PHYSICS SEMINAR

PROJECT
BY: DRISHTI VIJ- 11B
AND GARIMA SAGAR-11C
Carno Cycl &
Carno Engine

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Carnot Cycle
● It was proposed by
Sadi Carnot
● It is an ideal
reversible closed
thermodynamic
cycle.
● It is a hypothetical
cycle.

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Q h heat is absorbed by gas
from heat source which
has temperature Th.
Gas expands and does
work on the surroundings
Isothermal Adiabatic
Expansion Expansion
Gas continues to expand
and work is done on the
surroundings.
Now the temperature is
lower T L
Heat loss Q L occurs when
surroundings do work at
temperature TL
Isothermal Adiabatic
Compression Compression
Temperature rises back to
Th as surroundings
continue to do work on the
gas
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Overview

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 Isothermal
expansion
Qh heat is absorbed
by gas from heat
source which has
temperature Th.
Gas expands and
does work on the
surroundings

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Adiabatic
expansion
Gas continues to expand
and work is done on the
surroundings.

Now the temperature is

lower T L

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Isothermal
Compression
Heat loss Q L occurs when
surroundings do work at
temperature TL

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Adiabatic
Compression
Temperature rises back to
Th as surroundings
continue to do work on the
gas

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CARNOT
ENGINE
Carnot engine is an analytical engine
that operates on a reversible
thermodynamic cycle. It gives the
maximum possible efficiency that a heat
engine can possess. In a
thermodynamic cycle, a system is taken
through several stages before returning
to its starting initial stage. During this
process, the system exchanges heat
with the surroundings, and it performs
work. The surroundings consist of two
reservoirs, one hot and another cold,
that can store a vast amount of heat.
They have high heat capacities and are
kept at constant temperatures
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 11

PRINCIPLE OF
CARNOT ENGINE
THE PRINCIPLE OF CARNOT ENGINE, ALSO
CALLED CARNOT THEOREM, STATES THAT
“ANY SYSTEM WORKING BETWEEN TWO
GIVEN TEMPERATURES T1 (HOT RESERVOIR)
AND T2 (COLD RESERVOIR), CAN NEVER HAVE
AN EFFICIENCY MORE THAN THE CARNOT
ENGINE WORKING BETWEEN THE SAME
RESERVOIRS RESPECTIVELY.” Your Logo or Name Here
DIAGRAM OF A
CARNOT ENGINE

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EFFICIENCY OF CARNOT ENGINE
All heat engines perform work and are defined by their efficiencies. In physics,
efficiency is defined as the ratio of work done (W) to the amount of heat
taken in by the system (Qh).
η = W/Qh = (Qh – Qc)/Qh
Qc is the heat that is wasted and dumped into the cold reservoir. The
following formula gives the efficiency of a Carnot engine
η = 1 – T2/T1
The conceptual thinking of the Carnot cycle is that it establishes the
maximum possible efficiency for any heat engine cycle operating between
T1 and T2. The reason is that there is no friction between the piston and the
walls of the cylinder. It runs on reversible processes, which yields maximum
work output for given heat input. However, the Carnot engine cannot
achieve 100% thermal efficiency because some waste heat is always
produced during its operation.
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LIMITATIONS OF CARNOT ENGINE
► The Carnot Cycle is an ideal cycle which means that did not
exist and impossible to construct so, it is just a theoretical
concept.
► The isothermal process says that the temperature is constant
but the Carnot Cycle explains there will be heat addition in
the isothermal expansion process which is not possible.
► The Carnot Cycle is used to study the heat engine and not
extend to other types of devices.
► In the practical engine, the heat loss will be possible wherein
the Carnot Cycle it is not mentioned which results in the
maximum efficiency (which is not possible).
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CARNOT ENGINE CYCLE 15

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 APPLICATIONS OF A CARNOT
ENGINE
Carnot engine is practical in many applications in thermal
devices and thermal machines, mostly because they
require a temperature gradient to do mechanical work.
Here are some of the applications, including in real-world
modeling.
• To evaluate real engines in the context of their
theoretical maximum efficiency, especially during the
design.
• As a theoretical reference cycle to compare the
efficiencies of the actual Otto (petrol) or Diesel cyclesYour Logo or Name Here
Credits
● @Crash Course engineering by PBS
Digital Studios
https://youtu.be/2B81W6nNds0

● @Conceptual Physics
https://youtu.be/m_i7s_phM1I

https://byjus.com/physics/carnot-engine/

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THANK
YOU.