11,13, Xéc dinh pH cia dung gm, * Dung dich dém 1a dung dich c6 gid tri pH thay d6i khong ding ké khi thém vio mot Iuong nho axit manh hay bazo manh hod khi pha long ‘Thanh phan : Hon hop axit yéu va mudi ctia né voi bazo manh hodc hin hgp bazo yéu voi mudi cia né voi axit manh. Thi du: CHs;COOH va CHsCOONa hode NHs va NHACL. Gifi thich : Khi thém vao mét long axit (H+) hay bazo (OH-)thi edn bang chuyén dich vé phia thudn hay phia nghich khong dang ké nén pH thay déi it Vi du 1: Xac dinh pH ciia dung dich dém chia CHsCOOH 0,1M va CHiCOONa 0,1M.Biét Ka = 2.10% CH:COOH |) CHsCOO" + Ht CHsCOONa ~» CHxCOO" + Na’ IM 01M |cx,coo |H"J [cx3cooH] © [HF 2.10%. ICH,COOH) 5 195 Ol <2 105M > pH=4,7. [cH,COO Ol Néu ta thém 0,02mol HCI vao | lit dung dich dém khi d6 ¢6 phan tng, CHCOO" + H') CHsCOOH nén [CHsCOOH] = 0,1 + 0,02 = 0,12M va [CHsCOO} 0, 1- 0,02 = 0,08M 2.105 HCOOH]. 5 js O12 10° M — pH =4,5. CH,COO 0,08 gia tri bién thién pH la: 4,7—3, Taco: Ka= = 2.10% Ki d6 [H = 0,2 don vi thay déi khdng dang ké. c6 thé so sénh néu thém 0,02mol HCI vao | lit nude nguyén chat thi pH thay di tir ‘mi trudng trung tinh ( pH 1,7=5,3 don vi Mau ngudi 1a mot dung dich dém 6 gid tri pH = 7,3 - 7,4 nho thiét lap edn bing gia HCOx va CO> HCOy +H’ 0 CO2+H20 ) vé méi trudng axit c6 pH = 1,7 tire 1a pH thay déi 7 — ‘Vi du 2: Tinh pH cua dung dich chira déng thoi HF 0,1M va NaF 0,1M biét hing sé Ka=6,8. 104Gia: Ptdl ca cae chat NaF > Nu + F OL oO. HF + F [bd] 1 oO. [cb] (O,1-x) x (0,140) PJ) _ x14) 6g ios [HF] Ol-x (tinh gin ding x << 0,1) > x =[H"] = 68.10% pH =-1g6,8.107 = 3,17. So sanh két qua véi gia thiét pha hop (x << 0,1) 17, Tuong ty ta xét cho dung dich khi thém 2gam NaOH rin vao lit dung dich 6 trén cchita ding thoi HF 0,1M va NaF 0,1M biét hing s6 Ka=6,8. 104 chat dign Vay pH= Phan img trao doi ion trong dung di Ban chat va dieu kign ctia phan ung: Dung dich A + dung dich B —> dung dich sin pham Ban chat li su trao di cac ion trong cée dung dich phan img 4é két hop véi nhau tao thanh digu kign, chat sin phém thoa man. = cac ion két hop tao chat két tia. = cc ion két hop tao chat bay hoi. = cac ion két hop tao chat M6t sé vi du vé phan ing trao doi San pham la chit két tua. dung dich NasSOs + dung dich BaCls ptpt: Na2SO4+ BaClz > BaSO, 4 + 2NaCl M al: 2Na‘ + SO# + Ba? +2Cl — BaSOs 4 +2Na°+2Cr (2) ption thu gon: SO.? + Ba?’ —> BaSOg + G) San pham Ia chat bay hoi. dung dich HCI + dung dich NaxCO pipt: 2HCI + NaxCO; > 2NaCl + H20 + CO2 al 2H" +2CI + 2Na' + COs* > 2Na’ + 2Cl + H20 + CO2? rit gon: 2H’ + COs* > H20 + CO2t San pham la chat dién li yéu, ‘* Phan ung tao nude : dung dich NaOH + dung dich HCIpipt NaOH + HCl - NaCl + F20 dl Na’ + OH +H + Ck + Na’ + Cl +20. rat gon: OH +H’ > 20 Phan img tao axit yéu: dung dich HCI + dung dich CHsCOONa pipt HCI + CHsCOONa > NaCl + CHsCOOH al H’ + CI + CH;COO"+Na’ > Na’ + Cl + CHsCOOH rut gon: H’ + CHxCOO" > CH;COOH. Két luan : Phan ting trao ddi ion trong dung dich cae chat dign li chi xay ra khi cde ion két hop duge v6i nhau tao than it nhét mot trong ede chat o Chat két tua Chat khi co Chat dign li yeu Ta thudng biéu dién dudi dang phan tt hay dang ion. VL. Cach biéu dién phiong trinh duéi dang phin tir va ion. 1, Phan tng giita NHsCl va NaOH. a. Dang phan tir: NHyCl + NaOH — NaCl + NH3 + H20 dién li: NH4’ + Cl’ + Na’ + OH" > Na’ + Cl'+ NH3 + H20 b. Dang ion NHs+ OH’ > NH + #20 Cac ion CF va Na* khéng tham gia phan img, 2. Hoa tan dé voi bing dung dich HCL a. Dang phan tir: CaCOs+ 2HCI > CaCl + H20 + COz Dién li CaCO; + 2H* + 2Cl > CaCl; + H20 + CO2 b. Dang ion: CaCOs + 2H" — Ca®* + H20 + COz 3. Phan ting hoa tan FeyOy trong dung dich HCL a. Dang phan tir: FesOy + 2yHCI — xFeCl ,, + yH Dign li Fe,Oy + 2yH +2yCl > xFe «| +2yCI+ yEO b. Dang ion: FeOy +2yH" > xFe* | + yH2O * Quy tic chung: Bude 1: Can bing phan tng dudi dang phan tir theo phurong phap phit hop. Bude 2: Viét dang ion day dii theo nguyén tic : cae chat dign li manh ( axit, bazo,mudi ) duge vit thanh ion, cfc chat c6n lai chat khong dign li, chat dign li yéu, chat két tia, chat bay hoi thi viét dudi dang phan tir Buc 3: Usc luge cac ion giéng nhau 6 2 vé ta thu duge pt dang ion.VIL Phan mg thuy phan cia mudi; Méi trudng cia dung dich mudi. Phan ting trao déi ion gitta mudi va nude duge goi la phan tg thuy phan ciia mudi. Cac ion tham gia phan tng thuy phan gém 2 loai = Cation (ion duong) : cia cde bazo yéu nhur NHy',Fe™, Fe® Al Zn?,Pb? - Aion (ion am): goc cae axit yeu nhu CHsCOO’, S*, CO3”, 2. Phan img thuy phan cia mudi. Xét sy thuy phan cita cic mudi a. Dung dich CHsCOONa CHRCOONa > © CHsCOO™ + Nav a CH3COO'+HOH 5 CH;COOH+OH (2) Két qua (1) va (2) ta thay e6 OH- dude giai phong do d6 pH > 7 Vay dung dich CHsCOONa ¢6 méi truring bazo ( quy tim > xanh) b. Dung dich Fe(NOs)s Fe(NOs): > 3NOx + Fe* a) Fe’ +HOH Fe(OH)? + H’(2).Két qua méi trudng c6 tinh axit ©. Dung dich CHx\COONH, : CHi\COONH: > CHsCOO" + NHs Ca 2 ion déu tham gia phan img thuy phan nén méi truéng axit hay bazo con phu thude vio d6 thuy phan cia 2 ion 4. Dung dich Na;HPO,, NasHPO, — 2Na® + HPO? ion HPO,* nay cé tinh ludng tinh nén méi trudng phu thudc vao ban chai cia ion nay. 3. Kétluin. a, Mudi trung hoa tao béi cation bazo manh va anion axit yéu tan trong nude thi gée axit bi thuy phan , méi trudng cua dung dich la mdi trudng kiém (pH > 7) b. Mudi trung hoa tao bdi cation bazo yéu va anion axit manh tan trong nude thi cation cia bazo yéu bj thuy phan , méi truong ciia dung dich 1a méi trudng axit (pH < 7) c. Mudi trung hoa tao béi cation bazo manh va anion axit manh tan trong nude thi cac ion khéng bi thuy phn , mdi truéng cia dung dich la méi trang axit (pH = 7) d. Mudi trung hoa tao béi cation bazo yéu va anion axit yéu tan trong nude thi cation ciia bazo yéu va anion géc axit bi thuy phan , méi trudng cua dung dich phy thuée vao d6 thuy phan ciia 2 ion Mot s6 tri sé IgN thudng ding dé tinh pH N 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ° ign 0.30 [048 [0,60 [0,70 [0.78 [08s |090 [095Xée dinh pH dung dich khi pha loang bing nuée. © Trrong hop | Tinh thé tich nude can thém vao Vaiu lit dung dich axit 6 pH =a dé dugc dung dich cé pH =b (b>a) Gi ~ Dung dich ban dau cd pH=a>[H']=10" > nysa= 10. Ve ~ Dung dich sau khi thém nude pH =b > [H']= 10° nites = 10°. Vow Vi s6 mol H” khéng déi nén ‘nivpa= Mutisan $10, Vain = 10. Venu > Veuu = 10°" Vain = 104? Vain V6i ApH = b-a> 0 (1) 104PF Vag © Vino + Vatu > Vino = (104771) Vain © Truong hop 2: ‘Tinh thé tich nude can thém vio Vale lit dung dich axit c6 pH = a dé duge dung dich e6 pH = b ( b [OH] = 10 ** — nowra= 10"). Vatu - Dung dich sau khi thém nude pH =b > pOH=14~—b > [OH ]=10"*? 5 nore ‘Vi sé mol OH” khéng di nén_ Nota = Nota © 10", Vain = 10". Vous > Va = 10" Vein = 10°94 Vein 0 Vauw Voi ApH ~ b-a<0(2) © Vini0 + Vain = 10-4? Vain = Vino = (10° 4PF 1) Vain ‘Tir (1) va (2) ta c6 thé rat cOng thite chung dé ap dung do la va no = (10 4PFT. 1) Vai Thi dul: Thé tich cua nude can thém vao 15ml dung dich axit HCI pH dich axit c6 pH = 3. 1 dé thu duge dungGidi : Ta 66 Vizo = (104? 11) Vain = (10*!- 1).15 = 1485ml = 1,485 lit. Thi du 2: Thém 90m! nude vao 10m! dung dich NaOH c6 pH = 12. Xac dinh pH ciia dung dich thu duge sau tron, Gidi: Ta 6 Vasu = 104771 Vain © 90+ 10=1014PH) 10 > 101 APA = 10 10 PH aw" 12)= 10 5 PH oom = 1 Thi du 3: Thém 80ml nude vao 20ml dung dich HCI c6 pH = 6, Xée dinh pH cla dung dich thu duge sau tr‘Tom tat ly thuyét hod hoc 11 Cig: NITO' — PHOT PHO ‘thigu chung L Vier ‘Thuéc nhém V trong bang hé théng tuan hoan. - Nhom Nito' gm : Nita (N) , Photpho (P) , Asen(As) , atimon (Sb) va bitmut (Bi). ~ Ching déu thudc cac nguyén t6 p IL. Tinh cht chung cac nguyén t6 nhém nito. 1. Céu hinh electron ciia nguy@n ti : ~ Cau hinh \ép electron ngoai cing : 1 tyt ft m8 7 - O trang thai co ban , nguyén tit cia cic nguyén t6 nhom nit c6 3 electron déc than , do dé trong cc hop chat ching ¢6 cong héa tr 1a 3 ~ Déi véi cic nguyén t6 : P, As , Sb 6 trang thai kich thich c6 5 eletron dc thin nén trong hop chat cchiing ¢6 lién két c6ng hoa tri la 5 ( Trir Nita ). tinh chat ciia ce don chat mp a. Tinh oxi héa khit - Trong cic hop chat ching c6 céc s6 oxi hod : 3,43 , +5, Riéng Nito cén ¢6 cde s6 oxi hod : +1, 42,44 ~ Cae nguyén t6 nhém Nito vita cé tinh oxi hoa vira e6 tinh khit = Kha nang oxi héa giam tir nito dén b. Tink kim logi - phi kim = Di tir nito dén bitmut , tinh phi kim ciia cic nguyén to gidm dan , dong thoi tinh kim loai tang dan 3. Sw bién déi tinh chit ciia cic hop chat : a. Hop chit véi hidro : RH ~ Dé bén nbiét cia céc hidrua gidm tir NH dén BiFy ~ Dung dich cia ching khong c6 tinh axit b. Oxit vd hidroxit ~ C6 s6 oxi hod cao nhit véi Oxi : +5 ~ D6 bén ciia hyp chat v6i s6 oxihoa +5 gidm xuéng. - Véi N va P s6 oxi hoa +5 la dic trung ~ Tinh bazo cia céc oxit va hidroxit ting con tinh axit gidm Theo chidu tir nite dén bitmut. B. Nito 1-Céu tgo phan tir. ~ Céng thite electron Non - Céng thire cau tao N=N Il Tinh chit vat ly. ~ La chat khi khong mau , khéng mui, khdng vi, hoi nhe hon khéng khi , héa long riin:-210 °C - Tan rat it trong nuéc , khéng duy tri su chay va su séng, khéng déc. IIL. Tinh chat hoa hoc. = Nito ¢6 eae s6 oxi hoa = 196°C, hoa Tnuimg THPT S6 1 Nghia Hanh Gio vign Chu Anh Tuntinh oxi hoa tinh hit -Nz c6 86 oxihoa 0 nén vita thé hign tinh oxi hoa va tinh khit - Nito €6 Exes = 946 kI/mol , 6 nbiét 46 thuong nito kha tro hoat dong hon = Nito thé hign tinh oxi hea v: ‘Tinh oxi héa : a. Tée dung vii hidro © nhiét d6 cao (400°C), ap suat cao va c6 xtc tac nat hoa hoc nhung 6 nhiét 46 cao ih khir , tinh oxi héa dae trung hon NS 43H» 9G 2 NHh; AH=-92k b. Tée dung voi kim logi 6Li +N.’ > 2LisN (Liti Nitrua ) 3Mg + No» MgiNz (Magie Nitrua ) 2. Tinh khit: ~ G nhigt d6 3000°C (hode hé quang dign ) NY +O: Ge 2NO AH=180KJ > Nito thé hign tinh Khe ~Khi NO khéng bén 2N0+0:H0% 2NOz ~ Cac oxit khae nhu N20, N2Os , NzOs khéng diéu ché trac tiép ti nite va oxi Két luan: Nitor thé hign tinh kit Khi tac dung voi ede nguyen 16 cb dé dm dign lén hon .Thé hién tinh oxihéa Khi tée dung voi ede nguyen 16 eb do dm dién lim hon IV. Trang thai thién nhién va diéu ché 1. Trang thai thign nhién - O dang tye do : chiém khoang 80% thé tich khéng khi , tén tai 2 déng vi :4N (99.63% '5N(0,37%) ~ O dang hop chat , nito c6 nbiéu trong khoang vat NaNO3 (Diém tiéu ) : c6 c6 trong thinh phin lia protein , axit nucleic, . .. va nhiéu hgp chat hitu co thién nhién 2-Diéu ché a, Trong cdng nghigp ~ Chung cét phn doan khéng khi long , thu nito 6 -196 "C , van chuyén trong céc binh thép , nén dudi ap suit 150 at b. Trong phang thi nghigm ~ Bun dung dich bao héa mudi amoni nitrit ( Hn hop NaNO2 vi NHACI ) ~ La mét trong nhiing thanh phan dinh duéng chinh cia the vat - Trong céng nghiép ding dé tng hop NHs , tir d6 sin xuat ra phan dam , axit nitric... NI nghanh céng nghiép nhur luyén kim , thue pham , dién tir... Str dung nito lam méi trang VL Oxit ciia nito1. Dinito-oxit (khi cwoi): N20 Céng thie céu tao N=N=0 Diéu ché NHsNO; —“<5 N20 + 2H20 to oxi NO Céng thite céu tao N=0 Didu ché ‘Cu +HNOs long +Cu(NOs)2 + NO + H20. hoe NH + 02 —S-> NO +20 3. Nitodioxit: NO: (mau nau, rit d6e ) Cong thite céu ta0 0-N=0 Didu ché Cu +HNOs dic, nong Cu(NOs)2 + NO2 + H20. 4. Dinito pentosit: N20s Cong thite céu tao O=N-O-N=0 © 0 Digu ché: HINO; + P20s —“*> HPOs + N2Os C. Amoniae 1. Cu tao phan tir -CTe crctT H:N: H H-N-H Hu F . 4] N\ ~ Lién két trong phan tir NHs la I duong do dé phan tit NH 1a phan tir phan cue -Phan tit NHb 6 céu tao hinh thap , day La mot tam giée déu IL. Tinh chat vat - Nhe hon khong khi chat khi khéng mau , mii khai va x6c , nhe hon khéng khi - Khi NHB tan rit nhiéu trong nude , tgo thanh dung dich amoniae 6 tinh kiém yéu IIL Tinh chat hoa hoc 1. Tinh bazo yéu n két cOng hoa tri phan cuc , nito tich dign am , hidro tich dién a. Tée dung v6i mcd : ~ Dua vio tinh chat héa chung cua baze = Dua vao thuyét axit ~ bazo cia bronxted viét phurong trinh dign li cia NHs trong nude ‘Trong dung dich NHs la mét bazo yéu , 6 25°C , Kn= 1,8. 10° NH; +H20. fijif) NHs* +OH b. Tée dung véi axit ; Tao thanh mudi amoni Vid: 2NH3 + H2SOs—> (NH4)2SOs NH +H’ NHy NHbq)+ HCl) NHACle)—> Phan ting diing dé nhan biét khi NHsKét luan ~ Amoniae 6 trang thai khi hay trong dung dich déu thé hign tinh bazo yéu Tic dung véi axit tao thanh mudi amoni va két tia duoc hidroxit cia nhiéu kim loai . Tic dung voi dung dich mudi ctia nhiéu kim logi , tao két tita hidroxit ctia ching Vidu AP'3NH3+3H0-> AI(OH)s + 3NHy Fe +2NHs+2H20—>Fe(OH)2!+2NHs 2.. Kha ning tgo phite Dung dich amoniac c6 kha nang héa tan hidroxit hay mudi it tan cua mét s6 kim loai , tao thanh cic dung dich phite chat Vidu: * Voi Cu(OH)2: — Cu(OH)2+ 4NHy> [Cu(NHb)s](OH): = Phuong trinh ion: | Cu(OH)2+ 4NHs—> [Cu(NHs)s]"+ 20H" ‘Mau xanh thim * Voi AgCl AgCl + 2NFb >[Ag(NHb)2] Cl AgCl + 2NHs > [Ag(NHs)2]” + Ch Swe tao thanh cée ion phe la do ste két hop cde phan tie NHs bing cd electron cha sie dung ctta inguyén tie nite voi ion kim loai 3.. Tinh khit: - Amoniac c6 tinh kha: phan img, due v6i oxi , clo va khit mt s6 oxit kimloai (Nita c6 s6 oxi héa tir-3 dén 0, 42), a. Tée dung vai oxi ~ Amoniac chéy trong khéng khi véi ngon lita mau luc nhat 4NHs +302 -> 2N"2 + 6420 ~Khi c6 xtie tac La hop kim platin va iridi 6 850 — 900°C 4NHb +502 - 4NO + 6H20 b. Tie dung véi clo : ~ Khi NHB tyr béc chay trong khi Clo tao ngon hita c6 khéi tring. 2NH3 + 3Cl2 > Nz? +6HCI ~ Khoi tring la nhting hat NH,C! sinh ra do khi HCI vita tao thanh hoa hop voi NE ¢. Téc dung véi mét sé oxit kim logi: - Khi dun néng , NHs c6 thé khir oxit ct mét sé kim loai thanh kim loai Vidu 2NHs + 3CuO —> 3Cu+Nz’ +3H20 IV, DIEU CHE 1, Trong phong thi nghigm = Cho mudi amoni tac dung voi kiém néng, 2NHACl+Ca(OH)2 > 2NH3 + CaCl +2H20 ~ Dun néng dung dich amoniac dae 2. Trong cng nghigp: Nog) + 3H) HER) 2NHs AH =- 92 kd Voi nhigt d6 : 450 ~ 500°C Ap sudt : 300-1000 at Chat xtie tée : Fe hoat héa , ing ap suat dé thu long NHs nhigu6° thap . Tuy nhién t° thich hop khoan 440°C * Ding chat xe tac V. Muéi Amoni 1. Tinh chit vat li ~ La nhing hop chat tinh thé ion , Phan tir 26m cation NH’ va anion géec axit ~ Muéi amoni déu dé tan trong nude va khi tan dign ly hoan toan thanh cae ion du NH4CI—> NH’ + Cl-; Jon NH’ khOng 6 mau 2. Tinh chit hoa hoc 4 Phin ieng tha phan ; Tao moi tring 6 tinh axit lam quy tim hoa 46 NH,’ + HOH — NE + H30° (Tinh axit ) b. Phan teng trao déi ion Vidu (NH,)2SO4+ 2 NaOH >2NHst + Na2SOy +2H20 . (1) NH¢ + OH’ NH +H:0 — Phan img nay ding dé diéu ché NHs trong phéng thi nghiém. NH,CI+AgNOs—> AgCl] +NHsNOs (2) Cr+Ag’ > AgCl | —> Cae phan ting trén 1a phan ting trao di ¢—Phén itng nhigt phan : Khi dun néng cae mudi amoni dé bi nhiét phan , tgo thanh nhiing sin phdm khéc nhau Mudi amoni tao bai axit khong cé tinh oxihéa : Khi dun néng bi phan hay thinh amoniac va axit Vidu: NHACly) > NHbq)+ HClay HCI + NH3 > NHCI (NH)2CO3> NHa +NEWHCOs NHsHCO3 —> NH +CO2 + H20 ‘Mudi tao boi axit cé tinh oxihéa ~ Nhur axit nitro’, axit nitric khi bi nhiét phan cho ra Nz ho&e N20 va nude Vidu NHiNO2 > N2 +2420 NH4NOs > N20 + 220 -Vé nguyén tic : tuy thudc vao axit tao thinh ma NH; cé thé bj oxi hoa thanh cae san phim khac haw D.Axit nitric 1— Cfu tao phan tir -CIPT HNO; -CICT:; H-O-N>0 oO = Nito co héa tri IV va s6 oxihoa 1a +5 I1- Tinh chat vat li ~ La chat long khéng miu ~- Béc khoi manh trong khéng khi 4m -D=1,53g/em*, 1", = 86°C~ Axit nitric khdng bén , phan hay 1 phan 4HNO3 > 4 NO2 + 02+ 2H20 dung dich axit c6 mau vang hoe nau ~ Axit nitric tan v6 han trong nuée ( Thue 16 dling HNO: 68% ) IIL. Tinh chat hos hge Tinh axit La mét trong s6 cae axit manh nhat , trong dung dich HNO3—> H’+ NOx - Dung dich axit HNO; cé day di tinh chat cua mt dung dich axit Tic dung v6i oxit bazo , bazo , mudi , kim loai 2.Tinh oxi hoa Vi HINOs , N c6 86 oxihda cao nhat +5 , trong phan ing ¢6 su thay déi s6 oxihéa , s6 oxihéa ciia nito gidm xudng gia tri thap hon a, V6i kim loi ~ HNOs oxihoa hiu hét cdc kim loai (tnir ving va platin ) khong giai phéng khi Hz , do ion NOs c6 kha ning oxihoa manh hon H * Voi nhieng kim logi cé tinh khit yéu : Cu, Ag... = HNOs déic bi khir dén NOx Cu+4HNO3;> Cu(NOs)2 +2NO2 +2420 = NOs loding bi kinir dén NO 3Cu+ SHNOs > 3Cu(NOs)2_ +2NO + 4H20 * Khi the dung vai nhitng kim logi cé tink khik manh hon ; Mg, Zn Al ~ HNO; dic bi khir dén NOz + HNO; doaing bj khit dén N20 hoe No = HNO} rd lodng bi khir dén NHs (NHsNOs) BAI + 30HINOsq) -> 8AI(NOx)s_ + 3N20 + 15FLO SMg + 12HNO) > SMg(NOs)2__ + N+ 6H20 4Zn + 1OHNO3q)-> Zn(NOs)2_ + NHiNO3 + 3H20 ~ Fe, Albi thu dong héa trong dung dich HNOs dc ngudi b, Tée dung véi phi kim ~ Khi dun néng HNOs dac cé thé tic dung duge véi C, PS Vidu C+4HNOxa) > CO2+4NO2 + 2H20 S + 6HNOxa)—> H2S04+6NO2 +2H20 Nhu vay HNO; khéng nhiing tac dung véi kim loai ma c6n tic dung véi mét sé phi kim ¢. Téc dung véi hop chat - Ho , HI, SO2, FeO , mudi sit (II)... c6 thé tée dung voi HNOs - Nguyén t6 bi oxihéa trong hop chat chuyén lén misc oxi héa cao hon 3FeO +10HNO3q) — 3 Fe(NO3); + NO + SH20 3H28 + 2HNOx)— 38+ 2NO+ 4H20 hop chat hiru co nhu giay , vai , dau théng . . . bbe chay ki Két lufin : HNOs cé tinh axit manh va co tinh oxihoa CHE iép xtic voi HNOs dc1. Trong phing thi nghigm - Phuong php diéu ché HNOs trong phong thi nghiém NaNOx)+ H2SOua) —*—> HNO3 + NaHSOs 2. Trong cong nghigp ~ Duge san xuat tir amoniac nhigt d6 850 — 900°C , xtc tée hop kim Pt valr 4NH3 +502 4NO + 6H20 AH =- 907k - Oxi héa NO thenh NO> 2NO + 02+ 2NO2 = Chuyén hiéa NO2 thanh HNOs 4NO2 +2H:0 +02 ~> 4HNOs ~ Dung dich HNOs thu duge c6 néng d6 60 - 62% . Chung cdt v6i HzSO4 dam die thu duge dung dich HNO3 96 ~ 98 % E.Muéi nitrat 1. Khai nigm mudi nitrat - Muéi ciia axit nitric goi la mudi nitrat Vi dy: NaNOs , Cu(NOs), NH:NOs. ‘inh chat vat ly: ~ Dé tan trong nude va chat dign ly manh trong dung dich , ching phan ly hoan toan thinh cic ion Vidu Ca(NOx) > Ca? + 2NOx KNO3 > K* + NO = Ion NOx” khéng c6 mau , mau ctia mét s6 mut III- Tinh chit héa he Cae mudi nitrat dé bi phan hy khi dun néng 4. Mudi nitrat cita cdc kim logi hoat dong trude Mg) : ~ Bi phan hiiy thanh > mudi nitrit + khi Oo, 2KNO3 > 2KNO3 +02 b. Mudi nitrat ciia céc kim logi tie Mg > Cu : - Bi phan hy thanh — oxit kim logi + NO2 + O2 2Cu(NOs)2 —> 2Cu0 + 4NO2 + Or ¢. Mudi cia nhiing kim logi kém hoat dong (sau Cu) : - Bj phan hy thanh > kim loai + NO2 + Oz 2AgNO3 > 2Ag + 2NO2+ O2 IV. Nhin biét ion nitrat ~ Khi c6 mat ion H’ va NOs thé hit ~ Vi vay ding Cu + H2SOy dé nhan biét mudi nitrat Vid; 3Cu + 8NaNOs + 4H2SOs)—> 3Cu(NOs)z* 2NO* 4NaaSOs + 4I 3Cu+8H"}2NOy93Cu?* + 2NO + 40. 2NO+O2->2NO2 (nu do ) V. Ung dung cia mudi nitrat. = Dang dé lam phan bon hoa hoc , Kalinitrat con duge str dung dé ché thudc né den tite. nitrat La do mau cua cation kim loai,‘Tom tat ly thuyét hod hoc 11 ‘Amoniae Mudiamoni | Axitnitric | Mudi nitrat (NEG) (NHS) (HNO) (NOs) Tinh “chat Khi moi Khai [-D@ tan “chit long khong | - dé tan chit | khong mau, | -Tan nbiéutrong | -Dign fi manh_ | miu - ign li vatly |khongmii | nude - Tan v6 han manh -ittan trong nude Tinh | - Bén 6 nhiét | - Tinh bazo yéu, -Débi phin | -La axit manh -Bi phan huy chat | d6 thudng Tinh khir manh, | huy boi nhigt | -La chat oxi hoa | bai nhiét héa | -Hoat déng | - Tao phite Thuy phan | manh -li chit oxi ge | hon 6 nhigt trong mdi hoa trong mai 6 cao (vd trudng axit trudng axit voi kim loai, hofe dun phi kim, Ha) néng Diéu | NHiNO2> | 2NHsCI+Ca(OH)2 | NHs+H'—> | NaNOs + H280s ché | Nr#2H20 > 2NHs + CaCl + | NHS > NaHSOs + HNO + Kim -chung cit | 2H20 HNO; Logi phan doan kk | No¥3Hz poy 2NH3 NE NO > long NO2 > HNOs Ung | -Tao mdi ~Diguché phan | -Lam phan “Phan bon, dung | trudng tro bon bon -Nguyén ligu sin | thudc né, -nguyén ligu | -nguyén ligu san xuat phan bon thudc nhuém 8 sxNHs__| xudt HNO3 F. Phot pho 1. Tinh chiit vat li 1. P tring Dang tinh thé do phan tir Py Khéng mau hod vang nhat giéng nhu sap Dé nong chay bay hoi, t= 44,1"C Rit dde, gay bong ning khi roi vao da Khéng tan trong nude nhung tan trong dung méi hitu co: CoH , ete Oxyhod cham — phat sang Kém bén tur chay trong khdng khi 6 diéu kign throng 2.Pd6 Dang Polime Chat bot mau 46 Khé néng chay , khd bay hoi , t'x=250°C Khéng doc Khong tan trong bat ky dung méi nao Khong doc Khong Oxyhoa chim — kh6ng phat sing Bén trong khéng khi & ign thudng,, b Khi dun néng kh6ng c6 khong khi Pd —> P tring P cé cc 86 oxi hoa : -3 0, +3, +5 hon P tring—> Cé thé thé hign tinh khir va tinh oxi hoa IL Tinh chat hoa hoe - BO am dign P—> 2P20s Diphoipho pentaoxit b. Téc dung véi clo Khi cho clo di qua photpho -nong chay = Thiéu clo 2P? + 3Cl2 2PCls Photpho triclorua - Dueclo 2P? + SCla-> 2PCls Photpho pentaclorua ©. Tée dung voi cde hop chit Vidu OP + SKCIO3 > 3P205 + SKCI 11. UNG DUNG ~ Ding san xudt thuéc dau que diém. ~ Digu ché HsPOs P -> P20s > HsPOs -Khéng c6 P dang ty do ~ Thuimg & dang mudi cia axit photphpric : c6 trong quing apatit CasF(PO4): va photphoric Cax(POs)2 = C6 trong protien thye vat , trong xuong., ring , bip thit,té bio nfo... eta ngudi va dng vat 2. Diéu ché: - Bang cach nung hon hgp Cas(PO.)>, SiO> va than 6 1200°C ~ Phuong trinh diéu ché P trong céng nghiép Cas(POs)2 + 38iO2 + SC > 3CaSiOs +2P + SCO ~ Hoi P thoat ra ngung tu khi Lam lanh , thu duge P 6 dang rin G.AXIT PHOTPHORIC : I. Cu tgo phan tir : Photpho c6 héa tri V va s6 oxihoa +5 IL. Tinh chat vat ly - La chat rin , trong suét khéng mau , hao nudc tan nhiéu trong nude - Khong bay hoi , khong doc, t” = 42,3°C - Dung dich & sanh , c6 néng 46 85%IIL.Tinh chat héa hoc a. Tinh oxihéa — khit - Axit HsPOs khdng c6 tinh oxihéa nhu axit nitric vi photpho & mite oxihéa +5 bén hon b. Téc dung boi nhigt : H3PO, dé bi mat nude an0-asi’e —aan-saoe HyPO; > H.P:0; > HPO; shotphorie Maiphoephoric “Ma mataphatphere ¢. Tink axit ~ Axit HsPO, la axit ba lan axit co d6 manh trung binh HyPOs po) HU +HRPOP Ki=7,6.1 HaPOs H'+HPO? Ki =6,2.10% HPO? H’ + PO Ki =4,4.10% = Gém cic ion: H’ , H2POs , HPO,” PO." ~ Dung dich HsPOx c6 nhiing tinh chat chung cia axit Vidu : Tac dung v6i oxit bazo hodc bazo HaPOs+ NaOH > NaH2PO; + H20 HaPOs+2NaOH— NaxHPO + 2H:0 HaPOs+ 3NaOH > NasPOs + 3E20 * x<1) | NaH:PO, dur axit. NaH:PO, NaH:PO.va NasHPOs NasHPOs *23 NasPOs dur bazo IV. Didéu ché va tng dung a. Trong phong thi nghiém : Ding HNO; 30% oxihéa P 3P+SHNO3+2H20-+3HsPO, +5NO b. Trong cong nghiép - Phuong php chiét » Cho H2SOs de tée dung voi quiing photphorit hodie quéing apatit Cas(PO,)z+3H2S0;3CaSOs}— +2HaPOs - Phong phap nhiét : Dicu ché HsPO, tinh khiét hon 4P + 502 —» 2P20s POs +3H20 —> 2HsPOs Ngoai ra con c6 thé thi phan dan xuat Halogen PX5 + 4H:0 —> HaPO. + SHX Ung dung Ding dé san xudt phan bén v6 co, nhudm vai , sin xudt men sir , ding trong cng nghiép duge pham V-MUOI PHOTPHAT ~ Mudi phot phat li mudi cia axit photphoric gdm mudi trung hoa va hai mudi axit Vidy : NasPO4 , KxHPOs , Ca(H2PO4)2 = C63 log © Mudi dihidréphotphat© Mué in hidréphotphat © Muéi photphat 1-Tinh chat a. Tinh tan NasPOs > 3Na+POs* > PH> 7 ~ Cac mudi dihidrophotphat déu tan trong nude - Cae mudi hidrophotphat va photphat trung hoa chi c muéi natri ,kali , amoni la d8 tan edn cia cde kim loai khéc khéng tan hode it tan trong nude b. Phan ting thiiy phan : ‘Cac muéi photphat tan ViDy hay phan trong dung dich +H20. ji) HPO. + OH — Dung dich c6 méi trudng kiém 2.—Nhén biét ion photphat - Thude thir la dung dich AgNOs vD 3AgNOs+NasPOs—AgsPOs+3NNO3 3Ag’+PO.*— AgsPO.| (mau vang ) ~> Cé két tua vang xuat hign, két tua tan duge trong HNOs lodng, H. PHAN BON HOA HQC 1. PHAN DAM Phan dam Ia nhiing hgp chat cung cap Nito cho cay trong Tac dung : kich thich qua trinh sinh truéng cia cdy , tang ti1é protéin thye vat D6 dinh dudng danh gid bling %N trong phan L.Phin dam Amoni La ce mudi amoni : NHsCI , (NHi)2SOx , NHiNOs Ding bén cho céc loai dit it chua Cé chtta gde NHy° > c6 méi trading axit Khéng thé duge vi xy ra phin ting: CaO + NH" > Ca? + NH + 20 2. Phin dam Nitrat ~ La cde mudi Nitrat : NaNOs, Ca(NOs): = Diéu ché : Mudi cacbonat + HNO; > Déu chita N ~ Amoni c6 méi trudng axit cn Nitrat co méi trudmg trung tinh => Ving dat chua bén nitrat ving dat kiém bén amoni 3.Uré = CTPT : (NH2)2CO , 46%N = Bidu ch: CO: + 2NHs > (NH;):CO +H20 1 ~ Giai doan nao cia cay tréng doi hoi nhiéu phan dam hon ? giai doan sinh truéng cia cay I. PHAN KALI ~ Cung cép nguyén té Kali cho cay dudi dang ion K ~ Tic dung : ting cutng sire chéng bénh , ching rét va chiu han cia cay ~ Dinh gia bang ham Iuong % K20. sao Uré duge sit dung réng rai 2do uré trung tinh va ham lugng nito cao1 PHAN LAN Phan c6 chita nguyén 16 P.Cé 2 loai - Cung cap photpho cho cay duci dang ion photphat PO,* ~ Cn thiét cho cay 6 thai ky sinh truéng, Banh gia bing him lung %P20s twong ting véi Luong photpho cé trong thinh phan cla n6 Nguyén ligu : quang photphorie va apatit Phan lin nung chay Thanh phan ; hon hop photphat va silicat ca canxi va magié Chita 12-14% P20s Khong tan trong nude , thich hgp cho lugng dat chua Phan lan ty nhién :Ding truc tiép quang photphat lm phan bon ‘Béu la Ca(H2PO4)2 Khéc nhau vé ham Iuong P trong phan 3. Super photphat ~ Thanh phan chinh la Ca(H2PO.)2 a, Superphotphat don : ~ Chita 14-20% POs = Digu ché Cas(PO,)2 + 2H2SOs > 2CaSO1 + Ca(HoPO.)2 b. Super photphat kép : Chita 40-50% P20s ~ San xuat qua 2 giai doan Cax(PO4)2 + 3H280s > 2HsPOs+ 3CaSOx Cax(PO,)2+ 4HaPOs > 3Ca(H2PO4)2 IV. MOT SO LOAI PHAN KHAC : 1, Phan hén hop va phan phic hop - La loai phan chira déng thdi hai hoac 3 nuyén t6 dinh dudng co ban * Phin hon hop - Chita cd 3 nguyén t6 N , P,, K duge goi la phan NPK = N6 duge trén tir cée phan don theo ti 1é N:P:K nhat dinh tuy theo loai dat trong. * Phan phite hp Améphot ‘San xuat bang tuong téc hoa hoc cia cae chat 2. Phin vi lrgng ~Cung cap nhiing hop chat chira cdc nguyén t8 nhur Bo, kém , Mn, Cu, Mo tréng chi cn mét long rat nho - Phan vi lugng duge dua vao dat cling voi phan bén vo cv hoac hitu co ~ Sau mét théi gian trong dat cac nguyén t6 vi long it di can bé xung cho cay theo dudng phan bon Chung 3: CACBON - SILICA. Gidi thigu chung I. VI TRI CUA NHOM CACBON TRONG BANG TUAN HOAN : ~ La cac nguyén t6 thude nhom IV ~ Ching déu thudc cac nguyén t6 p MOt sé tinh chat cia cdc nguyén t6 nhém cacbon. Cacbon | Silic | Geemani | Thige [Chi ‘Sé higu nguyén tie 6 14 32 50 82 Nguyén tit khdi (dvO) 12,01 | 2808 | 72,61 | 118,71 | 207,2 Ciiu hink electron lép ngoai cung 2s2p | 383p7 | 4s%4p? | S8°5p? | 6s'6p? Ban kink nguyén tit (nm) 0077 | 0117 | 0,122 | 0140 | 0,146 Dp am dign 25 19 18 18 19 ‘Nang legng ion hoa thie 1086 786 762 708 [715 nhét(Kj/mol) I1- TINH CHAT CHUNG CUA CAC NGUYEN TO NHOM CACBON 1. Cu hinh electron nguyén tir - Cau hinh electron ngoai cling : ns?np? ~Trong hop chit ching c6 cng hoia tri 1a hai ,bdn va ching c6 céc s6 oxihéa +4, +2va —4 (Irie Ge Sn, Pb ) tay thudc vao d6 am dign cua cdc nguyén 16 lién két voi ching, 2. Sy bién doi tinh chat cia cic don chat Pb tinh phi kim giam dan va tinh kim loai ting, it voi hidro RHy : d6 bén nhiét giém nhanh tir CHy dén PbHs . - Hop chit oxit - XO .XOz CO: va SiO: la cac oxit axit , con cac oxit GeO2 ,SnO2 , PbO2 va cac hidroxit tvong ting ca ching la cdc hop chit ludng tinh = Cac nguyén tir C , Ge , Si lién két véi nhau tao thanh mach , kha nang nay giam nhanh tir C dén Ge B. Cacbon, 1- TINH CHAT VAT LY ~ Céic bon tao thanh mét s6 dang thi hinh , khée nhau vé tinh chat vat ly “achon hoat dng héa hoc 6 nhigt 46 cao, C-v6 dink hinh hoat dong hon ~ La chat tinh thé khong mau , trong sudt khéng dan dién , din ‘nhigt kém, = Tinh thé thud loai tinh thé nguyén tir 2. Than chi ~ Cu trac l6p, lién két vi nhau yéu. tot ~ Tinh thé mau xam, =3. Cacbon v6 dinh hint Gém nhiing tinh thé rat nho Ching cé kha nang hap phy manh INH CHAT HOA HQC Tinh khir a. Tic dung véi oxi C+ O20 O2 b. Tic dung voi hgp chit ~ G mhigt 46 cao c6 thé khir duce mhiéu oxit Fe:03 +3C’ 9 2Fe +3CO CO: + Cho 260. SiO2 +2C? > Si+2C.0 Cacbon khéng tac dung truc tiép véi halogen 2. Tinh oxi héa a. Téic dung véi hidro G nhigt dé cao va c6 xi tae C+ 2th > CH b Tic dung véi kim logi O nhiét d6 cao Ca +2” > CaCz4 Cansi cachua 4A? $30? ALC 3 Nhom cacbua 11. UNG DUNG: 1. Kim ewong ding lam dé trang site , ché tao mii khoan , dao cit thy tinh va bot mai 2 Than chi Lam dién cuc , bitt chi den , ché chat bdi tron , lam ndi chén dé nau chay cde hop kim chiu nhiét 3. Than ede Lam chit khir trong 6 luyén kim 4. Than gi Diing dé ché thudc sing den , thude phéo chat hap phu . Than hoat ti na phéng déc va trong céng nghiép héa chat 5. Than mudi : duge ding tam chat dn khi Iuu héa cao su, sin x IV- TRANG THAI TY NHIEN: 1, Trong thién nhién - Kim cuong va than chi la cacbon ty do gan nhu tinh khiét, ngoai ra con cé trong khoang vat h duoc ding nhiéu trong mat muc in, xi danh gidy100 nghin atm ~ Than g6 : Khi dét chay g6 trong diéu kign thiéu khng khi - Than mugi CHi—> C+2H2 = Than mé : Khai thac tne tiép tir ca via than C. Hop chat ctia cacbon I- CACBON MONOONXIT : 1 — Ciiu tao phan tir: ~ G trang thai co ban co: FETLE TE 2 Tinh chit vat ly ~ La chat khi khong mau , khéng mai, khéng vi, nhe hon khong khi it tan trong nude ,t/s = - 191,5°C, tne = -205,2°C 3—Tinh chat héa hoc Cacbon monooxit 1a oxit khéng tao mudi , kém hoat dng & nhiét d6 thuong va hoat dong & nhiét 45 cao = CO la chat khir manh ~ Chay trong khéng khi ,cho ngon Ia mau lam nhat t6a nhigt 2COw) + Or) —> 2CO2ny ~Khi c6 than hoat tinh lam xiie tac CO + Cl > COCI (photgen). ~ Khir nhiéu oxit kim loai CO+Cu0 > Cu+ COz 4 Dieu ché a. Trong cong nghiép ~ Cho hoi nude di qua than néng 43 1050°C c +20 cO+H: ~ Tao thanh khi than ust : 44% CO , 45%H2 , 5% H20 Va 6% No ~ Duge san xudt trong cdc 16 ga C+ 3 C0 C +02.>COr CO: +€ +20 1d ga : 25%CO, 70%Nz , 4%CO2 va 1% cde khi khéeb. Trong phong thi nghigm : H2S0s sicnine HCOOH + — CO+H0 Il. CACBON DIOXIT (C02) VA AXiT CACBONIC (HCO) Cfu tgo ciia phan ti COn: 0=C=0 két C—O 1a Ik CHT c6 eye , nhung do ¢6 cau tao thing nén phan tit CO2 khéng c6 cue: 2 Tinh chit vat ly: ~ La chat khi khéng mau , ning gap 1,5 lan khong khi , tan it trong nude. - O nhiét d6 thuong , ap suat 60atm CO2 hoa long, ~ Lam lanh d6t ngét 6 ~ 76°C CO: héa than khéi rin goi “murde da khé “ c6 hin tugng thing hoa 3— Tinh chat héa hoe : a. COz khdng chay , khong duy tri sw chay , c6 tinh oxihéa khi gp chat khir manh Vidw: C O01 +2Mg > 2MgO + C? b. CO: Ia oxit axit tic dung véi oxit bazo va bazo tao mudi ~ Khi tan trong nuée CO: +H20 H2COs = Axit H2COs la axit rat yéu va kém bén H2COs H’ +HCOx,Ki=4,5. 107 HCOr HCO ,K= 4,8. 10"! 4— Dieu ché a. Trong cong nghiép O mhiét 46 900 ~ 100°C CaCOx) CaO + CO b. Trong phong thi nghigm CaCO3 +2HCI > CaCl;+ CO2+ #20 I1l— MUOL CACBONAT : 1— Tinh chat tia mudi cacbonat a. Tinh tan - Mudi trung hoa ctia kim loai kiém (tri Li2COs) amoni va cac mudi hidrocacbonat dé tan trong nude (tris NaHCOs) ~ Muéi cacbonat trung héa ctia cac kim loai khac khéng tan hoc it tan trong nude b.Tiéic dung voi axit NaHCOs+HCl -> NaCl +CO: + H:0 HCO +H’ > CO: +H20 NaxCOs+2HCI > 2NaCI +CO2 +H20 (03? 42H > CO2 + HO «. Tée dung véi dung dich kiém NaHCO: + NaOH -> NaxCO3 + HCOy + OH > CO;* + H20 d. Phan teng nhigt phan ~ Mudi cacbonat trung hoa eta kim loai kiém déu bén véi mhigt ~ Cie mudi khéic va mudi hidrocacbonat dé bi phan hity khi dun nong Vidw MgCO} — MgO + CO>2NaHCOs > NaxCO3 + CO2 + H20 Ca(HCOs)2—> CaCOs + CO2+ 20 2.—MO6t sé mudi cacbonat quan trong ~ Canxicacbonat (CaCOs ) La chat bét nhe mau trang , duge ding lam chat don trong luu hoa va mét s6 nghanh céng nghiép ~ Natri cacbon khan (NaxCOs) La chit bét mau tring , tan nhiéu trong nude (dang tinh thé NaxCOs .10H20) duoc ding trong céng nghiép thiy tinh , 46 gém , bat git ~NaHCOs La tinh thé mau tring hoi it tan trong nude , duge ding trong cong nghiép thyc phim , y hoc D-Silic ‘inh chat vat ly : = Cé hai dang thit kink : Tinh thé va v6 dinh hinh = Silic tinh thé c6 cau tric giéng cacbon , mau xam c6 Anh kim, din dién , 2620°C . Cé tinh ban dan - Silic v6 dinh hinh ta chat bt mau nau 2-Tinh chat héa hoc : a. Tinh kit : - Téc dung vi phi kim : O nhigt dé theing taie= 1420°C , t= Si9 + 2F2 > SiFs Gilic tetraflorua) Khi dun nong Si? + 02> SiO2 (silic dioxit) Si?+C SIC (silic cacbua). - Téc dung vdi hop chdt Si! + 2NaOH+ H20-9Naz Si Os+ 2H: b. Tinh oxi héa : Tac dung véi kim loai : (Ca, Mg , Fe. ..)6 nhigt 43 cao 2Mg + Si? —> Mg» Si (magie silixua) 3~ Trang thai thién nhién = Silic chiém gin 29,5% khéi luong v6 tri aluminosilicat ) At , ton tai 6 dang hop chat (cat , khoang vat - Silic cn 66 trong co thé ngudi va thc vat 4— Ung dung va diéu ché ~ Cé nbidu img dung trong ky thuat (ky thudt v6 tuyén va dign tir, pin mat tri, luyén kim ). - Dieu ché * Trong phong thi nghigm SiO: + 2Mg—> Si +2Mgo.* Trong cong nghiep ° Si02+2C > Si + 2C0. T- HQP CHAT CUA SILIC: 1 — Silic dioxit (SiO2) - SiOz 6 dang tinh thé nguyén tir mau tring rat cig, khong tan trong nude ,t’ne=1713°C, t= 2590°C - Trong thién nhién ch yéu 6 dang khoang vat thach anh , khong mau trong sudt goi la pha 1é thién ign ~ La oxit axit , tan chim trong dung dich kiém dac néng , tan nhanh trong kiém néng chay ho&c cacbonat trong kim loai kiém néng chay Vidu SiOz + 2NaOH ~> Na:SiOs + H20. SiOz + NazCOs > NazSiOs + H20. -Tan trong axit flohidr SiO2+4HF > SiFy t+ 2H20. mudi a, Axit silixie(H2Si03) = La chat 6 dang két tiia keo , khéng tan trong nude , dun néng dé H2SiOs > SiO2 + 20 ~ HoSiOs khi say khé mat nude tao silicagen : ding dé hiit am va hap phu nhiéu chat ~ HaSiOs la axit rit yéu Na2SiOx+COx+H20->H2Si03+NaxCOs b. Mudi silicat ~ Muéi ctia kim loai kiém tan duoc trong nude , cho méi trudng kiém ~ Dung dich dic NasSiOs va K2SiOs goi la thi tinh long ~ Vai hoc gé tim thiy tinh léng sé kho bi chay ,Thuy tinh long duoc dung dé ché keo dan thiy tinh va sit E- Cong nghiép silicat 1-THUY TINH: ‘inh phan va tinh chit cia thuy tinh: oxit kim logi hur Na, Mg, Ca, Pb , Zn ... va SiOz, B2Os -Thuy tinh 6 thanh phan hod hoc la cée P20 - San phim nung chay céc chat nay 14 thuy tinh , thinh phan chu yéu la SiO2 ~ Thuy tinh c6 edu tric v6 dinh hinh ~ T° néng chay khéng xéc dinh, 2, M@t s6 loai thuy tinh: -Thuj tinh thuing: NaO.Ca0.6SiO2 = Diéu ché : Nau chay hdn hop cat tring, da véi, Séda 1400°C: NaxCOs + SiO2 > NaxSiOx + CO2 CaCO3 + SiOz > CaSiOs + CO2 -Thu; tinh Kali: ( néu thay NazCOs bing K2COs) c6 nhigt 46 hod mém va mic 46 néng chay cao hon, ding lim dung cu phéng thi nghiém.“Tom tit thuyét hod ge 11 -Thuj tinh pha lé: chia nbiéu oxit chi, d& néng chay va trong suét, diing lam lang kinh -Thuj tinh thach anh: sin xuat bing SiO2 cé t° hod mém cao, hé s6 n6 mhiét rit nho. -Thuy tinh déi mau: kbi thém mét s6 oxit kim loai, Vid C120) cho thuy tinh mau lue CoO cho thuy tinh mau xanh nude bién I. DO GOM: San xuat chi: yéu tir dat sét va cao lanh, 1. Gach vi ngéi: (gém xy dung) -SX: dat sét loai thudng + cat nhao voi H20, tao hinh nung 6 900-1000°C ~Thudng ¢6 mau d6. 2. Gach chju hea: ding dé 16t 16 cao, Lé luyén thép. Lé ndu thuy tinh, ~ C62 loai: gach dinat va Samot + Gach dinat: 93- 96% SiOz , 4 - 7% CaO va dat sét, t° mung bing 1300 -1400°C, chiu duge: 1690 - 1720°C + Gach Samét: dat sét va nuée nung 6 1.300-1,400°C 3. Sanh sir va men: 1,200-1,300°C a Datsét > Samh: cimg, gO kéu, mau nau hoe xm. mh b. Sti: Cao anh, fenspat, thach anh vi mot s6 oxit kim loai nung Lin dau 6 100°C trang men. Trang tri dun lai lan hai 6 1400 - 1450°C-> Sit ~ sit din dung, sit k¥ thudt, Sit ky thuat duge diing dé ché tao cde vat ligu cach dign, tu dién, buzi anh lita, cde dung cy phing thi nghiém. ¢. Men: Cé thanh phan chinh giéng sir, nhung d phim, sau dé nung én nhiét 46 thich hop 4 men phim III - XIMANG: 1. Thanh phan hoa hge va cach sin xudt xi ming. a, Xi mang thudc loai vat ligu két dinh Quan trong va thong dung nhat la xi m&ng Pooclang : 1a chat bot min, mau luc xam, gdm canxi silicat va canxi aluminat: CasSiOs (hoje 3CaO.SiO2), CaxSiOu (hoe 2Ca0.SiO2), Cas(AIOs)2 (hoe 3Ca0.AL0s). b. Xi mang Poocling duge sin xuat bing céch nghién nhé dé v6i, trdn véi dat sét thanh dang bin, réi nung hén hop trong 16 quay hod 16 diing & 1300 - 1400°C . thu duoc mét hén hop mau xam g01 14 clanhke. Bé nguéi, réi nghién clanhke véi mdt s6 chit phu gia thanh bt min, s& duoc xi mang, 2. Qa trinh dong eg xi ming : Khi xay dung, xi mang duoc tron véi nude thanh khéi nhao, sau vai gid s8 bat diu dong cimg lai 3Ca0.Si02+5H20->CmSi0..4H20+ Ca(OH) 2CaO.SiO2 + 4120 > CarSi0s.4420 3Ca0.ALOs+ 6H20-> Cas(Al03)2.6420 nong chay hon. Men dugc phi 1én b& mat sin jén thanh mét lép thuy tinh che kin bé mat sanTom tat kién thife va bai tap ty luan Dai cusng Héa hifu co I. XAC DINH THANH PHAN NGUYEN TO (m, %) 1. Xée dinh khdi long cic nguyén té 06 trong ma gam hap chat: Bingo, =12ito (8) my = 28) Ve 9g—08, ) m =l4ty0, (8) ay 88 (8 Ny », =H tyo, sm, =m, —(m, +m, +m) luong cac nguyén t6 co trong m gam hop chat: %C =" 100% %H =" 100% m, m, %O =100% — (%C +%H + %: mn =™.100% O = 100% — (%C +%H +%N) my Il. XAC DINH KHOI LUONG PHAN TU CUA CHAT HUU CO (Ma) 1. Trang hop cho ty khdi hoi jg = M8 My=Mydyg dy = “44M, =29d oy A My 2. Truong hop cho thé tich phan tir gam: n, = Elio «4, 224 * Chi ¥: Theo Dinh luat Avogadrd: Hai chit khdc nhau 6 cing diéu kién mhigt d6 va ap suit, chiém cling thé tich => chung phai c6 cing s6 mol. 7M, my m,_ Mm, ny =n, oo Me = >, eM My IL XAC DINH CONG THUC PHAN TU’ (C,H,O,N) 1. Dua vao e6ng thire DGN ma xae dinh m, my My %C %O %N xryren= Me Ma Mo My pry taste: ° 21 16 14 12 16 14 2. Dua vao thinh phan nguyén t6 ma xae dinh es eee M, mM MM, ~—*100%-%C 3. Dua vao phuong trinh phan tng dét chay cH,0.n, + et P=2e 0, *>xc0, +2 ,0+4N, 2+ HOt OM 4xty ju ~ Néu dé bai cho day dui cac ti 1é trén =>ta xac dinh duge cu thé cac gia tri cia x, y, z, t => Xa dinh cng thire phan tir = Néu dé bai cho thiéu m6t trong cac ti 1é trén = ta chi xac dinh duge ti Ié ca x:y:z:t =>Chi xée dinh duge edng thite DGN