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Techniques of DC Circuit Analysis

Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems

 Circuit containing only independent source

 Circuit containing independent & dependent source
 Maximum power transfer
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Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem

 Objective – to simplify circuit analysis.

 Consider a linear circuit (i.e. complex circuit) with it’s two terminal act as an
output that may have several equipment (load) connected to it.
a
Linear
Equipments
two-terminal
(loads)
circuit
b

 Thus, when the loads are varies, all the variables (voltage and current)
inside the linear circuit would also varies. Thus, the analysis has to be
done again. This is very tedious!
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Thevenin’s Theorem

 The Thevenin’s theorem has been introduced in 1883 to solve this problem.
 Proposed in 1926 by M. Leon Thevenin.
 Thevenin’s theorem states that a Linear Two-terminal circuit could be replaced
by an equivalent voltage source (VTH or Vo/c) and an equivalent resistor (RTH)
which connected in series.
 The equivalent circuit is looking between the terminal a-b.
RTH
a
a
Linear
two-terminal VTH
circuit b
b
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Norton’s Theorem

 This theorem is similar with Thevenin’s theorem.

 Norton’s theorem states that a Linear Two-terminal circuit could be replaced by
an equivalent current source (IN or Is/c ) and an equivalent resistor (RN) which
connected in parallel.
 The equivalent circuit is looking between the terminal a-b.

+a
Linear a
two-terminal IN RN
circuit b _
b
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Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem

(Circuits Containing Only Independent Sources)

Step # 1: Remove the load terminals and sketch the circuit.

Step #2: Determine Rth or RN or Reqv. ; Vth & IN

Determine Reqv  Equivalent resistance
 Turn off all independent sources
 voltage source  short circuit (s/c)
 current source  open circuit (o/c)
 Find the resistance seen from the load terminals.
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Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem

(Circuits Containing Only Independent Sources)

Step # 3 :
(a) Determine VTH @ Voc  Thevenin’s open circuit voltage
Determine the voltage that appears at the load terminal.

(b) Determine IN @ Isc  Norton’s short circuit current

 Short circuit the terminals a-b
 Find the short-circuit current (Isc)

Note: Rth or RN or Reqv. = Voc / Isc

Step # 4: Sketch Thevenin (@ Norton) Equivalent Circuit)

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Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem

(Circuits Containing Only Independent Sources)

Example
Using Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem, sketch the equivalent circuit to the
left of the terminals in the circuit shown below. Hence find i.
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Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem

(Circuits Containing Only Independent Sources)
Exercises

Sketch Thevenin and

Norton equivalent circuit to
the left of the terminals a-b.

Use Thevenin and Norton

theorem to find o
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Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem

(Circuits Containing Only Independent Sources)

Use Thevenin and Norton

theorem to find o

Use Thevenin and Norton

theorem to find o
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10
Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem
(Circuits Containing Independent and Dependent Sources)

Step #1: Break/remove the network of point’s a-b.

Step #2: Find Voc or Vth
Step #3: Find Rth or RN(2 methods)
Step #4: Sketch Thevenin (@ Norton) Equivalent Circuit.

Method # 1 (Rth or RN )
a) Determine Voc and Isc to find Rth
 To find Voc and Isc we follow the same procedure given before.
VTH VOC
b) Find TH I  I
R 
N SC
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11
Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem
(Circuits Containing Independent and Dependent Sources)

Method # 2 (Rth or RN )
 Turn off all independent sources
 Apply a Vtest source (any value eg: 1-V) at the terminals a-b.
 Compute the current Io
 Find Rth = Vtest / Io
OR
 Turn off all independent sources
 Apply a Itest source (any value eg: 1-A) at the terminals a-b.
 Compute the voltage Vo
 Find Rth = VI / Itest
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12
Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem
(Circuits Containing Independent and Dependent Sources)

Example
5 Ix 3
a
Sketch the Thevenin equivalent circuit of
+
the circuit shown below to the left of the 6V +
 i1
i2
4  VTH
terminals. 1.5Ix 
b
o
(a)

0.5Ix 3 Ix i
a
+
5 1.5Ix 4 
1V

(b)
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13
Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem
(Circuits Containing Independent and Dependent Sources)

Exercise

Sketch the Norton equivalent circuit

of the circuit shown below.

Use Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem to find o

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14
Maximum Power Transfer

 We can use Thevenin Theorem and Norton Theorem to determine the

maximum power that a circuit can supply.

 In the above circuit the power that is delivered to the load (RL) is:

2
 Vth 
Pload = I RL =
2 
R



Rth  RL  L
 
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15
Maximum Power Transfer

 To determine the value of RL that maximize the

power transfer from the source to the load,
differential Pload with respect to RL and equate it to Maximum power
zero.
2.4

   
2.2

 p
dP
load  
RTH  RL  2RL RTH  RL 
2 2

VTH
2
0
dRL   
1.8

RTH  RL 2  1.6

  1.4

1.2

(RTH + RL)2- 2RL(RTH + RL) = 0 ;  RL = RTH

1

0.8

0.6

The condition that maximize the power is when 0.4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

RL = RTH RL

 The value of the maximum power is given by:

2
VTH
Pmax  I 2 R L 
R TH
 RL 
2
RL
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16
Maximum Power Transfer

Example: Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the network
below. Find also that maximum power.

Exercise: Find o. Hence, find the maximum power.