9

Science
Quarter 1 – Module 5:
Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Science – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 5: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
First Edition, 2019

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary:
Undersecretary:
Assistant Secretary:

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Ricardo V. Villanueva (Lesson 1) and Raymond Paolo C. Riparip (Lesson 2)
Editor: Rebecca M. Roxas
Reviewers: Arlen S. Gatpo
Illustrator: Raymond Paolo C. Riparip and Ace Natanael G. Espinosa
Layout Artist: Name
Management Team: Malcolm S. Garma, Regional Director
Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief
Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS in Charge of LRMS and
Regional ADM Coordinator
Maria Magdalena M. Lim, CESO V, Schools Division
Superintendent
Aida H. Rondilla, CID Chief
Lucky S. Carpio, Division EPS in charge of LRMS and
Division ADM Coordinator

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Office Address: ____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Telefax: ____________________________________________
E-mail Address: ____________________________________________

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

 9

Science
Quarter 1 – Module 5:
Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

This alternative delivery mode module written for the topics: Photosynthesis and
Cellular respiration will serve as your supplemental material in facilitating learning
about the topics. Always read the NOTES FOR THE TEACHER/ PARENT for
additional instructions for the learners. Instruct the learners to use separate sheets in
answering the assessment and activities in this module.

For the learner:

This alternative delivery mode module written for the topics: Photosynthesis and
Cellular respiration will serve as a supplemental material for learning. This module is
divided into part, equally important for maximum learning:

WHAT I KNOW – elicit what you already know about the topics
presented

WHAT’S IN – this section will engage you to new learning ahead

WHAT’S NEW & WHAT IS IT – these parts will explain essential

facts about the topic(s)

WHAT’S MORE – this will reinforce what you learned through

activities or elaboration/ application of the topic(s)

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED – summarized the lesson

WHAT I CAN DO – gives you application and enrichment activities

about the topic(s)

This module also used online sources to reinforce learning

2
 What I Need to Know

In your Grade 8 Science, you learned that cells are capable of reproduction
through Mitosis and Meiosis. Then, they will grow and develop. And for them to
work and do everything they need to do, cells should acquire energy from outside
sources? Have you ever wondered how these minute things are capable of doing
such task?

Energy enters most ecosystems in the form of sunlight, and is absorbed by

plants. Humans obtain energy by eating plants in the form of vegetables.

In this module, you will learn how cells use light energy to manufacture food
and at the same time use the stored chemical energy to generate ATP, the energy
that drives most cellular works.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Little Food Factories
• Lesson 2 – The Living Batteries

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Essential Competency: Differentiate basic features and importance of
photosynthesis and respiration.
4.1 relate physical plant characteristics (chloroplasts, pigments, stomata,
etc) to their functions. (S9LT-lg-j-31.4.1)
4.2 Differentiate Light Dependent and Light Independent Reaction in terms
of the raw materials, processes and end product. (S9LT-lg-j-31.4.2)
4.3 Conduct investigations that will show that plants are capable of
making food. (S9LT-lg-j-31.4.3)
4.4 Explain the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.
(S9LT-lg-j-31.4.4)
4.5 Describe the parts of the mitochondrion. (S9LT-lg-j-31.4.5)
4.6 Explain how cell release energy from food. (S9LT-lg-j-31.4.6)
4.7. Describe the Krebs cycle. (S9LT-lg-j-31.4.7)
4.8. Explain the Electron Transport Chain. (S9LT-lg-j-31.4.8)
4.9 Differentiate photosynthesis and respiration in terms of cell structures
involved, raw materials, end product and energy requirement. (S9LT-lg-j-
31.4.9)

3
 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Photosynthesis occurs in what organelle of plants and algae?

A. plasma membrane C. chloroplast
B. mitochondrion D. lysosome

2. Light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis must come first step before

the light-independent reaction because its products are important to the
fixation of carbon dioxide. Which of the following is/are the product/s of
light –dependent reaction?
A. ADP only C. NADPH only
B. ATP only D. NADPH and ATP

3. This stage of cellular respiration theoretically yields 34 ATPs:

A. Glycolysis
B. Krebs Cycle
C. Calvin Cycle
D. Electron transport chain

4. Cellular respiration cannot take place in the absence of:

a. NADH
b. Light energy
c. Carbon dioxide
d. Glucose molecule

5. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration differ in many ways. Which

statement does NOT support this concept?
a. Photosynthesis happens in the mitochondria of the cell while
respiration in the chloroplast.
b. Photosynthesis yields oxygen gas as by-product while
respiration releases carbon dioxide as waste.
c. Photosynthesis happens among plants while both plants and
animals are capable of respiration.
d. Photosynthesis needs water and carbon dioxide while
respiration requires oxygen gas and glucose molecules.

4
Lesson

1 Little Food Factories

Have you ever wondered why people always go to the park and other places
that have plants? Aside from being beautiful, these places are also refreshing. Now
the question is that how this happens despite that park are open areas and where
the sun directly hit the ground? Yes! You are right this is because of the plant itself
as it produces oxygen, which is a by-product of a process called
PHOTOSYNTHESIS. As part of the introduction, in this lesson we are going to
discuss how the process of photosynthesis takes place and which part of the plant
it happens.

What’s In

Try to look and analyze the pictures above, what are they? Yes! They are
plants! But do you still remember the term we used to call them in the food chain
or food web? You’re right again! They are called as PRODUCERS. The question is
what does these organisms produces in order to be called such name? Do you have
some ideas? Yeah! Yes, they are called as producers because these kinds of
organisms create their own food. They don’t rely on other organism for their energy.
But how they do this kind of process? What are the foods they create? So many
questions huh? Let us proceed to the next page for further understanding.

Notes to the Teacher/Parent

1. Inform the students to read carefully the
instructions.
2. Prepare the gadgets needed for online video watching
for home based learning.

5
 What’s New

Photosynthesis Defined
Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is converted to chemical
energy in the form of sugars. In a process driven by light energy, glucose molecules
(or other sugars) are constructed from water and carbon dioxide, and oxygen is
released as a by product. The glucose molecules provide organisms with two crucial
resources: energy and fixed—organic—carbon.

Energy. The glucose molecules serve as fuel for cells: their chemical energy
can be harvested through processes like cellular respiration
and fermentation, which generate adenosine triphosphate, a small, energy-
carrying molecule—for the cell’s immediate energy needs.

Fixed carbon. Carbon from carbon dioxide—inorganic carbon—can be

incorporated into organic molecules; this process is called carbon fixation,
and the carbon in organic molecules is also known as fixed carbon. The
carbon that's fixed and incorporated into sugars during photosynthesis can
be used to build other types of organic molecules needed by cells.

Figure 2. Photosynthesis
Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/photosynthesis-in-plants/introduction-to-stages-of-
photosynthesis/a/intro-to-photosynthesis?modal=1

Now, what you need to understand about this process? Do you think that
photosynthesis is important? If your answer is yes, well you are correct.
Photosynthesis plays an important role in our ecosystem. Photosynthetic
organisms such as plants, algae, and some bacteria introduce chemicals into the
ecosystem by fixing carbon and turn it into glucose using light energy. Since that
they can make it their own food using their own carbon and sunlight, they’re called
photoautotroph.

6
 And since that humans and lower forms of animals can’t make their own
food. We, humans together with other animals depend on them as our primary
source of energy. With that we are called as heterotrophs. We cannot live without
photosynthesis and the producers, because the energy we consumed from them
helped us to do our functions or niche in the ecosystem.

What is It

LEAVES AS PRIMARY SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

All kind of processes whether it takes place inside a living organism (thing)
or in a non-living thing, requires energy in order to push through. And
photosynthesis is not an exemption to that. So with that, you must know that
sunlight plays a vital role in the process of photosynthesis. And since that
photosynthesis takes place in all plants, there is a very special part within its
leaves that help the whole process to go through.

Figure 3. Leaf----cross section----plant cell--- chloroplast

Image credit: modified from "Overview of photosynthesis: Figure 6" by OpenStax College, Concepts of Biology, CC BY 3.0

7
 Plants are the most common autotrophs in terrestrial—land—ecosystems. All
green plant tissues can photosynthesize, but the majority of photosynthesis usually
takes place in the leaves. The cells in a middle layer of leaf tissue called
the mesophyll are the primary site of photosynthesis.

Small pores called stomata—singular, stoma—are found on the surface of

leaves in most plants, and they let carbon dioxide diffuse into the mesophyll layer
and oxygen diffuse out.

Each mesophyll cell contains organelles called chloroplasts, which are

specialized to carry out the reactions of photosynthesis. Within each chloroplast,
disc-like structures called thylakoids are arranged in piles like stacks of pancakes
that are known as grana—singular, granum. The membrane of each thylakoid
contains green-colored pigments called chlorophylls that absorb light. The fluid-
filled space around the grana is called the stroma, and the space inside the
thylakoid discs is known as the thylakoid space.

As we discuss photosynthesis, it is very important for us to understand that

leaves of plants are expert in capturing sunlight, of course with the help of it
chloroplast. But how do this tiny organelle able to do its functions. This process
begins with the absorption of light by specialized organic molecules,
called pigments, that are found in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Then the process
of photosynthesis will proceeds into two phases, the Light-dependent reaction and
the light-independent reaction or Calvin cycle.

Figure 4. The Process of Photosyntheis

Image credit: modified from "Overview of photosynthesis: Figure 6" by OpenStax College, Biology, CC BY 3.0

8
The Light-dependent Reaction
As it turns out, some of the light energy absorbed by pigments in leaves is
converted to a different form: chemical energy. Light energy is converted to
chemical energy during the first stage of photosynthesis, which involves a series of
chemical reactions known as the light-dependent reactions. The light-dependent
reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane and require a continuous supply of
light energy. Chlorophylls absorb this light energy, which is converted into
chemical energy through the formation of two compounds, ATP or Adesnosine
triphosphate, an energy storage molecule and NADPH, a reduced (electron-bearing)
electron carrier molecule. In this process, water molecules are also converted to
oxygen gas—the oxygen we breathe! This process is further divided into sub-phases

The first part of this phase is when pigment molecules form clusters called
photosystems. The outer pigments serve as antennae for collecting solar energy.
The energy is passed from pigment to pigment until it is concentrated at the special
chlorophyll a (P 700 in PS I and P 680 in PS II), a part of the primary reaction
center. The electrons become so excited that they escape.

In PS 1, the excited electrons follow a cyclic path. The electrons that

escaped from the chlorophyll enter the electron transport system, a series of
electron carriers. At the electron transport system, electrons are passed from one
carrier to the next. In the process, energy is released and is used to pump hydrogen
ions from stroma to thylakoid compartment. The amount of hydrogen ions in the
thylakoid has potential energy. The electrons left the electron transport system with
very low energy. The low- energy electrons return to PS I and repeat the cycle when
the system absorbs solar energy.

GQ 1.1: How the photosystems convert solar energy

into chemical energy?

What will happen to the hydrogen ions that possess potential energy? They
flow from high concentration to low concentration, through a special protein called
ATP synthetase complex.

As hydrogen ions flow from inside of thylakoid to the stroma, ATP is

synthesized. The direction of the flow is shown in Figure 8.

ADP + P  ATP + H20

Since ATP is synthesized in the presence of light, the cyclic electron flow is
also called cyclic photophosphorylation.

9
 Excited electrons may also follow a non-cyclic electron flow. When does an
excited electron follow a non-cyclic path? If PS II antenna complex absorbs solar
energy, the high-energy electrons leave the reaction center- where chlorophyll a
molecules are found and enter the electron transport system. Here, energy is
released as electrons are passed from one carrier to another. The released energy
is stored in the form of Hydrogen ion gradient. This gradient is used by enzyme,
ATP synthase complex, to drive the synthesis of ATP.

ADP + P ----- ATP + H 20

The low-energy electrons move from the electron transport system to PS I

where they gain energy when the pigments absorb solar energy. The excited
electrons are passed to an electron carrier. The electron carriers send the
energized electrons to oxidized nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), also
an electron carrier. Together with the electron, NADP+ picks up hydrogen ion from
water to become NADPH.

This non-cyclic electron flow is also called Z-pathway or non-cyclic

photophosphorylation.

The electrons lost at PS II are replenished by a reaction involving water.

Water splits in the presence of light. This is called photolysis. It happens at a
system associated with PS II.

H20 H+ + 2e- + O 2

The synthesis of ATP through cyclic or non-cyclic photophosphorylation is

tied up to the hydrogen ion gradient. This mechanism of ATP production is called
chemiosmosis.

The products of light-dependent reactions are ATP and NADPH. Cyclic

photophosphorylation produces ATP only. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
produces ATP and NADPH. The by-product is oxygen gas, which comes from water
and is released into the atmosphere.

GQ 1.2: What are the end products of the Light-

dependent reaction?

10
The Light-independent Reaction
In plants, carbon dioxide enters the interior of a leaf via pores called stomata
and diffuses into the stroma of the chloroplast, the site of the Calvin
cycle reactions, where sugar is synthesized. These reactions are also called
the light-independent reactions because they are not directly driven by light.

In the Calvin cycle, carbon atoms are fixed (incorporated into organic
molecules) and used to build three-carbon sugars. This process is fueled by, and
dependent on, ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. Unlike the light reactions,
which take place in the thylakoid membrane, the reactions of the Calvin cycle take
place in the stroma (the inner space of chloroplasts).

Figure 5. Image credit: "The Calvin cycle: Figure 1," by OpenStax College, Concepts of Biology CC BY 4.0

This illustration shows that ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions
are used in the Calvin cycle to make sugar.

GQ 1.3: What are the raw materials of the Light-

independent reaction?

Reactions of the Calvin cycle

The Calvin cycle reactions can be divided into three main stages: carbon
fixation, reduction, and regeneration of the starting molecule.

11
Here is a general diagram of the cycle:

Figure 6. General Diagram of Calvin Cycle from

Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/photosynthesis-in-plants/the-calvin-cycle-reactions/a/calvin-cycle

1. Carbon fixation. A 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2 , molecule combines with a five-carbon acceptor

molecule, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). This step makes a six-carbon
compound that splits into two molecules of a three-carbon compound, 3-
phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA). This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme RuBP
carboxylase/oxygenase, or rubisco.

2. Reduction. In the second stage, ATP and NADPH are used to convert the 3-PGA
molecules into molecules of a three-carbon sugar, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P). This stage gets its name because NADPH donates electrons to, or reduces, a
three-carbon intermediate to make G3P.

3. Regeneration. Some G3P molecules go to make glucose, while others must be

recycled to regenerate the RuBP acceptor. Regeneration requires ATP and involves a
complex network of reactions, which my college bio professor liked to call the
"carbohydrate scramble."

In order for one G3P to exit the cycle (and go towards glucose synthesis),
three carbon molecules must enter the cycle, providing three new atoms of fixed
carbon. When three carbon molecules enter the cycle, six G3P molecules are made.
One exits the cycle and is used to make glucose, while the other five must be
recycled to regenerate three molecules of the RuBP acceptor.

GQ 1.4: What are the importance of ATP and NADPH

in Calvin cycle?

12
Summary of Calvin cycle reactants and products

Three turns of the Calvin cycle are needed to make one G3P molecule that
can exit the cycle and go towards making glucose. Let’s summarize the quantities
of key molecules that enter and exit the Calvin cycle as one net G3P is made. In
three turns of the Calvin cycle:

1. Carbon, 3 carbon molecules combine with 3 RuBP acceptors, making 6

molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). 1 G3P molecule exits the cycle and
goes towards making glucose. 5 G3P molecules are recycled, regenerating 3 RuBP
acceptor molecules.

2. ATP, 9 ATP are converted to 9ADP (6 during the fixation step, 3 during the
regeneration step).

3. NADPH. 6 NADPH are converted to 6 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁+ (during the reduction step).

A G3P molecule contains three fixed carbon atoms, so it takes two G3Ps to build a
six-carbon glucose molecule. It would take six turns of the cycle, or 6 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2 , 18ATP,
and 12 NADPH, to produce one molecule of glucose.

GQ 1.5: After Calvin cycle, how many glucose

molecule/s is/are formed in every 6 carbon dioxide
molecules that entered the cycle?

FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Like other processes, photosynthesis also has some factors that could affect
its rate of success producing its own food. These factors are called the limiting
factors. It is known that in the process of photosynthesis, plants require carbon
dioxide, water, chlorophyll, and sunlight to produce carbohydrates (energy). These
elements are the factors that can affect the rate or speed of photosynthesis.

1. Carbon dioxide concentration is the most important external factor affecting

the rate of photosynthesis of plants. Its limited availability, for an example, only
about 0.03% carbon dioxide in the atmosphere makes the plants compete to one
another to be able to absorb it into their chlorophyll through stomata. The greater
the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air, the rate of photosynthesis will also
be greater.

2. Water Availability, water is one of the basic needs for plants to be able to
perform photosynthesis. Water has a primary function as the main raw material in
the process of photosynthesis as well as carbon dioxide. In addition, plants also
need water for the transpiration process. If there is water shortage, stomata on the

13
leaves will close and making the carbon dioxide not be able to be absorbed and
into the chloroplast.

3. Light, as the name implies, light also belongs to one of the factors that influence
photosynthesis. By its nature, the light factor itself is divided into several sub
factors, including the intensity of light, the wavelength of light, and the duration of
irradiation.

Light intensity. This factor is the most influential for the photosynthesis of
plants. The lower the intensity of light received by plants, the more difficult it
will be in the plant photosynthesis. At low light intensity, the energy
absorbed by plants is not sufficient to be converted into biochemical energy.

Wavelength. The wavelength of light is shown through that color spectrum,

among which light is yellow, green, red, orange and blue. Each of these color
spectra will affect the rate of photosynthesis.

Long irradiation. In some parts of the world, solar radiation can last more
than 12 hours a day. In these areas, the process of photosynthesis by plants
will also take place continuously.

4. Chlorophyll is a color pigment contained in leaf chloroplasts and used as a

catalyst in the process of photosynthesis. Without chlorophyll, photosynthesis will
be very slow even cannot happen until the plant runs out of energy. Since it is
present in the plant part, chlorophyll can also be called an internal factor affecting
photosynthesis.

5. Nutrient elements are the main nutrients needed by plants in metabolism. The
nutrient element is a mineral as well as an organic material that can be obtained
by absorption by roots in the soil. For example, in conducting photosynthesis,
chlorophyll requires magnesium ions that can only be obtained from the root of the
soil.

6. The temperature of the air around the plant is also a factor that affects
photosynthesis. Temperatures that are too high will make the leaves close most of
their stomata to minimize the rate of transipiration (evaporation). This process
results in carbon dioxide cannot be absorbed by the leaves and photosynthesis
process will experience slowdown. Meanwhile, if the temperature is too low, the
water contained in the plant will freeze so that the nutrient circulation from root to
leaf cannot occur.

Well as you see, these factors will be greatly affects the rate of success of the food
production in plants.

GQ 1.6: Which among the factors has the greatest

effect on the success of photosynthesis?

14
 What’s More

Activity 1.1 Understanding the Leaf

Directions: The students will label the parts of the chloroplast and give the function
of each part.

Guide Questions:

1. What is chloroplast? _________________________________

2. How this organelle able to absorb the sunlight?
__________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1.2 Let there be light or not

Directions: Read carefully and understand the following task that will be given to
you.
1. Label the diagram with its correct word. Use the pool of words to answer the
task.

POOL OF WORDS
Light
Water
Calvin Cycle
Light- Dependent Cycle
Sugars
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
ATP
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁+

15
2. Show the difference between Light-dependent reaction and Calvin Cycle by
completing all the necessary information in the table.

Phases of Photosynthesis Light-dependent reaction Light-independent

reaction
Part of the Chloroplast
where it takes place
Raw materials
Products

Sub-stages 1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.

Guide Questions:

1. Compare the two phases of photosynthesis in terms of their raw material needed
and products?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Do you think that the two phases of photosynthesis are inter depended to one
another? Defend your answer.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1.3 Evidences of Photosynthesis

Directions: Read carefully the given procedure. Ask help to your teacher or parents
in doing this activity.

This activity is divided into two phases. The first is the test for the
presence of oxygen and the second one is for the test of sugar.

Test for the Presence of oxygen

I. MATERIALS:

test tube /clear glass container with lid Water

Plant sample ( Elodea, Hydrilla or Santan leaf)

16
II. PROCEDURES:

1. Place a fresh mature plant sample inside a test tube.

2. Add water to the test tube to cover the leaf of plant
3. Leave the set-up for about 3-5 minutes at room temperature
(290 C)
4. Observe the set-up.
Figure 1
(Sample
setup)

III. ANALYSIS:

Guide Questions:
1. What did you notice on the plant sample after leaving for 5 minutes?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. Did you see any bubbles in the setup?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. What do these bubbles indicate?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Test for the Presence of Sugar

I. MATERIALS:

tincture of iodine medicine dropper wire gauze

denatured alcohol beaker box of matches

water bath petri dish fresh leaf of mayana

alcohol lamp tripod

II. PROCEDURES:

1. Get a fresh mayana (coleus) leaf.

2. Remove the leaf color by boiling it in alcohol.
a. Fill the beaker ¾ of its capacity with water. Let it boil.
b. While waiting water to boil, get a leaf sample and place it in the test
tube. Put denatured
alcohol into the test tube until the leaf has been
submerged.

17
 c. When the water in the beaker boils, place the test tube with leaf and
alcohol in it.
Let the water boil for another 3 minutes or until all the color of the
leaf has been extracted.
See Figure 2
d. Remove the test tube from the beaker. Then get the leaf out of the test
tube.
e. Rinse the leaf with water, and then place it on the petri dish.
f. Put drops of iodine until the leaf has been soaked.
g. Observe the leaf.

If the color of the leaf turns to bluish black, it indicates the

presence of starch. No change in color indicates absence of
starch.

III. ANALYSIS:
Guide Questions:
1. What did you observe on the leaf?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the color of the leaf after putting a drop of iodine?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Notes to the Teacher/Parent

1. Make necessary improvisation in the materials needed if

they are not available within your place.

2. Please make emphasis to the student the precautionary

measures in doing a simple laboratory experiment.

18
 What I Have Learned

1. Organisms that make their own food are called producers or autotroph.
2. Not all components of solar energy are needed in photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis uses only the visible light.
3. Plant contains pigments like chlorophyll that trap energy from the sun.
These pigments form clusters called photosystems.
4. There are two photosystems – PS I and PS II. Photosystems are light
harvesting antenna composed of
 several 100 chlorophyll a & b molecules, and carotenoids
 a central chlorophyll molecule (P680 or P700)
 specialized molecule called the primary electron acceptor
5. These pigments are found in the chloroplast. Chloroplasts are found in
the leaves of plant. They are found in the guard cell and mesophyll cells.
6. There are two stages of photosynthesis – light dependent reaction and
light-independent reaction.
Phases of Photosynthesis Light-dependent reaction Light-independent
reaction
Part of the Chloroplast Thylakoid Stroma
where it takes place
Raw materials Light, water NADPH, ATP
Products NADPH, ATP, oxygen Sugar

Sub-stages 1. Photoactivation 1. Carbon Fixation

2. Photolysis 2. Reduction
3. Photophosphorylation 3. Regenaration

7. Light-dependent reaction produces ATP, NADPH, and oxygen gas as by-

product.
8. ATP and NADPH are used in the fixation of carbon dioxide, a light-
independent reaction.
9. The Light-independent reaction has 3 stages namely, carbon fixation,
reduction, and regeneration.
10. The end product of the light-independent reaction is the formation of 6-
carbon sugar called glucose.
11. There are 6 factors that can affect the rate of photosynthesis,
• Carbon dioxide concentration
• Water Availability
• Light
• Chlorophyll
• Minerals
• Temperature.

19
 What I Can Do

Create a graphic organizer (accordion foldable) that summarizes your idea

about photosynthesis.

Materials:
1. Several sheets of paper of same sizes.

2. glue

Directions:
1. Fold each sheet of paper like a hamburger, but fold one side half an inch shorter
than the other side. This will form a tab that is half an inch long.

2. Fold this tab forward over the shorter side, then fold it back away from the
shorter piece of paper. (In other words, fold it the opposite way.)

3. To form an accordion, glue a straight edge of one section into the valley of
another section’s tab.

4. Before gluing, stand the sections on end to form an accordion. This will help you
see how to glue the sections together. Use different colors of paper to indicate
sections of the book. Always place the extra tab at the back of the book so you can
add more pages later.
5. After doing the accordion, you may start writing all the learning and ideas that
you have learned about photosynthesis.

6. Decorate your work with creativity.

20
 Additional Activities

Is it Fact or Bluff?
DIRECTIONS: Tell whether the statement is fact or bluff. Write Fact, if the
statement is correct and Bluff, if the statement is incorrect. Write your answer on a
separate sheet.

1. One of the raw materials used by green plants during photosynthesis is the
gas carbon monoxide.
2. Plants can store some of the food they manufacture as starch.

3. The tiny holes through which gases enter and exit leaves are called
chloroplasts.
4. During photosynthesis, green plants manufacture a sugar called glucose.

5. The chemical formula of glucose is C6H12O6.

Importance of Photosynthesis
Directions: Watch a video in the net.
(https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/photosynthesis-in-plants/introduction-to-stages-
of-photosynthesis/v/photosynthesis). After watching the video, write an essay having 500
words as minimum and 1000 words as maximum. Your essay will discuss the
importance of Photosynthesis. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Notes to the Teacher/ Parent(s)

LETS GO ONLINE>>>
For more information about photosynthesis, learners can watch
online video through Khan Academy (khanacademy.org) and
just type the term “photosynthesis” in the search box.

21
Lesson

2 The Living Batteries

All organisms need energy to do important life processes and the things they
need and want to do.

So, where do organisms like you, get the energy you need?

Mitochondrion

Figure 1. The living batteries inside your muscle cells

Riparip, Philippines, 2011 (Personal collection)

Once you eat your meal, your digestive system breaks down food into
smaller components. These food components will be carried by blood to the muscle
cells. Inside the muscle cells, there are “living batteries”, those can generate energy
for movement (figure 1).

And we call those living

batteries – MITOCHONDRIA (singular,
Mitochondrion).

Mitochondria, also known as

the powerhouse of the cells, are made
of two membranes (figure 2). The outer
membrane covers and contains the
organelle. The inner membrane folds
and creates layered structures called
cristae. The fluid found inside the
mitochondria is called the matrix.
These organelles are special because
they have their own DNA and
ribosomes floating in the fluid matrix.
Figure 2. Parts of a Mitochondrion (Davidson,2019)
https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/mitochondria/mitochondria.html

22
 What’s In

ATP or Adenosine triphosphate is referred as the energy currency of the cell.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) plays important roles as an energy-carrying
molecule, a phosphate donor, and a signaling molecule inside the cells. It is a
nucleotide consisting of three main molecules (figure 3): the nitrogenous base,
adenine; the sugar, ribose; and a chain of three phosphate groups bound to ribose.
The phosphate molecule of ATP is the actual power source which the cell needs
(Agustyn, 2020).

Figure 3. Structure of Adenosine triphosphate

Source: https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-illustration-adenosine-
triphosphate-atp-structural-formula-chemical-model-image80401526

Notes to the Teacher/ Parent(s)

For the learners to familiarize with some of the scientific terms used in
this module ask them to perform ACTIVITY 2.1. DECODE THE CODE.

LETS GO ONLINE>>>
Students/ learners can also access online learning via Khan Academy
using the link: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-
respiration-and-fermentation and answer practice quizzes online and
earn mastery points in the course of the lesson.

23
 What’s New

Cellular Respiration
The process of harvesting ATP from the food we eat is called Cellular
Respiration. Cellular respiration is a process of combining oxygen with food
molecules specifically, glucose from carbohydrate to produce ATP and discarding,
as waste products, carbon dioxide and water (figure 3). As said earlier, ATP is used
for life-sustaining activities.

Figure 3. Cellular Respiration

Riparip, Philippines, 2011 (Personal collection)

Figure 3 shows that glucose and six molecules of oxygen gas are the raw
materials of cellular respiration while six molecules of Carbon dioxide, six
molecules of water are the wastes products. In the process, molecules of ATPs are
produced as by-products.

The process of cellular respiration is a complex one. It is composed of three

stages namely: GLYCOLYSIS, KREBS CYCLE and ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN.
Each stage produces ATPs.

GQ 2.1: What are the raw materials needed in the

process of cellular respiration, to produce ATP?

24
Glycolysis
The process of cellular respiration starts with Glycolysis. It happens in the
cytosol or cytoplasm of the cell, just outside the mitochondrion. In this process, one
glucose molecule is needed. This contains six carbon atoms (grey circles
representing carbon atoms, found in the illustration below).

Now, let’s analyse how glycolysis makes ATP:

GQ 2.2: How glycolysis uses glucose to produce two

Pyruvic acids?

25
Krebs Cycle
The pyruvic acid produced during glycolysis proceeds to a series of chemical
reactions called the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle (after its discoverer, Hans
Krebs). This process happens inside the mitochondrion, specifically in the matrix of
the organelle.

26
 GQ 2.3: Why is it necessary to breakdown citric acid
in the process of Krebs cycle?

Notes to the Teacher/ Parent(s)

Identifying the number of by-products of Glycolysis and Krebs
cycle, specifically the number of NADH and FADH2, is very
important in the last stage of cellular respiration. Perform
ACTIVITY 2.2. LET’S COUNT THEM UP! to know the answer.

Electron transport chain

The last stage of cellular respiration happens when the electron carriers:
NADH (from NAD+ + H-) and FADH 2 (from FAD+ + 2H- ) transport the high energy
electrons they possess to the inner layered membrane of mitochondrion, the
cristae. This process is called Electron Transport Chain (ETC).

After performing Activity 2.2, you will notice that the total number of NADH
and FADH 2 produced in Glycolysis and Krebs cycle is 10 and 2 respectively. These
carriers contain high energy electrons, which are passed from one molecule to
another in the ETC. Lastly, this stage requires oxygen gas.

27
 What is It

The ATP Bookkeeping

Let’s calculate the total number of ATP produced in the whole process of
cellular respiration.

Two (2)

Two (2)

Thirty (30)

Four (4)

Thirty-eight
(38)

Based on the calculations presented above, the whole process of cellular

respiration theoretically yields to a total of 38 ATPs per one molecule of glucose. In
some cases, depending on effectiveness of the process, one glucose molecule will
only produce 30 to 32 ATP molecules.

Notes to the Teacher/ Parent(s)

LETS GO ONLINE>>>
For more information about cellular respiration, learners can read
online through Khan Academy (khanacademy.org) and just type
the term “cellular respiration” in the search box.

28
 What’s More

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Compared

The link between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is the “life-line” of

most of the organisms here on Earth. This is because the by-products of one
system are the raw materials or reactants of the other. Photosynthesis uses the
energy from sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen gas.
Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and
water. As you notice, the equation for photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular
respiration.
Moreover, photosynthesis and cellular respiration differs in many ways. The
comparison is summarized in the table below.

Source: https://students.ga.desire2learn.com

29
 The table shows that the oxygen gas produced by plants through
photosynthesis is what humans and animals need for cellular respiration. The
carbon dioxide produced as a waste during respiration is exhaled from the body
and absorbed by plants to help in the process of producing glucose in
photosynthesis. This is a continuous cycle that sustains life on earth.
Glucose, on the other hand, is a molecule used to build a more complex
carbohydrates like sucrose found in sugar and fructose found in fruits. On that
note, plant-based food like vegetables and fruits could give more energy than meat
coming from animals. Aside from health benefits we can get from eating plant-
based food like fiber, it could give us more energy since plants are capable of
photosynthesis.

GQ 2.4: What food can give you more energy, plant-

based food like vegetables or animal meat?

What I Have Learned

Bases of Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron Transport

Comparison Chain
Raw Glucose 2 Pyruvic Acid 10 NADH, 2 FADH 2 ,
materials Oxygen gas
By-products 2 Pyruvic Acid, 2 8 NADH, 2 FADH 2 , Water
NADH Carbon dioxide
No. of ATP 2 ATPs 2 ATPs 34 ATPs
yielded

To recall how the cycle between photosynthesis and cellular

respiration works, watch this video online:
Cellular Respiration: The Big Picture
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/
cellularrespiration_big_picture.html

30
 What I Can Do

Activity 2.3 The Link

Learning Competency:
Differentiate photosynthesis and respiration in terms of cell structures
involved, raw materials, end product and energy requirement. (S9LT-lg-j-31.4.9)
Direction: The continuous cycle between photosynthesis and cellular respiration
sustains life in the biosphere. To assess if you understand how the cycle works,
perform this activity. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

2 3

4
5

Source: exploringnature.org

Guide Questions:
6. By looking at the diagram above, how are cellular respiration and
photosynthesis connected from one another?
7. Do a research about viruses. Are viruses capable of photosynthesis and
cellular respiration? Explain your answer.
8. If viruses like Corona virus-causing COVID-19 continue to reproduce, what
might happen to the human host in relation to cellular respiration?

31
 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Photosynthesis occurs in what organelle of plants and algae?

A. plasma membrane C. lysosome
B. mitochondrion D. chloroplast

2. What substance is used to fix carbon dioxide during the light-

independent reaction?
A. Malate C. ribulose-1,5-biphosphate
B. Oxaloacetate D. pyruvate

3. This stage of cellular respiration yields the most amount of ATP:

A. Glycolysis
B. Krebs Cycle
C. Calvin Cycle
D. Electron transport chain

4. Which of the following is NOT a feature of cellular respiration?

A. Conversion of water molecules into ATP
B. Release of carbon dioxide during the Krebs Cycle
C. Release of water in electron transport chain
D. Conversion of one glucose molecule to two pyruvic acid in
glycolysis

5. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration differ in many ways. Which

statement does NOT support this concept?
A. Photosynthesis happens in the mitochondria of the cell while
respiration in the chloroplast.
B. Photosynthesis yields oxygen gas as by-product while
respiration releases carbon dioxide as waste.
C. Photosynthesis happens among plants while both plants and
animals are capable of respiration.
D. Photosynthesis needs water and carbon dioxide while
respiration requires oxygen gas and glucose molecules.

32
 Additional Activities

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _____________

Grade Level : ______ Section: _____________ Score: ____________

Activity 2.1 Decode the Code

Learning Competency:

Explain how cell release energy from food. (S9LT-lg-j-31.4.6)

Direction: Let’s get along with the words and symbols in cellular
respiration by decoding the code.

Activity 2.2 Let’s count them up

Learning Competency: Explain the Electron Transport Chain. (S9LT-lg-j-31.4.8)

Direction: Identify how many of each by-product will enter the last stage, the
electron transport chain. Write your answers (in numbers) inside the boxes.

33
 34
What I Know Activity 1.1 Activity 1.2
1. C Please see the attached Please see the attached
2. D
3. D
pages pages
4. D
5. A
Activity 1.3 Fact or Bluff Activity 2.1
Please see the attached pages 1. BLUFF 1. Glucose
2. Oxygen gas
2. FACT 3. Carbon dioxide
4. Water
3. BLUFF
4. FACT
5. FACT
Activity 2.2 Activity 2.3 Assessment
1. 2 Please see the attached 1. D
2. 2 pages 2. C
3. 2 3. D
4. 2 4. A
5. 6 5. A
6. 2
7. 2
Answer Key
References

Essentials of Cell Biology (n.d.). Retrieved May 13, 2020, from Scitable: Nature
Education https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/photosynthetic-
cells-14025371/
Meisner, R. (2015, April 1). Photosynthesis and cellular respiration computer.
Retrieved May 5, 2020,
from https://betterlesson.com/lesson/resource/3189420/photosynthesis-
and-cellular-respiration-computer
Intro to photosynthesis (n.d.). Retrieved May 12, 2020 from Khan
Academy https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/photosynthesis-
in-plants/introduction-to-stages-of-photosynthesis/a/intro-to-
photosynthesis?modal=1
Phelan, J. (2018). Cellular Respiration: The Big Picture. Retrieved May 12, 2020,
from
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespi
ration_big_picture.html
Photosynthesis and Respiration. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2020, from
https://photosynthesiseducation.com/photosynthesis-and-cellular-
respiration/
Steps of cellular respiration | Biology (article). (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2020, from
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-
fermentation/overview-of-cellular-respiration-steps/a/steps-of-cellular-
respiration

35
Answer Key for Activity 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3

Activity 1.1 Understanding the Leaf

Directions: The students will label the parts of the chloroplast and give the function of each
part.

Outer Membrane- It is a semi-porous

membrane and is permeable to small
1 molecules and ions

Inner Membrane- it forms a border to the

2 stroma. It regulates passage of materials in
and out of the chloroplast.

3 Stroma- is a alkaline, aqueous fluid

which is protein rich and is present
4
Thylakoid The chlorophyll is found in the
thylakoids and is the sight for the process of
5 light reactions of photosynthesis to happen

Granum- stacks of thylakoids

Guide Questions:

1. What is chloroplast? are the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells.

2. How this organelle able to absorb the sunlight? Chloroplast absorbs light with the help of
its pigment called chlorophyll.

Activity 1.2 Let there be light or not

1. Label the diagram with its correct word. Use the pool of words below to answer the task.

water Carbon dioxide

light
𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵+

ATP

oxygen sugar

36
2. Show the difference between Light-dependent reaction and Calvin Cycle by completing all
the necessary information in the table.

Phases of Photosynthesis Light-dependent reaction Light-independent reaction

Part of the Chloroplast where Thylakoid Stroma
it takes place
Raw materials Light, water NADPH, ATP
Products NADPH, ATP, oxygen Sugar

Sub-stages 1. Photoactivation 1. Carbon Fixation

2. Photolysis 2. Reduction
3. Photophosphorylation 3. Regenaration

Guide Questions:

1. Compare the two phases of photosynthesis in terms of their raw material needed and
products? Light-dependent reaction needed light and water to proceed and produce
molecules of NADPH, ATP, and oxygen as by-product. While on the other hand, Light-
independent reaction needed NADPH and ATP to proceed and at the end it product is a six-
carbon sugar called glucose.

2. Do you think that the two phases of photosynthesis are inter- depended to one another?
Defend your answer.

Answers may varies.

Activity 1.3 Evidences of Photosynthesis

III. ANALYSIS:

Guide Questions:

4. What did you notice on the plant sample after leaving for 5 minutes?
Formation of bubbles.
5. Did you see any bubbles in the setup?
Yes.
6. What do these bubbles indicate?
Presence of oxygen.

III. ANALYSIS:

Guide Questions:

6. What did you observe on the leaf?

Answer may varies.

7. What is the color of the leaf after putting a drop of iodine?

Blue or Black.

37
Activity 2.3 The Link
1. Photosynthesis
2. Carbon dioxide and water
3. Oxygen gas and Glucose
4. Cellular respiration
5. ATP
6. The oxygen gas produced by plants through photosynthesis is what humans and
animals need for cellular respiration. The carbon dioxide produced as a waste
during respiration is exhaled from the body and absorbed by plants to help in the
process of producing glucose in photosynthesis.
7. Viruses can't make and break down food to release energy. The only thing that
viruses can do is to copy or replicate themselves, and they need the help of a living
cell to perform that. When a virus infects a host cell, it injects its DNA or RNA into
the host and takes control of the cell.
8. Viruses can permanently kill a healthy cell thus, stopping the process of cellular
respiration. The living cell in which a virus replicates is called its host cell. If the
host cell copies the virus (replicates viral DNA of the virus), the host cell will explode
releasing the new viruses.

Answers in Guide Questions

LESSON 1
GQ 1.1: How the photosystems convert solar energy into chemical energy?
ANSWER: Light is captured by a set of light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) that funnel . light
energy into photochemical reaction centres, photosystem (PS) I and PSII Special
subsets of chlorophyll molecules in these photosystems are excited by light energy,
allowing electrons on them to be transferred through a series of redox carriers called
the electron transfer chain to produce ATP and NADPH.

GQ 1.2: What are the end products of the Light-dependent reaction?

ANSWER: The end products of Light-dependent reaction are ATP, NADPH and oxygen gas
as a by-product.

GQ 1.3: What are the raw materials of the Light-independent reaction?

ANSWER: The raw materials of Light-independent reaction are ATP and NADPH.

GQ 1.4: What is the importance of ATP and NADPH in Calvin cycle?

ANSWER: The two molecules are important in Calvin cycle because they serve as fuel to
start the process. The energy that they carry will be used in the formation of
glucose.

38
GQ 1.5: After Calvin cycle, how many glucose molecule/s is/are formed in every 6 carbon
dioxide molecules that entered the cycle?
ANSWER: 1 molecule of glucose

GQ 1.6: Which among the factors has the greatest effect on the success of photosynthesis?
ANSWER: ANSWER MAY VARY

LESSON 2
GQ 2.1: What are the raw materials needed in the process of cellular respiration, to produce
ATP?
ANSWER: Glucose molecule and six molecules of Oxygen gas

GQ 2.2: How glycolysis uses glucose to produce two Pyruvic acids?

ANSWER: The six-carbon Glucose is cleaved into two three-carbon molecule of Pyruvate or
Pyruvic acid through a series of reactions.

GQ 2.3: Why is it necessary to breakdown citric acid in the process of Krebs cycle?
ANSWER: Citric acid should be broken down in Krebs cycle to produce electron carries like
NADH and the energy needed by the cell, ATP. In the process, Carbon dioxide is
released.

GQ 2.4: What food can give you more energy, plant-based food like vegetables or animal
meat?
ANSWER: Plants are capable of photosynthesis, thus, capable of producing glucose. In this
reason plant-based food like vegetables and fruits could give us more energy.

39
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – (Bureau/Office)

(Office Address)

Telefax:

Email Address: