PO

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SITY 气孔
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ESS
POROSITY

O NL
EA
Prepared by
编制：费 东

RN
Mar.2020
Prepared By Kaishan Sokoria GPP PMT
PO
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SITY
卷入空气

-L 气孔

气孔 ESS POROSITY

ON
Kaiishan Sokoria GPP PMT
焊缝

LEA
凝固中的焊缝金属
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 PO 气孔 Porosity

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Porosity is the presence of cavities in the weld metal caused by the freezing in of gas

S
released from the weld pool as it solidifies. The porosity can take several forms:
气孔是焊接时，焊缝金属中存在的空洞，由焊缝熔池凝固过程中未来得及溢出的气体
ITY
-L
产生的。气孔的形式如下：

ESS
Distributed porosity and surface pores 分布式气孔与表面气孔

ON
LEA
Fig. 2. Surface breaking pores (T fillet weld
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Fig. 1. Uniformly distributed porosity in primed plate)
高强螺栓配对；分类摆放
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 PO Cause 原因

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Porosity is caused by the absorption of nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen in the molten weld

S
pool which is then released on solidification to become trapped in the weld metal.

ITY
气孔成因，熔融的焊缝金属中氮气、氧气和氢气在焊缝凝固时来不及逸出而卷入焊缝

-L
中

ESS
Nitrogen and oxygen absorption in the weld pool usually originates from poor gas shielding.

焊缝中吸收氮气和氧气通常是由于保护气体的不当引起的
ON
LEA
As little as 1% air entrainment in the shielding gas will cause distributed porosity and greater than 1.5% results in gross
surface breaking pores. Leaks in the gas line, too high a gas flow rate, draughts and excessive turbulence in the weld

RN
pool are frequent causes of porosity.

只要保护气里有1%的空气就将引起分布式气孔，高于1.5%的空气就会产生表面气孔；
气体线路漏气，高的气体流速，穿堂风和紊流在焊缝熔池中频繁出现气孔。
Fig. 1. Uniformly distributed porosity
高强螺栓配对；分类摆放
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 PO Cause 原因

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Hydrogen can originate from a number of sources including moisture from inadequately dried electrodes, fluxes or the workpiece surface.

S
Grease and oil on the surface of the workpiece or filler wire are also common sources of hydrogen.

氢气来源很广。未完全烘干的焊条/焊剂/工件表面潮气。工件或焊丝表面的油脂和油
ITY
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污

ESS
Surface coatings like primer paints and surface treatments such as zinc coatings, may generate copious amounts of fume during welding.
The risk of trapping the evolved gas will be greater in T joints than butt joints especially when fillet welding on both sides (see Fig 2).
Special mention should be made of the so-called weldable (low zinc) primers. It should not be necessary to remove the primers but if the

ON
primer thickness exceeds the manufacturer's recommendation, porosity is likely to result especially when using welding processes other
than MMA.

表面油漆如底漆和镀锌层，焊接过程中可能产生大量的烟。特别是在角焊缝双面焊接
时T接头卷入气体比对接接头风险要大（见图2）；特别注意的可焊底漆（低锌），当 LEA
底漆厚度超过厂家推荐厚度应去除底漆，除手工电弧焊以外的焊接工艺均容易产生气
孔 RN
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 PO
Prevention措施

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The gas source should be identified and removed as follows:

识别气体来源并去除 S ITY
-L
ESS
Air entrainment- seal any air leak- avoid weld pool turbulence- use filler with adequate level of deoxidants- reduce excessively high gas
flow- avoid draughts

ON
空气进入
——密封任何气体泄漏
——防止熔池紊流
——填充金属具有充足的脱氧剂 LEA
——减少过高的气体流速
——防止过堂风 RN
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 PO 气孔 Porosity

RO
Porosity is the presence of cavities in the weld metal caused by the freezing in of gas

S
released from the weld pool as it solidifies. The porosity can take several forms:

ITY
气孔是焊接时，焊缝金属中存在的空洞，由焊缝熔池凝固过程中未来得及溢出的气体

-L
产生的。气孔的形式如下：

ESS
Worm holes 虫孔

ON
LEA
RN
Fig. 2. Elongated pores or wormholes 高强螺栓配对；分类摆放
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 PO Cause 原因

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Wormholes are indicative of a large amount of gas being formed which is then trapped in the solidifying weld metal. Excessive gas will be

S
formed from gross surface contamination or very thick paint or primer coatings. Entrapment is more likely in crevices such as the gap

ITY
beneath the vertical member of a horizontal-vertical, T joint which is fillet welded on both sides.

虫孔表明存在大量气体未逸出焊缝金属。过量的气体来源于表面污染或厚的漆层或底
漆。卷入气体更多是在裂隙处，例如 横向-纵向 的工件的竖直工件的底部（或下方），
-L
双面角焊缝的T接头
ESS
ON
When welding T joints in primed plates it is essential that the coating thickness on the edge of the vertical member is not above the
manufacturer's recommended maximum, typically 20µm, through over-spraying.

焊接已涂底漆的板 T接头时，立板的边缘漆膜厚度不可以高于厂家推荐的最大厚度，
LEA
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典型值是20um，通过过度喷涂的方式

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 PO
Prevention措施

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Eliminating the gas and cavities prevents wormholes.

减少气体且消除空隙防止虫孔
S ITY
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Gas generation- clean the workpiece surfaces at and adjacent to the location where the weld will be made- remove any surface
contamination, in particular oil, grease, rust and residue from NDT operations - remove any surface coatings from the joint area to expose

ESS
bright material - check the primer thickness is below the manufacturer's maximum

气体的产生
——焊缝位置即结合处及附近进行工件表面清理
——清除表面污物，特别是油，油脂及NDT操作产生的残留物 ON
——去除接头区域的油漆至明亮金属光泽
LEA
RN
——检查底漆厚度应低于推荐厂家最大值
Joint geometry - avoid a joint geometry which creates a cavity

接头结合形状
——防止接头几何形状中产生空隙
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 PO 气孔 Porosity

RO
Porosity is the presence of cavities in the weld metal caused by the freezing in of gas

S
released from the weld pool as it solidifies. The porosity can take several forms:

ITY
气孔是焊接时，焊缝金属中存在的空洞，由焊缝熔池凝固过程中未来得及溢出的气体

-L
产生的。气孔的形式如下：

ESS
Crater Pipe 弧坑管状孔
Fig. 4. Crater pipe

ON
LEA
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高强螺栓配对；分类摆放
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 PO Cause 原因

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This imperfection results from shrinkage on weld pool solidification. Consequently, conditions which exaggerate the liquid to solid volume

S
change will promote its formation. Extinquishing the welding arc will result in the rapid solidification of the weld pool.

缺陷源于焊缝熔池收缩。所以过大的液态体积向固态转变将会促进缺陷产生。焊接熄 ITY
弧将促进焊接熔池快速凝固。
-L
ESS
ON
In TIG welding, autogenous techniques, or stopping the welding wire entering the weld pool before extinquishing the welding arc, will effect
crater formation and may promote the pipe imperfection.

在氩弧焊时，自熔焊或焊接熄弧前停止焊丝送进熔池，将会影响弧坑形成且可能促使
LEA
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管状缺陷出现。

因此：氩弧焊熄弧处弧坑增加打磨很有必要
It is necessary to remove the CRATER where the welding arc extinguished ，by grinding.

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 PO
Prevention措施

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Crater pipe imperfection can be prevented by controlling the rate at which the welding arc is extinquished or by welder

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technique manipulating the welding arc and welding wire

防止管状缺陷从控制焊接电弧熄弧速度或焊工操控焊接电弧和焊丝的技术层面
ITY
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Removal of stop- use run-off tag to enable the welding arc to be extinquisehd outside the welded joint- grind out the weld run stop crater

ESS
before continuing with the next electrode or depositing the subsequent weld run

去除停点
——使用熄弧板可将焊接电弧熄灭在焊接接头以外
——在继续下根焊丝操作或熔覆下一焊道前，磨掉焊道停止位置的弧坑 ON
Welder technique
LEA
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- progressively reduce the welding current to reduce the weld pool size (use slope-down or crater fill functions)
- add filler (TIG) to compensate for the weld pool shrinkage

焊工技术操作
——逐渐减小焊接电流以减小焊缝熔池尺寸（使用下特性及填弧坑功能）
——添丝（TIG）去弥补焊缝熔池的收缩
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 PO Porosity susceptibility of materials 材料的气孔敏感性

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Gases likely to cause porosity in the commonly used range of materials are listed in the Table.
产生气孔的常见气体与使用的材料范围对照表

Material 材料
S ITY
Principal gases causing porosity and recommended cleaning methods 产生气孔的主要气体及清理方法

Gas气体 Cleaning清理
C-Mn steel 碳锰钢
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Hydrogen氢气, Nitrogen氮气 and Grind to remove scale coatings 打磨去除
Oxygen氧气
ESS 油漆

ON
Stainless steel不锈钢 Hydrogen氢气 Degrease + wire brush + degrease脱脂+
铜丝刷+脱脂
Aluminium and alloys
铝及铝合金
Hydrogen氢气
LEA
Chemical clean + wire brush + degrease +
scrape化学清洗+钢丝刷+脱脂+刮掉
Copper and alloys
铜及铜合金
Hydrogen氢气
, Nitrogen氮气 铜丝刷+脱脂 RN
Degrease + wire brush + degrease脱脂+

Nickel and alloys Nitrogen氮气 Degrease + wire brush + degrease脱脂+

镍及镍合金 铜丝刷+脱脂
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 PO Detection and remedial action
R 检测与修复
OS
•
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If the imperfections are surface breaking, they can be detected using a penetrant or
magnetic particle inspection technique. For sub surface imperfections, detection is by

-L
radiography or ultrasonic inspection. Radiography is normally more effective in detecting

ESS
and characterising porosity imperfections. However, detection of small pores is difficult
especially in thick sections.
表面破损气孔类缺陷，PT或MT，浅表面的使用RT或UT检测。通常RT是最有效的检测气
ON
LEA
孔的手段。然而特别是检测厚的截面上的小气孔也是很难的
• Remedial action normally needs removal by localised gouging or grinding but if the

RN
porosity is widespread, the entire weld should be removed. The joint should be re-
prepared and re-welded as specified in the agreed welding procedure.
• 修复时通常需要局部气刨或打磨，但是气孔遍布焊缝时，整个焊缝应去除，接头应重
新预制和重新焊接依据批准焊接程序进行。

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 PO
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Source originated from：

S ITY
This Job Knowledge article was originally published in Connect, July/August 1999. It has
been updated so the web page no longer reflects exactly the printed version.

- THANKS
LES
SO
N LEA
RN
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 PO
Porosity

RO Causes Remedy
S
Too fast travel speed
ITY Reduce travel speed

-L
ESS
Wet， Unclean or damaged electrode Properly maintain and Store electrode

Argon Leak within torch

ON
Replace Leaking Torch

Wet surface of Base metal like oil，Grease，

LEA
Clean & Preheat Base Metal

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moisture，rust etc
Rusted/Pitted of filler wire Clean Filler wire

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 PO
Incomplete Penetration

RO Causes Remedy
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Welding current too low
ITY Increase Crurrent

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ESS
Inadequate Root Opening Increase Root Opening

Over size Filler Wire

ON
Reduce Filler Wire Size

Narrow Weld Groove Increase the Groove angle

LEA
Travel Speed too fast Decrease travel speed RN
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