Chapter 17 Study Guide

3rd Line of Defense: Developing long lasting immunity

Innate Immunity: Naturally acquired, we are born with it; Body’s defenses against any
pathogen
Adaptive immunity: Immunity acquired by exposure; induced resistance to a specific pathogen

 Adaptive Immunity Overview (Figure 17.20)

o Humoral: Humoral immune system is activated by free antigens; has control of
freely circulating pathogens
 It involves antibodies and produces antibodies
 Can be transferred between people
 B-cell turns into plasma cells

o Cellular (cell mediated): control of intracellular pathogens; sensitized t-cell

recognize pathogens; activated by antigen presenting cells; must be presented
by another cell for them to attack
 T helper cells: produce cytokines
 Cytotoxic T cells: kills target cells

 Differentiation of B-cells and T-cells (Figure 17.8)

o B cell: Matures in bone marrow
o T cell: Matures in the thymus and migrates to the lymphoid tissue

Humoral Immunity System

 The Nature of Antigens

o Antigen (Ag): a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or
sensitized T cells
o Example of antigens: usually proteins, toxins, extracellular parts of bacteria

 Structure of a typical Antibody (Figure 17.3)

o Usually shaped like a Y
o Has a variable region (which binds to antigen)
o Has a constant region (which stays the same and is recognized by immune cells)

 5 Classes of Antibodies
o IgG Antibodies: Ig means immunoglobulins
 Monomer (1 subunit)
  Most common antibody in the blood
 Fix complement (helps complement stick)
 Long lived antibody
 Can cross the placenta to protect fetus

o IgM Antibodies
 Pentamer (5 antibodies linked together)
 Found in serum
 Fix complements
 1st antibody produced during infection
 Short lived
 Found in blood, lymph and on B cells
 Good at agglutination (clumping microbes)

o IgA Antibodies
 Dimer (2 antibodies stuck together)
 Found in secretions
 Important for mucosal protection

o IgD Antibodies
 Monomer
 Found on B cell
 Helps initiate humoral response; helps start whole immune response

o IgE Antibodies
 Monomer
 Found on mast cells, on basophils and in blood
 Help in parasitic defense
 Helps with allergic reactions

o Commonalities between Antibodies:

 IgG, IgD, IgE: Monomers
 IgG, IgM: Fix Complements

 Activation of B cells to produce antigen (Figure 17.4)

o B Cell recognizes free antigen
o B cell must present to T cell for directions
o B cell matures into helper plasma cell
o Produces antigen

 Clonal Selection and Differentiation of B cells (Figure 17.5)

 o B cell activation: B cells reproduce/proliferate and differentiate
o B cells proliferate into plasma cells and create antibodies
o B cells proliferate into memory cells for long lasting immunity

 Antigen-Antibody Binding
o Agglutination: Clumps bacteria together to reduce the number of infectious
units to be dealt with
o Opsonization: coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis
o Neutralization: prevents viral infections by keeping virus from infected cell
o ADCC (Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity): Needs antibody; cell
killing is coming from another cell
o Complement Fixation: Causes cell lyses and inflammation

Cellular Immunity (cell mediated)

o T cells and Cellular Immunity
o T cells respond to antigen by T cell receptors (TCR’s)
o T cells require Antigen-presenting cells (APC’s); has to be shown pathogen by
another cell
o T Helper Cells: Help immune response; they are the “coaches”; coordinate response
o 3 Kinds of T Helper Cells: TH1, TH2, TH17
o TH1: Produce interferon gamma (IFN-), which stimulates macrophages
 Good defense if you have intracellular bacterial or protozoan infection
o TH2: stimulates mast cells, basophils and eosinophils
 Makes IgE antibodies
 Good for fighting parasite infections
o TH17: Produces IL17, which is good for stimulating neutrophils and is good for
removing extracellular bacteria and fungus

o T Cytotoxic Cells
o Involved in fighting off viral infections
o Kills virally infected cells
o Activated into Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL’s)

o Killing of Virus infected target cell by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (Figure 17.12)

o A virus infected cell shows the Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte that it is infected
o T cell says I’m sorry I have to kill you, and lyses infected cell

o Antigen Presenting Cells

o These cells digest antigens
 B Cells
 Dendritic cells
  Activated macrophages

o NK Cells (Natural Killer Cells)

o Kill virus infected cells
o Kill parasite and tumor cells

o Cytokines:
o chemical messengers

o Immunological Memory:
o Primary response to pathogen is slow and weak
o Secondary Response to pathogen is fast and strong because they saw pathogen
before
o Adaptive Immunity (Figure: Last slide)
o Come in Naturally Acquired and Artificially Acquired with sub categories of
Active and passive
o Active means: B cells produce antibodies to protect you
o Passive means: you are not making antibodies and they are transferred to you
o Naturally Acquired Active: Antigens enter body naturally; body induces
antibodies and lymphocytes
o Naturally Acquired Passive: Antibodies passed from mom to fetus via placenta
or breast milk
o Artificially Acquired Active: Antigen introduced through vaccines; body makes
antibodies
o Artificially Acquired Passive: Give someone antibodies as therapy (serum pulled
from others) ex. tetanus, botulism, ect.