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 t h i rd
e di t i o n

ENGLISH FILE
Entry Checker for Intermediate

Christina Latham-Koenig
Clive Oxenden
Paul Seligson



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This book is printed on paper from certified and well-managed sources

ƟơƩƬƭƵƪƣƢƥƣƫƣƬƲƱ
Illustrations by÷!TSUSHI÷(ARA$UTCH÷5NCLE÷AGENCY÷PP÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
24, 27.
CONTENTS

4 FILE 1 18 FILE 8
● word order in questions ● should / shouldn’t
● present simple ● first conditional: if + present, will / won’t
● present continuous: be + verb + -ing ● possessive pronouns

6 FILE 2
● past simple: regular and irregular verbs
● past continuous: was / were + verb + -ing
● time sequencers and connectors: because,
so, but, although
20 FILE 9
● second conditional: if + past,
would / wouldn’t
● present perfect + for or since
● present perfect or past simple? (2)

8 FILE 3
22 FILE 10
● be going to
● passive: be + past participle
● present continuous (future arrangements)
● used to / didn’t use to
● defining relative clauses with who, ● might / might not (possibility)
which, where

24 FILE 11
10 FILE 4 ● expressing movement
● present perfect
● word order of phrasal verbs
● present perfect or past simple (1)
● so, neither + auxiliaries
● something, anything, nothing, etc.
26 FILE 12
12 FILE 5 ● past perfect
● comparatives
● reported (or indirect) speech
● superlatives
● questions without auxiliaries
● quantifiers
28 IRREGULAR VERBS
14 FILE 6
● will / won’t (predictions) 30 VOWEL SOUNDS
● will / won’t (decisions, offers, promises)
● review of tenses: present, past, and future 31 CONSONANT SOUNDS

16 FILE 7
● uses of the infinitive with to
● uses of the gerund (verb + -ing)
● have to, don’t have to, must, mustn’t
 1
1A XPSE
PSEFS
JO
RVFTUJPOT questions with be

questions with do / does / did in present simple and past simple question be subject adjective, noun,
word etc.
question word auxiliary subject infinitive (= verb)
Are you hungry?
Do you live with your parents? Is there a bank near here?
Did you have a holiday last year? What was that noise?
Where does your sister work? Where are you from?
When did you start studying English? were you born?
What did they talk about?
r
.BLF
RVFTUJPOT
XJUI
UIF
WFSC
be by inverting the
r
6TF
ASI (Auxiliary, Subject, Infinitive) and QUASI (Question word, verb and the subject.
Auxiliary, Subject, Infinitive) to remember word order in questions. She is a teacher. Is she a teacher?

1B QSFTFOU
TJNQMF adverbs and expressions of frequency

1 We often go out on Friday night.

I / you / we / they he / she / it She doesn’t usually study at weekends.
+ I usually work at home. Holly knows me very well. I’m never ill.
– They don’t live near here. It doesn’t often rain here. He’s always late for work.
? Do you speak French? Does Alice like jazz? 2 She gets up early every day.
We have English classes twice a week.
✓ ✗ Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.
1 We often use the present simple with adverbs of
r
6TF
UIF
QSFTFOU
TJNQMF
GPS
UIJOHT
ZPV
EP
FWFSZ
EBZ

XFFL

ZFBS
PS
GPS

frequency (always, usually, often, sometimes,
things which are generally true or always happen.
hardly ever, never).
r
6TF
don’t / doesn’t to make negative sentences, and do / does to make questions.
r
"EWFSCT
PG
GSFRVFODZ
HP
before the main verb.
spelling rules for the 3rd person -s (he, she, it) r
"EWFSCT
PG
GSFRVFODZ
HP
after be.
infinitive 3rd person spelling She’s never ill. NOT She’s ill never.
r
3FNFNCFS
UP
VTF
B + verb with never.
work works BEE
-s
TUVEZ TUVEJFT DPOTPOBOU

y > ies It never rains. NOT It doesn’t never rain.
mOJTI mOJTIFT BEE
-es
BGUFS
ch
ce
ge
sh
2 Expressions of frequency (every day, once a week,
HP

EP HPFT

EPFT BEE
-es etc.) usually go at the end of a sentence.
have has DIBOHF
UP
-s

1C QSFTFOU
DPOUJOVPVT
be

WFSC
 -ing spelling rules for the -ing form

infinitive -ing form spelling
1 A What are you doing? DPPL DPPLing BEE
-ing
B I’m sending a message to Sarah. TUVEZ TUVEZing

.Z
CSPUIFS
is doing
B
UXPNPOUI
DPVSTF
JO
UIF
6, MJWF MJWing DVU
UIF
mOBM
e
BOE
BEE
ing
3 In this picture the woman is standing near the window.
SVO SVOOing EPVCMF
UIF
mOBM
DPOTPOBOU
BOE

BEE
-ing
r
6TF
UIF
QSFTFOU
DPOUJOVPVT
1 for things that are happening now, at this moment.
present simple or present continuous?
2 for temporary things that are happening now, this week, etc.
3 to describe a picture. A What do you do? B I work
GPS
.JDSPTPGU
A What are you doing? B I’m checking my emails.
I you / we / they he / she / it
+ I’m working You ’re working He ’s working
r
6TF
UIF
QSFTFOU
TJNQMF
GPS
UIJOHT
UIBU
BSF
HFOFSBMMZ
USVF

– I’m not working We aren’t working She isn’t working
They It or always happen.
r
6TF
UIF
QSFTFOU
DPOUJOVPVT
GPS
BO
BDUJPO
IBQQFOJOH
OPX

? ✓ ✗ Are you working? Yes
*
am. / No
*N
not. or at this moment.
Is he working? Yes
IF
is. / No
IF
isn’t. r
8F
OPSNBMMZ
VTF
WFSCT
XIJDI
EFTDSJCF
TUBUFT
PS
GFFMJOHT

(non-action verbs), e.g. want, need, like, in the present
4 simple, not continuous.
 ENTRY CHECKER

1A b Put the words in the right order to make questions.

a Put the word or phrase in the right place in the question.
Do you like fruit? (like)
1 How long did you there? (live)
2 Is older than you? (your sister)
3 When does start? (the lecture)
4 What time you switch on your computer? (do)
5 Why the train come? (hasn’t)
6 Do you go the library much? (to)
7 When you see your parents? (did)
8 What time did arrive? (your friends)
9 Will go on much longer? (the talk)
10 How long have studied Spanish? (you)
brother you a have do ?
Do you have a brother?
1 your where go you holiday for did ?
2 to catch you do work the train ?
3 violin can the play you ?
4 children do have your pets any ?
5 the time what does leave bus ?
6 me you email send can an ?
7 door did front the lock you ?
8 band a do have you favourite ?
9 a did card send your you mother to ?
10 in do a you flat live house a or ?

1B b Put the words in the right order.

buys she usually lunch sandwich a for
a Write sentences and questions with the present simple. She usually buys a sandwich for lunch.
how often / he work late ? How often does he 1 day library we every study the in
work late? 2 home in I dark walking don’t the like

.BSJB

FOKPZ
HPJOH
UP
DPMMFHF + 3 gardening my enjoys really father
2 my brother / eat salad – 4 they children have don’t any
3 I / like spiders much – 5 about Christmas friends we at think our
4 when / your term finish ? 6 an once exercise I week a class to go
5 she / have ten pairs of shoes + 7 morning he his every emails checks
6 my mother / usually shop at the supermarket + 8 cats my two dog have a friends and
7 when / you do your housework ? 9 is village a in shop there next the
8 I / enjoy driving at night – 10 rained a it for week hasn’t
9 When / you receive the invitation ?

.Z
BVOU

IBWF
B
IPVTF
CZ
UIF
TFB +

1C b Complete the sentences with the present simple or present

continuous.
a Write sentences with the present
.Z
GSJFOE
JT taking photographs. (take)
continuous.
1 Every morning he for an hour. (run)
I / check my email + I am checking 2 I about moving house at the moment. (not think)
my email. 3 Why you outside? Come back inside. (sit)
1 She / write her family history + 4 A you away every Christmas? (go)
2 it / snow today ? B No, this year we at home. (stay)
3 why you / sit out there in the cold ? 5 On Tuesdays she her cousin. (visit)
4 my friend / buy her ticket + 6 A Why you your vegetables at the market?
5 I / live at home now – (not buy)
6 the teacher / tell a story + BI many vegetables. (not eat)
7 your parents / buy a house ? 
.Z
CSPUIFS
JT
EPXO
CZ
UIF
SJWFS
IF
to catch a fish. (try)
8 we / study French – 
0O
.POEBZT
TIF
many lectures. (not have)
9 why you / wear dark glasses ? 
.Z
TJTUFS
a baby. (expect)
10 they / make plans for their holiday – 10 I many letters. (not send)

5
 2
2A QBTU
TJNQMF
SFHVMBS
BOE
JSSFHVMBS
WFSCT r
6TF
UIF
JOGJOJUJWF
BGUFS
didn’t for negatives and
Did…? for questions.
r
6TF
ASI and QUASI to remember word order in
regular irregular questions.
+ I stayed with friends. We went to Brazil on holiday.
spelling rules for regular verbs
– I didn’t stay in a hotel. We didn’t go to São Paolo.
? Did you stay for the weekend? Did you go
UP
3JP infinitive past spelling
work worked BEE
-ed
✓ ✗ Yes, I did. No, we didn’t. stay stayed
Wh ? Where did you stay? Why did you go there? MJLF MJLed BEE
-d
JG
WFSC
mOJTIFT
JO
e

r
6TF
UIF
QBTU
TJNQMF
UP
UBML
BCPVU
GJOJTIFE
BDUJPOT
JO
UIF
QBTU TUVEZ TUVEied y > ied
BGUFS
B
DPOTPOBOU

r
5IF
GPSN
PG
UIF
QBTU
TJNQMF
JT
UIF
TBNF
GPS
BMM
QFSTPOT TUPQ TUPQped JG
WFSC
mOJTIFT
JO
DPOTPOBOUo
WPXFMoDPOTPOBOU
EPVCMF

r
5P
NBLF
UIF
QBTU
TJNQMF + of regular verbs add -ed. See the spelling rules
UIF
mOBM
DPOTPOBOU
in the chart.
r
.BOZ
DPNNPO
WFSCT
BSF
JSSFHVMBS
JO
UIF + past simple,
e.g. go > went, see > saw.

2B QBTU
DPOUJOVPVT
was / were

WFSC

-ing r
6TF
UIF
QBTU
DPOUJOVPVT
UP
EFTDSJCF
BO
BDUJPO

in progress at a specific moment in the past.
r
8F
PGUFO
VTF
UIF
QBTU
DPOUJOVPVT
UP
EFTDSJCF
UIF

At 8.45 last Saturday I was working in my office. situation at the beginning of a story or narrative.
I wasn’t doing anything important.
.Z
GSJFOET
were having breakfast. They weren’t working. past simple or past continuous?
A Was it raining when you got up? B No, it wasn’t.
A What were you doing at 11 o’clock last night? B I was watching TV. I was working in my office when the
boss walked in.
+ I / He / She / It was working You / We / They were working I was having lunch when my sister arrived.
– I / He / She / It wasn’t working You / We / They weren’t working
r
6TF
UIF
QBTU
TJNQMF
GPS
B
DPNQMFUFE
BDUJPO
JO
UIF
QBTU
? ✓ ✗ Was he working? Yes
IF
was. / No
IF
wasn’t. r
6TF
UIF
QBTU
DPOUJOVPVT
GPS
BO
BDUJPO
JO
QSPHSFTT

before or at the time of the past simple action.
Were they working? Yes
UIFZ
were. / No
UIFZ
weren’t.

2C UJNF
TFRVFODFST DPOOFDUPST
because
so
but
although

because and so
On our first date we went to the cinema. After that we started
meeting every day. She was driving fast because she was in
On Thursday I had an argument with my boss. Next day I decided to look a hurry. (reason)
for a new job. She was in a hurry, so she was driving fast. (result)
We sat down to eat. Two minutes later the phone rang.
When I came out of the club he was waiting for me. r
6TF
because to express a reason.
The accident happened when I was crossing the road. r
6TF
so to express a result.

r
8F
VTF
UJNF
TFRVFODFST
UP
TBZ
XIFO
PS
JO
XIBU
PSEFS
UIJOHT
IBQQFO but and although

r
8F
VTF
when as a time sequencer and also to join two actions.
I was watching TV when the phone rang. (two verbs joined by when)
then, after that
5IF
NPTU
DPNNPO
XBZ
PG
MJOLJOH
DPOTFDVUJWF
BDUJPOT
JT
XJUI
then or
after that

CVU
NOT with after

FH
I got up and got dressed. Then /
After that I made a cup of coffee. NOT After I made a cup of coffee.
She tried to stop the car, but she hit the man.
Although she tried to stop the car, she hit the man.
She was very tired, but she couldn’t sleep.
She couldn’t sleep, although she was very tired.
r
6TF
but and although to show a contrast.
r
Although can go at the beginning or in the middle
of a sentence.

6
 ENTRY CHECKER

2A b Complete the questions in the past simple.

Where did you live before you moved to England?
a Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple. I lived in Australia.
Last year I finished my exams. I 1 living there?
1 (want) to go to university, so I Yes, I really enjoyed it.
2 (start) to do some research and
3
2 the climate like?
(read) lots of information.
It was very warm most of the time.
Eventually I 4 (get) an interview and 5 (make)
arrangements to visit the university. I 6 (leave) in plenty 3 What sort of house ?
of time, but at the station, I 7 (find) the train had been We lived in a large house near the sea.
cancelled. I 8 (not know) what to do, but then I 4 around the country?
9 (remember) my mother 10 (be) still at home. Yes, we travelled as much as we could.
I 11 (call) her and she 12 (agree) to come to the 5 in the sea often?
station. By the time she 13 (arrive) it was raining heavily. We swam in the sea every morning.
In the end, she 14 (drive) me all the way to the interview, so 6 many friends there?
when I 15 (get) there I 16 (not feel) at all stressed.
Yes, because we met a lot of new people.
I 17 (answer) the questions as well as I 18 (can), and
I 19 (pass) the interview.

2B b Put the verbs into the past simple or past continuous.

We were having coffee when Sarah phoned. (have, phone)
a Complete the sentences with a verb in the
1 It when we the house. (rain, leave)
past continuous.
2 I him while I in France. (meet, study)

.Z
GSJFOE
BOE
*

were shopping for clothes. (shop) 3 I to surf while I in
1 What you at? (look) California. (learn, live)

.Z
CSPUIFS
DPVMEOU
DPNF
CFDBVTF
IF
. (work) 4 When we my sister . (arrive, wait)
3 We home when we saw an accident. (drive) 5 They the doorbell because they TV.
4 I made a mistake because I . (not think) (not hear, watch)
5 He told me he a book about his life. (write) 6 Jenny still of what to say when she
6 Why you up the road? (run) the office. (think , reach)
7 I you yet. (not expect) 7 Do you think you your earring while you
8 They at a beach resort. (stay) the house? (lose, clean)

2C b Complete the sentences with so, because, but, or although.

I recognized James immediately although I had only met him
a Put the sentences in the right order. once before.
a After dinner we had coffee in the lounge. 1 I don’t have enough money for a taxi I’ll have
b I went to the hotel bar before dinner and we to walk.
got chatting. 2 We can’t go to the park it’s raining.
c Over dinner we talked about our families 3 I looked everywhere, I couldn’t find my book.
and interests. 4 It was still light we went for a walk.
d Then we went for a walk by the beach. 5 We wanted to buy tickets they had all been sold.
e 1 One evening during my holiday last year, I 6 I forgot to post the card I was rushing to get
made a new friend. to work.
f She agreed, so we ordered some food 7 She can’t take the exam now, she can take it
and drinks. next year.
g We decided to meet up again the next day. 8 The restaurant was full we went to a café.
h I suggested we could share a table for dinner. 
.Z
NPUIFS
XPVME
MJLF
BOPUIFS
DBU
she already
has two.
7
 3
3A be going to
1 I’m going to work for a non-governmental organization (NGO).
He’s going to meet me at the airport.
2 I’m sure England are going to lose tomorrow.
It’s going to rain tonight.

I you / we / they he / she / it 
6TF
be going to + infinitive to talk

about future plans or intentions.
+ You He
I’m going to We ’re going to She ’s going to XPSL
GPS
BO
/(0 2 We use be going to + infinitive to make
They It a prediction when we know or can see
that something is going to happen.
– You He
I’m not going to We aren’t going to She isn’t going to XPSL
GPS
BO
/(0 It’s winter there so it’s going to be cold.
They It Look at that car! It’s going to crash.

? ✓ ✗

Are you going to XPSL
GPS
BO
/(0 Yes
*
am. / No
*N
not.

Is he going to XPSL
GPS
BO
/(0 :FT
IF
is. / No
IF
isn’t.

3B QSFTFOU
DPOUJOVPVT
GVUVSF
BSSBOHFNFOUT
be going to or present continuous?
8F
DBO
PGUFO
VTF
FJUIFS
XJUI
OP
EJGGFSFODF
JO
NFBOJOH

+ I’m seeing a friend tonight. e.g. I’m going to see Anna on Tuesday. OR I’m seeing
Anna on Tuesday.
She’s arriving at lunchtime.
– She isn’t leaving until Friday. *UT
WFSZ
DPNNPO
UP
VTF
UIF
QSFTFOU
DPOUJOVPVT
XJUI
UIF

FYQSFTTJPOT
tonight
tomorrow
this weekend
FUD
BOE

They aren’t coming to the party.
XJUI
WFSCT
EFTDSJCJOH
USBWFM
BSSBOHFNFOUT
FH. go
come

? What are you doing this evening? leave
arrive.
Is she meeting us at the restaurant? I’m leaving on Monday
JT
NPSF
DPNNPO
UIBO
I’m going to
leave on Monday.
r
8F
PGUFO
VTF
UIF
QSFTFOU
DPOUJOVPVT
XJUI
B
GVUVSF
NFBOJOH

especially for future arrangements, i.e. for plans we have made
at a fixed time or place in the future. Don’t use the present
simple for this. NOT I see some friends tonight.

3C EFGJOJOH
SFMBUJWF
DMBVTFT
XJUI
who
which
where r
6TF
EFGJOJOH
SFMBUJWF
DMBVTFT
UP
FYQMBJO
XIBU
B

person, thing or place is or does.
r
6TF
who for a person, which for a thing and where
A cook is a person who makes food. for a place.
That’s the woman who won the lottery last year.
A clock is something which tells the time. that
Is that the book which everybody’s reading? :PV
DBO
VTF
that
JOTUFBE
PG
who or which.
A post office is a place where you can buy stamps. She’s the girl who / that works with my
That’s the restaurant where I had dinner last week. brother.
It’s a thing which / that connects two
computers.

8
 ENTRY CHECKER

3A b -PPL
BU
UIF
QJDUVSFT
.BLF
TFOUFODFT
XJUI
going to + a verb from

the list below.
a Complete with going to + a verb from the
list below. NJTT
SVJO
CF
TQFOE

SBJO
TFOE
WJTJU
MFU
DBUDI

OPU
QMBZ
TFF
TUBZ

I think it’s going to rain later.

1 Sally the bus into town.
2 We a film after work.
You’re going to spend all your 1 You glad you
3 I my Christmas cards early
money if you’re not careful! chose this!
this year.
4 Are your parents you soon?
5 That team next season.
6 Take a key if you out late.
7 you the cat in?

2 We our flight! 3 This rain our day out!

3B b Complete the dialogue between two flatmates.

A How are you spending next weekend (spend)?
a 3FBE
UIF
TFOUFODFT
8SJUF
N for now, F for future. 1
B I (help) my sister plan her wedding.
F Carl and Amelie are getting married in June. A Have you made a start yet?
1 I’m writing a book about my travels. B Well, tomorrow I 2 (make) a list of
what we need to do.
2 Next Sunday we’re going to church.
A3 your sister (come) over to
3 I’m having a quiet day at home. your house?
4 We’re learning to type at an evening class. B Yes, she 4 (get) the train.
5 We’re having tea at 4 o’clock tomorrow. A I guess she 5 (feel) a bit anxious?
B Not really, we all 6 (look) forward
6 They’re going on a cruise in June.
to the wedding.
7 She’s getting the dinner ready.
A I hope it goes well!
8 I’m cooking supper for everyone on Saturday.

3C b Write sentences with who, which, or where.

That / the man / live next door.
a Complete the definitions with who, which, or where.
That’s the man who lives next door.
The butcher’s is the shop where we buy meat. 1 This / the shirt / I bought on holiday.
1 A cashier is a person operates a till. 2 That / the office / my husband works.
2 A polar bear is an animal is dangerous to 3 This / the car / was used in the film.
humans. 4 Those / the staff / have been on a training course.
3 The kitchen is the room food is prepared. 5 This / the lecturer / will be your tutor.
4 A carer is a person looks after sick or 6 Those / the clothes / she bought online.
elderly people.
7 Here / the room / we can hold the party.
5 A cinema is a building you go to watch films.
8 Susan / the friend / told me the news.
6 White is a colour is popular for
9 This / the place / we’re going to meet.
wedding dresses.
7 A railway timetable is a leaflet tells you the
times of trains.
9
 4
4A QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU yet, just, already

1 A Have you done your homework yet?

I’ve finished my homework. B No, not yet. I haven’t finished yet.
She’s cleaned the kitchen. 
.Z
TJTUFST
just started a new job.
He hasn’t done the washing up. 3 A Do you want to see this film?
A Has she turned off her phone? B No, she hasn’t. B No, I’ve already seen it three times.

r
8F
PGUFO
VTF
UIF
QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU
UP
UBML
BCPVU
UIF
SFDFOU
QBTU
OPU
TBZJOH
r
8F
PGUFO
VTF
yet, just and already with the present

exactly when things happened. perfect.
r
8F
PGUFO
VTF
UIF
QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU
UP
HJWF
OFXT 
6TF
yet in ? and – sentences to ask if
Mary’s had her baby! A parcel has arrived for you. something has happened or to say if it hasn’t
happened. Put yet at the end of the sentence.
full form contraction negative past participle

6TF
just in + sentences to say that something
I have I’ve I haven’t happened very recently. Put just before the
You have You’ve You haven’t
main verb.
He / She / It has He / She / It’s He / She / It hasn’t finished
UIF
FYFSDJTF
We have We’ve We haven’t 
6TF
already in + sentences to say that
They have They’ve They haven’t something happened before now or earlier than
Have you finished
UIF
FYFSDJTF
:FT
*
have

/P
*
haven’t. expected. Put already before the main verb.
Has he done UIF
IPNFXPSL
:FT
IF
has

/P
IF
hasn’t.

r
'PS
SFHVMBS
WFSCT
UIF
QBTU
QBSUJDJQMF
JT
UIF
TBNF
BT
UIF
QBTU
TJNQMF

-ed).
For irregular verbs the past participle is sometimes the same as the past
simple (e.g. buy, bought, bought) and sometimes different (e.g. do, did,
done).

4B QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU
PS
QBTU
TJNQMF

present perfect or past simple?

A Have you ever been
UP
.FYJDP

Have you ever been to a fancy dress party? B Yes, I have.
She’s seen that film twice. A When did you go there?
I’ve never met Nina’s husband. B I went last year.
A Have you seen his new film?
r
8F
PGUFO
VTF
UIF
QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU
UP
UBML
BCPVU
QBTU
FYQFSJFODFT
B Yes, I have.
in our lives when we don’t specify a time. A What did you think of it?
B I loved it.
been and gone
$PNQBSF
UIF
QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU
PG
be
BOE go.
r
$POWFSTBUJPOT
PGUFO
CFHJO
JO
UIF
QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU
XJUI
B

Mike has been to Paris. = )F
XFOU
UP
1BSJT
BOE
DBNF
CBDL
general question) and then change to the past simple to ask for
Mike has gone to Paris. = )FT
JO
1BSJT
OPX
or give specific details, e.g. when, what, where, who with, etc.

4C something
anything
nothing
FUD places

+ Let’s go somewhere this weekend.
people – We didn’t go anywhere this summer.
+ Somebody / Someone has taken my pen!
? Is there anywhere to park?
✗ No, nowhere. There’s nowhere to park.
– I didn’t speak to anybody / anyone.
? Did anybody / anyone phone?
r
6TF
somebody / someone, something, somewhere with a + verb
✗ No, nobody / no one. Nobody / No one phoned.
when you don’t say exactly who, what, or where.
things r
6TF
anybody / anyone, anything, anywhere in questions or with
+ I bought something for dinner. a – verb.
– I didn’t do anything at the weekend. I didn’t do anything last night. NOT I didn’t do nothing.
? Is there anything in the fridge? r
6TF nobody / no one, nothing, nowhere in short answers or in
✗ No, nothing. There’s nothing in the fridge. sentences with a + verb.

10
 ENTRY CHECKER

4A b Write sentences or questions with already, just, or yet.

Emily / finish the work. (just) Emily’s just finished
a Write sentences in the present perfect. the work.
She / do the shopping. + She’s done the shopping. 1 I / ask / the lecturer about that. (already)
1 He / see his parents since Christmas – 2 / you / have / lunch? (yet)
2 I / finish my homework + 3 They / get back / from holiday. (just)
3 We / receive your letter – 4 We / not decide / where to go. (yet)
4 / you go on holiday this year ? 5 The manager / make / his decision. (already)

.Z
CPZGSJFOE

TFF
UIBU
GJMN – 6 The flowers / begin / to come out. (just)
6 I / post a card to my grandmother + 7 I / not start / my revision. (yet)
7 / you turn your computer off ? 8 Sorry, she / leave. (already)
8 I / buy any meat this week +

4B b Complete the dialogue with the present perfect or past simple.

A When did you arrive in England? (arrive)
a Complete with the verb in the present perfect.
B I1 here since September. (be)
Has your brother registered for college? A2 you much of the country yet? (see)
(register) B No, I 3 much opportunity so far. I 4 to look on
1 We her a present yet. (not buy) the Internet for places to visit. (have, start)
2 The teacher a test for our class. (set) A5 you the tourist information office? (try)
3 you ever to a rock B Yes. I 6 there last Saturday. (go)
festival? (go)
4 I the dinner yet. (not cook)
5 Where are they? They to the c Complete with been or gone.
cinema. (go) Here comes Dad. He’s been fishing.

.Z
TJTUFS
always to 1 Pam has to study abroad.
travel. (want) 2 She’s in town for hours already.
7 you the news today? (hear) 3 Have you to the theatre recently?
8 We them very long. (not know) 4 I can’t meet my friends today because they’ve to an
9 The children their homework. art exhibition.
(not done) 5 Where’s your cat today? I don’t know, he’s out all
10 anyone Silvio? (see) morning.

4C b Answer with Nobody, Nowhere, or Nothing.

1 Where did you go last Friday night?
a Complete with something, anything, nothing, etc.
2 Who was with you?
At least we learnt something from our experience. 3 What did you do?
1 Is there I can do to help you?
2 We can’t find the email .
c Answer the questions in b with a full sentence.
3 I used to know who looked just like her.
4 The police searched the area but found . 1 I didn’t go .
5 Let’s go quiet to chat. 2 .
6 knows how worried she’s been. 3 .
7 Is there you’d really like to go?
8 I’m afraid this conversation is going .
9 We couldn’t see we liked in the boutique.
10 must know the answer, I’m sure!
11
 5
5A DPNQBSBUJWFT comparative adjectives: irregular

adjective comparative adjective comparative


.Z
CSPUIFST
older than me. HPPE better TUSFTTFE more stressed
It’s more dangerous to cycle than to drive.
2 People walk more quickly than in the past. CBE worse UJSFE more tired
3 I’m less relaxed this year than I was last year. GBS further CPSFE more bored
4 The service in this restaurant isn’t as good as it was.
She doesn’t drive as fast as her brother.
comparative adverbs: regular irregular
r
5P
DPNQBSF
UXP
QFPQMF
QMBDFT
UIJOHT
PS
BDUJPOT
VTF RVJDLMZ more RVJDLMZ IBSE harder
1 comparative adjectives.
TMPXMZ more TMPXMZ XFMM better
2 comparative adverbs (for actions).
CBEMZ worse
3 less + adjective or adverb.
4 (not) as + adjective / adverb + as.
Comparatives with pronouns
comparative adjectives: regular "GUFS
DPNQBSBUJWF

than or as…as
XF
VTF
BO
PCKFDU

QSPOPVO
me
her
FUD

PS
B
TVCKFDU
QSPOPVO

BVYJMJBSZ

adjective comparative WFSC
FH

short shorter POF
TZMMBCMF
BEE
-er My brother’s taller than me. My brother’s taller than I am.
POF
WPXFM

POF
DPOTPOBOU
He’s not as intelligent as her. He’s not as intelligent as she is.
CJH CJHger
EPVCMF
mOBM
DPOTPOBOU
CVTZ CVTier DPOTPOBOU

y
y -ier
SFMBYFE more
SFMBYFE UXP
PS
NPSF
TZMMBCMFT
more


BEKFDUJWF

5B TVQFSMBUJWFT adjective comparative superlative

DPME DPMEer the
DPMEest
1 It’s the dirtiest city in Europe. hot hotter the hottest
It’s the most popular holiday destination in the world.
QSFUUZ QSFUtier the
QSFUtiest
2 It’s the most beautiful city I’ve ever been to.
It’s the best film I’ve seen this year. CFBVUJGVM more
CFBVUJGVM the most CFBVUJGVM
HPPE better the best

6TF
the + superlative adjective to say which is the biggest, etc. in a group. CBE worse the worst
r
"GUFS
TVQFSMBUJWFT
XF
VTF
in + names of places or singular words for
GBS Gurther the Gurthest
groups of people, e.g.
It’s the noisiest city in the world.
2 We often use the + superlative adjective with the present perfect + ever.

5C RVBOUJGJFST enough

too much, too many, too 1 Do you eat enough vegetables?

I don’t drink enough water.
1 I’m stressed. I have too much work. 2 She doesn’t sleep enough.
He talks too much. 
.Z
GSJEHF
JTOU
CJH
enough.

.Z
EJFU
JT
VOIFBMUIZ
*
FBU
too many cakes and sweets. I don’t go to bed early enough.
3 I don’t want to go out. I’m too tired.

6TF
enough before a noun to mean ‘all that is necessary’.
r
6TF
too much, too many, too to say ‘more than is good’. 
6TF
enough after a verb with no object.

6TF
too much + uncountable noun (e.g. coffee, time) or after 
6TF
enough after an adjective or adverb.
a verb.

6TF
too many + countable noun (e.g. cakes, people).

6TF
too + adjective NOT I’m too much tired.
12
 ENTRY CHECKER

5A b 3FXSJUF
UIF
TFOUFODFT
TP
UIFZ

NFBO
UIF
TBNF
6TF
as … as.
a Write sentences with a comparative adjective Stanley is stronger than Jacob.
or adverb than.
Jacob isn’t as strong as Stanley. 4UBOMFZ +BDPC
New York is more expensive than
.JBNJ

FYQFOTJWF

1 I can type my sister. (quick) 1 Our TV is bigger than my parents’.

2 This wine is of a quality that .Z
QBSFOUT
57
JTOU
.
one. (good) 2 Honey is sweeter than sugar.
3 Our French test was I expected. (easy) Sugar isn’t .

.Z
GBUIFS
JT
NVDI
he used to be. (thin) 3 Your house is larger than ours.
5 This term is a week last term. (short) Our house isn’t .
6 The city is away I thought. (far) 
$BOCFSSB
JT
TNBMMFS
UIBO
.FMCPVSOF
7 I think the theatre is the cinema. (exciting) .FMCPVSOF
JTOU
.
8 Do you know anyone 90? (old) 5 I have passed more tests than Chloé.
9 Your train arrives mine. (early) Chloé hasn’t .
10 The weather today is much it was 6 Spain scored more goals than Italy.
yesterday. (bad) Italy didn’t .
7 Our carpets are cleaner than yours.
Your carpets aren’t .

5B b Write sentences with a superlative + ever

+ the present perfect.
a Complete the sentences with the superlative. He / intelligent person / I / meet
They call him the fastest gun in the West! He’s the most intelligent person I’ve ever met.
1 He’s the person I know. (cheerful) 1 It / long distance / I / travel
2 They are the team in the competition. (good) 2 They / pretty clothes / I / see
3 This is the plant I’ve ever seen. (unusual) 3 She / kind person / I / meet
4 It has been the summer for many years. (bad) 4 It / frightening book / I / read
5 China is the country with the population. (large) 5 It / bad restaurant / we / be to
6 Ellen is the girl in our class. (slim) 6 It / unusual music / I / hear
7 Singapore has one of the world’s airports. (attractive) 7 That / good bargain / I / find
8 The train leaves at midnight. (late) 8 It / encouraging report / she / have
9 Please can you point out the route? (direct) 9 It / quiet place /we / live
10 Ben Nevis is the mountain in Scotland. (high)

5C b Complete the sentences with too, too much, too many,

or enough.
a Circle the correct form. Some people have told me my cat is too fat.
I’ve walked too / too much far, I’m tired. 1 If I drink coffee late at night, I can’t sleep.
1 She doesn’t eat vegetables enough / enough vegetables. 2 There are students in that class.
2 They don’t come to see us enough / enough come to see us. 3 He won’t pass the exam, he hasn’t done
3 How many / much money have you brought? revision.
4 We’re too much busy / much too busy to see you today. 4 We were late to catch the bus.
5 I buy too much / too many magazines. 5 It’s best if you don’t invite people to
6 He’s too quiet / too much quiet. the party.
7 There isn’t time enough / enough time to go to the beach. 6 Do you have sales assistants in the shop?
8 I think the children get too much / too many homework. 7 If you put milk in the jug, you will spill it.
8 There were speakers at the conference.
13
 6
6A will / won’t
QSFEJDUJPOT
r
8F
PGUFO
VTF
will / won’t + infinitive for future
predictions, i.e. to say things we think, guess, or
know about the future.
A I’m seeing Jane at six. B She’ll be late. r
8F
PGUFO
VTF
I think / I don’t think + will.
The film’s in French. We won’t understand anything.
I think he’ll fail the exam. I don’t think he’ll pass
It’s a great book. I’m sure you’ll like it.
the exam. NOT I think he won’t pass.
I don’t think it’ll rain tomorrow.
be going to for predictions
+ – 8F
DBO
BMTP
VTF
be going to
UP
QSFEJDU

TPNFUIJOH
ZPV
LOPX
PS
DBO
TFF
JT
HPJOH
UP

I / You / He / She / I / You / He / She / IBQQFO
TFF
3A

FH
It / We / They ’ll
CF
MBUF It / We / They won’t be
MBUF
Look at the clouds. It’s going to rain.
Contractions: ’ll = will
won’t = will not They’re playing very well. I’m sure they’re
going to win.
? ✓ ✗

I / you / I / you / I / you /

he / she / he / she / he / she /
Will CF
MBUF Yes will. No won’t.
it / we / it / we / it / we /
they they they

6B will / won’t
EFDJTJPOT
PGGFST
QSPNJTFT

r
6TF
will / won’t + infinitive for making decisions,
offering, and promising.
I’ll help you with those bags. NOT I help you.
decisions
r
8IFO
BO
PGGFS
JT
B
RVFTUJPO
XF
VTF
Shall I…? or
I won’t stay for dinner. I think I’ll go home early.
Shall we…?
offers Shall I pay? Shall we do the washing-up?
I’ll help you with your homework. Shall I open the window?
promises
I’ll always love you. I won’t tell anybody.

6C SFWJFX
PG
UFOTFT
QSFTFOU
QBTU
BOE
GVUVSF
tense example use
present simple I live in the city centre. things that happen always or usually
She doesn’t smoke.
present continuous He’s looking for a new job. things that are happening now or in the near future
I’m leaving tomorrow. things that we have arranged for the future
past simple We saw a good film last night. finished actions in the past
We didn’t do anything yesterday.
past continuous He was working in Paris. actions that were in progress at a past time
What were you doing at 7.00?
be going to + infinitive I’m going to see Tom tonight. future plans
Look! It’s going to rain. predictions when we know / can see what’s going to happen
will / won’t + infinitive You’ll love New York. predictions
I’ll phone her later. instant decisions
I’ll help you. offers
I’ll pay you back tomorrow. promises
present perfect I’ve finished the book. recently finished actions (we don’t say when)
Have you ever been to Iran? past experiences

14
 ENTRY CHECKER

6A b Complete with will + a verb from the list.

a Write sentences and questions with will / won’t
6TF
say TFOE
SBJO
CF
XBML
TJOH
contractions where you can.
A Will you phone your boss today?
it / be very busy in the city today It’ll be very busy in the
B No, I will send her an email.
city today. –
1 A Are you going to get the bus home?
1 we / expect you until this evening –
B No, I home today.
2 I think you / enjoy the film +
2 A I’m worried I’ll be late for work.
3 / you be home for tea ?
B Don’t worry, you on time.
4 she / want to leave without saying goodbye –
3 A
8IBU
XJMM
ZPV
TBZ
UP
.BSDVT
5 / the house be easy to find ?
BI exactly how I feel.
6 we / be able to find what we need here +
4 A Do you think it tomorrow?
7 I promise I / be ready on time +
B No, I think it will be a sunny day.
8 / tomorrow be a sunny day ?
5 A Will you take part in the Christmas concert?
9 I’m sure there / be a problem –
B Yes, we in the choir.
10 you / be able to finish that job later +

6B 1 A I’d love a cup of tea.

B you one?
a .BUDI
UIF
TFOUFODFT 2 A Can you explain to your mother?
Have you seen my dog anywhere? H A I think it’s a brilliant idea. B No, she .
1 I’m really tired. B I’ll try to mend it. 3 A We should get some exercise.
2 You’ve really upset me now. C Shall I translate it for you? B tennis tomorrow?
3 I can’t find my keys. D Yes, we’re going to Naples. 4 A You should invite your friend to our party.
4 This dish is broken. E Why not have a break? B I’m afraid she no.

.Z
NPCJMF
JT
HFUUJOH
PME F Have you checked your pockets? 5 A Will we get anything to drink?
6 I can’t understand this French text. G Sorry, I didn’t mean to. B I think they tea and coffee.
7 Are you going on holiday? H No, sorry, I haven’t seen him. 6 A Will you drive home this evening?
8 What do you think of my suggestion? I You could get a new one. B Yes, we overnight.
7 A Can you come to town with me?
b Complete the sentences on the right with will / won’t (or shall) + a verb B I my parents.
8 A Do you know your results yet?
stay DPOTJEFS
CSJOH
BTL
QSPWJEF
LOPX
QMBZ
VOEFSTUBOE
TBZ
B No, I until tomorrow.
A Are you going to take the job?
B I’ll consider it.

6C b Put the verb in the right form.

A Where shall we go on Saturday? (go)
a Complete the questions with one word.
B Why 1 we to the theme park? (go)
Was it raining when you went out? A 2 you the one near Bristol? (mean)
1 you thought about my suggestion? B Yes. We 3 to leave quite early. (need)
2 I think you were interested in jazz music. A I4 not sure about getting up early on
3 we need to go shopping today? Saturday! (be)
4 you coming to the library? B Oh, you 5 fine. 6 you the park
5 Which top you wear tonight? before? (be, visit)
6 I decided yet. A .Z
QBSFOUT
7 me there when I was younger. (take)
7 the manager replied to your email? B What 8 you about it? (remember)
8 you at the students’ meeting? A Not much really. I 9 forward to seeing it
9 I’m surprised my mother written to me. again. (look)
15
 7
7A VTFT
PG
UIF
JOGJOJUJWF
XJUI
to r
5IF
JOGJOJUJWF
JT
UIF
CBTF
GPSN
PG
UIF
WFSC
*U
JT
PGUFO
VTFE
XJUI
to. It can
be positive (e.g. to be) or negative (e.g. not to be).
r
6TF
UIF
JOGJOJUJWF
XJUI
to:
1 I need to buy some new clothes.
1 after some verbs, e.g. want, need, would like, etc.
Try not to talk about politics.
2 It’ll be nice to meet your parents. 2 after adjectives.
It’s important not to be late. 3 after question words, e.g. what, where, when, etc.
3 I don’t know where to go or what to do. 4 to say why you do something.
4 A Why did you go to the party? I came to this school to learn English. NOT for learn English.
B To meet new people.
I went to the party to meet new people. Infinitive without to
3FNFNCFS
UIBU
XF
VTF
UIF
JOGJOJUJWF
without to BGUFS
BVYJMJBSZ
WFSCT

do / does / didn’t

BOE
BGUFS
NPTU
NPEBM
WFSCT
can could will
would
FUD

FH
Do you live near here? Can you help me? I won’t
forget. What would you do?

7B VTFT
PG
UIF
HFSVOE
WFSC

-ing

r
5IF
HFSVOE
JT
UIF
CBTF
GPSN
PG
UIF
WFSC
+ ing. It can be positive
(e.g. going) or negative (e.g. not going).
r
6TF
UIF
HFSVOE
1 Eating outside in the summer makes me feel good.
1 as the subject or object of a sentence.

.Z
JEFB
PG
IBQQJOFTT
JT
getting up late and
not going to work. 2 after some verbs, e.g. like, love, hate, enjoy, etc.
2 I love reading in bed. 3 after prepositions.
I hate not getting to the airport early. r
3FNFNCFS
UIF
TQFMMJOH
SVMFT
GPS
UIF
-ing form.
3 I’m thinking of buying a new car.
He left without saying goodbye.

7C have to
don’t have to
must
mustn’t r
6TF
must + verb (infinitive without to) to talk about
rules and obligations.
r
must / mustn’t is the same for all persons.
have to, don’t have to
r
6TF
mustn’t + verb (infinitive without to) to say
+ I have to get up at seven every day. something is prohibited.
She has to speak English at work.
– We don’t have to wear a uniform at this school. must and have to
He doesn’t have to work on Saturdays. Must BOE
have to are WFSZ
TJNJMBS
CVU
UIFSF
JT
B

TNBMM
EJGGFSFODF
8F
OPSNBMMZ
VTF
have to
GPS
B

? Do I have to buy a grammar book?
general
PCMJHBUJPO
B
SVMF
BU
XPSL

TDIPPM
PS
B
MBX


What time does she have to get up in the morning? 8F
OPSNBMMZ
VTF
must GPS
B
personal
PCMJHBUJPO

POF
UIBU
UIF
TQFBLFS
JNQPTFT

FH
B
UFBDIFS
UP

r
6TF
have to + verb (infinitive) to talk about rules and obligations. TUVEFOUT
PS
B
QBSFOU
UP
B
DIJME
#VU
PGUFO
ZPV
DBO

r
6TF
don’t have to + verb (infinitive) to say that there is no obligation, use either must or have to.
or that something is not necessary. mustn’t and don’t have to
r
6TF
do / does to make questions and negatives. Do I have to go? Mustn’t BOE
don’t have to
IBWF
DPNQMFUFMZ

NOT Have I to go? EJGGFSFOU
NFBOJOHT
$PNQBSF
r
%POU
DPOUSBDU
have or has. I have to go. NOT I’ve to go. You mustn’t go.

*UT
QSPIJCJUFE
%POU
HP
You don’t have to go.

:PV
DBO
HP
JG
ZPV
XBOU
UP

must / mustn’t CVU
JUT
OPU
PCMJHBUPSZ

OFDFTTBSZ

Impersonal you
+ You must do your homework tonight. 8F
PGUFO
VTF
have to
BOE
must
XJUI
JNQFSTPOBM
She must tidy her room before she goes out. you (you = QFPQMF
JO
HFOFSBM

FH
– You mustn’t leave your bags here. You have to wear a seatbelt in a car. You mustn’t
I mustn’t forget to call her tonight. take photos in the museum.
(mustn’t = must not)
? Must I buy a grammar book?
When must we register for the exam?

16
 ENTRY CHECKER

7A b Complete the sentences with a positive or negative infinitive.

a .BUDI
UIF
TFOUFODF
IBMWFT DMJNC
JSPO
go
IBWF
BSSJWF
OPU
LOPX
NBLF
OPU
CVSO

You should save your money C

.Z
DPVTJOT
XBOU
to go to Spain this year.
1 We can buy books more cheaply
1 A Can you come to the theatre on Friday?
2 Are good manners very important
B Sorry, I won’t be able that evening.
3 Come out into the garden

.Z
NBJO
BNCJUJPO
JT
a really high mountain.
4 I’m worried I sometimes forget
3 I’d prefer . I’ve heard enough already.

.BLF
TVSF
UIF
DIJMESFO
4 Camping is a cheap way a holiday.
A my friends’ birthdays. 5 Would you have time my shirt, please?
B when the sales are on. 6 It’s important on time for your appointment.
C for Christmas. 7 Take care your fingers.
D cross the road safely.
E in your country?
F and look at the flowers.

7B b Put the verbs in the -ing form or infinitive.

The thief was caught as he was about
a Complete the sentences with a verb in the list in the -ing form. to escape. (escape)
DPNF
sew
CF
DSPTT
QBJOU
HSPX
SVO
XSJUF
GMZ 
.Z
CSPUIFST
OPU
WFSZ
HPPE
BU

to emails. (reply)
Sewing is my favourite way of relaxing. 2 I love watching autumn leaves .

.Z
GBUIFS
FOKPZT
vegetables. (fall)
2 Edward goes out every morning. 3 Did you mean the clock? (stop)
3 I’ve always dreamed of first class. 4 the dog is good exercise.
4 She’s very good at pictures. 5 I’d like the last episode of the
5 home is always a pleasure. series. (watch)
6 I don’t like late for meetings. 6 Is your sister worried about her
7 Take care when the road. bills? (pay)
8 I must carry on with my essay. 7 I’m sorry, I meant I’d be late. (say)
8 This train spends ten minutes at
the station. (wait)

7C b Circle the correct form, have to, must, don’t have to, or
mustn’t. Tick ✓ if both forms are possible.
a Complete the sentences with the correct form You don’t have to / mustn’t provide proof of address.
of have to.
1 We have to / must check out the latest offers online.
I have to do some shopping for my neighbour. 2 You don’t have to / mustn’t come with me if you don’t
1 Do you take your dog for a walk every want to go.
morning? 3 We have to / must get back by midnight or the door will

.Z
EBVHIUFS
go to the doctor’s after school. be locked.
3 We work today. It’s a public holiday. 4 You have to / must lock the door – someone might get in.
4 All new students complete this form. 5 Do you have to / must you always ask me where
5 Do you leave so soon? I’ve been?
6 Everyone make choices in life. 6 .Z
GSJFOE
has to / must replace her passport soon.
7 You’ll
UBLF
B
SBJODPBU
JUT
HPJOH
UP
SBJO 7 I don’t have to / mustn’t repair it, it’s not broken.
8 Gerard look after his younger 8 We have plenty of time – we don’t have to / mustn’t make
brother today? a decision till next week.
17
 8
8A should / shouldn’t
You should wear a suit to the interview.
I think you should change your job.
I don’t think you should speak to her.
He’s very stressed. He shouldn’t work so hard.
You shouldn’t drink coffee in the evening. It’ll keep you awake.

FH
r
6TF
should / shouldn’t + verb (infinitive without to) to give
somebody advice or say what you think is the right thing to do.
r
should / shouldn’t is the same for all persons.
r
8F
PGUFO
VTF
I think you should… or I don’t think you should…
NOT I think you shouldn’t…
ought to
:PV
DBO
BMTP
VTF
ought to / ought not to
JOTUFBE
PG

should / shouldn’t
You ought to wear a suit. He ought not to work so hard.

8B GJSTU
DPOEJUJPOBM
if

QSFTFOU
will / won’t 
6TF
if + present to talk about a possible situation and will /
won’t + verb to talk about the consequence.
2 The if-clause can come first or second. If the if-clause comes
1 If I miss the last bus, I’ll get a taxi. first, we usually put a comma before the next clause.
If you tell her the truth, she won’t believe you.
3 You can also use the imperative or can + infinitive instead of
What will you do if he doesn’t call you?
will + infinitive in the other clause.
2 If you don’t go, she won’t be very pleased.
She won’t be very pleased if you don’t go.
3 If you miss the last bus, get a taxi.
If you miss the last bus, you can get a taxi.

*G
*
NJTT
UIF
MBTU
CVT
*MM
HFU
B
UBYJ

8C QPTTFTTJWF
QSPOPVOT r
%POU
VTF
QPTTFTTJWF
QSPOPVOT
XJUI
B
OPVO NOT It’s mine book.

r
%POU
VTF
the with possessive pronouns, e.g. Is this yours? NOT Is this the yours?
Whose coat is it? It’s my coat.
pronouns and possessive adjectives overview
It’s mine.
Whose jacket is it? It’s your jacket. subject object possessive possessive
It’s yours. pronouns pronouns adjectives pronouns
Whose phone is it? It’s his phone. I DBO
DPNF 4IF
MPWFT me. This is my seat. *UT
mine.
It’s his.
You you your yours
Whose bag is it? It’s her bag. It’s hers.
Whose dog is it? It’s our dog. It’s ours. He him his his
Whose house is it? It’s their house. She her her hers
It’s theirs.
It it its its
r
6TF
QPTTFTTJWF
QSPOPVOT
UP
UBML
BCPVU
We us our ours
possession. Is it yours? Yes, it’s mine.
They them their theirs
r
6TF
Whose to ask about possession.
Whose book is it? Whose is that bag?

18
 ENTRY CHECKER

8A b Complete the sentences with should or shouldn’t + a verb

from the list below.
a Complete with should / shouldn’t.
FYQFDU
NBLF
VTF
TUBZ
IBWF
You shouldn’t eat so many cakes. PQFO
MFBWF
XBJU
try
1 You have waited so
long before coming to see me. I should try to learn another language.
2 You take my advice. 1 They later for late-night shopping.
3 You try to have a walk every day. 2 We everyone to agree with us.
4 You have snacks between meals. 3 You yourself a hot drink, it will help you sleep.
5 You think about your diet. 4 We up late, we have an early train to catch.
6 You drink alcohol every day. 5 She to be invited – she’s always welcome.
7 You get your eyes tested. 6 We the stairs instead of the lift.
8 You look so worried. 7 Everyone regular health checks.
8 We the party early – it would be impolite.

8B b Complete with the correct form of the verbs.

If you look carefully, you’ll see a rabbit. (look, see)
a .BUDI
UIF
TFOUFODF
IBMWFT
1 If we , we the start of the film.
I’ll catch the early train, E (not hurry, miss)
1 If you sit in the sun too long, 2 The flowers if we some rain soon. (die, get)
2 If you return your library book promptly, 3 We all sorry if you . (be, leave)
3 He won’t pass his exams 4 If I my husband, he I’ve had an accident.
4 If I write to you, (not phone, think)
5 I won’t be able to afford a holiday 5 If I my handbag down, I probably
6 Will you be at home it. (put, forget)
6 Your journey much longer if you that way.
A if I come round to see you?
(take, go)
B your skin will burn.
7 If the skies clear tonight, we to see the stars.
C will you write back? (be, be able)
D you won’t have to pay a fine. 8 You enough information unless you the
E if I get up in time. papers I’ve sent you. (not have, read)
F if he doesn’t revise. 9 If Shona her exams, we all out
G if I don’t get a job. to celebrate. (pass, go)

8C b Complete the sentences with a pronoun or possessive

adjective.
a Circle the correct form. Venice is famous for its gondolas.
Is this their / theirs house? 1 A Have you brought your camera?
1 Those are my / mine thoughts on the subject. B No, my brother’s is better, so I’ve brought .
2 Please bring your / yours laptop with you tonight. 
#FSUSBOE
BOE
.BSJB
BSF
USZJOH
UP
TFMM
house.
3 I’m sure that umbrella is my / mine. 3 There’s a beautiful cat in the garden. Is it ?
4 Your / Yours was the best essay in the class. 4 Our friends have brought a picnic to share with .
5 This part of the building isn’t our / ours. 5 Please start writing answers now.
6 It was my / mine idea, not her / hers. 6 I’ve sent application off today.
7 Please tell them their / theirs advice was 7 If you need to borrow a lawnmower, we can lend
very helpful. you .
8 Have you written all the notes in 
.Z
NPUIFS
HBWF
NF
UIJT
OFDLMBDF
TP
JUT
now.
your / yours notebook?
9 The pencils are her / hers, but not the pens.
19
 9
9A
TFDPOE
DPOEJUJPOBM
if

QBTU
would / wouldn’t be in second conditionals
8JUI
UIF
WFSC
be
ZPV
DBO
VTF
were
JOTUFBE
PG

1 If a bull attacked me, I’d run away. was

BGUFS
I / he / she / it
FH
If you didn’t go to bed so late, you wouldn’t be so tired in the morning. If Jack was / were here he’d know what to do.
Would you take the manager’s job if they offered it to you? Use were
OPU
was

JO
UIF
FYQSFTTJPO
If I were
2 If I had more time I’d do more exercise. you,...
I’d do more exercise if I had more time. 8F
PGUFO
VTF
UIJT
FYQSFTTJPO
GPS
BEWJDF

3 If we went by car, we could stop at places on the way. e.g. If I were you, I wouldn’t take that job.


6TF
if + past to talk about an imaginary or hypothetical future situation

and would / wouldn’t + verb to talk about the consequence. first or second conditional?
r
would / wouldn’t is the same for all persons. Compare the first and second conditionals.
r
$POUSBDUJPOT
’d = would (I’d, you’d, he’d
FUD

wouldn’t = would not. r
6TF
UIF
first conditional for possible future
2 The if-clause can come first or second. If the if-clause comes first, we situations.
usually put a comma before the next clause. If I don’t have to work tomorrow, I’ll help you.
3 You can also use could + infinitive instead of would + infinitive in the 
*UT
B
QPTTJCJMJUZ
.BZCF
*
XJMM
IFMQ
ZPV

other clause. r
6TF
UIF
second conditional for imaginary or

hypothetical situations.
If I didn’t have to work tomorrow, I’d help you.
(= It’s a hypothetical situation. I have to work, so I
can’t help you.)

9B QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU

for or since
A Where do you live now?
B *O
.BODIFTUFS

FH

NOT I live in
A How long have you lived there?
B I’ve lived there for twenty years.
A Where do you work?
B In a primary school.
A How long have you worked there?
B I’ve worked there since 2005.
r
6TF
UIF
QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU

for or since to talk about actions and states which
started in the past and are still true now.
I’ve lived in Manchester for twenty years.

*
DBNF
UP
MJWF
JO
.BODIFTUFS
UXFOUZ

ZFBST
BHP
BOE
*
MJWF
JO
.BODIFTUFS
OPX
r
%POU
VTF
UIF
QSFTFOU
TJNQMF
JO
UIJT
UZQF
PG
TFOUFODF
Manchester for twenty years.
r
6TF
How long...? to ask questions about the duration of an action or a state.
for or since?
r
6TF
for + a period of time, e.g. for two weeks, for ten years, for a long time, etc.
I’ve had this car for three months.
r
6TF
since with the beginning of a period of time, e.g. since 1980, since last June, etc.
I’ve been afraid of spiders since I was a child.

9C QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU
PS
QBTU
TJNQMF


6TF
UIF
past simple to talk about a finished period of time in
the past.

6TF
UIF
present perfect to talk about a period of time from
1 A How long was
#PC
.BSMFZ
B
NVTJDJBO the past until now.
B He was a musician for twenty years.
r
$PNQBSF
UIF
QBTU
TJNQMF
BOE
QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU
A How many Grammys did he win?
B He didn’t win any. Jack was married for ten years. = Jack is not married now. He’s
2 A How long has
;JHHZ
.BSMFZ
been a musician? divorced or dead.
B He’s been a musician since he was ten. Jack has been married for ten years. = Jack is married now.
A How many Grammys has he won?
B He’s won four.

20
 ENTRY CHECKER

9A b Complete with the correct form of the verbs.

*G
;BSB
DBNF
UP
UIF
6,
*
XPVME
try to meet her. (try, meet)
a .BUDI
UIF
TFOUFODF
IBMWFT
1 If you home today, you in time for
If you could choose anywhere in the world, D Christmas. (drive, arrive)
1 I’d feel more confident 2 Even if I the card today, she it on her
2 If your boyfriend went back to Australia birthday. (post, not receive)
3 You wouldn’t feel lonely 3 If you to drive, you to use the bus. (learn, not need)
4 If you practised more, 4 I’m sure she us if there anything wrong. (tell, be)
5 His car would have lasted longer 5 If I a good camera I better pictures. (have, take)
6 If you asked for a day off, 6 they to live in Sicily if they do it?
(prefer, can)
A if he had looked after it better. 
.Z
QBSFOUT
plenty to do if they to retire.
B we could go fishing. (have, decide)
C you would be a really good musician. 8 I to go on a diving holiday, even if someone me to
D where would you like to live? join them. (not want, invite)
E would you go with him? 9 you your country if you a well-paid job
F if you had a pet. abroad? (leave, get)
G if I’d done more revision. 10 we the Northern Lights if we to
Norway? (see, travel)

9B b Answer the questions in a
6TF
UIF
QSFTFOU
QFSGFDU

+ for or since.
a Write questions with How long and the present perfect.
He’s studied computing for three years.
he / study computing How long has he studied computing? 1 She 2001.
1 she / be a doctor ? 2 She five years.
2 your friend / live in Argentina ? 3 Our house last October.
3 your house / have air conditioning ? 4 I one term.
4 you / be on this course ? 5 They ten years.
5 they / own their house ? 6 He he left school.
6 Simon / be a flight attendant ? 7 It 1949.
7 Ireland / be a republic ? 8 She some time.
8 she / know about her illness ?

9C b Complete with the present perfect or past simple.

1 A Why isn’t Sally here today?
a Circle the correct form.
B She’s on holiday.
He is / He’s been married since last autumn. A Where ? (she / go)
1 He got / He has got out of the car as quickly as possible. B To Portugal. last weekend. (She / leave)
2 We lived / We’ve lived here in Australia since 2005. 2 A the books today? (you / bring)
3 I sold / I’ve sold my car last year. B I’m sorry, to bring them. (I / forget)
4 My brother came / My brother has come with me when I A some notes with you? (you / get)
went to visit my mother. B Yes, fortunately to bring those.
5 I‘m glad our cat came / has come home now, he’s been ( I / remember)
out all night. 3 A We love living near the sea.
6 Last Tuesday a celebrity opened / has opened the new B How long in Torquay? (you / live)
store in our town.
A there five years ago. (We / move )
7 When the police received a call, they sent / they’ve sent
B very lucky to find such a lovely
an officer to check on the house.
place. (you / be)
8 Tim and Sarah were / have been together for two
months already.
21
 10
10A QBTTJWF
be

QBTU
QBSUJDJQMF

JO
UIF
BDUJWF
PS
JO
UIF
QBTTJWF
Present: am / is / are + past participle
+ ,FWMBS
is used to make bullet-proof vests.
– Tippex isn’t used very much today.
? Are disposable nappies used all over the world?
Past: was / were + past participle
+ The dishwasher was invented by Josephine Cochrane.
– Windscreen wipers weren’t invented until 1903.
? When was the washing machine invented?
10B used to / didn’t use to
+ When I was a child, I used to play in the street.
r
:PV
DBO
PGUFO
TBZ
UIJOHT
JO
UXP
XBZT
Josephine Cochrane invented the dishwasher. (active)
The dishwasher was invented by Josephine Cochrane. (passive)
r
*O
UIF
active sentence, the focus is more on Josephine
Cochrane.
r
*O
UIF
passive sentence the focus is more on the dishwasher.
r
:PV
DBO
BMTP
VTF
UIF
QBTTJWF
XIFO
JU
JTOU
LOPXO
PS
JTOU

important who does or did the action.
My car was stolen last week.
Volvo cars are made in Sweden.
r
6TF
by to say who did the action.
The -PSE
PG
UIF
3JOHT was written by Tolkien.
used to or usually?
used to
POMZ
FYJTUT
JO
UIF
QBTU
'PS
IBCJUT
JO
UIF
QSFTFOU

VTF
usually 

.Z
CSPUIFS used to have very long hair. QSFTFOU
TJNQMF


NOT use to
– Children didn’t use to watch much TV when my father was young. I usually cook in the evenings.
NOT I use to cook in the evenings.
.Z
EBVHIUFS
didn’t use to like vegetables, but now she loves them.
? Did you use to wear a uniform at school? Yes, I did.
Did you use to like your teachers? No, I didn’t.

r
6TF
used to / didn’t use to + verb to talk about things that happened

repeatedly or were true for a long period of time in the past, but are
usually not true now, e.g. things that happened when you were a child.
r
used to / didn’t use to is the same for all persons.
r
*OTUFBE
PG
used to you can use the past simple with an adverb of frequency.
When I was a child, I often played in the street.

10C might / might not
QPTTJCJMJUZ

may / may not
:PV
DBO
BMTP
VTF
may JOTUFBE
PG might GPS

We might have a picnic tomorrow, but it depends on the weather. QPTTJCJMJUZ, e.g.
She might come with us, but she’s not sure yet. We may have a picnic tomorrow.
I might not go to the party. I haven’t decided yet. I may not go to the party.
You might not see him today. He’s coming home late.
r
6TF
might / might not + verb (infinitive without to) to say that perhaps
you will or won’t do something.
We might have a picnic tomorrow. = Perhaps we will have a picnic tomorrow.
r
might / might not is the same for all persons.
r
might not is not usually contracted.

22
 ENTRY CHECKER

10A b 3FXSJUF
UIF
TFOUFODFT
JO
UIF
QBTTJWF
CFHJOOJOH

with the highlighted words.
a Complete with present or past passive. Shakespeare wrote Othello around 1603.
The house was sold last year. (sell) Othello was written by Shakespeare around 1603.
1 He an expert on the latest technology. (consider) 
.JDIFMBOHFMP
NBEF
the beautiful Pietá in

.BOZ
VSHFOU
NFTTBHFT
UPEBZ
by email. (send) St Peter’s Basilica.
3 The children to go out today without an adult. 
"U
.VOJDI
BJSQPSU
OPOTUPQ
GJMNT
FOUFSUBJO
passengers
(not allow) waiting for flights.
4 Yesterday I because my car wouldn’t start. (delay) 3 Ossie Clarke designed the clothes of many
5 Edward at college at all this week. (not see) famous people.
6 This necklace to me by my mother. (give) 4 A mystery thief stole designer shoes from Swedish shops.
7 Lucy just she the job. 5 #PC
.BSMFZT father bought him his first guitar.
(tell, give) 6 Helen Fielding wrote Bridget Jones’s Diary in 1996.
8 When the others went shopping, I behind. (leave) 7 A huge wave struck the Grainger family’s boat.
9 You to make a decision today. (not expect) 8 The most unexpected people produce
10 When I got there, I found that the door . (lock) brilliant inventions.

10B b .BLF
TFOUFODFT
XJUI
used to, didn’t use to,

or did … use to?
a Look at how much Dan has changed. where / you / live
Where did you use to live? ?
*/
5)&
1"45 /08

XF

HP
UP
UIF
TFBTJEF
PO
&BTUFS
.POEBZ
+
2 your parents / have a house in Spain ?
3 we / like lobster, but we do now –
4 I / think Abba were the greatest band +
5 she / drive a smaller car +
6 she / to have such good neighbours as she does
He didn’t use to have a moustache, now –
1 smart clothes. 7 if you / to think that, why have you changed your
2 sports. mind? –
3 glasses. 8 you / to go to college ?
4 more hair. 9 I / to worry a lot about work +
5 a jacket. 10 people / look up phone numbers in a book, but
now they often use the Internet. +

10C b Complete the sentences with might

a .BUDI
UIF
TFOUFODFT
Don’t forget your umbrella. F
1 We should book some tickets.
2 Don’t take my advice.
3 She had a cold yesterday.
4 We’ve left rather late.
5 Send me a reminder.
6 Take out your passport.
7 Don’t go in there.
8 Check your mobile phone.
+ a verb phrase.
A You might need it at the gate.
B There might be a text message
from Pam.
C We may not get there in time.
D I might forget.
E She might be away today.
F You might need it if it rains.
G The show might sell out.
H I may be wrong.
I It might be dangerous.
PSEFS
TPNF
XJOF

IBWF
UP
SFQMBDF
JU
OPU
FOKPZ
JU
CF
MBUF
XFBS
NZ
KFBOT
OPU
TFF
UIF
TVO
BMM
EBZ
TOPX
It’s very cold today. It might snow.

.Z
QIPOFT
OPU
XPSLJOH
*
.
2 I’m not sure what to wear. I .
3 She’s not here yet. Her train .
4 That film’s quite frightening. You .
5 We’re celebrating. I .
6 It’s cloudy today. We .

23
 11
11A FYQSFTTJOH
NPWFNFOU r
5P
FYQSFTT
NPWFNFOU
VTF
B
WFSC
PG
NPWFNFOU
FH
go, come,
run, walk, etc. and a preposition (or adverb) of movement
e.g. up, down, away, etc.
The man went up the steps and into the church.
He drove out of the garage and along the street. in or into? out or out of?
I ran over the bridge and across the park. 3FNFNCFS
VTF
into / out of 
OPVO
BOE
in / out
JG
UIFSF

JTOU
B
OPVO
Come into the living room. Come in.
He went out of the house. He went out.

11B XPSE
PSEFS
PG
QISBTBM
WFSCT r
"
QISBTBM
WFSC

WFSC

QBSUJDMF
QSFQPTJUJPO
PS
BEWFSC

e.g. get up, turn on, look for.
1 Some phrasal verbs don’t have an object, e.g. get up, go out.
1 What time do you get up?
2 Some phrasal verbs have an object and are separable. With
I don’t usually go out during the week.
these phrasal verbs you can put the particle (on, off, etc.)
2 Put on your coat. Put your coat on. Put it on.
before or after the object.
Turn off the TV. Turn the TV off. Turn it off.
r
8IFO
UIF
PCKFDU
JT
B
QSPOPVO
me, it, him, etc.) it always goes
3 I’m looking for my glasses.
between the verb and particle.
Have you found your glasses? No, I’m still looking for them.
Here’s your coat. Put it on. NOT Put on it.
3 Some phrasal verbs have an object and are inseparable,
e.g. look for. With these phrasal verbs the verb (e.g. look)
and the particle (e.g. for) are never separated.
I’m looking for my glasses. NOT I’m looking my glasses for.

11C so
neither

BVYJMJBSJFT present simple *
EPOU
MJLF
DMBTTJDBM
NVTJD /FJUIFS
do I.

present continuous *N
IBWJOH
B
HSFBU
UJNF So am I.
1 A I love classical music. can / can’t *
DBO
TXJN So can I.
B So do I.
past simple *
EJEOU
MJLF
UIF
mMN /FJUIFS
did I.
A I went to a classical concert last night. *
XBT
WFSZ
UJSFE So was I.
B So did I.
2 A I’m not married. would / wouldn’t *
XPVMEOU
MJLF
UP
HP
UIFSF /FJUIFS
would I.
B Neither am I. present perfect *WF
CFFO
UP
#SB[JM So have I.
A I don’t want to get married.
B Neither do I. r
#F
DBSFGVM
XJUI
UIF
XPSE
PSEFS
So do I. / Neither do I. NOT So I do. / Neither I do.
r
6TF
So do I, Neither do I, etc. to say that you have
something in common with somebody. neither and nor
:PV
DBO
BMTP
VTF
nor
JOTUFBE
PG
neither
FH

6TF
So + auxiliary + I to respond to positive
A I didn’t like the film.
sentences.
B Nor / Neither did I.

6TF
Neither + auxiliary + I to respond to negative Neither
JT
VTVBMMZ
QSPOPVODFE
/ˈnaɪðə/
CVU
DBO
BMTP
CF
QSPOPVODFE

sentences. /ˈniːðə/.
r
5IF
BVYJMJBSZ
ZPV
VTF
EFQFOET
PO
UIF
UFOTF

24
 ENTRY CHECKER

11A b Complete the sentences with the

correct preposition.
a Circle the correct preposition. We went for a walk along the seashore.
We knew we were near the town when we drove 1 The boys tried to swim the river, but
through / over the railway bridge. it was too far.
1 I went in / into town on Saturday morning. 2 Our cat climbed straight a tree.
2 The box was in a cupboard in / under the stairs. 3 I lost my mobile phone signal when the train
3 The boys rode their bicycles past / along the track. went a tunnel.
4 The book was over / under a pile of papers. 4 There’s a hotel the end of the road.
5 The bus comes across / from the city and continues 5 I have 100 names my phone book.
towards / into the sea. 6 The white flowers were growing
6 He went in / through the door from / in the kitchen into the the trees.
front room. 7 I think I might have left my bag the bus.
7 The horse ran over / up the hill to the top.
8 The supermarket is just across / round the corner.

11B b Complete the sentences with it or them and a

word from the list.
a Circle the correct form. If both are correct, tick ✓ the box.
PVU
PWFS
JO
VQ
Y

PO
Y

EPXO
Pick up your shoes / Pick your shoes up immediately. ✓
1 Please can you put the rubbish out / put out the rubbish? That vase might break. Please put it down.
2 She wants to send money to her parents / send to her 1 Are your children with you? Bring .
parents money. 2 Your computer’s turned off. Switch .
3 The vase fell off the table / off the table fell. 3 That dog’s very noisy – can you take ?
4 I need to go the bank into / into the bank. 4 I’d love to meet your friends – please bring
5 Put your book down / put down your book. soon.
6 He works from home away / away from home. 5 What a lovely photo. Let’s hang .
7 Can you text the number to me / to me text the number. 6 You’ll need your gloves. Put .
8 The cat every morning goes out / goes out every morning. 7 The milk jug is empty. I’ll fill .
9 Don’t forget to send off that parcel / that parcel off to send.
10 A birthday present has come from my aunt / From my aunt a
birthday present has come.

11C b 3FTQPOE
UP
"
4BZ
ZPV
BSF
UIF
TBNF
6TF
So… I or
Neither… I.
a Complete B’s answers with an auxiliary verb. A I haven’t been to Australia. Neither have I.
A I’d like to live abroad. B So would I. 1 A I like Indian food.
1 A I went to university in London. B So I. 2 A I’m learning French this year.
2 A I don’t take milk in my coffee. B Neither I. 3 A I don’t want to see that film.
3 A I’ve never been to Scotland. B Neither I. 4 A I can play the piano.
4 A I hope it will be sunny tomorrow. B So I. 5 A I don’t like spiders.
5 A
*
DPVME
OFWFS
EP
.BUIT
BU
TDIPPM
B Neither I. 6 A I’m getting the early train tomorrow.
6 A I was born in 1990. B So I. 7 A I didn’t expect to pass the exam.
7 A I’ll try to finish the essay tomorrow. B So I. 8 A I always look forward to Christmas.
8 A I didn’t know anyone before I came here.
B Neither I.
9 A I’m looking forward to our holiday. B So I.
10 A I can go to the cinema tonight. B So I.

25
 12
12A past perfect r
6TF
UIF
QBTU
QFSGFDU
XIFO
ZPV
BSF
BMSFBEZ
UBMLJOH
BCPVU
UIF

QBTU
BOE
XBOU
UP
UBML
BCPVU
BO
FBSMJFS
QBTU
BDUJPO

When I woke up the garden was all white. It had snowed during
+ 8IFO
*
XPLF
VQ
UIF
HBSEFO
XBT
BMM
XIJUF
the night

*U
TOPXFE
CFGPSF
*
XPLF
VQ
*U
had snowed
EVSJOH
UIF
OJHIU
r
.BLF
UIF
QBTU
QFSGFDU
XJUI
had

hadn’t 
QBTU
QBSUJDJQMF
*
TVEEFOMZ
SFBMJ[FE
UIBU
*’d left
NZ
NPCJMF
JO
UIF
UBYJ
– 8F
HPU
IPNF
KVTU
JO
UJNF
m
UIF
NBUDI
hadn’t started r
5IF
GPSN
PG
UIF
QBTU
QFSGFDU
JT
UIF
TBNF
GPS
BMM
QFSTPOT
8IFO
TIF
HPU
UP
DMBTT
TIF
SFBMJ[FE
UIBU
TIF hadn’t r
had
JT
TPNFUJNFT
DPOUSBDUFE
UP
’d
brought IFS
CPPL
? A
*
XFOU
UP
1BSJT
MBTU
XFFLFOE
*
SFBMMZ
MPWFE
JU had or would?
B
Had
ZPV
been
UIFSF
CFGPSF Be careful: ’d can be had or would.
A
/P
*
hadn’t I didn’t know that you’d found a new job. (’d = had)
If you went by taxi, you’d get there more quickly.
(’d = would)

12B reported (or indirect) speech r
7FSC
UFOTFT
DIBOHF
MJLF
UIJT

direct speech reported speech
direct speech reported speech ‘I can help you.’ He said (that) he could help me.
‘I love you )F
TBJE
UIBU

he loved me (present simple) (past simple)
‘I’ve just arrived 4IF
TBJE
UIBU

she had just arrived ‘I’m watching TV.’ She said (that) she was watching TV.
‘We’ll come BU
FJHIU
)F
UPME
NF
UIBU

they would (present continuous) (past continuous)
come
BU
FJHIU ‘I’ll phone you.’ He told me (that) he would phone me.
‘I don’t want UP
HP
UP

+BDL
UPME
"OOB
UIBU

he didn’t (will) (would)
UIF
QBSUZ want UP
HP
UP
UIF
QBSUZ ‘I met a girl.’ John told me (that) he had met a girl.
(past simple) (past perfect)
r
6TF
SFQPSUFE
TQFFDI
UP
SFQPSU
UP
UFMM
TPNFCPEZ

XIBU
BOPUIFS


‘I’ve broken my leg.’ Sara said (that) she had broken her leg.
QFSTPO
TBJE (present perfect) (past perfect)
r
8F
PGUFO
JOUSPEVDF
SFQPSUFE
TQFFDI
XJUI
said
PS
told

QFSTPO

r
"GUFS
said PS told that
JT
PQUJPOBM
FH
He said that

he loved me
r
1SPOPVOT
PGUFO
DIBOHF
JO
SFQPSUFE
TQFFDI
FH I DIBOHFT
UP
he say or tell?
PS
she You can use said or told in reported speech but they are
used differently.

‘I’m tired.’ She told me (that) she was tired. You can’t use said with an object or pronoun.
He said (that) he loved me. NOT He said me (that) he
loved me.
You must use told with an object.
He told me (that) he loved me. NOT He told (that) he
loved me.

12C questions without auxiliaries r
8IFO
UIF
RVFTUJPO
XPSE
Who?
What?
Which?
How

many?
FUD

JT
UIF
TVCKFDU
PG
UIF
WFSC
JO
UIF
RVFTUJPO
XF

EPOU
VTF
BO
BVYJMJBSZ
WFSC
do

does 
did

subject verb
Who painted .S
BOE
.ST
$MBSL
BOE
1FSDZ?
8IP QBJOUFE Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy NOT

Who did paint…?
8IJDI
TJOHFS NBEF SFHHBF
QPQVMBS
BMM
PWFS
UIF
XPSME r
*O
NPTU
PUIFS
RVFTUJPOT
JO
UIF
QSFTFOU
BOE
QBTU
TJNQMF
XF

)PX
NBOZ
QFPQMF MJWF OFBS
UIF
TDIPPM VTF
UIF
BVYJMJBSZ
WFSC
do / does / did

UIF
JOGJOJUJWF
8IP XBOUT B
DVQ
PG
DPìFF

What music do you like?

NOT

What music you like?

26
 ENTRY CHECKER

12A b Complete the sentences. Put the verbs in the past

simple and past perfect.
a .BUDI
UIF
TFOUFODF
IBMWFT We left so late that we missed the start of the film.
Pavel was confused because D (leave, miss)
1 I didn’t go any further because 1 I home to find my sister the
2 Sheryl decided to go to the doctor because newspaper away. (get, throw)
3 We travelled to Scotland this summer 2 One day when we out walking, we
4 The lights were on in the house, to take a map. (go, forget)
5 The children were sent home early from school because 3 They told us that the shop since the robbery
6 We couldn’t get out of the car in the safari park because last week. (close)
4 We get into the garden because the
A it had started to snow. gate . (cannot, lock)
B to go to the Edinburgh Festival. 5 When I at my friend’s house I
C there were wild animals walking around. I my diary. (arrive, realize, lose)
D he had never driven that route before. 6 Laura to the party because she her
E I couldn’t see what was ahead. homework. (not come, finish)
F she’d had a cough for three weeks. 7 We were glad that the rain before we
G but there was no one at home. our journey. (stop, start)

12B b Write the sentences in direct speech.

She told me she was coming home. She said: ‘I’m coming home.’
a Write the sentences in reported speech.
1 Sadie said she hadn’t looked it up on the Internet yet.
‘I need to go to the bank.’ He told me he needed Sadie said: ‘ .’
to go to the bank. 
.Z
QBSFOUT
TBJE
UIFZ
XPVME
TFF
NF
PO
5VFTEBZ
1 ‘They’re the best band I’ve ever seen.’
.Z
QBSFOUT
TBJE
A .’
She said they .
3 They said they were going to watch TV all evening.
2 ‘I’m going to polish the furniture today.’
They said: ‘ .’

.Z
NPUIFS
TBJE
UIBU
TIF
.
4 Evelyn told me she would like to visit Greece.
3 ‘We’re sorry, but we can’t come with you.’
Evelyn told me: ‘ .’
They said they .

.Z
BVOU
TBJE
TIF
EJEOU
MJLF
TQJDZ
GPPE
4 ‘I’ve moved to a new house.’
She said: ‘ .’
Imran told us that he .

.Z
GSJFOET
QIPOFE
BOE
TBJE
UIFZ
IBE
NJTTFE
UIF
USBJO
5 ‘What would you like for your birthday?’

.Z
GSJFOET
QIPOFE
BOE
TBJE
A .’
Susan asked me .
7 David said that he wanted to apologize.
6 ‘I know a lot of French students.’
David said: ‘ .’

.BSDVT
TBJE
IF
.

12C b Write the questions. Do you know

the answers?
a Circle the correct question form. Which Formula 1 driver won the
Where went you/ did you go? +VOJPS
8PSME
,BSUJOH
$IBNQJPOTIJQ

1 Who gave / did give you that book? in 1996? (Formula 1 driver / win)
2 What intends she / does she intend to do next? 1 When
UIF
&6
#FMHJVN

KPJO

3 You do think / Do you think they were telling the 2 Who Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy? (paint)
truth? 3 Which a rooftop swimming pool? (airport / have)
4 What said you / did you say to your boyfriend? 4 Who the main character in the
5 Which train goes / does go to London? TV series, House M.D.? (play)
6 Who did bring / brought these chocolates? 5 Which designer the Nike logo? (create)
7 Why he brought / did he buy so much milk? 6 When
"VTUSBMJB
JO
UIF
3VHCZ

World Cup? (England / beat)
27
 Irregular verbs
Present Past simple Past participle
CF /bi/ was /wɒz/ CFFO /biːn/
were /wɜː/
CFDPNF /bɪˈkʌm/ CFDBNF /bɪˈkeɪm/ CFDPNF
CFHJO /bɪˈɡɪn/ CFHBO /bɪˈɡæn/ CFHVO /bɪˈɡʌn/
CSFBL /breɪk/ CSPLF /brəʊk/ CSPLFO /ˈbrəʊkən/
CSJOH /brɪŋ/ CSPVHIU /brɔːt/ CSPVHIU
CVJME /bɪld/ CVJMU /bɪlt/ CVJMU
CVZ /baɪ/ CPVHIU /bɔːt/ CPVHIU

DBO /kæn/ DPVME /kʊd/ o

DBUDI /kætʃ/ DBVHIU /kɔːt/ DBVHIU
DIPPTF /tʃuːz/ DIPTF /tʃəʊz/ DIPTFO /ˈtʃəʊzn/
DPNF /kʌm/ DBNF /keɪm/ DPNF
DPTU /kɒst/ DPTU DPTU
DVU /kʌt/ DVU DVU

EP /duː/ EJE /dɪd/ EPOF /dʌn/

ESJOL /drɪŋk/ ESBOL /dræŋk/ ESVOL /drʌŋk/
ESJWF /draɪv/ ESPWF /drəʊv/ ESJWFO /ˈdrɪvn/

eat /iːt/ ate /eɪt/ FBUFO /ˈiːtn/

GBMM /fɔːl/ GFMM /fel/ GBMMFO /ˈfɔːlən/

GFFM /fiːl/ GFMU /felt/ GFMU
mOE /faɪnd/ GPVOE /faʊnd/ GPVOE
fly /flaɪ/ flew /fluː/ nPXO /fləʊn/
GPSHFU /fəˈɡet/ GPSHPU /fəˈɡɒt/ GPSHPUUFO /fəˈɡɒtn/

get /ɡet/ got /ɡɒt/ got

give /ɡɪv/ gave /ɡeɪv/ HJWFO /ˈɡɪvn/
go /ɡəʊ/ XFOU /went/ HPOF /ɡɒn/
grow /ɡrəʊ/ grew /ɡruː/ HSPXO /ɡrəʊn/

have /hæv/ IBE /hæd/ IBE

hear /hɪə/ IFBSE /hɜːd/ IFBSE
hit /hɪt/ hit hit

LFFQ /kiːp/ LFQU /kept/ LFQU

LOPX /nəʊ/ LOFX /njuː/ LOPXO /nəʊn/

28
 ENTRY CHECKER

Present Past simple Past participle

MFBSO /lɜːn/ MFBSOU /lɜːnt/ MFBSOU
MFBWF /liːv/ MFGU /left/ MFGU
MFOE /lend/ MFOU /lent/ MFOU
MFU /let/ MFU MFU
MPTF /luːz/ MPTU /lɒst/ MPTU

NBLF /meɪk/ NBEF /meɪd/ NBEF

NFFU /miːt/ NFU /met/ NFU

QBZ /peɪ/ QBJE /peɪd/ QBJE

QVU /pʊt/ QVU QVU

SFBE /riːd/ SFBE /red/ SFBE /red/

SJOH /rɪŋ/ SBOH /ræŋ/ SVOH /rʌŋ/
SVO /rʌn/ SBO /ræn/ SVO

say /seɪ/ TBJE /sed/ TBJE

see /siː/ saw /sɔː/ TFFO /siːn/
TFMM /sel/ TPME /səʊld/ TPME
TFOE /send/ TFOU /sent/ TFOU
shut /ʃʌt/ shut shut
TJOH /sɪŋ/ TBOH /sæŋ/ TVOH /sʌŋ/
sit /sɪt/ sat /sæt/ sat
TMFFQ /sliːp/ TMFQU /slept/ TMFQU
TQFBL /spiːk/ TQPLF /spəʊk/ TQPLFO /ˈspəʊkən/
TQFOE /spend/ TQFOU /spent/ TQFOU
TUBOE /stænd/ TUPPE /stʊd/ TUPPE
TUFBM /stiːl/ TUPMF /stəʊl/ TUPMFO /ˈstəʊlən/
TXJN /swɪm/ TXBN /swæm/ TXVN /swʌm/

take /teɪk/ took /tʊk/ UBLFO /ˈteɪkən/

UFBDI /tiːtʃ/ taught /tɔːt/ taught
UFMM /tel/ UPME /təʊld/ UPME
UIJOL /θɪŋk/ thought /θɔːt/ thought
throw /θrəʊ/ threw /θruː/ UISPXO /θrəʊn/

VOEFSTUBOE /ʌndəˈstænd/ VOEFSTUPPE /ʌndəˈstʊd/ VOEFSTUPPE

wake /weɪk/ woke /wəʊk/ XPLFO /ˈwəʊkən/

wear /weə/ wore /wɔː/ XPSO /wɔːn/
XJO /wɪn/ XPO /wʌn/ XPO
write /raɪt/ wrote /rəʊt/ XSJUUFO /ˈrɪtn/

29
 SOUND BANK
Vowel sounds
examples your examples examples your examples
i thin slim u sunny mustn’t
history kiss funny run
if since lucky cut
fish up
ee feel sheep a* change wake
ea teach mean ai trainers fail
e she we ay away pay
tree train
a cap hat o* open hope
back catch won’t so
carry match oa coat goal
cat phone
ar far large i* quiet item
scarf y shy why
a fast pass igh might sights
car after bike
o top lost ou trousers round
socks wrong account blouse
hot box ow crowded down
clock owl
or boring north oi coin noisy
al walk ball point
aw awful saw oy toy enjoy
horse boy
u pull push eer beer engineer
oo football book ere here we’re
look good ear beard earrings
bull ear
oo school choose air airport stairs
u* use polluted pair hair
ew few knew are square careful
boot chair
.BOZ
EJGGFSFOU
TQFMMJOHT A very unusual sound.
/ə/ is always unstressed. Europe furious sure plural
clever nervous arrive police
computer inventor agree tourist

er person verb A sound between /ɪ/ and /iː/.

dirty shirt Consonant + y at the end of words is
ir /i/ pronounced /i/.
ur curly turn
bird happy angry thirsty

e spell lend An unusual sound.

west send education usually situation
/u/
very red
egg

short vowels long vowels diphthongs

* especially before consonant + e

30
 SOUND BANK
Consonant Sounds
examples your examples examples your examples
p promise possible th thing throw
copy flip-flops healthy south
pp opposite appearance maths both
parrot thumb
b belt body th neither the
probably job cab clothes sunbathe
bb rabbit rubbish that with
bag mother
c camping across ch chicken child
k skirt kind beach
ck checkout pick tch catch match
key chess t (+ure) picture future
g grow goat j jacket just
forget begin journey enjoy
gg foggy leggings dge bridge judge
girl jazz
f find afraid safe l little less
ph elephant nephew plan incredible
ff off different ll will trolley
flower leg
v video visit r really rest
lovely invent practice try
over river rr borrow married
vase right
t try tell w website twins
start late worried win
tt better sitting wh why which whale
tie witch
d did dead y yet year
hard told young yoga
dd address middle before u useful uniform
dog yacht
s stops faster m mountain modern
ss miss message remember email
ci/ce place circle mm summer swimming
snake monkey
z zoo lazy freezing n need necklace
s reason lose none any
has toes nn funny dinner
zebra nose
sh shut shoes ng angry ring
washing finish along thing
ti (+ vowel) bring going
patient information
shower ci+a special musician singer
An unusual sound. h hat hate
revision decision confusion usually garage ahead perhaps
hire helpful
television house

voiced unvoiced
31