BIOLOGY

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

begins with sperm and egg cells, which are produced through a process called MEIOSIS
these cells are referred to as haploid because they contain half of the number of
chromosomes as the parent.
occurs when the sperm from the male parent fertilizes an egg from the female parent,
producing an offspring that is genetically different from both parents.

How do we get our traits?

Our traits are inherited from a parent through the transmission of DNA.
Genes correspond to one or more DNA sequences that carry the coding information
required to produce a specific protein.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
The male reproductive system includes a group of organs that make up a man’s
reproductive and urinary system.
composed of the scrotum, testes, spermatic ducts, sex glands (prostate gland,
seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands), and penis.

Function: The function of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm and
transfer them to the female reproductive system.

External Organs:

1.) PENIS - male organ for sexual intercourse

a.) Root - base
b.) Shaft - body
c.) Glans - head

2.) SCROTUM - loose pouchlike sac of skin that hangs behind the penis. It
holds the testicles, as well as many nerves and blood vessels.

3.) TESTES - it produces both sperm and androgens. The hormones that
support male reproductive physiology.
4.) EPIDIDYMIS - is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each
testicle. It carries and stores sperm cells that are created in the testes.
Internal Organs:

1.) VAS DEFERENS - is a thick, muscular tube that is bundled together

inside the scrotum with connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves into a
structure called the spermatic cord.
2.) URETHRA - it functions as a urinary organ and reproductive organ.

PROSTATE GLAND
- alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acids present in the female reproductive system.

SEMINAL VESICLES
- fluid rich in sugar that sperm cells use for energy.

BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
- alkaline fluid that neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
The female reproductive system is composed of two ovaries, fallopian tube,
vagina, and uterus.

Function: The female reproductive system is composed of two ovaries, fallopian

tube, vagina, and uterus.
Organs:
1.) OVARIES -The ovaries produce eggs and hormones.

2.) FALLOPIAN TUBES - These are narrow tubes that are attached to
the upper part of the uterus and serve as pathways for the ova (egg
cells) to travel from the ovaries to the uterus.
3.) UTERUS - The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that is the home
to a developing fetus.
4.) CERVIX - comes from the Latin word meaning “neck” due to its role
as the narrow connection between the larger body of the uterus above
the vagina below.
5.) VAGINA - is a canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of uterus)
to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal.
Female Sex Hormones:
ESTROGEN - promote the development and maintenance of female
characteristics of the body.
PROGESTERONE - prepares the endometrium for the potential of pregnancy
after ovulation.
OVARIAN CYCLE - prepares the egg for maturation.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE - prepares the uterus for possible pregnancy
SPERM CELL - male gamete/sex cells
EGG CELL (Ovum/ Ova) - female gamete/sex cells

SPERMATOGENESIS (male gamete production)

- From Greek “sperma” meaning ‘seed” & genesis meaning ‘the coming into
being of something’
OOGENESIS (female gamete production)
- was created from the prefix "oo" (Greek oon, egg)

IN VITRO FERTILIZATION - a medical procedure whereby an egg is

fertilized by sperm in a test tube or elsewhere outside the body.
ZONA PELLUCIDA - a thick extracellular shell of sugar and protein that
protects the egg cell.
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) - a hormone that
stimulates gamete production.
LUTENIZING HORMONE (LH) - hormone that triggers ovulation

IN VITRO = in glass
In vitro fertilization was introduced by Patrick Steptoe and Robert
Edwards

Louise Joy Brown - (1978) The world’s first test -tube baby
 BIOLOGY
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

- It is made up of all the body's different hormones, regulates all biological processes in
the body from conception through adulthood.

MAJOR ENDOCRINE
GLANDS

1.) HYPOTHALAMUS (master switchboard)

is a small gland in the brain located near the pituitary gland.
collects information from virtually all other areas of the central nervous system
releases hormones that tell the pituitary gland which hormones to send out to other
glands

Tissue/Gland: Hypothalamus

Hormone Produced: releasing and inhibiting hormones

Effect: stimulates or inhibits the release of specific pituitary hormones.

2.) PITUITARY GLAND (master gland)

pea-sized gland found in the center of the skull, right behind the bridge of the nose and
below the hypothalamus of the brain.

Tissue/Gland: Anterior Pituitary Gland

Hormone Produced: ACTH / Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Effect: stimulates the production of cortisol, a “stress hormone” that
maintains blood pressure and blood sugar levels.

Hormone Produced: Endorphin

Effect: acts as a painkiller. Decreases pain.

Hormone Produced: GH / Growth Hormone

Effect: stimulates general body growth
Hormone Produced: LH / Luteinizing Hormone
Effect: stimulates ovulation in women and regulates testosterone
production in men.

Hormone Produced: FSH / Follicle-stimulating hormone

Effect: stimulates the growth of the ovarian follicle and sperm production
(in men)

Hormone Produced: MSH / Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Effect: regulates melanin production

Hormone Produced: Prolactin

Effect: stimulates milk production in women.

Tissue/Gland: Posterior Pituitary Gland

Hormone Produced: Oxytocin

Effect: stimulates milk secretion. Stimulates uterine contractions during
childbirth. Known as the “love hormone”

Hormone Produced: ADH / Antidiuretic hormone

Effect: Regulates the amount of water in your body

3.) THYROID GLAND

located under the larynx or voice box
secretes three hormones: triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin. These
hormones help in maintaining heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tone, and reproductive
functions.

Tissue/Gland: Thyroid Gland

Hormone Produced: (T3 / triiodothyronine) T4/Thyroxine

Effect: Increases metabolic rate and growth

Hormone Produced: Calcitonin

Effect: stimulates calcium uptake
4.) PARATHYROID GLAND
4 tiny glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid.

Tissue/Gland: Parathyroid Gland

Hormone Produced: Parathyroid hormone

Effect: stimulates calcium release into the blood & stimulates calcium
absorption

5.) ADRENAL GLAND

The word adrenal means “above kidney”
Two parts: inner adrenal medulla and outer adrenal cortex.
Tissue/Gland: Adrenal Glands (inner adrenal medulla)

Hormone Produced: Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Effect: increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar. Stimulate
fight-or-flight response

Hormone Produced: Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Effect: increases breathing rate and clears airways. Stimulate fight-or-
flight response
Tissue/Gland: Adrenal Glands (outer adrenal cortex)

Hormone Produced: Aldosterone

Effect: balances the levels of sodium and potassium in your body.

Hormone Produced: Cortisol

Effect: respond to stress or danger. increase the body's metabolism of
glucose.
6.) PANCREAS
Both digestive and endocrine organs.
a long, slender organ, most of which is located posterior to the bottom half of the
stomach.
produces two types of hormones; insulin and glucagon

Tissue/Gland: Pancreas

Hormone Produced: Insulin

Effect: stimulates glucose uptake in the blood. (Controls the amount of
glucose in your bloodstream)

Hormone Produced: Glucagon

Effect: stimulates glucose release from cells into the blood. (Controls the
amount of glucose in your bloodstream)
7.) THYMUS
Responsible for the development of the defense system of the body against disease-
causing organisms.

Tissue/Gland: Thymus

Hormone Produced: Thymosin

Effect: stimulates the development of disease-fighting T cells.

8.) PINEAL GLAND

a tiny endocrine gland located near the thalamus of the brain. It produces the hormone
melatonin
Tissue/Gland: Pineal

Hormone Produced: Melatonin

Effect: promotes sleep
ADDITIONAL
HORMONES - a chemical produced in one part of our body that affects the growth &
response of other body parts.
INSULIN & GLUCAGON - a pair of hormones that has an antagonistic effect
PARATHYROID HORMONE & CALCITONIN - a pair of hormones that has an
antagonistic effect