CHAPTER 4 | MANAGING DIVERSITY 99

popularity, it’s also one of the most controversial and least understood topics.”4 With its basis
in civil rights legislation and social justice, the word diversity often invokes a variety of atti-
tudes and emotional responses in people. Diversity has traditionally been considered a term
used by human resources departments, associated with fair hiring practices, discrimination, and
inequality. But diversity today is considered to be so much more. Exhibit 4-1 illustrates an
historical overview of how the concept and meaning of workforce diversity has evolved.
Let’s take a look at some of the ways diversity has been defined. For instance, at State
Farm, the number one provider of auto insurance in the United States, diversity is viewed as
“the collective strength of experiences, skills, talents, perspectives, and cultures that each
agent and employee brings to State Farm.”5 Dictionary definitions of diversity refer to vari-
ety, differences, multiformity (instead of uniformity), or dissimilarities (instead of similari-
ties). The Society for Human Resource Management, an association of human resource
professionals, says that “diversity is often used to refer to differences based on ethnicity, gen-
der, age, religion, disability, national origin and sexual orientation,” but it also encompasses
an “infinite range of unique characteristics and experiences, including communication styles,
physical characteristics such as height and weight, and speed of learning and comprehen-
sion.”6 Another definition says that diversity is all the ways in which people differ.7 One final
definition of diversity is the “array of physical and cultural differences that constitute the
spectrum of human differences.”8 One important thing to note about these diversity defini-
tions is that they focus on all the ways in which people can differ. And that’s significant be-
cause diversity is no longer viewed as simply specific categories like race, gender, age, or
disability but has broadened to a more inclusive recognition of the spectrum of differences.
So, what’s our definition of workplace diversity? We’re defining it as the ways in
which people in an organization are different from and similar to one another. Notice
that our definition not only focuses on the differences, but the similarities of employees.

EXHIBIT 4-1
1960s to 1970s Focus on complying with laws and regulations: Timeline of the Evolution
Title VII of Civil Rights Act; Equal Employment Opportunity of Workforce Diversity
Commission; affirmative action policies and programs
Early 1980s Focus on assimilating minorities and women into
corporate setting:
Corporate programs developed to help improve self-confidence
and qualifications of diverse individuals so they can “fit in”
Late 1980s Concept of workforce diversity expanded from
compliance to an issue of business survival:
Publication of Workforce 2000 opened business leaders’ eyes
about the future composition of workforce—that is, more
diverse; first use of term workforce diversity
Late 1980s to Late 1990s Focus on fostering sensitivity:
Shift from compliance and focusing only on women and
minorities to including everyone; making employees more
aware and sensitive to the needs and differences of others
New Millennium Focus on diversity and inclusion for business success:
Workforce diversity seen as core business issue; important to
achieve business success, profitability, and growth

Based on Ernst & Young, “The New Global Mindset: Driving Innovation Through Diversity,” EYGM
Limited, 2010, pp. 5–6; and R. Anand and M. Frances Winters, “A Retrospective View of Corporate
Diversity Training from 1964 to the Present,” Academy of Management Learning & Education,
September 2008, pp. 356–372.

workforce diversity
The ways in which people in an organization are
different from and similar to one another
100 PAR T TWO | INTEGRATIVE MANAGERIAL ISSUES

This reinforces our belief that managers and organizations should view employees as
having qualities in common as well as differences that separate them. It doesn’t mean that
those differences are any less important, but that our focus as managers is in finding
ways to develop strong relationships with and engage our entire workforce.
We want to point out one final thing about our description of “what” workforce diver-
sity is:9 The demographic characteristics that we tend to think of when we think of
diversity—age, race, gender, ethnicity, etc.—are just the tip of the iceberg. These demo-
graphic differences reflect surface-level diversity, which are easily perceived differences
that may trigger certain stereotypes, but that do not necessarily reflect the ways people think
or feel. Such surface-level differences in characteristics can affect the way people perceive
others, especially when it comes to assumptions or stereotyping. However, as people get to
know one another, these surface-level differences become less important and deep-level
diversity—differences in values, personality, and work preferences—becomes more
important. These deep-level differences can affect the way people view organizational work
rewards, communicate, react to leaders, negotiate, and generally behave at work.

Why Is Managing Workforce Diversity So Important?

Ranked number 2 on Diversity Inc.’s list of top 50 companies for diversity, voice commu-
nications services company AT&T recognizes the powerful benefits of diversity. The com-
pany’s chief diversity officer says, “We know that diverse, talented and dedicated people
are critical to AT&T’s success. Investing in a well-educated diverse workforce may be the
single most important thing we can to do help America remain the leader in a digital, global
economy.”10 BP, the British-owned energy company believes that “supplier diversity—that
is, using minority or women suppliers—ensures that it gets the best products and services
at the lowest price.”11 Many companies besides AT&T and BP are experiencing the bene-
fits that diversity can bring. In this section, we want to look at why workforce diversity is
so important to organizations. The benefits fall into three main categories: people manage-
ment, organizational performance, and strategic. (See Exhibit 4-2.)

EXHIBIT 4-2
People Management
Benefits of Workforce Diversity
• Better use of employee talent
• Increased quality of team problem-solving efforts
• Ability to attract and retain employees of diverse backgrounds
Organizational Performance
• Reduced costs associated with high turnover, absenteeism, and lawsuits
• Enhanced problem-solving ability
• Improved system flexibility
Strategic
• Increased understanding of the marketplace, which improves ability
to better market to diverse consumers
• Potential to improve sales growth and increase market share
• Potential source of competitive advantage because of improved
innovation efforts
• Viewed as moral and ethical; the “right” thing to do

Sources: Based on Ernst & Young, “The New Global Mindset: Driving Innovation Through Diversity,” EYGM Limited,
2010; M. P. Bell, M. L. Connerley, and F. K. Cocchiara, “The Case for Mandatory Diversity Education,” Academy of
Management Learning & Education, December 2009, pp. 597–609; E. Kearney, D. Gebert, and S. C. Voelpel, “When
and How Diversity Benefits Teams: The Importance of Team Members’ Need for Cognition,” Academy of
Management Journal, June 2009, pp. 581–598; J. A. Gonzalez and A. S. DeNisi, “Cross-Level Effects of Demography
and Diversity Climate on Organizational Attachment and Firm Effectiveness,” Journal of Organizational Behavior,
January 2009, pp. 21–40; O. C. Richard, “Racial Diversity, Business Strategy, and Firm Performance: A Resource-
Based View,” Academy of Management Journal, April 2000, pp. 164–177; and G. Robinson and K. Dechant,
“Building a Business Case for Diversity,” Academy of Management Executive, August 1997, pp. 21–31.
 CHAPTER 4 | MANAGING DIVERSITY 101

PEOPLE MANAGEMENT. When all is said and done, diversity is, after all, about people,
both inside and outside the organization. The people management benefits that organiza-
tions get because of their workforce diversity efforts revolve around attracting and retaining
a talented workforce. Organizations want a talented workforce because it’s the people—
their skills, abilities, and experiences—who make an organization successful. Positive and
explicit workforce diversity efforts can help organizations attract and keep talented diverse
people and make the best of the talents those individuals bring to the workplace. In addition,
another important people management benefit is that as companies rely more on employee
teams in the workplace, those work teams with diverse backgrounds often bring different
and unique perspectives to discussions, which can result in more creative ideas and solu-
tions. However, recent research has indicated that such benefits might be hard to come by in
teams performing more interdependent tasks over a long period of time. Such situations also
present more opportunities for conflicts and resentments to build.12 But, as the researchers
pointed out, that simply means that those teams may need stronger team training and coach-
ing to facilitate group decision making and conflict resolution.

ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE The performance benefits that organizations get

from workforce diversity include cost savings and improvements in organizational func-
tioning. The cost savings can be significant when organizations that cultivate a diverse
workforce reduce employee turnover, absenteeism, and the chance of lawsuits. For
instance, the upscale retailer Abercrombie & Fitch paid $50 million to people who alleged
in a lawsuit and two class-action suits that it discriminated against minorities and women.13
That’s an amount of money that can seriously affect an organization’s bottom line. In 2009,
the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission reported 93,277 workplace discrimina-
tion claims were filed, the second highest total number of claims ever filed. But more star-
tling than the total number of claims filed was the monetary relief obtained for victims,
which totaled more than $376 million.14 Workforce diversity efforts can reduce the risk of
such lawsuits. In addition, a recent report by recruiting firm Korn/Ferry International
found that U.S. companies waste $64 billion annually by losing and replacing employees
who leave their jobs “solely due to failed diversity management.”15 That same report noted
that 34 percent of those who left jobs because of diversity-related issues would have stayed
if managers had recognized their abilities. Finally, organizational performance can be Diversity is important because not
enhanced through workforce diversity because of improved problem-solving abilities and everyone has a perfect skill set or
system flexibility. An organization with a diverse workforce can tap into the variety of universal set of life experiences. The more
your workplace reflects your customer
skills and abilities represented and just the fact that its workforce is diverse requires that
base, the more successful you can be.
processes and procedures be more accommodative and inclusive.

STRATEGIC Organizations benefit strategically from a diverse workforce, as well. You have
to look at managing workforce diversity as the key to extracting the best talent, performance,
market share, and suppliers from a diverse country and world. One important strategic benefit
is that with a diverse workforce, organizations can better anticipate and respond to changing
consumer needs. Diverse employees bring a variety of points of view and approaches to
opportunities, which can improve how the organization markets to diverse consumers. For
instance, as the Hispanic population has grown, so have organizational efforts to market prod-
ucts and services to that demographic group. Organizations have found their Hispanic
employees to be a fertile source of insights that would otherwise not have been available. Food
service companies, retailers, financial services companies, and automobile manufacturers are
just a few of the industries that have seen sales and market share increases because they paid
attention to the needs of diverse consumers using information from employees.
A diverse workforce also can be a powerful source of competitive advantage, primarily
because innovation thrives in such an environment. A recent report by Ernst & Young stated

surface-level diversity deep-level diversity

Easily perceived differences that may trigger Differences in values, personality, and work
certain stereotypes, but that do not necessarily preferences
reflect the ways people think or feel
102 PAR T TWO | INTEGRATIVE MANAGERIAL ISSUES

that, “Cultural diversity offers the flexibility and creativity we need to re-create the global
economy for the twenty-first century.”16 Innovation is never easy, but in a globalized world,
it’s even more challenging. Tapping into differing voices and viewpoints can be powerful fac-
tors in steering innovation. Companies that want to lead their industries have to find ways
to “stir the pot”—to generate the lively debate that can create those new ideas. And research
shows that diverse viewpoints can do that. “Diversity powers innovation, helping businesses
generate new products and services.”17
Finally, from an ethical perspective, workforce diversity and effectively managing di-
versity is the right thing to do. Although many societies have laws that say it’s illegal to treat
diverse people unfairly, many cultures also exhibit a strong ethical belief that diverse peo-
ple should have access to equal opportunities and be treated fairly and justly. Businesses do
have an ethical imperative to build relationships that value and enable all employees to be
successful. Managers need to view workforce diversity as a way to bring different voices to
the table and to build an environment based on trusting relationships. If they can do that,
good things can happen, as we’ve noted.

LEARNING OUTCOME
4.2 The Changing Workplace
Describe the changing An African American as the chief executive of the United States. A woman heading up the
workplaces in the State Department. A Latina sitting on the nation’s highest court. Even at the highest levels
United States and of the political arena, we see a diverse workplace. In the business world, the once predom-
around the world. inantly white male managerial workforce has given way to a more gender-balanced, multi-
ethnic workforce. But it’s a workforce still in transition as the overall population changes.
In this section, we want to look at some of those changes, focusing on demographic trends
by looking first at the characteristics of the U.S. population and then at global diversity
trends. These trends will be reflected in a changing workplace, thus making this informa-
tion important for managers to recognize and understand.

Characteristics of the U.S. Population

Statistics from the 2010 U.S. Census are likely to reinforce what we’ve already seen
happening—we are an increasingly diverse society with some major readjustments
occurring that will dramatically change the face of America by the year 2050. Let’s look
at some of the most dramatic of these changes.18
 Total population of the United States: The total population is projected to increase to
438 million by the year 2050, up from 296 million in 2005; 82 percent of that increase
will be due to immigrants and their U.S.-born descendants. Nearly one in five Ameri-
cans will be an immigrant in 2050, compared with one in eight in 2005.
 Racial/ethnic groups: In addition to total population changes, the components of that pop-
ulation are projected to change as well. Exhibit 4-3 provides the projected population break-
down. As the projections show, the main changes will be in the percentages of the Hispanic
and white population. But the data also indicate that the Asian population will almost double.

EXHIBIT 4-3 2005 2050

Changing Population Makeup
Foreign-born 12% 19%
of the United States
Racial/Ethnic Groups
White* 67% 47%
Hispanic 14% 29%
Black* 13% 13%
Asian* 5% 9%
*= Non-Hispanic
American Indian/Alaska Native not included.

Sources: H. El Nasser, “U.S. Hispanic Population to Triple by 2050,”

USA Today Online [www.usatoday .com], February 12, 2008;
and “U.S. Population Projections: 2005–2050,” Pew Research
Center [http://pewhispanic.org/reports/], February 11, 2008.
 CHAPTER 4 | MANAGING DIVERSITY 103

Canada, like the United States, is becoming an increasingly

diverse society with population trends that will continue to have
a major impact on Canadian workplaces. When Gordon Nixon
assumed the leadership of the Royal Bank of Canada as CEO,
he created a diversity council as the first step in a drive to
effectively manage a workforce that reflects the makeup of
the bank’s customer base. By actively recruiting women,
immigrants, and minorities, RBC has earned a reputation for
inclusiveness that helps it attract top female and minority talent
and has developed a motivated workforce that results in better
customer service and financial performance.

 An aging population. As a nation, our population is aging. According to the CIA World
Factbook, the median age of the U.S. population stands at 36.7 years, up from 36.2 years
in 2001.19 That’s quite a change, although not unexpected. In the first half of the twentieth
century, America was a relatively “young” country, the result of lots of babies being
born, declining infant and childhood mortality, and high rates of immigration. By 2050,
however, one in every five persons will be aged 65 or over. The “oldest” of this group—
those aged 80 and over—will be the most populous age group comprising 8 percent of
the entire U.S. population. “Aging will continue to be one of the most important defin-
ing characteristics of the population.”20
As you can probably imagine, such population trends are likely to have a major impact
on U.S. workplaces. What workplace changes might we see?
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, by the year 2016, 47 percent of the
labor force will be women and 37 percent will be Black, Latino, Asian/Pacific Islander, Amer-
ican Indian, or multiple racial categories.21 In addition, by 2016, the average age of an em-
ployee will be 42.1 years.22 The immigration issue is also likely to be a factor in a changing
workplace. According to a recent analysis released by the U.S. Census Bureau, nearly one in
six American workers is foreign-born, the highest proportion since the 1920s.23 Despite the
perception that the surge in immigration, especially over the last two decades, has flooded the
United States with low-wage foreign labor, a new analysis of census data indicates that’s not
the reality. In 14 of the 25 largest metropolitan areas, more immigrants were employed in
white-collar occupations than in lower-wage jobs like construction, cleaning, or manufac-
turing.24 And now, with the total number of immigrants increasing dramatically, this, too, is
likely to affect workplaces. Finally, people now entering the workforce are significantly
younger, more ethnically diverse and/or foreign-born. In fact, by the year 2016, it’s fore-
casted that 68 percent of new entrants in the U.S. workforce will be women or people of
color.25 The reality of these trends for businesses is that they’ll have to accommodate and
embrace such workforce changes. Although America historically has been known as a “melt-
ing pot” where people of different nationalities, religions, races, and ethnicities have blended
together to become one, that perspective is no longer relevant. Organizations must recognize
that they can’t expect employees to assimilate into the organization by adopting similar atti-
tudes and values. Instead, there’s value in the differences that people bring to the workplace.
It’s not been easy. The ability of managers and organizations to effectively manage diversity
has not kept pace with these population changes, creating challenges for minorities, women,
and older employees. But many businesses are excelling at managing diversity and we’ll dis-
cuss some of their workplace diversity initiatives in a later section of this chapter.

What About Global Workforce Changes?

Some significant worldwide population trends also are likely to affect global workforces.
According to United Nations forecasts, “The world is in the midst of an epochal demo-
graphic shift that will reshape societies, economies, and markets over the next century.”26
Let’s look at two of these trends.27
104 PAR T TWO | INTEGRATIVE MANAGERIAL ISSUES

 Total world population. The total world population in 2010 is estimated at almost 7 bil-
lion individuals. However, that number is forecasted to hit 9 billion by 2050, at which
point the United Nations predicts the total population will either stabilize or peak after
growing for centuries at an ever-accelerating rate. The main reason for this major shift
is the decline in birthrates as nations advance economically. However, in developing
countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, and Oceania, birthrates remain
high. One of the benefits is that many of these countries are likely to experience a
“demographic dividend: a rising proportion of young people entering the workforce,
driving productivity and economic growth.”28
 An aging population. This demographic trend is one of critical importance for organiza-
tions. How critical? “The world’s population is now aging at an unprecedented rate.”29
How much do you know about global aging? (Our guess is . . . probably not much!) Take
the quiz in Exhibit 4-4—no peeking at the answers beforehand—and see how well you
scored. Were you surprised by some of the answers?
When we say the world’s population is aging, some of the realities of this trend are
hard to even fathom. For instance, people aged 65 and older will soon outnumber children
under age 5 for the first time in history. Also, the world’s population aged 80 and over is
projected to increase 233 percent between the years 2008 and 2040. The implications of

EXHIBIT 4-4
Global Aging: How Much Do You 1. True or False: The world’s children under age 5 outnumber people aged 65 and over.
Know? 2. The world’s older population (65 and older) increased by approximately how many people
each month in 2008?
a. 75,000
b. 350,000
c. 600,000
d. 870,000
3. Which of the world’s developing regions has the highest percentage of older people?
a. Africa
b. Latin America
c. The Caribbean
d. Asia
4. True or False: More than half of the world’s older people live in the industrialized nations
of Europe, North America, Japan, and Australia.
5. Which country had the world’s highest percentage of older people in 2008?
a. Sweden
b. Japan
c. Spain
d. Italy
Answers to quiz:
1. True. Although the world’s population is aging, children still outnumber older people as of
2008. Projections indicate, however, that in fewer than 10 years, older people will
outnumber children for the first time in history.
2. d. The estimated change in the total size of the world’s older population between July 2007
and July 2008 was more than 10.4 million people, an average of 870,000 each month.
3. c. The Caribbean, with 7.8 percent of all people aged 65 and over in 2008. Numbers for
the other regions: Latin America, 6.4 percent; Asia (excluding Japan), 6.2 percent; and
Africa, 3.3 percent.
4. False. Although industrialized nations have higher percentages of older people than do
most developing countries, 62 percent of all people aged 65 and over now live in the
developing regions of Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, and Oceania.
5. b. Japan, with 22 percent of its population aged 65 or over, has supplanted Italy as the
world’s oldest major country.

Source: Based on K. Kinsella and W. He, “An Aging World: 2008,” U.S. Census Bureau/International
Population Reports, June 2009.
 CHAPTER 4 | MANAGING DIVERSITY 105

these trends for societies and businesses are profound—from changing family structures
to shifting patterns of work and retirement to emerging economic challenges based on in-
creasing demands on social entitlement programs, dwindling labor supply, and declining
total global savings rates. Such demographic shifts will reshape the global workforce and
organizational workplaces. Again, managers and organizations need to understand how
such changes are likely to affect future workplace policies and practices.

Types of Workplace Diversity 4.3

LEARNING OUTCOME
As we’ve seen so far, diversity is a big issue, and an important issue, in today’s workplaces. What Explain the different types
types of dissimilarities—that is, diversity—do we find in those workplaces? Exhibit 4-5 shows of diversity found in
several types of workplace diversity. Let’s work our way through the different types. workplaces.

Age
As we saw in the last section, the aging population is a major critical shift taking place in
the workforce. With many of the nearly 85 million baby boomers still employed and active
in the workforce, managers must ensure that those employees are not discriminated against
because of age. Both Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Age Discrimination
in Employment Act of 1967 prohibit age discrimination. And the Age Discrimination Act
also restricts mandatory retirement at specific ages. In addition to complying with these
laws, organizations need programs and policies in place that provide for fair and equal treat-
ment of their older employees.
One issue with older workers is the perception that people have of those workers.
Perceptions such as they’re sick more often and they can’t work as hard or as fast as
younger employees—perceptions that are inaccurate. Employers have mixed feelings
about older workers.30 On the positive side, they believe that older workers bring a num-
ber of good qualities to the job including experience, judgment, a strong work ethic, and
a commitment to doing quality work. However, they also view older workers as not being
flexible or adaptable and being more resistant to new technology. The challenge for man-
agers is overcoming those misperceptions of older workers and the widespread belief that
work performance and work quality decline with age.
Another issue that also supports the need for effectively managing workplace age diver-
sity is that as baby boomers do retire, experts point out that some industries will face severe
shortages of qualified employees. “Many of today’s growth industries require a higher level

EXHIBIT 4-5
Types of Diversity Found
in Workplaces
Age

Other Gender

Race and
GLBT
Ethnicity

Disability/
Religion
Abilities
106 PAR T TWO | INTEGRATIVE MANAGERIAL ISSUES

of technical competence in quantitative reasoning, problem solving, and communication

skills . . . and the United States simply does not have enough students who are getting solid
math and science education.”31 Organizations that do not plan for such a future may find
themselves struggling to find a competent workforce, diverse or not.
Finally, the aging population is not the only age-related issue facing organizations. Some
50 million Generation Xers juggle work and family responsibilities. And now some 76 million
members of Generation Y are either already in or poised to enter the workforce.32 Having grown
up in a world where they’ve had the opportunity to experience many different things, Gen Y
workers bring their own ideas and approaches to the workplace. Managers need to ensure that
these workers, regardless of age, also are treated fairly and as valuable assets. Effectively man-
aging an organization’s diverse age groups can lead to their working well with each other, learn-
ing from each other, and taking advantage of the different perspectives and experiences that each
has to offer. It can be a win-win situation for all.

Gender
Women (49.8%) and men (50.2%) now each make up almost half of the workforce.33 Yet,
gender diversity issues are still quite prevalent in organizations. Take the gender pay
gap. The latest information on the ratio of women’s to men’s median weekly earnings
showed the figure at 80.2; the ratio for median annual earnings stood at 77.1.34 Other is-
sues involve career start and progress. Although 57 percent of today’s college students
are women, and women are just as likely to have completed college and hold an
advanced degree, inequities persist.35 Research by Catalyst found that men start their
careers at higher levels than do women. And after starting out behind, women don’t ever
catch up. Men move further up the career ladder and faster as well.36 Finally, misconcep-
tions, mistaken beliefs, and unsupported opinions still exist about whether women per-
form their jobs as well as men do. You can see why gender diversity issues are important
to attend to. So what do we know about differences between men and women in the
workplace?
First of all, few, if any, important differences between men and women affect job per-
formance.37 No consistent male-female differences exist in problem-solving ability, analyt-
ical skills, competitive drive, motivation, sociability, or learning ability. Psychological
research has found minor differences: Women tend to be more agreeable and willing to
conform to authority while men are more aggressive and more likely to have expectations
of success.
Another area where we also see differences between genders is in preference for
work schedules, especially when the employee has preschool-age children. To accommo-
date their family responsibilities, working mothers are more likely to prefer part-time
work, flexible work schedules, and telecommuting. They also prefer jobs that encourage
work–life balance.
One question of much interest as it relates to gender is whether men and women are
equally competent as managers. Research evidence indicates that a “good” manager is
still perceived as predominantly masculine.38 But the reality is that women tend to use a
broader, more effective range of leadership styles to motivate and engage people. They
usually blend traditional masculine styles—being directive, authoritative, and leading by
example—with more feminine ones that include being nurturing, inclusive, and collabo-
rative. Men tend to rely primarily on masculine styles.39 Another study showed that women
managers were significantly more likely than their male counterparts to coach and de-
velop others and to create more committed, collaborative, inclusive, and ultimately, more
effective, teams. This study also found that women were more likely to foster genuine
collaboration while males were far more likely to view negotiations and other business
transactions as zero-sum games.40
What should you take away from this discussion? Not that either women or men are the
superior employees, but a better appreciation for why it’s important for organizations to ex-
plore the strengths that both women and men bring to an organization and the barriers they
face in contributing fully to organizational efforts.
 CHAPTER 4 | MANAGING DIVERSITY 107

When Kumi Hatsukano joined Nissan Motor, she experienced

sexism and harassment at work. Today, she is a manager at a
Nissan factory and is reaping the benefits of the automaker’s
initiative in Japan called “Women in the Driver’s Seat: Gender
Diversity as a Lever in Japan.” Including women as decision
makers and in positions of authority resulted from research that
identified women as influencers of two-thirds of all car
purchases. Nissan’s resulting diversity strategy includes female
career advisors, career development events, technical training
programs, and incorporating the female perspective in the
company’s design, manufacturing, selling, and customer service
operations.

Race and Ethnicity

There’s a long and controversial history in the United States and in other parts of the world
over race and how people react to and treat others of a different race. Race and ethnicity
are important types of diversity in organizations. We’re going to define race as the bio-
logical heritage (including physical characteristics such as one’s skin color and associ-
ated traits) that people use to identify themselves. Most people identify themselves as
part of a racial group. Such racial classifications are an integral part of a country’s cul-
tural, social, and legal environments. The racial choices on the 2010 Census included
white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific
Islander, and some other race. This last choice, which was on the 2000 Census form for
the first time, provided respondents the opportunity to identify themselves as multiracial.41
The Census Bureau’s chief of the racial statistics branch says, “Multiracial Americans are
one of the fastest-growing demographic groups in the country.”42 Ethnicity is related to
race, but it refers to social traits—such as one’s cultural background or allegiance—that
are shared by a human population.
As we saw earlier in Exhibit 4-3, the racial and ethnic diversity of the U.S. popula-
tion is increasing at an exponential rate. We’re also seeing this same effect in the compo-
sition of the workforce. Most of the research on race and ethnicity as they relate to the
workplace has looked at hiring decisions, performance evaluations, pay, and workplace
discrimination.43 However, much of that research has focused on the differences in atti-
tudes and outcomes between Whites and African Americans. Minimal study has been
done on issues relevant to Asian, Hispanic, and Native American populations. Let’s look
at a few key findings.
One finding is that individuals in workplaces tend to favor colleagues of their own
race in performance evaluations, promotion decisions, and pay raises. Although such
effects are small, they are consistent. Next, research shows substantial racial differences
in attitudes toward affirmative action, with African Americans favoring such programs
to a greater degree than Whites. Other research shows that African Americans generally
do worse than Whites in decisions related to the workplace. For instance, in employ-
ment interviews, African Americans receive lower ratings. In the job setting, they receive
lower job performance ratings, are paid less, and are promoted less frequently. How-
ever, no statistically significant differences between the two races are observed in
absenteeism rates, applied social skills at work, or accident rates. As you can see, race
and ethnicity issues are a key focus for managers in effectively managing workforce
diversity.

race ethnicity
The biological heritage (including skin color and Social traits (such as cultural background or
associated traits) that people use to identify allegiance) that are shared by a human
themselves population
108 PAR T TWO | INTEGRATIVE MANAGERIAL ISSUES

Disability/Abilities
1990 was a watershed year for persons with disabilities. That was the year the Americans
with Disabilities Act (ADA) became law. ADA prohibits discrimination against persons
with disabilities and also requires employers to make reasonable accommodations so their
workplaces are accessible to people with physical or mental disabilities and enable them to
effectively perform their jobs. With the law’s enactment, individuals with disabilities be-
came a more representative and integral part of the U.S. workforce.
One issue facing managers and organizations is that the definition of disability is quite
broad. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission classifies a person as disabled
if he or she has any physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major
life activities. For instance, deafness, chronic back pain, AIDS, missing limbs, seizure disor-
der, schizophrenia, diabetes, and alcoholism would all qualify. However, since these condi-
tions have almost no common features, it’s been difficult to study how each condition affects
employment. It’s obvious that some jobs cannot be accommodated to a disability. For in-
stance, the law recognizes that a visually impaired person could not be an airline pilot, a per-
son with severe cerebral palsy could not be a surgeon, and a person with profound mobility
constraints could not be a firefighter. However, computer technology and other adaptive
devices have shattered many employment barriers for other employees with disabilities.
Even after 20-plus years of the ADA, organizations and managers still have fears about
employing disabled workers. A survey by the U.S. Department of Labor looked at these un-
founded fears.44 Exhibit 4-6 describes some of those fears as well as the reality; that is, what
it’s really like. Let’s look at one company’s experience. Walgreen has hired individuals with
mental and physical disabilities to work at its distribution center in Anderson, South
Carolina.45 These employees work in one of three departments: case check-in (where mer-
chandise initially comes in), de-trash (where merchandise is unpacked), or picking (where
products are sorted into tubs based on individual store orders). Using an innovative approach
that included job coaches, automated processes, and comprehensive training, Walgreen now
has a capable and trusted workforce. The company’s senior vice president of distribution
said, “One thing we found is they (the disabled employees) can all do the job. What surprised
us is the environment that it’s created. It’s a building where everybody helps each other out.”
In effectively managing a workforce with disabled employees, managers need to cre-
ate and maintain an environment in which employees feel comfortable disclosing their need

EXHIBIT 4-6
 FEAR: Hiring people with disabilities leads to higher employment costs and lower profit margins
Employers’ Fears About Disabled
Workers • REALITY: Absentee rates for sick time are virtually equal between employees with and
without disabilities; workers’ disabilities are not a factor in formulas calculating
insurance costs for workers’ compensation
 FEAR: Workers with disabilities lack job skills and experience necessary to perform as well
as their abled counterparts
• REALITY: Commonplace technologies such as the Internet and voice-recognition
software have eliminated many of the obstacles for workers with disabilities; many
individuals with disabilities have great problem-solving skills from finding creative ways
to perform tasks that others may take for granted
 FEAR: Uncertainty over how to take potential disciplinary action with a worker with
disabilities
• REALITY: A person with a disability for whom workplace accommodations have been
provided has the same obligations and rights as far as job performance
 FEAR: High costs associated with accommodating disabled employees
• REALITY: Most workers with disabilities require no accommodation but for those who
do, more than half of the workplace modifications cost $500 or less

Sources: R. Braum, “Disabled Workers: Employer Fears Are Groundless,” Bloomberg BusinessWeek Online,
October 2, 2009; and U.S. Department of Labor/Office of Disability Employment Policy, “Survey of Employer
Perspectives on the Employment of People with Disabilities [http://www.dol.gov/odep/documents/survey_
report_jan_09.doc], November 2008.
110 PAR T TWO | INTEGRATIVE MANAGERIAL ISSUES
LEARNING OUTCOME
4.4
Discuss the challenges
managers face in
managing diversity.
in the United States now prohibit employment discrimination based on sexual orientation
and 35 percent prohibit bias based on gender identity.55 An increasing number of large
companies are implementing policies and practices to protect the rights of GLBT employ-
ees in the workplace. For instance, Ernst & Young, S. C. Johnson & Sons, Inc., and Kodak,
among others, all provide training to managers on ways to prevent sexual orientation dis-
crimination. A diversity manager at IBM says, “We believe that having strong transgender
and gender identification policies is a natural extension of IBM’s corporate culture.”56 And
more than 57 percent of the largest corporations in the United States now offer their
employees health insurance benefits for domestic partners.57 A recent study analyzed the
effect of company GLBT nondiscrimination policies on that company’s stock market value.
The findings suggest that the stock prices of companies with more progressive GLBT poli-
cies outperform those of competitors in the same industry that don’t have such policies.58
As with most of the types of diversity we’ve discussed in this section, managers need
to look at how best to meet the needs of their GLBT employees. They need to respond to
employees’ concerns while also creating a safe and productive work environment for all.
Other Types of Diversity
As we said earlier, diversity refers to any dissimilarities or differences that might be pres-
ent in a workplace. Other types of workplace diversity that managers might confront and
have to deal with include socioeconomic background (social class and income-related fac-
tors), team members from different functional areas or organizational units, physical attrac-
tiveness, obesity/thinness, job seniority, or intellectual abilities. Each of these types of
diversity also can affect how employees are treated in the workplace. Again, managers need
to ensure that all employees—no matter the similarities or dissimilarities—are treated fairly
and given the opportunity and support to do their jobs to the best of their abilities.
Challenges in Managing Diversity
Although the nooses, racist graffiti, and Confederate battle flags should have been enough
to warrant action, it wasn’t until an African American employee at a Texas-based plant of
Turner Industries Group LLC discovered that he was being paid less as a painter than white
workers were being paid finally complained.59 Soon after filing the complaint, he was
fired. His complaints, along with those of seven other employees, “have led the federal
government to conclude there was evidence of racial discrimination.” Despite the benefits
that we know workforce diversity brings to organizations, managers still face challenges
in creating accommodating and safe work environments for diverse employees. In this sec-
tion, we’re going to look at two of those challenges: personal bias and the glass ceiling.
Personal Bias
Smokers. Working mothers. Football players. Blondes. Female president of the United
States. Hispanic. What impressions come to mind when you read these words? Based on
your background and experiences, you probably have pretty specific ideas and things you
would say, maybe even to the point of characteristics you think that all smokers or all work-
ing mothers or all Hispanics share. Employees can and do bring such ideas about various
groups of people with them into the workplace. Such ideas can lead to prejudice, discrimi-
nation, and stereotypes, all of which shape and influence our personal biases.
Bias is a term that describes a tendency or preference toward a particular perspective
or ideology. It’s generally seen as a “one-sided” perspective. Our personal biases cause us
to have preconceived opinions about people or things. Such preconceived opinions can cre-
ate all kinds of inaccurate judgments and attitudes. Let’s take a look at how our personal
biases affect the way we view and respond to diversity.
One outcome of our personal biases can be prejudice, a preconceived belief, opinion,
or judgment toward a person or a group of people. Our prejudice can be based on all the
types of diversity we discussed: race, gender, ethnicity, age, disability, religion, sexual ori-
entation, or even other personal characteristics.
 CHAPTER 4 | MANAGING DIVERSITY 111

A major factor in prejudice is stereotyping, which is judging a person on the basis of

one’s perception of a group to which he or she belongs. For instance, “Married persons are
more stable employees than single persons” is an example of stereotyping. Keep in mind,
though, that not all stereotypes are inaccurate. For instance, asking someone in accounting
about a budgeting problem you’re having would be an appropriate assumption and action.
However, many stereotypes—red-haired people have a bad temper, elderly drivers are the
most dangerous, working mothers aren’t as committed to their careers as men are, and so
forth—aren’t factual and distort our judgment.
Both prejudice and stereotyping can lead to someone treating others who are members
of a particular group unequally. That’s what we call discrimination, which is when some-
one acts out their prejudicial attitudes toward people who are the targets of their prejudice.
You’ll find in Exhibit 4-7 definitions and examples of different types of discrimination.

Type of EXHIBIT 4-7

Discrimination Definition Examples from Organizations Forms of Discrimination
Discriminatory Actions taken by representatives Older workers may be targeted for
policies or of the organization that deny equal layoffs because they are highly paid
practices opportunity to perform or unequal and have lucrative benefits.a
rewards for performance

Sexual Unwanted sexual advances and other
harassment verbal or physical conduct of a sexual
nature that create a hostile or
offensive work environment
Salespeople at one company went on
company-paid visits to strip clubs,
brought strippers into the office to
celebrate promotions, and fostered
pervasive sexual rumors.b

Intimidation Overt threats or bullying directed at African American employees at some

members of specific groups of companies have found nooses
employees hanging over their work stations.c

Mockery and Jokes or negative stereotypes; Arab Americans have been asked at
insults sometimes the result of jokes work whether they were carrying
taken too far bombs or were members of terrorist
organizations.d

Exclusion Exclusion of certain people from job Many women in finance claim they
opportunities, social events, are assigned to marginal job roles or
discussions, or informal mentoring; are given light workloads that don’t
can occur unintentionally lead to promotion.e

Incivility Disrespectful treatment, including Female lawyers note that male

behaving in an aggressive manner, attorneys frequently cut them off
interrupting the person, or ignoring or do not adequately address their
his or her opinions comments.f

Notes:
a. J. Levitz and P. Shishkin, “More Workers Cite Age Bias After Layoffs,” Wall Street Journal, March 11, 2009, pp. D1–D2.
b. W. M. Bulkeley, “A Data-Storage Titan Confronts Bias Claims,” Wall Street Journal, September 12, 2007, pp. A1, A16.
c. D. Walker, “Incident with Noose Stirs Old Memories,” McClatchy-Tribune Business News, June 29, 2008; and D.
Solis, “Racial Horror Stories Keep EEOC Busy,” Knight-Ridder Tribune Business News, July 30, 2005, p. 1.
d. H. Ibish and A. Stewart, Report on Hate Crimes and Discrimination Against Arab Americans: The Post-September
11 Backlash, September 11, 2001—October 11, 2001 (Washington, DC: American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Commit-
tee, 2003).
e. A. Raghavan, “Wall Street’s Disappearing Women,” Forbes, March 16, 2009, pp. 72–78.
f. L. M. Cortina, “Unseen Injustice: Incivility as Modern Discrimination in Organizations.”

Source: S. Robbins and T. Judge, Organizational Behavior, 14th ed., Prentice Hall, p. 43.

bias
A tendency or preference toward a particular
perspective or ideology
prejudice
A preconceived belief, opinion, or judgment
toward a person or a group of people
stereotyping
Judging a person based on a perception of a
group to which that person belongs
discrimination
When someone acts out their prejudicial
attitudes toward people who are the targets of
their prejudice
112 PAR T TWO | INTEGRATIVE MANAGERIAL ISSUES

“To succeed in today’s fast-paced Many of these actions are prohibited by law so you won’t find
work environment, we must under- them discussed in employee handbooks or organizational pol-
icy statements. However, you can still see these actions in
stand the needs and expectations
workplaces. “As discrimination has increasingly come under
of a diverse, multigenerational and both legal scrutiny and social disapproval, most overt forms
global workforce.”60 That’s the have faded, which may have resulted in an increase in more
commitment made by American covert forms like incivility or exclusion.”61
Discrimination, whether intentional or not, can lead to
Express to its employees. Sitting in
serious negative consequences for employers as illustrated
the top spot at American Express is by the example we discussed at the beginning of this
Kenneth I. Chenault, an African section. But it’s not just the potential financial conse-
American, who was named by quences organizations and managers face for discriminatory
actions. It’s the reduced employee productivity, negative and
Black Enterprise magazine as num-
disruptive interpersonal conflicts, increased employee
ber one on the list of the 100 most powerful executives in corporate America. turnover, and overall negative climate that can lead to
Chenault is known for his friendliness and integrity as much as for his discipline and serious problems for managers. Even if an organization has
drive. His business acumen is unparalleled having successfully guided his company never had an employment discrimination lawsuit filed
against it, managers need to aggressively work to eliminate
through the financial meltdown. But he also recognizes the importance of being a
unfair discrimination.
leader who knows the importance of attracting and retaining the highest caliber of
employees. Chenault meets regularly with the company’s employee resource
Glass Ceiling
groups, holds senior executives personally responsible for meeting diversity goals,
Pretend that you’ve just finished your MBA degree. It’s not
and is a visible supporter of the company’s diversity initiatives.
been easy. Your graduate classes were challenging, but you
feel well-prepared for and excited about that first post-MBA
job. If you’re female, that first job for 60 percent of you will be an entry-level position.
However, if you’re male, only 46 percent of you would start out in an entry-level position.62
And 2 percent of women would make it to the CEO or senior executive position, although
6 percent of men would. “Although entry into occupations such as accounting, business,
and law happens at about the same rate for men and women, evidence is mounting that
women’s and men’s career paths begin to divide soon after.”63 This issue can be seen with
minorities as well. Only a small percentage of both male and female Hispanics and African
Americans have made it into management positions in the United States. What’s going on
here? After all these years of “equal opportunity,” why do we still see statistics like these?
In the 1980s, the term glass ceiling, first used in a Wall Street Journal article, refers
to the invisible barrier that separates women and minorities from top management posi-
tions.64 The idea of a “ceiling” means that there is something blocking upward movement
and the idea of “glass” is that whatever’s blocking the way isn’t immediately apparent.
Research on the glass ceiling has looked at identifying the organizational practices and
interpersonal biases that have blocked women’s advancement. Findings from those studies
have ranged from lack of mentoring, sex stereotyping, views that associate masculine traits
with leader effectiveness, and bosses’ perceptions of family–work conflict.65
As others have said, it’s time to shatter the glass ceiling for all employees. Every em-
ployee should have the opportunity to work in a career in which they can use their skills and
abilities and to have a career path that allows them to progress however far they want to go.
Getting to that end, however, isn’t going to be easy. As we’ll see in the next section, how-
ever, there are a number of workplace diversity initiatives that organizations can implement
to work toward that end.

LEARNING OUTCOME
4.5 Workplace Diversity Initiatives
Describe various workplace “Marriott International is the textbook definition of a great company for diversity.”66 Bill
diversity management initiatives. Marriott, the company’s chairman and CEO, is a visible force and advocate for diversity
both in the company and externally. He personally signs off on bonuses for his top staff,
which are tied to diversity efforts and ability to meet diversity goals, an amount that can
 CHAPTER 4 | MANAGING DIVERSITY 113

account for 13 percent of their compensation. The company also has mandatory diversity
training every month and a number of employee resource groups that provide input and
advice. Their diversity management efforts have earned the company the number 4 spot on
the Top 50 Companies for Diversity list for 2009.
As the Marriott example shows, some businesses are effectively managing diversity.
In this section we want to look at various workplace diversity initiatives. Before we start
discussing these, however, we want to look at the legal framework within which diversity
efforts take place.

The Legal Aspect of Workplace Diversity

Would workplaces have evolved to the level of diversity that currently exists without fed-
eral legislation and mandates?67 Although it’s an interesting question, the fact is that federal
laws have contributed to some of the social change we’ve seen over the last 50-plus years.
Exhibit 4-8 describes the major equal employment opportunity laws with which organiza-
tions must comply. Failure to do so, as we have seen in some of the examples we’ve de-
scribed, can be costly and damaging to an organization’s bottom line and reputation. It’s
important that managers know what they can and cannot do legally and ensure that all em-
ployees understand as well.
However, effectively managing workplace diversity needs to be more than under-
standing and complying with federal laws. Organizations that are successful at managing

Year Law or Ruling Description EXHIBIT 4-8

Major Equal Employment
1963 Equal Pay Act Prohibits pay differences for equal work based
Opportunity Laws
on gender
1964 (amended Civil Rights Act, Title VII Prohibits discrimination based on race, color,
in 1972) religion, national origin, or gender
1967 (amended Age Discrimination in Prohibits discrimination against employees
in 1978) Employment Act 40 years and older
1978 Pregnancy Discrimination Act Prohibits discrimination against women in
employment decisions on the basis of
pregnancy, childbirth, and related medical
decisions
1978 Mandatory Retirement Act Prohibits the forced retirement of most
employees
1990 Americans with Disabilities Act Prohibits discrimination against individuals
who have disabilities or chronic illnesses;
also requires reasonable accommodations
for these individuals
1991 Civil Rights Act of 1991 Reaffirms and tightens prohibition of
discrimination and gives individuals right
to sue for punitive damages
1993 Family and Medical Leave Act Gives employees in organizations with 50 or
more employees up to 12 weeks of unpaid
leave each year for family or medical reasons
2009 Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act Changes the statute of limitations on pay
discrimination to 180 days from each paycheck

glass ceiling
The invisible barrier that separates women and
minorities from top management positions
114 PAR T TWO | INTEGRATIVE MANAGERIAL ISSUES

diversity use additional diversity initiatives and programs. We’re going to look at four of
these including top management commitment, mentoring, diversity skills training, and
employee resource groups.

Top Management Commitment to Diversity

Today’s increasingly competitive marketplace underscores the reality that creating a diverse
workplace has never been more important. It’s equally important to make diversity and
inclusion an integral part of the organization’s culture. “A sustainable diversity and inclu-
sion strategy must play a central role in decision making at the highest leadership level and
filter down to every level of the company.”68 How do organizational leaders do that?
One of the first things to do is make sure that diversity and inclusion are part of the or-
ganization’s purpose, goals, and strategies. Even during economically challenging times,
an organization needs a strong commitment to diversity and inclusion programs. Diversity
needs to be integrated into every aspect of the business—from the workforce, customers, and
suppliers to products, services, and the communities served. Policies and procedures must
be in place to ensure that grievances and concerns are addressed immediately. Finally, the
organizational culture needs to be one where diversity and inclusion are valued, even to the
point where, like Marriott International, individual performance is measured and rewarded
on diversity accomplishments.

Mentoring
One of the consequences of having few women and minorities in top corporate leadership
positions is that lower-level diverse employees lack someone to turn to for support or
advice. That’s where a mentoring program can be beneficial. Mentoring is a process
whereby an experienced organizational member (a mentor) provides advice and guidance
to a less-experienced member (a protégé). Mentors usually provide two unique forms of
mentoring functions—career development and social support.69
Andrea Jung, CEO of Avon Products, the first woman to hold that job in the female-oriented
products company, said that her male mentor (previous CEO James Preston) had the most
influence on her career.70 A study by Catalyst of male mentors to women found that men who
impeded or who were indifferent to the progress of women viewed the workplace as a zero-sum
game where promotion of women came at the expense of men. However, one thing that stood
out among males who championed women was a strong sense of fairness.71
A good mentoring program would be aimed at all diverse employees with high poten-
tial to move up the organization’s career ladder. Exhibit 4-9 looks at what a good mentor
does. If an organization is serious about its commitment to diversity, it needs to have a men-
toring program in place.

EXHIBIT 4-9
• Provides instruction
What a Good Mentor Does
• Offers advice
• Gives constructive criticism
• Helps build appropriate skills
• Shares technical expertise
• Develops a high-quality, close, and supportive relationship with protégé
• Keeps lines of communication open
• Knows when to “let go” and let the protégé prove what he/she can do

Sources: J. Prime and C. A. Moss-Racusin, “Engaging Men in Gender Initiatives: What Change Agents Need to
Know,” Catalyst [www.catalyst.org], 2009; T. J. DeLong, J. J. Gabarro, and R. J. Lees, “Why Mentoring Matters
in a Hypercompetitive World,” Harvard Business Review, January 2008, pp. 115–121; S. N. Mehta, “Why
Mentoring Works,” Fortune, July 9, 2001, p. 119; and D. A. Thomas, “Race Matters: The Truth About
Mentoring Minorities,” Harvard Business Review, April 2001, pp. 99–107.
 CHAPTER 4 | MANAGING DIVERSITY 115

Diversity Skills Training

“The only thing in human DNA is to discriminate. It’s a part of normal
human tribal behavior.”72 In a chapter on managing diversity, you might
be surprised to find a statement like this. However, the reality is . . . it’s
reality. Our human nature is to not accept or approach anything that’s
different from us. But it doesn’t make discrimination of any type or
form acceptable. And we live and work in a multicultural context. So
the challenge for organizations is to find ways for employees to be ef-
fective in dealing with others who aren’t like them. That’s where
diversity skills training, specialized training to educate employees
about the importance of diversity and teach them skills for working in
a diverse workplace, comes in. It’s estimated that some $80 billion has
been spent over the last 10 years on diversity programs, much of it
spent on training.73
Most diversity skills training programs start with diversity aware-
ness training. During this type of training, employees are made aware
of the assumptions and biases they may have. Once we recognize that,
we can look at increasing our sensitivity and openness to those who
are different from us. Sounds simple, but it’s not. But if people can be These men and women employed at IBM
taught to recognize that they’re prejudging people and to consciously address that behav- have the opportunity to participate in
employee resource groups for eight
ior, then the diversity awareness training has been successful. Then, the next step is
constituencies: women, blacks, Hispanics,
diversity skills training, in which people learn specific skills on how to communicate Asians, Native Americans, people with
and work effectively in a diverse work environment. At Sodexho, the food services/ disabilities, GLBT (gay, lesbian, bisexual,
facilities management company, employee diversity training is an important part of their and transgender) and men, as well as
diversity management program. The company’s chief diversity officer said, “As an organ- another group that focuses on work–life
balance. IBM has more than 200 network
ization, we have worked to implement the right policies, but more importantly, empower
groups within this framework, 42 of which
all our employees to understand issues of diversity and work to ensure change happens are women’s groups. The company
at every level of our company.”74 supports these groups of employees who
come together voluntarily to help IBM be
a better place to work and to help each
other become more effective by
Employee Resource Groups improving their professional and
Kellogg Company, the cereal company, is a pioneer in workplace diversity. More than technical skills.
100 years ago, the company’s founder, W. K. Kellogg, employed women in the workplace
and reached across cultural boundaries. That commitment to diversity continues today. The
company’s CEO says, “There’s no doubt that our success comes from the many different
backgrounds, experiences, ideas, and viewpoints that our people contribute to our busi-
ness.”75 Kellogg’s has been very supportive of its various employee resource groups,
made up of employees connected by some common dimension of diversity. Such groups
typically are formed by the employees themselves, not the organizations. However, it’s im-
portant for organizations to recognize and support these groups.
Employee resource groups (also called employee networks or affinity groups) have be-
come quite popular over the last 10 years.76 Why are they so popular? The main reason is
that diverse groups have the opportunity to see that their existence is acknowledged and
that they have the support of people within and outside the group. Individuals in a minor-
ity often feel that they’re invisible and not important in the overall organizational scheme
of things. Employee resource groups provide an opportunity for those individuals to have a
voice. For instance, at Kellogg, there’s a WOK (Women of Kellogg) group, a KAARG
(Kellogg African American Resource Group), !HOLA! (Kellogg’s Latino Employee
Resource Group), K-MERG (Kellogg Multinational Employee Resource Group), and YP
(Kellogg Young Professionals Employee Resource Group). The description for WOK says,

mentoring diversity skills training employee resource groups

A process whereby an experienced Specialized training to educate employees Groups made up of employees connected by
organizational member (a mentor) provides about the importance of diversity and teach some common dimension of diversity
advice and guidance to a less-experienced them skills for working in a diverse workplace
member (a protégé)
 116 PAR T TWO | INTEGRATIVE MANAGERIAL ISSUES

“This community of employees is dedicated to the personal and professional growth and
development of the women within Kellogg Company. They work together to project a com-
mon voice for the shared experiences, perceptions, and needs of women in the Kellogg
workplace and to help members reach their full potential.” The statements about the other
groups are similar in describing the commitment to empowering, leveraging, and fostering
the development of the individual members of the resource group. Through these employee
resource groups, those in a minority find that they’re not alone. And that can be a powerful
means of embracing and including all employees, regardless of their differences.

Do?
What Would You
Let’s Get Real:
My Response to A Manager’s Dilemma, page 98
I think it is admirable for the Deutsche Telekom Company to recognize
the need for more women in management positions in their company.
However, the idea of a quota troubles me. Quotas could backfire and
have the negative effect of lowering morale in a company. In this case,
for instance, women who are promoted might feel as though they were
selected for their gender versus their individual merit, performance,
or abilities. Men, on the other hand, might resent being passed over
for promotion to meet the arbitrary quota and may leave a company
because they feel as if they can never get ahead with the company
policies and quota in place.
Kim Scartelli Deutsche Telekom can keep their goal of increasing women in
Multiple Franchise management but instead of implementing a quota could:
Owner and
Consultant • Research and understand the root causes of the gender gap.
Curves for Women • Provide gender awareness education for all leaders in the company.
Canton, MI • Begin removing the barriers that keep women from reaching these
positions.