Engineering Utilities

Chapter 5
Light and Architectural Lighting Systems
Part 1 – Illumination and Efficacy

Electrical Engineering Department

A.Y. 2021-2022

Prepared by: Ronan Jerome S. Rojas, REE, RME

 ILLUMINATION

• Illumination or Illuminance (E) – it is the intensity of light

per unit area. It is measured by the normal luminous flux
per unit area received by it.

Where:
E = illumination
Φ = luminous flux
A = area of the surface being illuminated
 UNITS OF ILLUMINATION
System of Luminous Area
Illumination (E)
Units Flux (Φ) (A)
lumen/m2 = lux (lx) or
MKS lumen m2
meter-candle
CGS lumen cm2 lumen/cm2 = Phot (ph)
lumen/ft2
English lumen ft2
= Foot-candle (fc)

1 footcandle = 10.76 lux

1 phot = 10,000 lux
 THEELECTROMAGNETICSPECRUM
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Radio Microwave lnfrared Visible X-R@ Gamma Qay

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Fequency
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 TERMS, QUANTITIES AND
CONVERSION FACTORS
1. Light – it is the energy radiated in the form of waves which
produces the sensation of vision to the eyes. It may be natural
light from sun or the artificial light from the means created by
human beings.
2. Visible light – is that part of electromagnetic radiation spectrum
capable of exciting the retina and ultimately producing a visual
sensation..
3. Brightness – it is the intensity of sensation resulting from
viewing light sources and backgrounds.
4. Color – it is defined as the quality of visual sensation which is
associated with the spectral distribution of light. Visible light can
have length between 4000 Å to 7500 Å.
5. Glare – it is a strong steady dazzling light.
 TERMS, QUANTITIES AND
CONVERSION FACTORS
5. Reflection Factor or Coefficient of Reflection or Reflectance
(p) – it is given by the ratio of luminous flux reflected from a
small area of a surface to the total flux incident upon it. It
depends upon the characteristics and the color of the
surroundings, i.e. walls and ceilings, etc.

Where: α = absorptance of the surface

 Note:
It is always less than 1. Its value is zero for ideal “black body”
and unity for perfect reflector.
 TERMS, QUANTITIES AND
CONVERSION FACTORS
6. Transmittance (T) of an Illuminated Diffuse Reflecting
Surface – it is defined as the ratio of the total luminous flux
transmitted to it to the total flux incident on it.
7. Absorptance (α) – it is the ratio of the light absorbed versus the
light striking the surface.
8. Coefficient of utilization or utilization factor (η) – it is the
ratio of the lumens actually received by a particular surface to
the total lumens emitted by the luminous source.
𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅

𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅

Where:
Φreceived = total lumens received by the working plane
Φemitted = total lumens emitted by the light source
 TERMS, QUANTITIES AND
CONVERSION FACTORS
• Factors affecting utilization factor:
 Kind of lighting system
 Type and mounting height of the fittings
 Color of surface and surrounding
 Shape and size of the room

• The utilization factor varies from:

 0.10 to 0.40 for indirect lighting system
 0.40 to 0.60 for direct lighting system
 TERMS, QUANTITIES AND
CONVERSION FACTORS
9. Maintenance Factor (MF) – it is the factor related to the
cleanliness of the lamp including the room, replacement of lamp
after recommended life, etc.

• Factors affecting maintenance factor:

 Dust, dirt, etc.
 Blacking of filament (light emitted decreases)

• The maintenance factor varies from:

 0.60 to 0.80
 TERMS, QUANTITIES AND
CONVERSION FACTORS
10. Depreciation Factor (DF) – it is the reciprocal of
maintenance factor. Its value is more than unity.

Where: LLD = lamp lumen depreciation factor

LDD = luminaire dirt depreciation factor
RSDD = room surface dirt depreciation factor
LBO = lamp burnout (only for 2 or more luminaires)
TERMS, QUANTITIES AND
CONVERSION FACTORS
The expression for gross lumens required taking into
consideration the utilization and maintenance factors

Where:
E = illumination
A = area of the working plane to be illuminated
MF= maintenance factor
η = utilization factor
 TERMS, QUANTITIES AND
CONVERSION FACTORS
11. Specific Output or Light Efficiency or Efficacy – it is the ratio
of the luminous flux to the power intake. Its unit is lumens/watt
(lm/W).

Average efficacy of various types of lamps:

Type of Lamp Lumens per watt
Fluorescent lamp 50 – 80
Incandescent lamp 14 – 20
Mercury lamp 40 – 70
Metal halide lamp 60 – 80
Sodium lamp 90 – 100
Tungsten halogen lamp 16 – 20
 Sample Problems
1. A room 8 m × 12 m is lighted by 15 lamps to a fairly uniform
illumination of 100 lux. Calculate the utilization coefficient of the
room given that the output of each lamp is 1600 lumens.

Solution:

𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑

𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑

𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑
 Sample Problems
2. The illumination in a drawing office 30 m × 10 m is to have a
value of 250 lux and is to be provided by a number of 300-W
filament lamps. If the coefficient of utilization = 0.4 and the
maintenance factor = 0.9, determine the number of lamps
required. The luminous efficiency of each lamp is 14 lm/W.

Solution:

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝
 Sample Problems
3. A football pitch 120 m × 60 m is to be illuminated for night play by similar
banks of equal 1000 W lamps supported on twelve towers which are
distributed around the ground to provide approximately uniform
illumination of the pitch. Assuming that 40% of the total light emitted
reaches the playing pitch and that an illumination of 1000 lux is
necessary for television purposes, calculate the number of lamps on
each tower. The overall efficiency of the lamp is to be taken as 30
lm/W. Assume unity maintenance factor.

Solution:
6
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

6
6
𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝
6
 Sample Problems
4. Design a suitable lighting scheme for a factory 120 m × 40 m with
a height of 7 m. Illumination required is 60 lux. State the number
fittings to be used for 40 W fluorescent tubes giving 45 lm/W.
Depreciation factor = 1.2 ; utilization factor = 0.5. Twin tube
fittings are to employed.
Solution:

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒

If twin tube fittings are employed,

 Sample Problems
5. A school classroom, 7 m × 10 m × 4 m high is to be illuminated
to 135 lux on the working plane. If the coefficient of utilization is
0.45 and the sources give 13 lumens per watt, determine the
total wattage required, assuming a maintenance factor of 0.8.
Determine also the number of fittings required. Sketch roughly
the lighting plan of the room, showing suitable positions for
fitting. Use light fitting of 200 W.
Solution:

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙