Viruses & Bacteria

What are Viruses

A virus is a non-cellular particle made

up of genetic material and protein
that can invade living cells.
T4 Bacteriophage
Herpes Virus
 Escherichia Coli Bacterium

E. coli is a bacterium. That is a crude cell, it is not a virus

because viruses are protein containers with DNA cores or
RNA cores.
 E. Coli and the
Bacteriophage

What it looks like in real life

 The Structure Of a Virus
◼ Viruses are composed
of a core of nucleic
acid
◼ The Nucleic acid core
is surrounded by a
protein coat called a
capsid
◼ The Nucleic core is
either made up of
DNA or RNA but
never both
Cycle of Lytic and Lysogenic
 Vaccines
► Viruses grown on chicken embryos are
attenuated vaccines
► Another type of vaccine is made by heat
killing the virus
Retrovirus

◼ Change DNA
into RNA.
◼ Example of a
Retrovirus is
HIV
A typical, "minimal" retrovirus
consists of:
•an outer envelope which
was derived from the plasma
membrane of its host
•many copies of an envelope
protein embedded in the lipid
bilayer of its envelope
•a capsid; a protein shell
containing
•two molecules of RNA and
•molecules of the enzyme
reverse transcriptase
Bacteria Cell
Prokaryotes
◼ Cells that do not have a
nucleus
◼ Exist almost every where on
earth
◼ Grow in numbers so great you
can see them with the unaided
eye
◼ Are placed in either the
Eubacteria or the
Archebacteria Kingdoms
◼ Make up the smaller of the two
kingdoms
 Eubacteria
Make up the larger of
the two prokaryote
kingdoms
Generally are
surrounded by a cell
wall composed of
complex
carbohydrates
 Cyanobacteria
◼ Photosynthetic
bacterium
◼ Bluish-greenish color
◼ Contain membranes
that carry out the
process of
photosynthesis
◼ Do not contain the
same type of
chloroplasts as plants
do
◼ This bluish-greenish
algae can be found
nearly everywhere on
earth.
◼ Can survive in
extremely hot
environments and even
extremely cold
environment
 Archaebacteria
▪ Lack important
carbohydrate found
in cell walls
▪ Have different lipids
in their cell
membrane
▪ Different types of
ribosomes
▪ Very different gene
sequences
▪ Archaebacteria can
live in extremely
harsh environments
▪ They do not require
oxygen and can live
in extremely salty
environments as well
as extremely hot
environments.
 Identifying Prokaryotes
Cell Shape
Cell Wall
Movement
Bacterium Shapes
◼ Cocci~ Sphere shaped
bacteria
◼ Bacillus~ Rod shaped bacteria
◼ Spirrillium ~ Spiral shaped
bacteria
◼ Flagella~ Leg-like structures
that help to propel the
bacterium.
Gram + and Gram – Bacterium
Cell Walls
 Cellular Walls
◼ Chemical nature of a cell wall can be determined
by Gram Staining
◼ By finding out what color the cell produces when
it is gram stained you can figure out the type of
carbohydrates in the cell wall
 Movement

• Flagella ~ Tail like structure

the whips around to propel the
bacterium
• Cillia ~ Miniature flagella
surround the cell that help to
“swim”
• Non motile ~ Sticky cillia like
structures that keep the
bacterium from moving
Flagella
Bacteria and their energy

▪ Autotrophs
▪ Chemotrophs
▪ Heterotrophs
 Autotrophs
◼ Make their own
energy
◼ Using Solar energy
◼ Eg. Cyanobacteria
 Chemotrophs
◼ Make own Energy
◼ Using Chemical energy
◼ Eg. Archaebacteria
 Heterotrophs
◼ Obtain food
◼ By eating
◼ Eg. E-coli
 Bacteria Respiration

◼ Obligate Anaerobes ◼ Live without Oxygen

◼ Facultative Anaerobes ◼ Can live with or
without oxygen
◼ Obligate Aerobes ◼ Cannot live without
oxygen.
 Bacteria Reproduction
◼ Binary Fission
◼ Conjugation
◼ Spore Formation
Cellular organism copies it’s genetic information then splits into
two identical daughter cells
Conjugation
◼ A type of Bacteria
Sex
◼ Two organism swap
genetic information,
that contains the
information such as a
resistance to penicillin
Spore Formation: Endospore
▪ A type of dormant cell
▪ Exhibit no signs of life
▪ Highly resistant to
environmental stresses such
as:
-High temperatures
-Irradiation
-Strong acids
-Disinfectants
▪ Endospores are formed by
vegetative cells in response
to environmental signals that
indicate a limiting factor for
vegetative growth, such as
exhaustion of an essential
nutrient.
 Symbiosis
◼ Close relationship
between to species in
which at least one
species benefits from
the other
◼ Live together for LIFE
Parasitism
◼ Bacteria exploit the
host cell, injuring
them
◼ Eg. Mychobacterium
tuberculosis
Mutualism

◼ Symbiosis in which two

of the species live
together in such a way
that both benefit from
the relationship
◼ Eg. E-coli
 Nitrogen Fixations
Process by which nitrogen in the
atmosphere is converted into a form that
can be used by living things
THE END